Transmit power for sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS)

Abstract

Techniques for wireless communication are disclosed. In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) may obtain information indicating one of a plurality of network energy modes for communications between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE. The UE may participate in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE, including the UE transmitting at least one SL-PRS symbol for the sidelink positioning session based on a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) transmit power associated with the one of the plurality of network energy modes.

Description

Field of the Technology

[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communications. Background Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems have evolved through many generations, including first-generation analog wireless telephone service (1G), second-generation (2G) digital wireless telephone service (including transitional 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third-generation (3G) high-speed data, Internet-capable wireless services, and fourth-generation (4G) services (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). Currently, many different types of wireless communication systems are in use, including cellular systems and Personal Communication Service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), etc.

[0003] The fifth-generation (5G) wireless standard, known as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, a greater number of connections, better coverage, and other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, the 5G standard is designed to provide higher data rates, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), and other technical enhancements compared to previous standards.

[0004] Furthermore, leveraging the increased data rate and reduced latency of 5G, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technologies are being implemented to support autonomous driving applications, such as wireless communication between vehicles, between vehicles and roadside infrastructure, between vehicles and pedestrians, and so on. Summary of the Invention

[0005] A simplified summary of the invention related to one or more aspects disclosed herein is presented below. Accordingly, the following summary is not to be considered an exhaustive overview of all contemplated aspects, nor is it to be considered identifying key or critical elements of all contemplated aspects or delineating the scope associated with any particular aspect. Thus, the sole purpose of the following summary is to present in a concise form certain concepts related to one or more aspects of the mechanisms disclosed herein before the detailed description presented below.

[0006] In one aspect, a method of operating a user equipment (UE) includes: obtaining information indicating one of a plurality of network energy modes for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE; and participating in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE, including: transmitting at least one sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) symbol for the sidelink positioning session based on the SL-PRS transmission power associated with the one network energy mode of the plurality of network energy modes.

[0007] In one aspect, a method of operating a user equipment (UE) includes: receiving from a transmit receive point (TRP) information indicating a network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE; communicating with the TRP on a first portion of a system bandwidth; and transmitting or receiving a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) on a second portion of the system bandwidth, the second portion of the system bandwidth being different from the first portion of the system bandwidth, wherein the first portion of the system bandwidth and the second portion of the system bandwidth are identifiable based on the network energy mode.

[0008] In one aspect, a method of operating a user equipment (UE) includes: communicating with a transmit receive point (TRP) on a first one or more time slots based on one or more network energy saving modes, wherein no sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources are allocated in the first one or more time slots, and the one or more network energy saving modes correspond to applying one or more power saving modifications to a baseline network energy mode; and communicating with the TRP on a second one or more time slots based on the baseline network energy mode, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource is allocated in the second one or more time slots.

[0009] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: obtain information indicating one of a plurality of network energy modes for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE; and participate in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, at least one sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) symbol for the sidelink positioning session based on the SL-PRS transmission power associated with the one network energy mode of the plurality of network energy modes.

[0010] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, information indicating a network energy mode for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE; communicate with the TRP via the at least one transceiver on a first portion of a system bandwidth; and transmit or receive sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) via the at least one transceiver on a second portion of the system bandwidth, the second portion of the system bandwidth being different from the first portion of the system bandwidth, wherein the first portion of the system bandwidth and the second portion of the system bandwidth are identifiable based on the network energy mode.

[0011] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: communicate with a transmit receive point (TRP) via the at least one transceiver on a first one or more time slots based on one or more network energy saving modes, where no sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources are allocated in the first one or more time slots, and the one or more network energy saving modes correspond to applying one or more power saving modifications to a baseline network energy mode; and communicate with the TRP via the at least one transceiver on a second one or more time slots based on the baseline network energy mode, where at least one SL-PRS resource is allocated in the second one or more time slots.

[0012] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: means for obtaining information indicating one of a plurality of network energy modes for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE; and means for participating in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE, including: means for transmitting at least one SL-PRS symbol for the sidelink positioning session based on sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) transmission power associated with the one of the plurality of network energy modes.

[0013] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: components for receiving information indicating a network energy mode for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE from the TRP; components for communicating with the TRP on a first portion of a system bandwidth; and components for transmitting or receiving sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) on a second portion of the system bandwidth, the second portion of the system bandwidth being different from the first portion of the system bandwidth, wherein the first portion of the system bandwidth and the second portion of the system bandwidth are identifiable based on the network energy mode.

[0014] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: components for communicating with a transmit receive point (TRP) on a first one or more time slots based on one or more network energy saving modes, wherein no sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources are allocated in the first one or more time slots, and the one or more network energy saving modes correspond to applying one or more power saving modifications to a baseline network energy mode; and components for communicating with the TRP on a second one or more time slots based on the baseline network energy mode, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource is allocated in the second one or more time slots.

[0015] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: obtain information indicating one of a plurality of network energy modes for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE; and participate in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE, wherein the instructions further cause the UE to: transmit at least one SL-PRS symbol for the sidelink positioning session based on a transmit power of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) associated with the one of the plurality of network energy modes.

[0016] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive information indicating a network energy mode for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE from the TRP; communicate with the TRP on a first portion of a system bandwidth; and transmit or receive sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) on a second portion of the system bandwidth, the second portion of the system bandwidth being different from the first portion of the system bandwidth, wherein the first portion of the system bandwidth and the second portion of the system bandwidth are identifiable based on the network energy mode.

[0017] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: communicate with a transmit receive point (TRP) on a first one or more time slots based on one or more network energy-saving modes, where no sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources are allocated in the first one or more time slots, and the one or more network energy-saving modes correspond to applying one or more power-saving modifications to a baseline network energy mode; and communicate with the TRP on a second one or more time slots based on the baseline network energy mode, where at least one SL-PRS resource is allocated in the second one or more time slots.

[0018] Based on the figures and the detailed description, other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] The drawings are presented to assist in describing the various aspects of the present disclosure, and the drawings are provided for illustration only and not to limit the various aspects.

[0020] Figure 1 An example wireless communication system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0021] Figure 2A and Figure 2B An example wireless network structure in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0022] Figure 3A 、 Figure 3B and Figure 3C are simplified block diagrams of several example aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and are configured to support communication as taught herein.

[0023] Figure 4A and Figure 4B illustrate various scenarios of interest for sidelink positioning only or joint Uu and sidelink positioning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 5 An example sidelink ranging and positioning process in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0025] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example network energy mode configuration in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 7 An example system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated, the system including two UEs participating in a sidelink positioning session and a TRP serving at least one of the UEs.

[0027] Figure 8 Illustrates an example method of operating a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 9 Illustrates another example method of operating a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] Figure 10 Illustrates another example method of operating a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Detailed Description

[0030] Aspects of the present disclosure are provided in the following description of various examples provided for illustrative purposes and the related drawings. Alternative aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the present disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the present disclosure.

[0031] The words "exemplary" and / or "example" are used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration". Any aspect described herein as "exemplary" and / or "example" is not necessarily to be construed as superior or better than other aspects. Similarly, the term "aspects of the present disclosure" does not require that all aspects of the present disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage, or mode of operation.

[0032] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any of a variety of different technologies and methods may be used to represent the information and signals described below. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referred to throughout the following description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof, in part depending on the particular application, in part depending on the desired design, in part depending on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0033] In addition, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that the various actions described herein may be performed by specific circuitry (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence of actions described herein may be regarded as fully embodied within any form of non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, when executed, will cause or command a relevant processor of the device to perform the functionality described herein. Accordingly, the various aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms, all of which have been contemplated within the scope of the claimed subject matter. Additionally, for each aspect described herein, any such aspect's corresponding form may be described herein as, for example, "logic configured to perform the described action".

[0034] As used herein, the terms "user equipment" (UE), "vehicle UE" (V-UE), "pedestrian UE" (P-UE), and "base station" are not intended to be dedicated to or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT) unless otherwise specified. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device that a user uses to communicate through a wireless communication network (e.g., a vehicle on-board computer, a vehicle navigation device, a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, an asset tracking device, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch, glasses, an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), a vehicle (e.g., a car, a motorcycle, a bicycle, etc.), an Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.). A UE can be mobile or can be stationary (e.g., at certain times) and can communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" can be interchangeably referred to as "mobile device", "access terminal" or "AT", "client device", "wireless device", "subscriber device", "subscriber terminal", "subscriber station", "user terminal" or "UT", "mobile terminal", "mobile station", or variants thereof.

[0035] A V-UE is a type of UE and can be any on-vehicle wireless communication device, such as a navigation system, an alarm system, a head-up display (HUD), an on-board computer, an in-vehicle infotainment system, an autonomous driving system (ADS), an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), etc. Alternatively, a V-UE can be a portable wireless communication device (e.g., a cellular phone, a tablet computer, etc.) carried by a driver of a vehicle or an occupant in the vehicle. The term "V-UE" can refer to the on-vehicle wireless communication device or the vehicle itself, depending on the context. A P-UE is a type of UE and can be a portable wireless communication device carried by a pedestrian (i.e., a user who is not driving or riding in a vehicle). Generally speaking, a UE can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network, a UE can connect to an external network such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for a UE to connect to the core network and / or the Internet are possible, such as through a wired access network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) network (e.g., based on Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11, etc.).

[0036] A base station can operate according to one of several RATs according to the network in which the base station is deployed to communicate with a UE, and alternatively can be referred to as an access point (AP), network node, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB), next-generation eNB (ng-eNB), New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as gNB or gNodeB), etc. The base station can be mainly used to support the wireless access of the UE, including supporting the data, voice, and / or signaling connections of the supported UE. In some systems, the base station can only provide edge node signaling functions, while in other systems, the base station can provide additional control and / or network management functions. The communication link by which the UE can transmit signals to the base station is referred to as the uplink (UL) channel (e.g., reverse traffic channel, reverse control channel, access channel, etc.). The communication link by which the base station can transmit signals to the UE is referred to as the downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., paging channel, control channel, broadcast channel, forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to the UL / reverse or DL / forward traffic channel.

[0037] The term "base station" can refer to a single physical transmit-receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, in the case where the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP can be the antenna of the base station corresponding to the cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. In the case where the term "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP can be an antenna array of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or in the case where the base station employs beamforming). In the case where the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP can be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transmission medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to the serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs can be the serving base station that receives measurement reports from the UE and an adjacent base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signal the UE is measuring. Since, as used herein, the TRP is the point by which the base station transmits and receives wireless signals, a reference to transmission from or reception at the base station should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of the base station.

[0038] In some specific implementations that support UE positioning, the base station may not support the wireless access of the UE (e.g., may not support the data, voice, and / or signaling connections of the UE), but instead, can send a reference RF signal to the UE for measurement by the UE, and / or can receive and measure the signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station can be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., in the case of sending an RF signal to the UE) and / or as a position measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring the RF signal from the UE).

[0039] An "RF signal" includes an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transmits information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may send a single "RF signal" or multiple "RF signals" to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through a multipath channel, a receiver may receive multiple "RF signals" corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and the receiver may be referred to as a "multipath" RF signal. As used herein, when the context clearly indicates that the term "signal" refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal, the RF signal may also be referred to as a "wireless signal" or simply a "signal".

[0040] Figure 1 An example wireless communication system 100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. The wireless communication system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled "BS") and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, the macro cell base stations 102 may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network) or gNBs (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network) or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femto cells, pico cells, micro cells, etc.

[0041] Base station 102 can jointly form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC)) via a backhaul link 122, and interface with one or more location servers 172 (e.g., location management function (LMF) or secure user plane location (SUPL) positioning platform (SLP)) via the core network 170. The location server 172 can be part of the core network 170 or can be external to the core network 170. The location server 172 can be integrated with the base station 102. The UE 104 can communicate with the location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, the UE 104 can communicate with the location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving the UE 104. The UE 104 can also communicate with the location server 172 via another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), etc. For signaling purposes, the communication between the UE 104 and the location server 172 can be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., via the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown by the direct connection 128), where intermediate nodes (if any) are omitted from the signaling diagram for clarity.

[0042] In addition to other functions, the base station 102 can perform functions related to one or more of the following: relaying user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via the EPC / 5GC) on the backhaul link 134, which can be wired or wireless.

[0043] Base station 102 can communicate wirelessly with UE 104. Each base station in base station 102 can provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells can be supported by the base stations 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A "cell" is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., via a certain frequency resource, which is referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.), and can be associated with an identifier used to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies (e.g., physical cell identifier (PCI), enhanced cell identifier (ECI), virtual cell identifier (VCI), cell global identifier (CGI), etc.). In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types that can provide access for different types of UEs (e.g., machine type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or other protocol types). Since a cell is supported by a specific base station, depending on the context, the term "cell" can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it. In some cases, the term "cell" can also refer to the geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), as long as the carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within a certain part of the geographic coverage area 110.

[0044] Although the geographic coverage areas 110 of adjacent macro cell base stations 102 can partially overlap (e.g., in a handover area), some areas in the geographic coverage area 110 can substantially overlap with a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled "SC" for "small cell") can have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage areas 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network including both small cell base stations and macro cell base stations can be referred to as a heterogeneous network. The heterogeneous network can also include a home eNB (HeNB), which can provide services to a restricted group called a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0045] The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 can include an uplink (also referred to as a reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or a downlink (DL) (also referred to as a forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 can use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 can be through one or more carrier frequencies. The allocation of carriers can be asymmetric for the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers can be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink).

[0046] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a WLAN access point (AP) 150 that communicates with a wireless local area network (WLAN) station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure before communication to determine whether the channel is available.

[0047] The small cell base station 102' may operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technologies and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum as that used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102' adopting LTE / 5G in an unlicensed spectrum may enhance the coverage of the access network and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed-assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0048] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a mmW base station 180 that may operate at millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies and / or near-mmW frequencies to communicate with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a part of RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, with wavelengths between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. The radio waves in this frequency band may be referred to as millimeter waves. Near-mmW may extend down to frequencies of 3 GHz, with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, which is also referred to as centimeter waves. Communications using mmW / near-mmW radio frequency bands have high path loss and relatively short distances. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmission and / or reception) on a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short distances. In addition, it should be understood that in an alternative configuration, one or more base stations 102 may also use mmW or near-mmW and beamforming for transmission. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0049] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing RF signals in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal omnidirectionally, i.e., in all directions. With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thus providing a faster and stronger RF signal (in terms of data rate) to the receiving device. To change the directivity of the RF signal during transmission, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters that broadcast the RF signal. For example, the network node can use an array of antennas (referred to as a "phased array" or "antenna array") that forms an RF beam that can be "manipulated" to point in different directions without physically moving the antennas. Specifically, RF currents from the transmitters are fed to individual antennas with the correct phase relationships such that radio waves from the individual antennas add together in the desired direction to increase radiation while canceling in the undesired directions to suppress radiation.

[0050] Transmit beams can be quasi - co - located, which means that they appear to have the same parameters to a receiver (e.g., a UE), regardless of whether the transmitting antennas of the network node are physically co - located. In NR, there are four types of quasi - co - location (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters of a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived based on information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is of QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is of QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is of QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is of QCL type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0051] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses receive beams to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting of the antenna array in a specific direction and / or adjust the phase setting of the antenna array in a specific direction to amplify the RF signal received from that direction (e.g., increase its gain level). Thus, when the receiver is said to perform beamforming in a certain direction, this means that the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gains in other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gains of all other receive beams available to the receiver in that direction. This results in a stronger received signal strength for the RF signal received from that direction (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.).

[0052] Transmit beams and receive beams can be spatially related. Spatial relationship means that the parameters of a second beam (e.g., transmit beam or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived based on the information of a first beam (e.g., receive beam or transmit beam) with respect to a first reference signal. For example, a UE can use a specific receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. Then, the UE can form a transmit beam for transmitting an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0053] Note that depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming a downlink beam to send a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, the downlink beam is a receive beam for receiving the downlink reference signal. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, and if the UE is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0054] The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc. based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a part of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, in various documents and articles, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “sub-6 GHz” band. Regarding FR2, a similar naming issue sometimes occurs, which is typically (interchangeably) referred to as the “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, although it is different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz – 300 GHz) identified as the “millimeter wave” band by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

[0055] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR research has identified the operating bands for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz – 24.25 GHz). The bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus can effectively extend the features of FR1 and / or FR2 to the mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operations beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz – 300 GHz). Each of these higher bands falls within the EHF band.

[0056] Taking the above aspects into account, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if the term “sub-6 GHz” etc. is used in this article, it can generally represent frequencies that can be less than 6 GHz, can be within FR1, or can include mid-band frequencies. In addition, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if the term “millimeter wave” etc. is used in this article, it can generally represent frequencies that can include mid-band frequencies, can be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1 and / or FR5, or can be within the EHF band.

[0057] In a multi-carrier system such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the "primary carrier" or "anchor carrier" or "primary serving cell" or "PCell", and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers" or "secondary serving cells" or "SCells". In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is a carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by the UE 104 / 182 and the cell, where the UE 104 / 182 performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection reestablishment procedure in this cell. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). The secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2), which can be configured and used to provide additional radio resources once an RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier can contain only necessary signaling information and signals. For example, since the primary uplink carrier and the primary downlink carrier are usually UE-specific, those UE-specific signaling information and signals may not exist in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell can have different downlink primary carriers. The same holds for the primary uplink carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to the carrier frequency / component carrier through which a certain base station communicates, terms such as "cell", "serving cell", "component carrier", "carrier frequency", etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0058] For example, still referring to Figure 1 , one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base station 102 can be the anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base station 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 can be secondary carriers ("SCells"). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rate. For example, compared to the data rate obtained with a single 20 MHz carrier, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (i.e., 40 MHz).

[0059] In Figure 1 's example, the illustrated UE (for simplicity, in Figure 1Any UE shown as a single UE 104 in the figure can receive signal 124 from one or more space vehicles (SVs) 112 in Earth orbit (e.g., satellites). In one aspect, the SV 112 can be part of a satellite positioning system where the UE 104 can use it as an independent source of position information. A satellite positioning system generally includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SV 112) that are positioned such that a receiver (e.g., UE 104) can determine its position on or above the Earth at least in part based on positioning signals received from the transmitters (e.g., signal 124). Such transmitters typically send signals marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code with a set number of chips. Although typically located in the SV 112, the transmitters can sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. The UE 104 can include one or more dedicated receivers that are specifically designed to receive signal 124 in order to derive geographical location information from the SV 112.

[0060] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signal 124 can be enhanced by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that can be associated with or otherwise enable the use of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, SBAS can include augmentation systems that provide integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), GPS- Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN), etc. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system can include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0061] In one aspect, the SV 112 can additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non-terrestrial networks (NTN). In an NTN, the SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also known as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway) which in turn is connected to elements in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a ground antenna) or a network node in the 5GC. This element then provides access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately provides access to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. Thus, instead of or in addition to communication signals from the ground base station 102, the UE 104 can receive communication signals (e.g., signal 124) from the SV 112.

[0062] In addition, leveraging the increased data rate and reduced latency of NR, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technologies are being implemented to support intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications, such as wireless communication between vehicles (vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)), between vehicles and roadside infrastructure (vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)), and between vehicles and pedestrians (vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P)). The goal is to enable vehicles to sense their surrounding environment and communicate this information to other vehicles, infrastructure, and personal mobile devices. Such vehicle communication will achieve safety, mobility, and environmental improvements that are not possible with current technologies. Once fully implemented, this technology is expected to reduce unimpaired vehicle collisions by 80%.

[0063] Still referring to Figure 1 , the wireless communication system 100 may include a plurality of V-UEs 160, which may communicate with the base station 102 on the communication link 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between the UE and the base station). The V-UEs 160 may also communicate directly with each other on the wireless sidelink 162, communicate with the roadside unit (RSU) 164 (roadside access point) on the wireless sidelink 166, or communicate with the UE 104 with sidelink capabilities on the wireless sidelink 168 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between UEs with sidelink capabilities). The wireless sidelink (or simply referred to as "sidelink") is an adaptation of the core cellular network (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without communicating through the base station. Sidelink communication can be unicast or multicast and can be used for device-to-device (D2D) media sharing, V2V communication, V2X communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of the V-UEs 160 in a group of V-UEs 160 that utilize sidelink communication may be within the geographical coverage area 110 of the base station 102. Other V-UEs 160 in such a group may be outside the geographical coverage area 110 of the base station 102 or may not be able to receive transmissions from the base station 102 for other reasons. In some cases, the groups of V-UEs 160 that communicate via sidelink communication may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system, where each V-UE 160 transmits to each other V-UE 160 in the group. In some cases, the base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communication. In other cases, sidelink communication is performed between the V-UEs 160 without involving the base station 102.

[0064] In one aspect, the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points and other RATs. The "medium" may include one or more time, frequency, and / or spatial communication resources associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs (e.g., covering one or more channels across one or more carriers).

[0065] In one aspect, the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may be cV2X links. The first generation of cV2X has been standardized in LTE, and the next generation is expected to be defined in NR. cV2X is a cellular technology that also enables device-to-device communication. In the United States and Europe, cV2X is expected to operate in the licensed ITS band below 6 GHz. Other bands may be allocated in other countries. Thus, as a specific example, the medium of interest utilized by the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may correspond to at least a portion of the licensed ITS band below 6 GHz. However, the present disclosure is not limited to this band or cellular technology.

[0066] In one aspect, the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may be dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) links. DSRC is a unidirectional or bidirectional short-range to medium-range wireless communication protocol that uses the wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE) protocol (also known as IEEE 802.11p) for V2V, V2I, and V2P communications. IEEE 802.11p is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard and operates in the licensed ITS band at 5.9 GHz (5.85 GHz - 5.925 GHz) in the United States. In Europe, IEEE 802.11p operates in the ITS G5A band (5.875 GHz - 5.905 MHz). Other bands may be allocated in other countries. The V2V communication described above occurs over a secure channel, which is typically a 10 MHz channel dedicated to security purposes in the United States. The remainder of the DSRC band (total bandwidth is 75 MHz) is intended for other services of interest to drivers, such as road rules, tolling, parking automation, etc. Thus, as a specific example, the medium of interest utilized by the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may correspond to at least a portion of the licensed ITS band at 5.9 GHz.

[0067] Alternatively, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed band that is shared among various RATs. Although different licensed bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by government entities such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems (especially those employing small cell access points) have recently extended their operations into unlicensed bands such as the unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) bands used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies (most notably the IEEE 802.11x WLAN technologies commonly referred to as "Wi-Fi"). Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and the like.

[0068] Communication between V-UEs 160 is referred to as V2V communication, communication between a V-UE 160 and one or more RSU 164 is referred to as V2I communication, and communication between a V-UE 160 and one or more UEs 104 (where these UEs 104 are P-UEs) is referred to as V2P communication. V2V communication between V-UEs 160 may include, for example, information about the location, speed, acceleration, heading, and other vehicle data of these V-UEs 160. V2I information received at a V-UE 160 from one or more RSU 164 may include, for example, road rules, parking automation information, and the like. V2P communication between a V-UE 160 and a UE 104 may include information about, for example, the location, speed, acceleration, and heading of the V-UE 160 and the location, speed (e.g., in the case where the UE 104 is carried by a bicycling user), and heading of the UE 104.

[0069] Note that although Figure 1 only two of the UEs are illustrated as V-UEs (V-UE 160), any of the illustrated UEs (e.g., UEs 104, 152, 182, 190) may be a V-UE. Additionally, although only these V-UEs 160 and a single UE 104 have been illustrated as being connected via a sidelink, Figure 1Any of the illustrated UEs, whether a V-UE, P-UE, etc., may be capable of performing sidelink communication. Additionally, although only UE 182 is described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs (including V-UE 160) may be capable of beamforming. In the case where V-UEs 160 are capable of beamforming, they may beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other V-UEs 160), towards RSU 164, towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104, 152, 182, 190), etc. Thus, in some cases, V-UEs 160 may utilize beamforming on sidelinks 162, 166, and 168.

[0070] Wireless communication system 100 may also include one or more UEs (such as UE 190) that are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links. In Figure 1 the example of, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 that is connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity through this D2D P2P link), and has a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 that is connected to WLAN AP 150 (UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity through this D2D P2P link). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported by any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth ® etc. As another example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be sidelinks, as described above with reference to sidelinks 162, 166, and 168.

[0071] Figure 2AAn example wireless network structure 200 is illustrated. For example, the 5GC 210 (also referred to as the Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be functionally regarded as a control plane (C-plane) function 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and a user plane (U-plane) function 212 (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.), which cooperate to form the core network. The user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and the control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210, and specifically connect to the user plane function 212 and the control plane function 214 respectively. In an additional configuration, the ng-eNB 224 can also be connected to the 5GC 210 via the NG-C 215 to the control plane function 214 and the NG-U 213 to the user plane function 212. Additionally, the ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with the gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 can have one or more gNB 222s, while other configurations include one or more of either the ng-eNB 224 and the gNB 222. Either the gNB 222 or the ng-eNB 224 (or both) can communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0072] Another optional aspect can include a location server 230, which can communicate with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for the UE 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively can each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204 that can be connected to the location server 230 via the core network, the 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Additionally, the location server 230 can be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively can be external to the core network (e.g., a third-party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or a service server).

[0073] Figure 2B Another example wireless network structure 240 is illustrated. The 5GC 260 (which can correspond to Figure 2AThe 5GC 210) can be functionally regarded as the control plane function provided by the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 264 and the user plane function provided by the User Plane Function (UPF) 262, which cooperate to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include: registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transmission of session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any UE among the UEs described herein) and the Session Management Function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy service for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transmission of Short Message Service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the Short Message Service Function (SMSF) (not shown), and Security Anchor Functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with the Authentication Server Function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include Security Context Management (SCM). The SCM receives the key from the SEAF, and the SCM uses this key to derive the access network-specific key. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location service management for regulatory services, transmission of location service messages between the UE 204 and the Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (which acts as the location server 230), transmission of location service messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, allocation of evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifiers for EPS interoperability, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionality for non-3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0074] The functions of UPF 262 include: acting as an anchor point for in-RAT / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point for the interconnection to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflected QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport-level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and transmitting and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. UPF 262 may also support the passing of location service messages between UE 204 and a location server (such as SLP 272) on the user plane.

[0075] The functions of SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, traffic steering configuration for routing traffic to the correct destination at UPF 262, partial control of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface through which SMF 266 communicates with AMF 264 is referred to as the N11 interface.

[0076] Another optional aspect may include LMF 270, which may communicate with 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UE 204. LMF 270 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively may each correspond to a single server. LMF 270 may be configured to support one or more location services for UE 204, which may be connected to LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). SLP 272 may support similar functions to LMF 270, but LMF 270 may communicate with AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UE 204 on the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols designed to carry signaling messages rather than voice or data), and SLP 272 may communicate with UE 204 and an external client (e.g., third-party server 274) on the user plane (e.g., using protocols designed to carry voice and / or data, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0077] Another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may communicate with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and / or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and / or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) of the UE 204. Thus, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location service (LCS) client or an external client. The third-party server 274 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively may each correspond to a single server.

[0078] The user plane interface 263 and the control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and the AMF 264, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220, respectively. The interface between the gNB 222 and / or the ng-eNB 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the "N2" interface, while the interface between the gNB 222 and / or the ng-eNB 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the "N3" interface. The gNB 222 and / or the ng-eNB 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via a backhaul connection 223 referred to as the "Xn-C" interface. One or more of the gNB 222 and / or the ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 via a radio interface referred to as the "Uu" interface.

[0079] The functionality of gNB 222 is divided between a gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB Distributed Units (gNB-DU) 228, and one or more gNB Radio Units (gNB-RU) 229. The gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes base station functions other than those specifically allocated to the gNB-DU 228, including passing user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, etc. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 typically hosts the Radio Resource Control (RRC), Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. The gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that typically hosts the Radio Link Control (RLC) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and one or more gNB-DU 228s is referred to as the "F1" interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of the gNB 222 is typically hosted by one or more independent gNB-RU 229s, which perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between the gNB-DU 228 and the gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the "Fx" interface. Thus, the UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC layer, SDAP layer, and PDCP layer, communicates with the gNB-DU 228 via the RLC layer and MAC layer, and communicates with the gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0080] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C illustrates that can be incorporated into UE 302 (which may correspond to any UE described herein), base station 304 (which may correspond to any base station described herein), and network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any network function described herein, including location server 230 and LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent of Figure 2A and Figure 2BSeveral example components (represented by corresponding boxes) of the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure (such as a private network) depicted herein support operations as described herein. It should be understood that these components may be implemented in different specific implementations in different types of devices (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other devices in the communication system. For example, other devices in the system may include components similar to those described as providing similar functionality. Additionally, a given device may include one or more of these components. For example, a device may include multiple transceiver components that enable the device to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0081] UE 302 and base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, which provide components (e.g., components for transmitting, receiving, measuring, tuning, blocking transmission, etc.) for communicating via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown) such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, etc. WWAN transceiver 310 and WWAN transceiver 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and antenna 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc.) via at least one specified RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) through an interested wireless communication medium (e.g., a set of time / frequency resources in a specific spectrum). WWAN transceiver 310 and WWAN transceiver 350 may be configured in different ways to transmit and encode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) respectively according to the specified RAT, and conversely to receive and decode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.) respectively. Specifically, WWAN transceiver 310 and WWAN transceiver 350 each include: one or more transmitters 314 and 354 respectively for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, and one or more receivers 312 and 352 respectively for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358.

[0082] At least in some cases, UE 302 and base station 304 each also include one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and transceiver 360, respectively. Short-range wireless transceivers 320 and short-range wireless transceivers 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and antenna 366, respectively, and provide for communicating via an interested wireless communication medium via at least one specified RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, Bluetooth® , Zigbee ® , Z-Wave ® , PC5, dedicated short range communication (DSRC), wireless access for vehicle environments (WAVE), near field communication (NFC), ultra-wideband (UWB), etc.) and components for communicating with other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc.) (e.g., components for transmitting, components for receiving, components for measuring, components for tuning, components for blocking transmission, etc.). The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be configured in different ways to transmit and encode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) respectively according to the specified RAT, and conversely to receive and decode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.) respectively. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 respectively include: one or more transmitters 324 and 364 for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362 for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 respectively. As a specific example, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be WiFi transceivers, Bluetooth ® transceivers, Zigbee ® and / or Z-Wave ® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0083] In at least some cases, UE 302 and base station 304 also include satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 can be respectively connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, and can provide components for respectively receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378. In the case where satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. In the case where satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be communication signals originating from a 5G network (e.g., carrying control and / or user data). Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 can include any suitable hardware and / or software for respectively receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 can request information and operations from other systems as appropriate, and at least in some cases, perform calculations using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithms to respectively determine the positions of UE 302 and base station 304.

[0084] Base station 304 and network entity 306 each respectively include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, and the one or more network transceivers provide components (e.g., components for transmitting, components for receiving, etc.) for communicating with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, base station 304 can employ one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 through one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, network entity 306 can employ one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base stations 304 through one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or communicate with other network entities 306 through one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0085] The transceiver can be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. The transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes a transmitter circuit (e.g., transmitter 314, transmitter 324, transmitter 354, transmitter 364) and a receiver circuit (e.g., receiver 312, receiver 322, receiver 352, receiver 362). In some specific implementations, the transceiver can be an integrated device (e.g., implementing the transmitter circuit and the receiver circuit in a single device), in some specific implementations can include separate transmitter and receiver circuits, or can be implemented in other ways in other specific implementations. The transmitter and receiver circuits of a wired transceiver (e.g., in some specific implementations, network transceiver 380 and network transceiver 390) can be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. The wireless transmitter circuit (e.g., transmitter 314, transmitter 324, transmitter 354, transmitter 364) can include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antenna 316, antenna 326, antenna 356, antenna 366), such as an antenna array, which allows the corresponding device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmission "beamforming" as described herein. Similarly, the wireless receiver circuit (e.g., receiver 312, receiver 322, receiver 352, receiver 362) can include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antenna 316, antenna 326, antenna 356, antenna 366), such as an antenna array, which allows the corresponding device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming as described herein. In one aspect, the transmitter and receiver circuits can share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antenna 316, antenna 326, antenna 356, antenna 366), such that the corresponding device can only receive or only transmit at a given time, rather than both receive and transmit at the same time. The wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceiver 310 and WWAN transceiver 350, short-range wireless transceiver 320 and short-range wireless transceiver 360) can also include a network listening module (NLM) and the like for performing various measurements.

[0086] As used herein, various wireless transceivers (e.g., in some specific embodiments, transceiver 310, transceiver 320, transceiver 350, and transceiver 360, as well as network transceivers 380 and 390) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some specific embodiments) can generally be referred to as "transceiver", "at least one transceiver", or "one or more transceivers". Thus, it can be inferred whether a particular transceiver is a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver based on the type of communication being performed. For example, fronthaul communication between network devices or servers typically involves signaling via a wired transceiver, while wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will typically involve signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0087] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 also include other components that can be used in conjunction with the operations disclosed herein. UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 each include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394 for providing functionality related to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. Thus, processors 332, 384, and 394 can provide components for processing, such as components for determining, components for calculating, components for receiving, components for sending, components for indicating, etc. In one aspect, processors 332, 384, and 394 can include, for example, one or more general-purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuits, or various combinations thereof.

[0088] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 each include a memory circuit that implements memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), and the memory circuit is used to maintain information (e.g., information indicating reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, etc.). Therefore, memories 340, 386, and 396 can provide components for storage, components for retrieval, components for maintenance, etc. In some cases, UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 may each include power control components 342, 388, and 398. Power control components 342, 388, and 398 can be hardware circuits that are respectively part of processors 332, 384, and 394 or coupled to these processors, and when these hardware circuits are executed, they cause UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functions described herein. In other aspects, power control components 342, 388, and 398 can be external to processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., as part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, power control components 342, 388, and 398 can be memory modules respectively stored in memories 340, 386, and 396, and when these memory modules are executed by processors 332, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), they cause UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functions described herein. Figure 3A Illustrates the possible locations of power control component 342, which can be, for example, part of one or more WWAN transceivers 310, memory 340, one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or can be an independent component. Figure 3B Illustrates the possible locations of power control component 388, which can be, for example, part of one or more WWAN transceivers 350, memory 386, one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or can be an independent component. Figure 3C Illustrates the possible locations of power control component 398, which can be, for example, part of one or more network transceivers 390, memory 396, one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or can be an independent component.

[0089] UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to one or more processors 332 to provide components for sensing or detecting movement and / or orientation information unrelated to movement data derived from signals received from one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or satellite signal receivers 330. By way of example, sensors 344 may include accelerometers (e.g., microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices), gyroscopes, geomagnetic sensors (e.g., compasses), altimeters (e.g., barometric altimeters), and / or any other type of movement detection sensor. Additionally, sensors 344 may include multiple different types of devices and combine their outputs to provide movement information. For example, sensors 344 may use a combination of multi-axis accelerometers and orientation sensors to provide the ability to calculate positioning in a two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate system.

[0090] Additionally, UE 302 includes a user interface 346 that provides components for providing an indication to a user (e.g., an audible and / or visual indication) and / or for receiving user input (e.g., when the user actuates a sensing device such as a keypad, touch screen, microphone, etc.). Although not shown, the base station 304 and network entity 306 may also include a user interface.

[0091] Referring in more detail to one or more processors 384, in the downlink, IP packets from network entity 306 may be provided to processor 384. One or more processors 384 may implement functionality for the RRC layer, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, radio link control (RLC) layer, and media access control (MAC) layer. One or more processors 384 may provide: RRC layer functionality associated with the broadcast of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information block (SIB)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction via automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with the mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0092] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 can implement layer 1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes the physical (PHY) layer, can include: error detection on the transport channel, forward error correction (FEC) encoding / decoding of the transport channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 disposes of the mapping to the signal constellation based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-phase shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The encoded and modulated symbols can then be split into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers, multiplexed with reference signals (e.g., pilots) in the time domain and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a stream of time-domain OFDM symbols. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially pre-coded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from the channel estimator can be used to determine the encoding and modulation schemes and for spatial processing. The channel estimates can be derived based on the reference signals transmitted by the UE 302 and / or channel status feedback. Each spatial stream can then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 can modulate an RF carrier with the respective spatial streams for transmission.

[0093] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives signals via its respective antennas 316. The receiver 312 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides the information to one or more processors 332. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If there are multiple spatial streams destined for the UE 302, they can be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then uses the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to convert the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain. The frequency-domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols and reference signals on each subcarrier are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions can be based on the channel estimates calculated by the channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to one or more processors 332, which implement layer 3 (L3) and layer 2 (L2) functionality.

[0094] In the downlink, one or more processors 332 provide demultiplexing between transport channels and logical channels, packet reconstitution, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. One or more processors 332 are also responsible for error detection.

[0095] Similar to the functionality described in connection with downlink transmission by base station 304, one or more processors 332 provide: RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connection, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reconstitution of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and re-ordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0096] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator from reference signals or feedback transmitted by base station 304 can be used by transmitter 314 to select appropriate decoding and modulation schemes and facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by transmitter 314 can be provided to different antennas 316. Transmitter 314 can modulate RF carriers with the respective spatial streams for transmission.

[0097] Uplink transmission is processed at base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver functionality at UE 302. Receiver 352 receives signals via its respective antennas 356. Receiver 352 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carriers and provides the information to one or more processors 384.

[0098] In the uplink, one or more processors 384 provide demultiplexing between transport channels and logical channels, packet reconstitution, decryption, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from UE 302. The IP packets from one or more processors 384 can be provided to the core network. One or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0099] For convenience, UE 302, base station 304, and / or network entity 306 are in Figure 3A 、 Figure 3B and Figure 3C, are shown as including various components that can be configured according to the various examples described herein. However, it should be understood that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, Figures 3A to 3C Various components in are optional in alternative configurations, and various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, cost, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in Figure 3A In the case of a wearable device or a tablet or a PC or a laptop computer, a specific implementation of the UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver 310 (e.g., a wearable device or a tablet or a PC or a laptop computer may have Wi-Fi and / or Bluetooth capabilities but no cellular capabilities), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver 320 (e.g., only cellular, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 330, or may omit the sensor 344, etc. In another example, in Figure 3B In the case of a wireless cellular network, a specific implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi "hotspot" access point without cellular capabilities), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver 360 (e.g., cellular only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 370, etc. For the sake of brevity, illustrations of various alternative configurations are not provided herein, but will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.

[0100] Various components of the UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to one another via a data bus 334, a data bus 382, and a data bus 392, respectively. In one aspect, the data bus 334, the data bus 382, and the data bus 392 may form or be part of a communication interface for the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data bus 334, the data bus 382, and the data bus 392 may provide for communication between different logical entities.

[0101] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C The components of can be implemented in various ways. In some specific implementations, Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3CThe components can be implemented in one or more circuits, such as one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit can use and / or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide such functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 can be implemented by the processor and memory components of UE 302 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriately configuring the processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 can be implemented by the processor and memory components of base station 304 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriately configuring the processor components). Additionally, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 can be implemented by the processor and memory components of network entity 306 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriately configuring the processor components). For simplicity, various operations, actions, and / or functions are described herein as being "performed by the UE", "performed by the base station", "performed by the network entity", etc. However, as will be understood, such operations, actions, and / or functions can actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as processors 332, 384, 394, transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, memories 340, 386, and 396, power control components 342, 388, and 398, etc.

[0102] In some designs, network entity 306 can be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, network entity 306 can operate differently from a network operator or cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, network entity 306 can be a component of a private network that can be configured to communicate with UE 302 via base station 304 or independently of base station 304 (e.g., via a non-cellular communication link such as WiFi).

[0103] NR supports or implements various sidelink positioning techniques. Figure 4AIllustrates various scenarios of interest for sidelink-only positioning or combined Uu and sidelink positioning according to aspects of the present disclosure. In scenario 410, at least one peer UE with a known location can improve the Uu-based positioning of a target UE (e.g., multi-cell RTT, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), etc.) by providing additional anchors (e.g., using sidelink round-trip time (RTT) (SL-RTT)). In scenario 420, a low-end (e.g., reduced-capability or "RedCap") target UE can obtain assistance from a high-end UE to determine its location using, for example, sidelink positioning and ranging procedures with the high-end UE. Compared to the low-end UE, the high-end UE can have more capabilities, such as more sensors, faster processors, more memory, more antenna elements, higher transmit power capabilities, access to additional frequency bands, or any combination thereof. In scenario 430, a relay UE (e.g., with a known location) participates in the positioning estimation of a remote UE without performing uplink positioning reference signal (PRS) transmission via the Uu interface. Scenario 440 illustrates the combined positioning of multiple UEs. Specifically, in scenario 440, two UEs with unknown locations can be jointly positioned under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions by leveraging constraints from nearby UEs.

[0104] Figure 4B Illustrates additional scenarios of interest for sidelink-only or combined Uu and sidelink positioning according to aspects of the present disclosure. In scenario 450, UEs for public safety (e.g., used by police and / or firefighters, etc.) can perform peer-to-peer (P2P) positioning and ranging for public safety and other purposes. For example, in scenario 450, the public safety UEs can be outside the coverage of the network and use sidelink positioning techniques to determine the location or relative distances and relative positioning between the public safety UEs. Similarly, scenario 460 shows multiple UEs outside the coverage and using sidelink positioning techniques (such as SL-RTT) to determine the location or relative distances and relative positioning.

[0105] Figure 5 Illustrates an example sidelink ranging and positioning process 500 according to aspects of the present disclosure. The sidelink ranging and positioning process 500 can also be referred to as a sidelink RTT positioning process. Sidelink ranging is based on calculating the inter-UE RTT measurement, as determined from the transmission and reception times of PRS (e.g., SL-PRS). Each UE reports the RTT measurement along with its location (if known) to all other participating UEs. For a UE that has no knowledge or inaccurate knowledge of its location at all, the RTT process can yield the inter-UE distance between the UEs involved. For a UE that knows its location accurately, this ranging can yield the absolute location.

[0106] As Figure 5As shown, after the initial signaling for participating in a sidelink positioning session between UE1 204-1 and UE2 204-2, at stages 510 and 520, UE 204-1 and 204-2 send PRS (e.g., SL-PRS) to each other. The resources on which the PRS is sent can be configured / assigned by the network (e.g., the serving base station of one of the UEs in the UE), or negotiated by UE 204-1 and 204-2. UE1 204-1 measures the transmit-to-receive (Tx-Rx) time difference between the transmit time of the PRS at stage 510 and the receive time of the PRS at stage 520. UE2 204-2 measures the receive-to-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference between the receive time of the PRS at stage 510 and the transmit time of the PRS at stage 520. Note that although Figure 5 illustrates that UE1 204-1 sends the PRS first, UE2 204-2 may alternatively send the PRS first.

[0107] At stages 530 and 540, UE 204-1 and 204-2 exchange their respective time difference measurements in a post-PRS message (labeled "postPRS"). If UE1 204-1 has not provided its location to UE2 204-2, it does so at this time. Then, each of UE 204-1 and 204-2 can determine the RTT between UE 204-1 and 204-2 based on the Tx-Rx and Rx-Tx time difference measurements (specifically, the difference between the Tx-Rx and Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Based on the RTT measurement and the speed of light, UE204-1 or 204-2 can then estimate the distance (or range) between the two UEs 204-1 and 204-2 (specifically, half of the RTT measurement multiplied by the speed of light). In at least one aspect, UE2 204-2 has the absolute location (e.g., geographical coordinates) of UE1 204-1, and UE2 204-2 can use this location and the distance to UE1 204-1 to determine its own absolute location.

[0108] Note that although Figure 5 illustrates two UEs 204-1 and 204-2, a UE can perform or attempt to perform the sidelink ranging and positioning procedure 500 with multiple UEs.

[0109] In one aspect, the PRS or SL-PRS for a sidelink positioning session can have the same waveform as the UL-PRS or DL-PRS defined in LTE or NR for positioning, or a waveform different from that of the UL-PRS or DL-PRS.

[0110] Sidelink communication occurs in a transmit or receive resource pool. In the frequency domain, the smallest resource allocation unit is a subchannel (e.g., a set of consecutive PRBs in the frequency domain). In the time domain, resource allocation is performed in a time slot interval. However, some time slots are not available for sidelink, and some time slots contain feedback resources. Additionally, sidelink resources can be (pre-)configured to occupy less than 14 symbols in a time slot.

[0111] Sidelink resources are configured at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer. The RRC configuration can be a pre-configuration (e.g., pre-loaded on the UE) or a configuration (e.g., from the serving base station).

[0112] In some aspects, the positioning process based on sidelink signals can be further extended or improved. Research on extending or improving the sidelink (SL) positioning process can include scenarios regarding PC5-only positioning and another scenario regarding a combination of Uu-based positioning and PC5-based positioning.

[0113] In some aspects, the sidelink positioning process can be extended or improved according to various positioning accuracy requirements configured for various NR or V2X use cases. In one example, a V2X use case can consider a first set of positioning accuracy requirements, and this first set of positioning accuracy requirements includes (absolute and / or relative) horizontal accuracy of 1.5 meters and (absolute and / or relative) vertical accuracy of 3 meters for 90% of the UEs. In another example, a V2X use case can consider a second set of positioning accuracy requirements, and this second set of positioning accuracy requirements includes (absolute and / or relative) horizontal accuracy of 0.5 meters and (absolute and / or relative) vertical accuracy of 2 meters for 90% of the UEs.

[0114] In some aspects, the report on the evaluated SL positioning process can indicate (1) whether each of the first set of positioning accuracy requirements and the second set of positioning accuracy requirements can be met, and / or (2) the percentage of UEs that can meet the target set of positioning accuracy requirements in the case where less than 90% of the UEs can meet the target set of positioning accuracy requirements. In some aspects, under all scenarios and deployments of the evaluated SL positioning process, it may not necessarily be possible to achieve the target set of positioning accuracy requirements. In some aspects, not all SL positioning processes can achieve all positioning accuracy requirements in all scenarios.

[0115] In some aspects, the TRP may communicate with one or more UEs based on one of a plurality of network energy modes (also referred to as UE-TRP transmission in this disclosure), and the plurality of network energy modes may include a baseline network energy mode and one or more network energy saving (NES) modes. In some aspects, the one or more network energy saving modes may correspond to applying one or more power saving modifications to the baseline network energy mode. In some aspects, the TRP may adopt one of the one or more network energy saving modes to save power and reduce the RF coverage of the TRP while maintaining the quality of network operation. In some aspects, the TRP may switch between different network energy modes based on network activity or configuration. In some aspects, the baseline network energy mode may correspond to a network energy mode compatible with existing communication standards and may thus also be referred to as a legacy energy mode.

[0116] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example network energy mode configuration according to aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, one or more NES modes may be configured dynamically and / or semi-statically to achieve more efficient operation and more fine-grained transmission and / or reception adaptation in the time domain, frequency domain, spatial domain, and / or power domain using one or more network energy saving techniques. As Figure 6 shown, the network energy mode configuration may specify the mode of a specified network energy mode in the time domain. The mode may include: a first portion (e.g., corresponding to the time duration from time T0 to time T1), where the TRP may adopt a first NES mode (labeled "NES1" in Figure 6 ); a second portion (e.g., corresponding to the time duration from time T1 to time T2), where the network energy mode may be flexible or dynamically adjustable (labeled "flexible" in Figure 6 ); and a third portion (e.g., corresponding to the time duration from time T2 to time T3), where the TRP may adopt a second NES mode (labeled "NES2" in Figure 6 ). The network energy mode configuration may further include an indication of the periodicity of the repeating duration (e.g., corresponding to the time duration from time T0 to time T3), where the mode may repeat in the time domain based on the periodicity (e.g., the mode from time T0 to time T3 may repeat in the time duration from time T3 to time T4).

[0117] Figure 7System 700 is illustrated in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, which includes two UEs 712 and 716 participating in an SL positioning session (as indicated by arrow 720) and a TRP 730 serving at least UE 712. In some aspects, the TRP 730 may have a coverage area 732 within which the UE can communicate with the TRP 730. For example, UE 712 may be located within the coverage area 732 and can communicate with the TRP 730 (as indicated by arrow 740). In some aspects, UEs 712 and 716 may correspond to any UE described in the present disclosure. In some aspects, the TRP 730 may correspond to the TRP, base station, or RAN described in the present disclosure.

[0118] In some aspects, at a given moment, the TRP 730 may adopt one of a plurality of network energy modes. In some aspects, the plurality of network energy modes may include a baseline network energy mode and one or more NES modes. In some aspects, the one or more NES modes may modify the baseline network energy mode based on an adjustment to the bandwidth configuration, time domain configuration, antenna configuration, beamforming configuration, power level configuration, or any combination thereof. For example, in certain NES modes, the TRP 730 may reduce the number of antennas or change the transmit power. In some aspects, the network energy mode adopted by the TRP 730 may be signaled to the UE 712 such that the UE 712 can apply appropriate configurations and can exhibit appropriate behavior consistent with the network energy mode of the TRP 730.

[0119] In some aspects, the interference that the network (e.g., the TRP 730) can tolerate (e.g., interference from the SL transmission between UEs 712 and 716) may vary in different NES modes. For example, in a case where the TRP 730 has more active antennas and thus has a higher processing gain, the TRP 730 may be able to tolerate a higher level of interference when performing UE-TRP transmission. In some examples, the TRP 730 may adopt a network energy mode configured to reduce the signal power level of the transmission between the TRP 730 and the UE (e.g., UE 712), and the TRP may tend to have a reduced ability to tolerate interference caused by SL transmission when performing UE-TRP transmission.

[0120] In some aspects, the SL-PRS transmit power used by a UE (e.g., UE 712 or UE 716) to transmit one or more SL-PRS symbols can be configurable or adjustable. In some aspects, the SL-PRS transmit power can be the maximum allowable transmit power level (e.g., also referred to as full power) determined based on the UE power class and / or regulatory requirements. In some aspects, the SL-PRS transmit power can be determined based on: a preconfigured value, the downlink path loss between the TRP (or base station) and the UE, the sidelink path loss between at least one other UE and the UE, both the downlink path loss and the sidelink path loss, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, some of these factors (such as the downlink path loss) can provide an indication of the interference tolerance capability of the UE-TRP transmission. In some aspects, the SL-PRS transmit power can be further determined based on identifying the network energy mode adopted by the TRP. In some aspects, different power control strategies can be associated with different network energy modes and can be selectively used to determine the SL-PRS transmit power based on the network energy mode adopted by the TRP. In some aspects, the power control strategy for the NES mode can correspond to a modified version of the power control strategy for the baseline network energy mode.

[0121] In some aspects, a UE (e.g., UE 712) can obtain information indicating one of a plurality of network energy modes for communication between the TRP (e.g., TRP 730) and the UE. The UE can participate in an SL positioning session (e.g., SL positioning session 720) with at least one other UE (e.g., UE 716), including transmitting at least one SL-PRS symbol for the SL positioning session based on the SL-PRS transmit power associated with the one network energy mode among the plurality of network energy modes. In some aspects, the SL-PRS transmit power can be determined based on a corresponding power control strategy associated with the one network energy mode among the plurality of network energy modes.

[0122] In some aspects, the power control strategy can correspond to setting the SL-PRS transmit power based on applying an offset value to a baseline value. In some aspects, the UE can obtain the offset value associated with the one network energy mode among the network energy modes, obtain the baseline value, and apply the corresponding offset value to the baseline value.

[0123] In some aspects, according to a first example, the power control strategy can also be referred to as a constant value strategy because the baseline value and the offset values associated with various network energy modes can be configured or preconfigured and remain fixed until updated by the system (e.g., by TRP 730, the base station, or the location server in a static or semi-static manner). In some aspects, based on the expression PSL-PRS = P0 + Offset NES , the SL-PRS transmission power (P SL-PRS ) can be set as the sum of a baseline value (P0) and a corresponding offset value (Offset NES ).

[0124] For example, for the first NES mode, the offset value (Offset NES ) can be -5 dB, and for the second NES mode, the offset value can be -10 dB. In this example, when the TRP 730 adopts the first NES mode, the UE 712 can set the SL-PRS transmission power (P SL-PRS ) to P0 - 5 dB; and when the TRP 730 adopts the second NES mode, the UE 712 can set the SL-PRS transmission power (P SL-PRS ) to P0 - 10 dB.

[0125] In some aspects, the baseline value can be based on a predefined fixed value, a configuration value from the TRP, the base station, or the location server (e.g., corresponding to the LMF 270), the power class of the UE, the regulatory power requirement for the frequency range of the at least one SL-PRS symbol (for the SL positioning session), or a combination thereof.

[0126] In some aspects, the offset value can be zero, positive, or negative. In some aspects, in the case where the offset value or an offset indication from which the offset value can be derived is not signaled, the UE can assume the offset value to be zero. In some aspects, the UE can identify the offset value in a lookup table that specifies candidate offset values associated with at least a subset of the network energy modes. In some aspects, the lookup table can be pre-stored in the UE according to the communication standard, or can be configured by the TRP, the base station, or the location server. In some aspects, the UE can receive the offset value via signaling from the TRP, the base station, or the location server. In some aspects, the offset value can be included in the following: broadcast positioning SIB, MAC control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) message that also includes information indicating the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, one or more RRC messages, or one or more LTE positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

[0127] In some aspects, the power control strategy may correspond to setting the SL-PRS transmit power based on applying an offset value to a baseline value, where the baseline value may be based on the energy per resource element (EPRE) of the sidelink channel state information reference signal (SL-CSI-RS), the physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) DMRS, or the physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) DRMS transmitted by the UE. In some aspects, the UE may obtain the offset value associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, obtain the baseline value, and apply the corresponding offset value to the baseline value. In some aspects, the UE may obtain the offset value as discussed above. In some aspects, based on the expression P SL-PRS - EPRE = P0 - EPRE + Offset NES , the SL-PRS transmit power may be defined in terms of EPRE (P SL-PRS - EPRE) and may be set as the sum of the baseline value of EPRE (P0 - EPRE) and the corresponding offset value (Offset NES ).

[0128] In some aspects, the power control strategy may correspond to setting the SL-PRS transmit power based on the following operations: obtaining the path loss value of the UE (e.g., based on the DL path loss, the SL path loss, or a combination of the DL path loss and the SL path loss), obtaining a path loss coefficient or a path loss offset value associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, obtaining a reference power calculated based on the path loss value and based on the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value, and setting the SL-PRS transmit power based on the reference power.

[0129] In some aspects, the reference power may be calculated based on the equation P REF = P t + α NES × PL, where P REF represents the reference power, P t represents the target receive power at the at least one other UE (e.g., UE 716), α NES represents the path loss coefficient associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, and PL represents the path loss value of the UE (e.g., UE712). In some aspects, the SL-PRS transmit power may be set based on the smaller of the maximum allowable transmit power of the UE and the calculated reference power.

[0130] In some aspects, the reference power may be based on the equation P REF = P t + α × PL + GN NESCalculate, P REF represents the reference power, P t represents the target received power at the at least one other UE (e.g., UE 716), α represents a path loss coefficient not associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, PL represents the path loss value of the UE (e.g., UE 712), and GN NES represents the path loss offset value associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode. In some aspects, the SL-PRS transmit power may be set based on the smaller of the maximum allowable transmit power of the UE and the calculated reference power.

[0131] In some aspects, the path loss coefficient (e.g., α NES ) or the path loss offset value (e.g., GN NES ) may be pre-stored in the UE (e.g., UE 712) according to the communication standard, configured by the TRP, base station or location server, included in one or more RRC messages, included in a broadcast positioning SIB, included in a MAC-CE or DCI message that also includes the information indicating the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, or included in one or more LPP messages from the location server.

[0132] In some aspects, when the UE is configured to transmit multiple SL-PRS symbols of SL-PRS resources that overlap with two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode, the SL-PRS transmit power of the SL-PRS symbols may be determined based on at least the following two methods (hereinafter referred to as the first method and the second method).

[0133] In some aspects, according to the first method, all symbols in the SL-PRS resource may be transmitted based on the SL-PRS transmit power associated with one network energy mode among the two or more network energy modes. For example, UE 712 may be configured to transmit multiple SL-PRS symbols of SL-PRS resources that overlap with two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode. UE 712 may transmit the multiple SL-PRS symbols based on the same SL-PRS transmit power associated with one network energy mode among the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode. In some aspects, the one network energy mode among the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode for the multiple SL-PRS symbols may be the starting network energy mode, the final network energy mode, the designated network energy mode configured by the TRP, base station or location server, or the selected network energy mode selected by the UE.

[0134] In some aspects, according to the second method, the SL-PRS transmission power of each SL-PRS symbol can be adapted according to the corresponding operating network energy pattern. For example, UE 712 can transmit each of the plurality of SL-PRS symbols based on the corresponding SL-PRS transmission power associated with the corresponding network energy pattern of the corresponding SL-PRS symbol.

[0135] In some aspects, when the UE is configured to transmit multiple groups of SL-PRS symbols of corresponding SL-PRS resources in an SL-PRS resource set that overlaps with two or more network energy patterns in the network energy pattern, the SL-PRS transmission power of the SL-PRS symbol can be determined based on at least the following two methods (hereinafter referred to as the third method and the fourth method).

[0136] In some aspects, according to the third method, all SL-PRS resources can be transmitted based on the SL-PRS transmission power associated with one of the two or more network energy patterns. For example, UE 712 can transmit the multiple groups of SL-PRS symbols based on the same SL-PRS transmission power associated with one of the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy pattern. In some aspects, the one of the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy pattern for the multiple groups of SL-PRS symbols can be the starting network energy pattern, the final network energy pattern, the configured specified network energy pattern configured by the TRP, base station, or location server, or the selected network energy pattern selected by the UE.

[0137] In some aspects, according to the fourth method, the SL-PRS transmission power of each group of SL-PRS symbols can be adapted according to the corresponding one or more operating network energy patterns. For example, UE 712 can transmit each group of the multiple groups of SL-PRS symbols based on the corresponding one or more SL-PRS transmission powers associated with one or more network energy patterns that overlap with the corresponding SL-PRS resources. In addition, within each group of SL-PRS symbols corresponding to the SL-PRS resources, the SL-PRS transmission power can be determined based on the above first method or second method.

[0138] In some aspects, the NES mode may be based on allocating different bandwidth resources for UE-TRP transmissions and SL transmissions. For example, UE-TRP transmissions (as indicated by arrow 740) and SL positioning sessions (as indicated by arrow 720) may operate in different or orthogonal bandwidth resources to manage, minimize, or eliminate possible interference between UE-TRP transmissions and SL transmissions. For example, in a certain NES mode, the network may fallback from a typical 100 MHz system bandwidth available to the network to a 50 MHz bandwidth resource, and the remaining part of the 50 MHz bandwidth resource may be allocated to SL-PRS transmissions, thus completely avoiding interference between UE-TRP transmissions and SL transmissions. Accordingly, in some aspects, the UE may adopt different sets of strategies for an NES mode with dedicated bandwidth resources for SL-PRS sessions and another NES mode with UE-TRP transmissions and SL-PRS transmissions sharing the same bandwidth resources.

[0139] For example, in some aspects, a TRP (e.g., TRP 730) may participate in the NES mode for communication with the TRP, where the network energy saving mode may allocate communication with the TRP within a first bandwidth resource and allocate SL-PRS resources within a second bandwidth resource different from the first bandwidth resource. The TRP may send at least information indicating the SL-PRS resources to a UE (e.g., UE 712) served by the TRP.

[0140] In some aspects, a UE (e.g., UE 712) may receive from the TRP information indicating the network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE, where a first part of the system bandwidth for UE-TRP communication and a second part of the system bandwidth for SL-PRS sessions can be identified based on the network energy mode. The UE may communicate with the TRP on the first part of the system bandwidth and send or receive SL-PRS on the second part of the system bandwidth, which is different from the first part of the system bandwidth. In some aspects, the information may be included in one or more RRC messages, positioning SIBs, dedicated messages from a location server, or MAC-CE or DCI messages. In some aspects, the information may explicitly indicate the SL-PRS resources, including the second part of the system bandwidth that can be used by the SL-PRS transmission. In some aspects, the information may explicitly indicate the network energy mode adopted by the TRP, and the SL-PRS resources may be pre-configured in association with the network energy mode.

[0141] In some aspects, a UE (e.g., UE 712) may set the SL-PRS transmission power according to a fixed value or a first equation based on the one network energy mode in the network energy mode being a specific NES mode, where the specific NES mode allocates communication with a serving TRP within a first portion of the system bandwidth and allocates SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol within a second portion of the system bandwidth; and may set the SL-PRS transmission power according to a second equation different from the first equation based on the one network energy mode in the network energy mode not being the specific NES mode. Thus, the ability of the TRP to tolerate interference caused by SL-PRS transmission can be increased by avoiding performing SL-PRS positioning sessions and UE-TRP specific within the same bandwidth.

[0142] In some aspects, the power control strategy may be based on the TRP adopting one or more network energy saving modes in time slots without configured SL resources and adopting a baseline power mode (or a network energy mode sharing the same SL-PRS power control strategy as the baseline power mode) in time slots with the SL resources configured. In other words, SL-PRS transmission may have a higher priority than adopting a NES mode (which requires a PRS power control strategy different from the PRS power control strategy of the baseline power mode). In some aspects, the network may adjust its network energy mode settings, or may operate in the baseline mode during the SL-PRS transmission window or time slot. Thus, the ability of the TRP to tolerate interference caused by SL-PRS transmission can be maintained by avoiding reducing the power level of UE-TRP transmission.

[0143] For example, in some aspects, the communication between a TRP (e.g., TRP 730) and a UE (e.g., UE 712) may be set to use the baseline network energy mode for time slots in which SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol are allocated. In some aspects, when SL-PRS resources are allocated, the TRP (e.g., TRP 730) may adopt the baseline network energy mode, and when SL-PRS resources are not allocated, may adopt one of the NES modes.

[0144] Figure 8 An example method 800 of operating a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In some aspects, method 800 may be performed by a UE (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). In some aspects, method 800 may correspond to operations performed by UE 712. In one aspect, method 800 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or power control component 342, any or all of which components may be regarded as means for performing one or more of the following operations of method 800.

[0145] At operation 810, the UE obtains information indicating one of a plurality of network energy modes for communication between the TRP and the UE. In some aspects, the plurality of network energy modes may include a baseline network energy mode and one or more NES modes. In some aspects, the one or more NES modes may modify the baseline network energy mode based on an adjusted bandwidth configuration, time domain configuration, antenna configuration, beamforming configuration, power level configuration, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, operation 810 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or power control component 342, and any or all of these components may be regarded as components for performing operation 810.

[0146] At operation 820, the UE participates in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE. In some aspects, the UE may correspond to UE 712, and the at least one other UE may correspond to UE 716. In some aspects, the UE may transmit at least one SL-PRS symbol for the sidelink positioning session based on the SL-PRS transmission power associated with the one network energy mode of the plurality of network energy modes. In some aspects, operation 820 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or power control component 342, and any or all of these components may be regarded as components for performing operation 820.

[0147] In some aspects, the SL-PRS transmission power may be determined based on a corresponding power control policy associated with one of the plurality of network energy modes. In some aspects, the power control policy may correspond to setting the SL-PRS transmission power based on applying an offset value to a baseline value. In some aspects, the UE may identify the offset value in a lookup table that specifies candidate offset values associated with at least a subset of the network energy modes. In some aspects, the baseline value may be based on a predefined fixed value, a configuration value from the TRP, base station, or location server, the power class of the UE, regulatory power requirements for the frequency range of the at least one SL-PRS symbol (for the SL positioning session), or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the baseline value may be based on the energy per resource element (EPRE) of a sidelink channel state information reference signal (SL-CSI-RS), physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) DMRS, or physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) DRMS transmitted by the UE.

[0148] In some aspects, the power control strategy may correspond to setting the SL-PRS transmission power based on the following operations: obtaining a path loss value of the UE, obtaining a path loss coefficient or a path loss offset value associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, obtaining a reference power calculated based on the path loss value and based on the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value, and setting the SL-PRS transmission power based on the reference power.

[0149] As will be appreciated, the technical advantages of method 800 relate to adjusting the SL-PRS power level to accommodate a potentially reduced ability to withstand interference caused by SL-PRS transmissions during UE-TRP transmissions due to the TRP adopting the NES mode. Thus, by adjusting the power control strategy for the SL-PRS positioning session, the power consumption of the TRP can be reduced while maintaining the quality of UE-TRP transmissions.

[0150] Figure 9 Another example method 900 of operating a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In some aspects, method 900 may be performed by a UE (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). In some aspects, method 900 may correspond to operations performed by UE 712. In one aspect, method 900 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or power control component 342, any or all of which components may be regarded as means for performing one or more of the following operations of method 900.

[0151] At operation 910, the UE receives information indicating a network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE. In some aspects, the UE may correspond to UE 712, and the TRP may correspond to TRP 730. In some aspects, a first portion of the system bandwidth and a second portion of the system bandwidth may be identifiable based on the network energy mode.

[0152] In some aspects, the information may be included in one or more RRC messages, positioning SIBs, dedicated messages from a location server, or MAC-CE or DCI messages. In some aspects, the information may explicitly indicate SL-PRS resources, including the second portion of the system bandwidth for SL-PRS transmission. In some aspects, the information may explicitly indicate the network energy mode, and the SL-PRS resources may be preconfigured in association with the network energy mode. In some aspects, operation 910 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or power control component 342, any or all of which components may be regarded as means for performing operation 910.

[0153] At operation 920, the UE communicates with the TRP on the first portion of the system bandwidth. In some aspects, operation 920 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or power control component 342, and any or all of these components may be considered as components for performing operation 920.

[0154] At operation 930, the UE transmits or receives SL-PRS on the second portion of the system bandwidth, which is different from the first portion of the system bandwidth. In some aspects, operation 930 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or power control component 342, and any or all of these components may be considered as components for performing operation 930.

[0155] As will be appreciated, the technical advantages of method 900 relate to performing SL-PRS positioning sessions and UE-TRP transmissions within different portions of the system bandwidth. Thus, the ability of the TRP to tolerate interference caused by SL-PRS sessions can be increased by avoiding performing SL-PRS sessions and UE-TRP transmissions within the same bandwidth resources.

[0156] Figure 10 Another example method 1000 of operating a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In some aspects, method 1000 may be performed by a UE (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). In some aspects, method 1000 may correspond to operations performed by UE 712. In one aspect, method 1000 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or power control component 342, and any or all of these components may be considered as components for performing one or more of the following operations of method 1000.

[0157] At operation 1010, the UE communicates with the TRP on the first one or more time slots based on one or more network energy saving modes, where no SL-PRS resources are allocated in the first one or more time slots, and the one or more network energy saving modes correspond to applying one or more power saving modifications to a baseline network energy mode. In some aspects, the UE may correspond to UE 712, and the TRP may correspond to TRP 730. In some aspects, operation 1010 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or power control component 342, and any or all of these components may be considered as components for performing operation 1010.

[0158] At operation 1020, the UE communicates with the TRP on a second one or more time slots based on the baseline network energy mode, and at least one SL-PRS resource is allocated in the second one or more time slots. In some aspects, operation 1020 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or power control component 342, and any or all of these components may be regarded as components for performing operation 1020.

[0159] In some aspects, method 1000 may further include: the UE receives information from the TRP indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE, wherein communicating with the TRP on the second one or more time slots is based on the baseline network energy mode, regardless of the one or more indicated network energy saving modes. In some aspects, method 1000 may further include: the UE receives first information from the TRP, the first information indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE on the first one or more time slots; and receives second information from the TRP, the second information indicating the baseline network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE on the second one or more time slots.

[0160] As will be appreciated, the technical advantages of method 1000 relate to adjusting network energy mode settings to avoid adopting power saving strategies (which may reduce the ability to withstand interference) when performing SL-PRS positioning sessions. Accordingly, the ability of the TRP to tolerate interference caused by the SL-PRS session can be maintained by avoiding participating in power saving strategies for UE-TRP transmissions (e.g., reducing the power level of the signal between the UE and the TRP).

[0161] In the foregoing detailed description, it can be seen that different features are grouped together in the various examples. This manner of disclosure should not be construed as intending that the example clauses have more features than those explicitly recited in each clause. On the contrary, various aspects of the present disclosure may include fewer features than all of the features of the individual example clauses disclosed. Accordingly, the following clauses are hereby incorporated into the description, where each clause by itself may be a separate example. Although each dependent clause may refer in the clause to a particular combination with one of the clauses in the other clauses, the aspect of the dependent clause is not limited to the particular combination. It should be understood that other example clauses may also include combinations of aspects of the dependent clauses with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or any features with other dependent clauses and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless explicitly stated or readily inferred not to be intended to use a particular combination (e.g., conflicting aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Additionally, it is contemplated that aspects of the clauses may be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause does not directly depend on the independent clause.

[0162] Specific example embodiments are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0163] Clause 1. A method of operating a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: obtaining information indicating one of a plurality of network energy modes for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE; and participating in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE, including: transmitting at least one sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) symbol for the sidelink positioning session based on the SL-PRS transmission power associated with the one of the plurality of network energy modes.

[0164] Clause 2. The method according to clause 1, the method further comprising: obtaining an offset value associated with the one of the network energy modes; and setting the SL-PRS transmission power based on applying the offset value to a baseline value.

[0165] Clause 3. The method according to clause 2, the method further comprising determining the baseline value based on: a predefined fixed value, a configuration value from the TRP, base station, or location server, the power class of the UE, regulatory power requirements for the frequency range of the at least one SL-PRS symbol, or a combination thereof.

[0166] Clause 4. The method according to any one of Clauses 2 to 3, the method further comprising: determining the baseline value based on the energy per resource element (EPRE) of a sidelink channel state information reference signal (SL-CSI-RS), a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) DRMS transmitted by the UE.

[0167] Clause 5. The method according to any one of Clauses 2 to 4, wherein obtaining the offset value associated with the one network energy pattern in the network energy patterns comprises: identifying the offset value in a lookup table that specifies candidate offset values associated with at least a subset of the network energy patterns, or receiving the offset value via signaling from the TRP, base station, or location server.

[0168] Clause 6. The method according to Clause 5, wherein the lookup table is: pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, or configured by the TRP, the base station, or the location server.

[0169] Clause 7. The method according to any one of Clauses 5 to 6, wherein the offset value is included in: a positioning system information block (SIB), a media access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message further including the information indicating the one network energy pattern in the network energy patterns, one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, or one or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

[0170] Clause 8. The method according to Clause 1, the method further comprising: obtaining a path loss value of the UE; obtaining a path loss coefficient or a path loss offset value associated with the one network energy pattern in the network energy patterns; obtaining a reference power calculated based on the path loss value and based on the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value; and setting the SL-PRS transmission power based on the reference power.

[0171] Clause 9. The method according to Clause 8, wherein: obtaining the reference power comprises calculating the reference power based on the equation P REF = P t +α NES × PL to calculate the reference power, P REF represents the reference power, P t represents the target reception power at the at least one other UE, α NESdenote the path loss coefficient associated with the one network energy pattern among the network energy patterns, and PL denote the path loss value of the UE, and set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the smaller of the maximum allowable transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

[0172] Clause 10. The method according to Clause 8, wherein: obtaining the reference power includes calculating the reference power based on the equation P REF = P t + α × PL + GN NES where P REF denotes the reference power, P t denotes the target reception power at the at least one other UE, α denotes the path loss coefficient not associated with the one network energy pattern among the network energy patterns, PL denotes the path loss value of the UE, and GN NES denote the path loss offset value associated with the one network energy pattern among the network energy patterns, and set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the smaller of the maximum allowable transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

[0173] Clause 11. The method according to any one of Clauses 8 to 10, wherein the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value is: pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, configured by the TRP, base station or location server, included in one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, included in a positioning system information block (SIB), included in a media access control control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) message further including the information indicating the one network energy pattern among the network energy patterns, or included in one or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

[0174] Clause 12. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 11, wherein: the UE is configured to transmit a plurality of SL-PRS symbols of SL-PRS resources overlapping two or more network energy patterns among the network energy patterns, and the method includes: transmitting the plurality of SL-PRS symbols based on the same SL-PRS transmission power associated with one network energy pattern among the two or more network energy patterns; or transmitting each SL-PRS symbol of the plurality of SL-PRS symbols based on the corresponding SL-PRS transmission power associated with the corresponding network energy pattern of the corresponding SL-PRS symbol.

[0175] Clause 13. The method according to Clause 12, wherein one of the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns for the plurality of SL-PRS symbols is the starting network energy pattern, the final network energy pattern, a specified network energy pattern configured by the TRP, base station, or location server, or a selected network energy pattern selected by the UE, among the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns.

[0176] Clause 14. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 11, wherein: the UE is configured to transmit multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols of corresponding SL-PRS resources in an SL-PRS resource set that overlaps with two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns, and the method further includes: transmitting the multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols based on the same SL-PRS transmission power associated with one of the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns; or transmitting each set of SL-PRS symbols in the multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols based on corresponding one or more SL-PRS transmission powers associated with one or more network energy patterns overlapping with the corresponding SL-PRS resources.

[0177] Clause 15. The method according to Clause 14, wherein one of the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns for the multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols is the starting network energy pattern, the final network energy pattern, a specified network energy pattern configured by the TRP, base station, or location server, or a selected network energy pattern selected by the UE, among the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns.

[0178] Clause 16. The method according to Clause 1, the method further includes: setting the SL-PRS transmission power according to a fixed value or a first equation based on the fact that one of the network energy patterns is a network energy saving mode, the network energy saving mode allocates communication with the TRP within a first part of the system bandwidth and allocates SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol within a second part of the system bandwidth, the second part of the system bandwidth being different from the first part of the system bandwidth; and setting the SL-PRS transmission power according to a second equation different from the first equation based on the fact that one of the network energy patterns is not the network energy saving mode.

[0179] Clause 17. The method according to Clause 1, wherein: the network energy mode includes a baseline network energy mode and one or more network energy-saving modes, the one or more network energy-saving modes corresponding to applying one or more power-saving modifications to the baseline network energy mode, and the communication between the TRP and the UE is set to use the baseline network energy mode for a time slot in which SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol are allocated.

[0180] Clause 18. A method of operating a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving, from a transmit receive point (TRP), information indicating a network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE; communicating with the TRP on a first portion of a system bandwidth; and transmitting or receiving sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) on a second portion of the system bandwidth, the second portion of the system bandwidth being different from the first portion of the system bandwidth, wherein the first portion of the system bandwidth and the second portion of the system bandwidth are identifiable based on the network energy mode.

[0181] Clause 19. The method according to Clause 18, wherein the information is included in one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, a positioning system information block (SIB), a dedicated message from a location server, or a medium access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message.

[0182] Clause 20. The method according to any one of Clauses 18 to 19, wherein: the information indicates SL-PRS resources, or the information indicates the network energy mode, and the SL-PRS resources are preconfigured in association with the network energy mode.

[0183] Clause 21. A method of operating a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: communicating with a transmit receive point (TRP) on a first one or more time slots based on one or more network energy-saving modes, wherein no sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources are allocated in the first one or more time slots, and the one or more network energy-saving modes correspond to applying one or more power-saving modifications to a baseline network energy mode; and communicating with the TRP on a second one or more time slots based on the baseline network energy mode, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource is allocated in the second one or more time slots.

[0184] Clause 22. The method according to Clause 21, the method further comprising: receiving, from the TRP, information indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE, wherein communication with the TRP on the second one or more time slots is based on the baseline network energy mode, regardless of the one or more indicated network energy saving modes.

[0185] Clause 23. The method according to Clause 21, the method further comprising: receiving, from the TRP, first information indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE on the first one or more time slots; and receiving, from the TRP, second information indicating the baseline network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE on the second one or more time slots.

[0186] Clause 24. A user equipment (UE), the user equipment (UE) comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: obtain information indicating one of a plurality of network energy modes for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE; and participate in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, at least one SL-PRS symbol for the sidelink positioning session based on the transmit power of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) associated with the one of the plurality of network energy modes.

[0187] Clause 25. The UE according to Clause 24, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: obtain an offset value associated with the one of the network energy modes; and set the SL-PRS transmit power based on applying the offset value to a baseline value.

[0188] Clause 26. The UE according to Clause 25, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine the baseline value based on: a predefined fixed value, a configuration value from the TRP, a base station, or a location server, the power class of the UE, the regulatory power requirement for the frequency range of the at least one SL-PRS symbol, or a combination thereof.

[0189] Clause 27. The UE according to any one of Clauses 25 to 26, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: determine the baseline value based on the energy per resource element (EPRE) of a sidelink channel state information reference signal (SL-CSI-RS), a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) DRMS transmitted by the UE.

[0190] Clause 28. The UE according to any one of Clauses 25 to 27, wherein the at least one processor configured to obtain the offset value associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode is further configured to: identify the offset value in a look-up table that specifies candidate offset values associated with at least a subset of the network energy mode, or receive the offset value via signaling from the TRP, base station, or location server via the at least one transceiver.

[0191] Clause 29. The UE according to Clause 28, wherein the look-up table is: pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, or configured by the TRP, the base station, or the location server.

[0192] Clause 30. The UE according to any one of Clauses 28 to 29, wherein the offset value is included in: a positioning system information block (SIB), a media access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message further including the information indicating the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, or one or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

[0193] Clause 31. The UE according to Clause 24, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: obtain a path loss value of the UE; obtain a path loss coefficient or a path loss offset value associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode; obtain a reference power calculated based on the path loss value and based on the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value; and set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the reference power.

[0194] Clause 32. The UE according to Clause 31, wherein: the at least one processor configured to obtain the reference power is further configured to calculate the reference power based on the equation P REF = P t + α NES × PL to calculate the reference power, P REF represents the reference power, P trepresents the target received power at the at least one other UE, α NES represents the path loss coefficient associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, and PL represents the path loss value of the UE, and the at least one processor is configured to set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the smaller of the maximum allowable transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

[0195] Clause 33. The UE according to Clause 31, wherein: the at least one processor configured to obtain the reference power is further configured to be based on the equation P REF = P t + α × PL + GN NES to calculate the reference power, P REF represents the reference power, P t represents the target received power at the at least one other UE, α represents a path loss coefficient not associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, PL represents the path loss value of the UE, and GN NES represents the path loss offset value associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, and the at least one processor is configured to set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the smaller of the maximum allowable transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

[0196] Clause 34. The UE according to any one of Clauses 31 to 33, wherein the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value is: pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, configured by the TRP, base station or location server, included in one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, included in a positioning system information block (SIB), included in a media access control control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) message further including the information indicating the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, or included in one or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

[0197] Clause 35. The UE according to any one of Clauses 24 to 34, wherein: the at least one processor is configured to transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a plurality of SL-PRS symbols of an SL-PRS resource that overlaps two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode, and the at least one processor is configured to: transmit the plurality of SL-PRS symbols via the at least one transceiver based on the same SL-PRS transmission power associated with one network energy mode among the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode; or transmit each SL-PRS symbol of the plurality of SL-PRS symbols via the at least one transceiver based on a corresponding SL-PRS transmission power associated with a corresponding network energy mode of the corresponding SL-PRS symbol.

[0198] Clause 36. The UE according to Clause 35, wherein the one network energy mode among the two or more network energy modes for the plurality of SL-PRS symbols is the starting network energy mode, the final network energy mode, a designated network energy mode configured by the TRP, base station, or location server, or a selected network energy mode selected by the UE, among the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode.

[0199] Clause 37. The UE according to any one of Clauses 24 to 34, wherein: the at least one processor is configured to transmit, via the at least one transceiver, multiple groups of SL-PRS symbols of corresponding SL-PRS resources in a set of SL-PRS resources that overlaps two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode, and the at least one processor is configured to: transmit the multiple groups of SL-PRS symbols via the at least one transceiver based on the same SL-PRS transmission power associated with one network energy mode among the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode; or transmit each group of SL-PRS symbols of the multiple groups of SL-PRS symbols via the at least one transceiver based on corresponding one or more SL-PRS transmission powers associated with one or more network energy modes overlapping the corresponding SL-PRS resource.

[0200] Clause 38. The UE according to Clause 37, wherein the one network energy mode among the two or more network energy modes for the multiple groups of SL-PRS symbols is the starting network energy mode, the final network energy mode, a designated network energy mode configured by the TRP, base station, or location server, or a selected network energy mode selected by the UE, among the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode.

[0201] Clause 39. The UE according to Clause 24, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: set the SL-PRS transmission power according to a fixed value or a first equation based on that one of the network energy modes is a network energy saving mode, the network energy saving mode allocates communication with the TRP within a first part of the system bandwidth and allocates SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol within a second part of the system bandwidth, the second part of the system bandwidth being different from the first part of the system bandwidth; and set the SL-PRS transmission power according to a second equation different from the first equation based on that one of the network energy modes is not the network energy saving mode.

[0202] Clause 40. The UE according to Clause 24, wherein: the network energy mode includes a baseline network energy mode and one or more network energy saving modes, the one or more network energy saving modes correspond to applying one or more power saving modifications to the baseline network energy mode, and the communication between the TRP and the UE is set to use the baseline network energy mode for a time slot in which SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol are allocated.

[0203] Clause 41. A user equipment (UE) comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, information indicating a network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE from a transmission and reception point (TRP); communicate with the TRP on a first part of the system bandwidth via the at least one transceiver; and transmit or receive sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) on a second part of the system bandwidth via the at least one transceiver, the second part of the system bandwidth being different from the first part of the system bandwidth, wherein the first part of the system bandwidth and the second part of the system bandwidth are identifiable based on the network energy mode.

[0204] Clause 42. The UE according to Clause 41, wherein the information is included in one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, a positioning system information block (SIB), a dedicated message from a location server, or a medium access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message.

[0205] Clause 43. The UE according to any one of Clauses 41 to 42, wherein: the information indicates an SL-PRS resource, or the information indicates the network energy mode, and the SL-PRS resource is pre-configured in association with the network energy mode.

[0206] Clause 44. A user equipment (UE) comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: communicate with a transmit receive point (TRP) on a first one or more time slots based on one or more network energy saving modes via the at least one transceiver, wherein no sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources are allocated in the first one or more time slots, and the one or more network energy saving modes correspond to applying one or more power saving modifications to a baseline network energy mode; and communicate with the TRP on a second one or more time slots based on the baseline network energy mode via the at least one transceiver, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource is allocated in the second one or more time slots.

[0207] Clause 45. The UE according to Clause 44, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive information from the TRP indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE, wherein communication with the TRP on the second one or more time slots is based on the baseline network energy mode regardless of the indicated one or more network energy saving modes.

[0208] Clause 46. The UE according to Clause 44, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive first information from the TRP indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE on the first one or more time slots; and receive second information from the TRP indicating the baseline network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE on the second one or more time slots.

[0209] Clause 47. A user equipment (UE) comprising: means for obtaining information indicating one network energy mode among a plurality of network energy modes for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE; and means for participating in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE, including: means for transmitting at least one SL-PRS symbol for the sidelink positioning session based on sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) transmission power associated with the one network energy mode among the plurality of network energy modes.

[0210] Clause 48. The UE according to clause 47, the UE further comprising: means for obtaining an offset value associated with one of the network energy patterns in the network energy pattern; and means for setting the SL-PRS transmission power based on applying the offset value to a baseline value.

[0211] Clause 49. The UE according to clause 48, the UE further comprising: means for determining the baseline value based on: a predefined fixed value, a configuration value from the TRP, base station, or location server, the power class of the UE, regulatory power requirements for the frequency range of the at least one SL-PRS symbol, or a combination thereof.

[0212] Clause 50. The UE according to any one of clauses 48 to 49, the UE further comprising means for determining the baseline value based on the energy per resource element (EPRE) of the sidelink channel state information reference signal (SL-CSI-RS), physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) DRMS transmitted by the UE.

[0213] Clause 51. The UE according to any one of clauses 48 to 50, wherein the means for obtaining the offset value associated with one of the network energy patterns in the network energy pattern comprises: means for identifying the offset value in a look-up table that specifies candidate offset values associated with at least a subset of the network energy patterns, or means for receiving the offset value via signaling from the TRP, base station, or location server.

[0214] Clause 52. The UE according to clause 51, wherein the look-up table is: pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, or configured by the TRP, the base station, or the location server.

[0215] Clause 53. The UE according to any one of clauses 51 to 52, wherein the offset value is included in: a positioning system information block (SIB), a media access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message further comprising the information indicating one of the network energy patterns in the network energy pattern, one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, or one or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

[0216] Clause 54. The UE according to Clause 47, the UE further comprising: components for obtaining a path loss value of the UE; components for obtaining a path loss coefficient or a path loss offset value associated with one of the network energy modes in the network energy mode; components for obtaining a reference power calculated based on the path loss value and based on the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value; and components for setting the SL-PRS transmission power based on the reference power.

[0217] Clause 55. The UE according to Clause 54, wherein: the components for obtaining the reference power include components for calculating the reference power based on the equation P REF = P t + α NES × PL, where P REF represents the reference power, P t represents the target reception power at the at least one other UE, α NES represents the path loss coefficient associated with one of the network energy modes in the network energy mode, and PL represents the path loss value of the UE, and the components for setting the SL-PRS transmission power set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the smaller of the maximum allowable transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

[0218] Clause 56. The UE according to Clause 54, wherein: the components for obtaining the reference power include components for calculating the reference power based on the equation P REF = P t + α × PL + GN NES where P REF represents the reference power, P t represents the target reception power at the at least one other UE, α represents a path loss coefficient not associated with one of the network energy modes in the network energy mode, PL represents the path loss value of the UE, and GN NES represents the path loss offset value associated with one of the network energy modes in the network energy mode, and the components for setting the SL-PRS transmission power set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the smaller of the maximum allowable transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

[0219] Clause 57. The UE according to any one of Clauses 54 to 56, wherein the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value is: pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, configured by the TRP, base station or location server, included in one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, included in a positioning system information block (SIB), included in a media access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message further including the information indicating the one network energy mode in the network energy modes, or included in one or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

[0220] Clause 58. The UE according to any one of Clauses 47 to 57, wherein: the UE is configured to transmit a plurality of SL-PRS symbols of an SL-PRS resource that overlaps two or more network energy modes in the network energy modes, and the UE further includes: a component for transmitting the plurality of SL-PRS symbols based on the same SL-PRS transmission power associated with one of the two or more network energy modes in the network energy modes; or a component for transmitting each SL-PRS symbol of the plurality of SL-PRS symbols based on a corresponding SL-PRS transmission power associated with a corresponding network energy mode of the corresponding SL-PRS symbol.

[0221] Clause 59. The UE according to Clause 58, wherein the one of the two or more network energy modes in the network energy modes for the plurality of SL-PRS symbols is the starting network energy mode, the final network energy mode, a designated network energy mode configured by the TRP, base station or location server, or a selected network energy mode selected by the UE among the two or more network energy modes in the network energy modes.

[0222] Clause 60. The UE according to any one of Clauses 47 to 57, wherein: the UE is configured to transmit multiple groups of SL-PRS symbols of corresponding SL-PRS resources in an SL-PRS resource set that overlaps two or more network energy modes in the network energy modes, and the UE further includes: a component for transmitting the multiple groups of SL-PRS symbols based on the same SL-PRS transmission power associated with one of the two or more network energy modes in the network energy modes; or a component for transmitting each group of SL-PRS symbols of the multiple groups of SL-PRS symbols based on corresponding one or more SL-PRS transmission powers associated with one or more network energy modes overlapping with the corresponding SL-PRS resource.

[0223] Clause 61. The UE according to Clause 60, wherein one of the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode for the multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols is the starting network energy mode, the final network energy mode, a specified network energy mode configured by the TRP, base station, or location server, or a selected network energy mode selected by the UE among the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode.

[0224] Clause 62. The UE according to Clause 47, the UE further comprising: means for setting the SL-PRS transmission power according to a fixed value or a first equation based on the fact that one of the network energy modes is a network energy saving mode, the network energy saving mode allocating communication with the TRP within a first part of the system bandwidth and allocating SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol within a second part of the system bandwidth, the second part of the system bandwidth being different from the first part of the system bandwidth; and means for setting the SL-PRS transmission power according to a second equation different from the first equation based on the fact that one of the network energy modes is not the network energy saving mode.

[0225] Clause 63. The UE according to Clause 47, wherein: the network energy mode includes a baseline network energy mode and one or more network energy saving modes, the one or more network energy saving modes corresponding to applying one or more power saving modifications to the baseline network energy mode, and the communication between the TRP and the UE is set to use the baseline network energy mode for a time slot in which SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol are allocated.

[0226] Clause 64. A user equipment (UE), the user equipment (UE) comprising: means for receiving information indicating a network energy mode for communication between the UE and a transmission reception point (TRP) from the TRP; means for communicating with the TRP on a first part of the system bandwidth; and means for transmitting or receiving sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) on a second part of the system bandwidth, the second part of the system bandwidth being different from the first part of the system bandwidth, wherein the first part of the system bandwidth and the second part of the system bandwidth are identifiable based on the network energy mode.

[0227] Clause 65. The UE according to Clause 64, wherein the information is included in one or more of the following: one or more Radio Resource Control (RRC) messages, a positioning System Information Block (SIB), a dedicated message from a location server, or a Medium Access Control Control Element (MAC-CE) or Downlink Control Information (DCI) message.

[0228] Clause 66. The UE according to any one of Clauses 64 to 65, wherein: the information indicates SL-PRS resources, or the information indicates the network energy mode, and the SL-PRS resources are preconfigured in association with the network energy mode.

[0229] Clause 67. A User Equipment (UE) comprising: components for communicating with a Transmission and Reception Point (TRP) on a first one or more time slots based on one or more network energy saving modes, wherein no sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources are allocated in the first one or more time slots, and the one or more network energy saving modes correspond to applying one or more power saving modifications to a baseline network energy mode; and components for communicating with the TRP on a second one or more time slots based on the baseline network energy mode, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource is allocated in the second one or more time slots.

[0230] Clause 68. The UE according to Clause 67, the UE further comprising: components for receiving from the TRP information indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE, wherein communication with the TRP on the second one or more time slots is based on the baseline network energy mode regardless of the indicated one or more network energy saving modes.

[0231] Clause 69. The UE according to Clause 67, the UE further comprising: components for receiving from the TRP first information indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE on the first one or more time slots; and components for receiving from the TRP second information indicating the baseline network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE on the second one or more time slots.

[0232] Clause 70. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: obtain information indicating one of a plurality of network energy modes for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE; and participate in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE, wherein the instructions further cause the UE to: transmit at least one sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) symbol for the sidelink positioning session based on the transmit power of the SL-PRS associated with the one network energy mode of the plurality of network energy modes.

[0233] Clause 71. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 70, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: obtain an offset value associated with the one network energy mode of the network energy modes; and set the SL-PRS transmit power based on applying the offset value to a baseline value.

[0234] Clause 72. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 71, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: determine the baseline value based on: a predefined fixed value, a configuration value from the TRP, base station, or location server, the power class of the UE, the regulatory power requirement for the frequency range of the at least one SL-PRS symbol, or a combination thereof.

[0235] Clause 73. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 71 to 72, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: determine the baseline value based on the energy per resource element (EPRE) of a sidelink channel state information reference signal (SL-CSI-RS), a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) DRMS transmitted by the UE.

[0236] Clause 74. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 71 to 73, wherein the instructions that cause the UE to obtain the offset value associated with the one network energy mode of the network energy modes include instructions that cause the UE to: identify the offset value in a lookup table that specifies candidate offset values associated with at least a subset of the network energy modes, or receive the offset value via signaling from the TRP, base station, or location server.

[0237] Clause 75. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 74, wherein the look-up table is: pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, or configured by the TRP, the base station, or the location server.

[0238] Clause 76. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 74 to 75, wherein the offset value is included in: a positioning system information block (SIB), a media access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message further including the information indicating the one network energy mode in the network energy modes, one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, or one or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

[0239] Clause 77. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 70, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: obtain a path loss value of the UE; obtain a path loss coefficient or a path loss offset value associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy modes; obtain a reference power calculated based on the path loss value and based on the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value; and set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the reference power.

[0240] Clause 78. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 77, wherein: the instructions that cause the UE to obtain the reference power include instructions that cause the UE to calculate the reference power based on the equation P REF = P t + α NES × PL to calculate the reference power, P REF represents the reference power, P t represents the target reception power at the at least one other UE, α NES represents the path loss coefficient associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy modes, and PL represents the path loss value of the UE, and the instructions that cause the UE to set the SL-PRS transmission power include instructions that cause the UE to set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the smaller of the maximum allowable transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

[0241] Clause 79. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 77, wherein: the instructions that cause the UE to obtain the reference power include instructions that cause the UE to based on the equation P REF = P t+ α × PL + GN NES An instruction to calculate the reference power, P REF represents the reference power, P t represents the target received power at the at least one other UE, α represents a path loss coefficient not associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, PL represents the path loss value of the UE, and GN NES represents the path loss offset value associated with the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, and the instruction for the UE to set the SL-PRS transmission power includes an instruction for the UE to set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the smaller of the maximum allowed transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

[0242] Clause 80. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 77 to 79, wherein the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value is: pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, configured by the TRP, base station or location server, included in one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, included in a positioning system information block (SIB), included in a medium access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message further including the information indicating the one network energy mode in the network energy mode, or included in one or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

[0243] Clause 81. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 70 to 80, wherein: the UE is configured to transmit a plurality of SL-PRS symbols of SL-PRS resources overlapping two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode, and the instruction further causes the UE to: transmit the plurality of SL-PRS symbols based on the same SL-PRS transmission power associated with one network energy mode of the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode; or transmit each SL-PRS symbol of the plurality of SL-PRS symbols based on the corresponding SL-PRS transmission power associated with the corresponding network energy mode of the corresponding SL-PRS symbol.

[0244] Clause 82. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 81, wherein one of the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns for the plurality of SL-PRS symbols is the starting network energy pattern, the final network energy pattern, a specified network energy pattern configured by the TRP, base station, or location server, or a selected network energy pattern selected by the UE among the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns.

[0245] Clause 83. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 70 to 80, wherein: the UE is configured to transmit multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols of corresponding SL-PRS resources in an SL-PRS resource set that overlaps with two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns, and the instructions further cause the UE to: transmit the multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols based on the same SL-PRS transmission power associated with one of the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns; or transmit each set of SL-PRS symbols in the multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols based on corresponding one or more SL-PRS transmission powers associated with one or more network energy patterns that overlap with the corresponding SL-PRS resources.

[0246] Clause 84. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 83, wherein one of the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns for the multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols is the starting network energy pattern, the final network energy pattern, a specified network energy pattern configured by the TRP, base station, or location server, or a selected network energy pattern selected by the UE among the two or more network energy patterns in the network energy patterns.

[0247] Clause 85. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 70, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: set the SL-PRS transmission power according to a fixed value or a first equation based on the fact that one of the network energy patterns is a network energy saving mode that allocates communication with the TRP within a first part of the system bandwidth and allocates SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol within a second part of the system bandwidth, the second part of the system bandwidth being different from the first part of the system bandwidth; and set the SL-PRS transmission power according to a second equation different from the first equation based on the fact that one of the network energy patterns is not the network energy saving mode.

[0248] Clause 86. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 70, wherein: the network energy mode includes a baseline network energy mode and one or more network energy-saving modes, the one or more network energy-saving modes correspond to applying one or more power-saving modifications to the baseline network energy mode, and the communication between the TRP and the UE is set to use the baseline network energy mode for a time slot in which SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol are allocated.

[0249] Clause 87. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive, from a transmission and reception point (TRP), information indicating a network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE; communicate with the TRP on a first portion of a system bandwidth; and transmit or receive sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) on a second portion of the system bandwidth, the second portion of the system bandwidth being different from the first portion of the system bandwidth, wherein the first portion of the system bandwidth and the second portion of the system bandwidth are identifiable based on the network energy mode.

[0250] Clause 88. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 87, wherein the information is included in one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, a positioning system information block (SIB), a dedicated message from a location server, or a media access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message.

[0251] Clause 89. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 87 to 88, wherein: the information indicates SL-PRS resources, or the information indicates the network energy mode, and the SL-PRS resources are preconfigured in association with the network energy mode.

[0252] Clause 90. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: communicate with a transmission and reception point (TRP) on a first one or more time slots based on one or more network energy-saving modes, no sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources being allocated in the first one or more time slots, and the one or more network energy-saving modes corresponding to applying one or more power-saving modifications to a baseline network energy mode; and communicate with the TRP on a second one or more time slots based on the baseline network energy mode, at least one SL-PRS resource being allocated in the second one or more time slots.

[0253] Clause 91. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 90, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive from the TRP information indicating the one or more network energy-saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE, wherein communicating with the TRP on the second one or more time slots is based on the baseline network energy mode, regardless of the indicated one or more network energy-saving modes.

[0254] Clause 92. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 90, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive from the TRP first information indicating the one or more network energy-saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE on the first one or more time slots; and receive from the TRP second information indicating the baseline network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE on the second one or more time slots.

[0255] Those skilled in the art will understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and methods. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0256] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, the various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in different ways for each particular application, but such specific implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0257] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0258] The methods, sequences, and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. The software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., a UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

[0259] In one or more example aspects, the described functionality may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functionality may be stored on or transmitted via a computer-readable medium as one or more instructions or code. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. The storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. As used herein, disk and disc include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc where disks typically reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0260] While the foregoing disclosure illustrates example aspects of the present disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims. Additionally, the functions, steps, and / or acts of the method claims according to aspects of the present disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Further, although elements of the present disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is also contemplated unless explicitly stated to be limited to the singular.

Claims

1. A method of operating a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: obtaining information indicating one of a plurality of network energy modes for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE; and participating in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE, including: transmitting at least one sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) symbol for the sidelink positioning session based on the transmission power of the SL-PRS associated with the one network energy mode among the plurality of network energy modes.

2. The method according to claim 1, the method further comprising: obtaining an offset value associated with the one network energy mode among the network energy modes; and setting the SL-PRS transmission power based on applying the offset value to a baseline value.

3. The method according to claim 2, the method further comprising determining the baseline value based on: a predefined fixed value, a configuration value from the TRP, base station or location server, the power level of the UE, the regulatory power requirement for the frequency range of the at least one SL-PRS symbol, or a combination thereof.

4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the method further comprises: Determining the baseline value based on the energy per resource element (EPRE) of the sidelink channel state information reference signal (SL-CSI-RS), physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) DRMS transmitted by the UE.

5. The method according to claim 2, wherein obtaining the offset value associated with the one network energy mode among the network energy modes comprises: identifying the offset value in a lookup table that specifies candidate offset values associated with at least a subset of the network energy modes, or receiving the offset value via signaling from the TRP, base station or location server.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the lookup table is: pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, or configured by the TRP, the base station or the location server.

7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the offset value is included in: a positioning system information block (SIB), a medium access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message, the medium access control control element (MAC-CE) or the downlink control information (DCI) message further including the information indicating the one network energy mode among the network energy modes, one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, or one or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

8. The method according to claim 1, the method further comprising: obtaining a path loss value of the UE; obtaining a path loss coefficient or a path loss offset value associated with the one network energy mode among the network energy modes; Obtain a reference power calculated based on the path loss value and based on the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value; and Set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the reference power.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein: Obtaining the reference power includes calculating the reference power based on the following equation: P REF = P t + α NES × PL P REF represents the reference power P t represents the target received power at the at least one other UE α NES represents the path loss coefficient associated with the one network energy pattern among the network energy patterns, and PL represents the path loss value of the UE, and Setting the SL-PRS transmission power is based on the smaller of the maximum allowed transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

10. The method according to claim 8, wherein: Obtaining the reference power includes calculating the reference power based on the following equation: P REF = P t + α × PL + GN NES , P REF represents the reference power P t represents the target received power at the at least one other UE α represents a path loss coefficient not associated with one of the network energy modes in the network energy mode, PL represents the path loss value of the UE, and GN NES represents the path loss offset value associated with the one network energy pattern among the network energy patterns, and Setting the SL-PRS transmission power is based on the smaller of the maximum allowed transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value is: Pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, Configured by the TRP, base station or location server, Included in one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, Included in a positioning system information block (SIB), Included in a medium access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message, the medium access control control element (MAC-CE) or the downlink control information (DCI) message further includes the information indicating one of the network energy modes in the network energy mode, or Included in one or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein: The UE is configured to transmit a plurality of SL-PRS symbols of SL-PRS resources overlapping two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode, and The method includes: Transmitting the plurality of SL-PRS symbols based on the same SL-PRS transmission power associated with one of the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode; or Transmitting each SL-PRS symbol of the plurality of SL-PRS symbols based on the corresponding SL-PRS transmission power associated with the corresponding network energy mode of the corresponding SL-PRS symbol.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein one of the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode for the plurality of SL-PRS symbols is the starting network energy mode, the final network energy mode, a specified network energy mode configured by the TRP, base station or location server, or a selected network energy mode selected by the UE among the two or more network energy modes in the network energy mode.

14. The method according to claim 1, wherein: The UE is configured to transmit multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols of corresponding SL-PRS resources in an SL-PRS resource set that overlaps two or more of the network energy modes, and The method further includes: transmitting the multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols based on the same SL-PRS transmission power associated with one of the two or more network energy modes in the network energy modes; or transmitting each set of SL-PRS symbols in the multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols based on corresponding one or more SL-PRS transmission powers associated with one or more network energy modes overlapping the corresponding SL-PRS resources.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein one of the two or more network energy modes in the network energy modes for the multiple sets of SL-PRS symbols is the starting network energy mode, the final network energy mode, a specified network energy mode configured by the TRP, base station, or location server, or a selected network energy mode selected by the UE.

16. The method according to claim 1, the method further includes: setting the SL-PRS transmission power according to a fixed value or a first equation based on the one of the network energy modes being a network energy saving mode, the network energy saving mode allocating communication with the TRP within a first part of the system bandwidth and allocating SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol within a second part of the system bandwidth, the second part of the system bandwidth being different from the first part of the system bandwidth; and setting the SL-PRS transmission power according to a second equation different from the first equation based on the one of the network energy modes not being the network energy saving mode.

17. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the network energy mode includes a baseline network energy mode and one or more network energy saving modes, the one or more network energy saving modes corresponding to applying one or more power saving modifications to the baseline network energy mode, and the communication between the TRP and the UE is set to use the baseline network energy mode for a time slot in which SL-PRS resources for the at least one SL-PRS symbol are allocated.

18. A method of operating a user equipment (UE), the method includes: receiving, from a transmission reception point (TRP), information indicating a network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE; communicating with the TRP on a first part of the system bandwidth; and transmitting or receiving sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) on a second part of the system bandwidth, the second part of the system bandwidth being different from the first part of the system bandwidth, The first part of the system bandwidth and the second part of the system bandwidth are capable of being identified based on the network energy pattern.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the information is included in the following: One or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, Location system information block (SIB), Dedicated messages from a location server, or Medium access control control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) messages.

20. The method according to claim 18, wherein: The information indicates SL-PRS resources, or The information indicates the network energy pattern, and the SL-PRS resources are preconfigured in association with the network energy pattern.

21. A method of operating a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: Communicating with a transmit receive point (TRP) on a first one or more time slots based on one or more network energy saving modes, wherein no sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources are allocated in the first one or more time slots, and the one or more network energy saving modes correspond to applying one or more power saving modifications to a baseline network energy pattern; And Communicating with the TRP on a second one or more time slots based on the baseline network energy pattern, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource is allocated in the second one or more time slots.

22. The method according to claim 21, the method further comprising: Receiving, from the TRP, information indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE, wherein communicating with the TRP on the second one or more time slots is based on the baseline network energy pattern regardless of the indicated one or more network energy saving modes.

23. The method according to claim 21, the method further comprising: Receiving, from the TRP, first information indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE on the first one or more time slots; And Receiving, from the TRP, second information indicating the baseline network energy pattern for communication between the TRP and the UE on the second one or more time slots.

24. A user equipment (UE), the user equipment (UE) comprising: A memory; At least one transceiver; And At least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: Obtain information indicating a network energy pattern among a plurality of network energy patterns for communication between a transmit receive point (TRP) and the UE; and Participate in a sidelink positioning session with at least one other UE, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: Transmit at least one SL-PRS symbol for the sidelink positioning session via the at least one transceiver based on the transmit power of the sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) associated with one of the plurality of network energy modes.

25. The UE according to claim 24, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Obtain an offset value associated with one of the network energy modes; and Set the SL-PRS transmit power based on applying the offset value to a baseline value.

26. The UE according to claim 25, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine the baseline value based on: A predefined fixed value, A configuration value from the TRP, base station, or location server, The power class of the UE, The regulatory power requirement for the frequency range of the at least one SL-PRS symbol, or A combination thereof.

27. The UE according to claim 25, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Determine the baseline value based on the energy per resource element (EPRE) of the sidelink channel state information reference signal (SL-CSI-RS), physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) DRMS transmitted by the UE.

28. The UE according to claim 25, wherein the at least one processor configured to obtain the offset value associated with one of the network energy modes is further configured to: Identify the offset value in a lookup table that specifies candidate offset values associated with at least a subset of the network energy modes, or Receive the offset value via signaling from the TRP, base station, or location server via the at least one transceiver.

29. The UE according to claim 28, wherein the lookup table is: Pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, or Configured by the TRP, the base station, or the location server.

30. The UE according to claim 28, wherein the offset value is included in: The positioning system information block (SIB), The media access control control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) message, which also includes the information indicating one of the network energy modes, One or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, or One or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

31. The UE according to claim 24, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Obtain the path loss value of the UE; Obtain a path loss coefficient or path loss offset value associated with one of the network energy modes; Obtain a reference power calculated based on the path loss value and based on the path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value; and Set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the reference power.

32. The UE according to claim 31, wherein: The at least one processor configured to obtain the reference power is further configured to calculate the reference power based on the following equation: P REF = P t + α NES × PL P REF represents the reference power P t represents the target received power at the at least one other UE α NES represents the path loss coefficient associated with the one network energy pattern among the network energy patterns, and PL represents the path loss value of the UE, and The at least one processor is configured to set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the smaller of the maximum allowed transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

33. The UE according to claim 31, wherein: The at least one processor configured to obtain the reference power is further configured to calculate the reference power based on the following equation: P REF = P t + α × PL + GN NES , P REF represents the reference power P t represents the target received power at the at least one other UE α represents a path loss coefficient not associated with one of the network energy modes in the network energy mode, PL represents the path loss value of the UE, and GN NES represents the path loss offset value associated with the one network energy pattern in the network energy pattern, and The at least one processor is configured to set the SL-PRS transmission power based on the smaller of the maximum allowed transmission power of the UE and the reference power.

34. The path loss coefficient or the path loss offset value of the UE according to claim 31 is: Pre-stored in the UE according to a communication standard, Configured by the TRP, base station or location server, Included in one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages, Included in a positioning system information block (SIB), Included in a medium access control control element (MAC-CE) or a downlink control information (DCI) message, the medium access control control element (MAC-CE) or the downlink control information (DCI) message further includes the information indicating one of the network energy modes in the network energy mode, or Included in one or more long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) messages from the location server.

35. A user equipment (UE), the user equipment (UE) includes: A memory; At least one transceiver; and At least one processor, the at least one processor is communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor is configured to: Receive, via the at least one transceiver, information indicating a network energy mode for communication between the transmission and reception point (TRP) and the UE from the transmission and reception point (TRP); Communicate with the TRP on a first part of the system bandwidth via the at least one transceiver; and Transmit or receive a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) on a second part of the system bandwidth via the at least one transceiver, the second part of the system bandwidth being different from the first part of the system bandwidth, wherein the first part of the system bandwidth and the second part of the system bandwidth can be identified based on the network energy mode.

36. The UE according to claim 35, wherein the information is included in the following items: One or more Radio Resource Control (RRC) messages, Location System Information Block (SIB), Dedicated messages from a location server, or Medium Access Control Control Element (MAC-CE) or Downlink Control Information (DCI) messages.

37. The UE according to claim 35, wherein: The information indicates SL-PRS resources, or The information indicates the network energy mode, and the SL-PRS resources are pre-configured in association with the network energy mode.

38. A User Equipment (UE), the User Equipment (UE) comprising: A memory; At least one transceiver; And At least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: Communicate with a Transmission and Reception Point (TRP) on a first one or more time slots based on one or more network energy saving modes via the at least one transceiver, wherein no sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources are allocated in the first one or more time slots, and the one or more network energy saving modes correspond to applying one or more power saving modifications to a baseline network energy mode; And Communicate with the TRP on a second one or more time slots based on the baseline network energy mode via the at least one transceiver, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource is allocated in the second one or more time slots.

39. The UE according to claim 38, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Receive information from the TRP indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE, wherein communicating with the TRP on the second one or more time slots is based on the baseline network energy mode regardless of the indicated one or more network energy saving modes.

40. The UE according to claim 38, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Receive first information from the TRP, the first information indicating the one or more network energy saving modes for communication between the TRP and the UE on the first one or more time slots; and Receive second information from the TRP, the second information indicating the baseline network energy mode for communication between the TRP and the UE on the second one or more time slots.

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