Distributed video storage and multistage verification system and method based on block chain

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of data storage and security, and discloses a distributed video storage and multi-level verification system and method based on a block chain to realize a safe, efficient, decentralized and traceable video data storage scheme. According to the method, a storage strategy is dynamically adjusted according to a video coding format, video data are fragmented, the fragmented video is encrypted through an anti-quantum algorithm, key separation and zero-knowledge verification are used to guarantee the security of the data, then the video data are stored to a plurality of edge nodes in a distributed manner, and index data of the video data are stored on a block chain. Stored video fragments are checked regularly through an on-chain and off-chain cooperative check mechanism, when a user requests to access the video, after the permission of the user is verified based on the smart contract of the block chain, the video fragments and decryption keys are acquired from corresponding edge storage nodes according to index data of the video, and the video fragments are decrypted. And after decrypting the video fragments by using the decryption key, splicing the video fragments into an original video.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of data storage and security, and particularly relates to a distributed video storage and multi-level verification system and method based on blockchain. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of information technology, the demand for the storage and management of video data is increasing day by day, especially in the fields of video surveillance, multimedia content distribution, cloud storage, etc. However, the traditional large-scale high-definition video storage architecture faces many challenges, which are mainly reflected in the following aspects: (1) Risk of data tampering: In the traditional cloud storage architecture, video data is usually centrally stored in the data center. Although this centralized management method is convenient for management and maintenance, it also brings hidden dangers in data security and privacy. For example, the management personnel or hackers in the data storage center may tamper with or delete the data, thus destroying the integrity and authenticity of the data. Once the data is tampered with, it is very difficult to trace and verify the original state of the data, which is unacceptable for application scenarios that require high reliability and traceability (such as video surveillance evidence storage).

[0003] (2) High cost of blockchain storage: Blockchain technology provides a new idea for data storage with its characteristics of decentralization, immutability and traceability. However, due to the distributed ledger characteristics of blockchain, each data block needs to be stored and verified on multiple nodes, which leads to a significant increase in storage costs. Especially for large-scale high-definition video data, due to its high storage cost and limited storage capacity of on-chain nodes, it is impractical to directly store video content on the blockchain.

[0004] (3) Inefficiency of fixed sharding storage scheme: Most existing distributed storage systems adopt a fixed-size sharding scheme, that is, video data is divided into blocks of fixed size for storage. Although this scheme is simple, it cannot dynamically adjust the shard size according to the characteristics of video data and application scenarios, resulting in low storage efficiency. For example, in video surveillance, the data volume and importance of key frames (frames containing important information) and non-key frames (frames with more background information) vary greatly. The fixed sharding scheme cannot make full use of storage resources, resulting in low storage efficiency.

[0005] (4) Data encryption security issues: Although the currently widely used traditional encryption technologies (such as AES, RSA, etc.) ensure the security of data to a certain extent, with the rapid development of quantum computing technology, these encryption algorithms are at risk of being cracked. The powerful computing power of quantum computing may break through the existing encryption algorithms in the future, making the data stored in the long term potentially vulnerable to leakage.

[0006] In summary, the traditional large-scale high-definition video storage solutions face many challenges in aspects such as data integrity and authenticity, storage cost, fragmentation efficiency, and encryption security. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to propose a blockchain-based distributed video storage and multi-level verification system and method to achieve a secure, efficient, decentralized, and traceable video data storage solution.

[0008] The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the above technical problems is: On the one hand, the present invention provides a blockchain-based distributed video storage and multi-level verification system, including: A storage strategy formulation module, which is used to analyze the encoding format of the target video to be stored, identify its encoding format, and formulate corresponding storage strategies according to the characteristics of the encoding format; the storage strategies include a fragmentation strategy and a data distribution storage strategy; An adaptive fragmentation module, which is used to fragment the video according to the corresponding fragmentation strategy of the target video; A security protection module, which is used to encrypt each video fragment with a lattice-based quantum-resistant encryption algorithm, store the encryption key in the local security chip, upload the decryption key to the blockchain, and generate a zero-knowledge proof for each encrypted video fragment for the edge storage node to perform zero-knowledge verification when receiving the video fragment to be stored; A storage execution module, which is used to store each video fragment into multiple edge storage nodes according to the data distribution storage strategy of the target video, and upload the index data of the target video to the blockchain; A collaborative verification module, which is used to regularly perform on-chain and off-chain collaborative verification: the blockchain verifies the integrity and consistency of the index data of the target video through a smart contract, and each edge storage node compares the hash value of the video fragment stored on this node with the hash value of this video fragment in the index data stored on the blockchain to verify the integrity of the video fragment data; A video access control module is used to verify the identity and permissions of a user based on a blockchain smart contract when the user requests access to a target video. After successful verification, it retrieves video shards and decryption keys from the corresponding edge storage nodes according to the index data of the target video stored on the blockchain. After decrypting the video shards with the decryption key, it stitches the video shards into the original target video data.

[0009] On the other hand, the present invention also provides a blockchain-based distributed video storage and multi-level verification method, which is applied to the above system. The method includes the following steps: S1. Analyze the encoding format of the target video to be stored, identify its encoding format, and formulate corresponding storage strategies according to the characteristics of the encoding format; the storage strategies include a sharding strategy and a data distribution storage strategy; S2. Shard the video according to the corresponding sharding strategy of the target video; S3. Encrypt each video shard separately using a lattice-based quantum-resistant encryption algorithm, store the encryption key in a local secure chip, and upload the decryption key to the blockchain; S4. Generate zero-knowledge proofs for each encrypted video shard; S5. Store each video shard in multiple edge storage nodes according to the data distribution storage strategy of the target video. The edge storage nodes verify based on the zero-knowledge proof when receiving the video shards to be stored; a data synchronization mechanism and redundant backup are established among the multiple edge storage nodes; S6. Upload the index data of the target video to the blockchain; S7. Regularly perform on-chain and off-chain collaborative verification: The blockchain verifies the integrity and consistency of the index data of the target video through a smart contract, and each edge storage node compares the hash value of the video shard stored on its own node with the hash value of the video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain to verify the integrity of the video shard data; S8. When a user requests access to a target video, a blockchain-based smart contract verifies the identity and permissions of the user. After successful verification, it retrieves video shards and decryption keys from the corresponding edge storage nodes according to the index data of the target video stored on the blockchain. After decrypting the video shards with the decryption key, it stitches the video shards into the original target video data.

[0010] Further, in step S1, the sharding strategy includes but is not limited to: According to the encoding format of the target video, identify the distribution of key frames and non-key frames in the target video. For parts with more key frames, smaller shards are used for division, and for parts with fewer key frames, larger shards are used for division.

[0011] Further, in step S1, the data distribution storage strategy includes, but is not limited to: storing larger video shards in edge storage nodes with sufficient storage resources and low load, and storing smaller video shards in edge storage nodes with relatively tight storage resources or relatively high load.

[0012] Further, in step S5, the data synchronization mechanism and redundant backup include: When the data of a certain edge storage node is updated or modified, synchronize the updated or modified content to other relevant edge storage nodes, and perform full or incremental backups regularly, and back up the data to a remote storage device or the cloud.

[0013] Further, in step S6, the index data of the target video includes, but is not limited to: video name, shooting time of the video, shooting location, each shard ID, storage location of each shard, shard size, shard hash value, and encryption method.

[0014] Further, step S7 also includes: when a data anomaly occurs, determine the location and scope of the abnormal data according to the on-chain and off-chain collaborative verification results, specifically including: If the hash value of the video shard calculated by the edge storage node is inconsistent with the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain, and the blockchain verifies through the smart contract that the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain has not been tampered with, it is determined that the video shard data stored in the edge storage node is abnormal; If the hash value of the video shard calculated by the edge storage node is inconsistent with the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain, and the blockchain verifies through the smart contract that the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain has been tampered with, it is determined that the index data stored on the blockchain is abnormal.

[0015] Further, step S7 also includes: if it is determined that the video shard data stored in the edge storage node is abnormal, the edge storage node obtains the corresponding video shard from other backup nodes for replacement; if it is determined that the index data stored on the blockchain is abnormal, repair the index data through the consensus mechanism of the blockchain and record the repair operation information. The beneficial effects of the present invention are: (1) Different storage strategies are adopted for different videos according to the characteristics of the video coding format, with high flexibility; by fragmenting the video and dynamically adjusting the fragment size, the storage efficiency can be improved and the storage overhead can be reduced.

[0016] (2) Multiple edge storage nodes are used to distribute and store video shard data, improving the availability and fault tolerance of the data, ensuring high availability, and avoiding the single-point failure and tampering risk of traditional centralized storage, thus enhancing the overall security.

[0017] (3)Encrypt the video segments using a lattice-based post-quantum encryption algorithm to ensure the security of data in the future quantum computing environment, avoid the risk of quantum attacks that traditional encryption technologies may face, manage the encryption key and decryption key separately, verify the integrity and authenticity of the data through zero-knowledge proof technology, and protect data privacy.

[0018] (4)Establish an indexing mechanism using the immutability and traceability of the blockchain, upload the index data of the target video to the blockchain, facilitate later data verification and video segment indexing, and ensure the authenticity and integrity of the data.

[0019] (5)Regularly perform on-chain and off-chain collaborative verification on the stored video segments to promptly detect and handle data anomalies.

[0020] In summary, the present invention provides a secure, efficient, decentralized, and traceable video data storage solution by combining post-quantum encryption, dynamic segment storage, edge storage, and blockchain technology. It can not only ensure the integrity, security, and efficient storage of video data, but also meet the requirements of high-security application scenarios, and is applicable to application scenarios such as decentralized storage, video surveillance evidence storage, and data security storage. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] Figure 1 It is a block diagram of a distributed video storage and multi-level verification system based on blockchain in the present invention.

[0022] Figure 2 It is a flowchart of a distributed video storage and multi-level verification method based on blockchain in the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0023] The present invention aims to provide a distributed video storage and multi-level verification system and method based on blockchain to achieve a secure, efficient, decentralized, and traceable video data storage solution. Its core idea is: dynamically adjust the storage strategy according to the video coding format, segment the video data, encrypt the segmented video using a post-quantum algorithm, and use key separation and zero-knowledge verification to ensure the security of the data. Distribute the video data to multiple edge nodes for storage to ensure high availability and fault tolerance. Store the index data of the video data on the blockchain to ensure the immutability of the data. Regularly verify the stored video segments through an on-chain and off-chain collaborative verification mechanism to ensure data consistency and integrity. When a user requests to access the target video, the identity and permissions of the user are verified based on the smart contract on the blockchain. After successful verification, the video segments and decryption keys are obtained from the corresponding edge storage nodes according to the index data of the target video stored on the blockchain. After decrypting the video segments using the decryption keys, the video segments are spliced into the original target video data.

[0024] See Figure 1 , the blockchain-based distributed video storage and multi-level verification system provided by the present invention includes: A storage strategy formulation module, which is used to analyze the encoding format of the target video to be stored, identify its encoding format, and formulate corresponding storage strategies according to the characteristics of the encoding format; the storage strategies include a sharding strategy and a data distribution storage strategy.

[0025] An adaptive sharding module, which is used to shard the video according to the corresponding sharding strategy of the target video.

[0026] A security protection module, which is used to encrypt each video shard with a lattice-based quantum-resistant encryption algorithm respectively, store the encryption key in the local security chip, upload the decryption key to the blockchain, and generate a zero-knowledge proof for each encrypted video shard for the edge storage node to perform zero-knowledge verification when receiving the video shard to be stored.

[0027] A storage execution module, which is used to store each video shard into multiple edge storage nodes according to the data distribution storage strategy of the target video, and upload the index data of the target video to the blockchain.

[0028] A collaborative verification module, which is used to regularly perform on-chain and off-chain collaborative verification: the blockchain verifies the integrity and consistency of the index data of the target video through a smart contract, and each edge storage node compares the hash value of the video shard stored on this node with the hash value of the video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain to verify the integrity of the video shard data.

[0029] A video access control module, which is used to verify the identity and permissions of the user based on the smart contract of the blockchain when the user requests to access the target video. After passing the verification, it obtains the video shard and the decryption key from the corresponding edge storage node according to the index data of the target video stored on the blockchain, decrypts the video shard with the decryption key, and splices the video shards into the original target video data.

[0030] The process flow of the blockchain-based distributed video storage and multi-level verification method provided by the present invention is shown in Figure 2 , which includes the following implementation processes: S1. Analyze the video encoding format and formulate a storage strategy; In this step, the video refers to the target video to be stored. For example, in the video surveillance and evidence storage scenario, it refers to the surveillance video collected by the camera and preprocessed.

[0031] For the target video to be stored, first perform a deep analysis of the video encoding format. By parsing the header information of the video stream, identify the encoding formats such as H.264, H.265, AV1, etc. Since different video encoding formats have different compression efficiencies, key frame distributions, and data structure characteristics, etc., the storage efficiency and data read / write performance of different encoding formats will also be different. This solution can make full use of the advantages of various encoding formats, optimize the storage efficiency, improve the read / write performance, ensure data security, and adapt to the requirements of different application scenarios by formulating different storage strategies for different encoding formats.

[0032] In an exemplary implementation, the storage strategy includes a sharding strategy and a data distribution storage strategy; among them, the sharding strategy is used to guide how to dynamically divide the target video into shards of different sizes; the data distribution storage strategy is used to guide how to allocate the divided video shards to be reasonably stored in edge storage nodes with different storage resources and different loads.

[0033] S2. Shard the video according to the corresponding sharding strategy of the target video; In this step, in an exemplary implementation, the sharding strategy is to divide the entire target video into multiple parts and shard according to the number of key frames in each part. For example, according to the encoding format of the target video, identify the distribution of key frames and non-key frames in the target video. For parts with more key frames, use smaller shards for division to improve the flexibility and fault tolerance of data read / write; for parts with fewer key frames, use larger shards for division, thereby reducing the number of shards and storage overhead. For example, in video surveillance, when a person or object is detected moving, the number of video key frames increases, and at this time, the video stream is divided into smaller shards for storage; in a static scenario, larger shards are used for storage.

[0034] S3. Encrypt the video shards using a quantum-resistant encryption algorithm; In this step, use a lattice-based quantum-resistant encryption algorithm, such as the NTRU algorithm, to encrypt each video shard respectively, so as to ensure the security of data in the future quantum computing environment and avoid the risk of quantum attacks that traditional encryption technologies may face. And, to further improve security, a key separation mechanism is adopted. The encryption key is stored in the local security chip, and the decryption key is uploaded to the smart contract of the blockchain. When data needs to be decrypted, after the user passes the identity verification, the decryption key is obtained from the smart contract to ensure the security and traceability of the key.

[0035] S4. Generate zero-knowledge proofs for each encrypted video shard; In this step, before uploading the video shard data to the edge storage node, a zero-knowledge proof is generated to prove that the data has not been tampered with. So that when the edge storage node receives the data, it can confirm the credibility of the data by verifying the zero-knowledge proof without obtaining the data content, protecting data privacy.

[0036] S5. Distributively store the video shards in the edge storage nodes; In this step, according to the data distribution storage strategy of the target video, each video shard is stored in multiple edge storage nodes. In an exemplary implementation, the data distribution storage strategy is to reasonably allocate the storage resources of the edge storage nodes according to the dynamic sharding situation of the video data. That is, by real-time monitoring the remaining storage space and load conditions of the edge storage nodes, different shards are stored on the most suitable nodes. For example, for nodes with sufficient storage resources and low load, larger video shards are allocated to ensure the subsequent reading efficiency of the shards; for nodes with tight resources, smaller shards are allocated or not allocated temporarily to ensure the efficient operation of the storage system.

[0037] Regarding the deployment and configuration of the edge storage nodes, the edge storage node devices can use ordinary servers or professional storage devices, and different storage capacities and computing performances are configured according to the application scenario requirements. For example, in the urban video surveillance network, edge storage nodes can be deployed in the computer rooms or data centers near each surveillance area to ensure that data can be stored and accessed quickly.

[0038] Moreover, in order to ensure the reliable storage and fault tolerance of the data, a data synchronization mechanism needs to be established between multiple edge storage nodes. The distributed hash table (DHT) technology can be used to achieve fast data location and synchronization. When the data of a certain node is updated or modified, the changes are synchronized to other relevant nodes in a timely manner, and at the same time, full or incremental backups are performed regularly according to a certain strategy, and important data is backed up to remote storage devices or the cloud to prevent data loss caused by node failures.

[0039] When the edge storage node receives the video shard data to be stored, it first verifies the zero-knowledge proof to confirm the credibility of the data. When verifying, the data content does not need to be obtained to protect data privacy. After the verification passes, it is stored in a specific storage format. In addition, by establishing a local data index, information such as the storage path, size, and creation time of each video shard stored in this node is recorded, so that when a user accesses the video subsequently, the corresponding shard can be obtained according to this index. S6. Upload the index data of the target video to the blockchain; In this step, in an exemplary implementation, the index data of the target video includes the video name, shooting time of the video, shooting location, each shard ID, storage location of each shard, shard size, shard hash value, encryption method, etc. These index data are stored on the blockchain, and the immutability feature of the blockchain is utilized to ensure the authenticity and integrity of the data index and hash value. These index data can facilitate the regular integrity verification of subsequent video shards, and when a user accesses the video, quickly locate the edge storage nodes where each video shard of the target video is stored.

[0040] S7. Perform on-chain and off-chain collaborative verification regularly; In this step, during the collaborative verification process, for the off-chain part, the edge storage node calculates the hash value of the locally stored video shard and compares it with the hash verification value of the corresponding video shard stored on the blockchain; for the on-chain part, the blockchain verifies the integrity and consistency of the data index through a smart contract.

[0041] Based on the on-chain and off-chain collaborative verification, the location of abnormal data can be determined: If the hash value of the video shard calculated by the edge storage node is inconsistent with the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain, and the blockchain verifies through the smart contract that the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain has not been tampered with, it is determined that the video shard data stored in the edge storage node is abnormal.

[0042] If the hash value of the video shard calculated by the edge storage node is inconsistent with the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain, and the blockchain verifies through the smart contract that the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain has been tampered with, it is determined that the index data stored on the blockchain is abnormal.

[0043] When data anomalies occur, enable the data repair process: If it is determined that the video shard data stored in the edge storage node is abnormal, then the edge storage node obtains the backup data corresponding to the video shard from other backup nodes for replacement; if it is determined that the index data stored on the blockchain is abnormal, repair the index data through the consensus mechanism of the blockchain and record the repair operation information.

[0044] S8. Video access and data recovery; In this step, when the user initiates an access request, the request information is first transmitted to the smart contract of the blockchain. The smart contract compares the user identity information, such as user ID, affiliated organization, access permission list, etc., with the preset permission rules. If the user has the corresponding permissions, the smart contract generates an authorization token. Based on the authorization token, the system first obtains key information such as the storage locations and decryption keys of each shard of the target video through the index data stored on the blockchain, then reads the video shards from the corresponding edge storage nodes according to this information, and performs decryption operations using the decryption keys. After decryption, the data shards are spliced according to the original structure of the video to restore the original video data and provide it for the user to access normally. If the user's permissions are insufficient, the system rejects the access, feedbacks a permission insufficient prompt message to the user, and records the access failure log for subsequent security auditing and permission management optimization.

[0045] According to the above scheme description, the present invention provides an efficient, secure and reliable video data storage and verification solution by combining quantum-resistant encryption, dynamic sharding storage, edge storage and blockchain technology, which can not only ensure the integrity, security and efficient storage of video data, but also meet the requirements of high-security application scenarios such as decentralized storage and video surveillance evidence storage.

[0046] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described, for those of ordinary skill in the art, it can be understood that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and all of them do not depart from the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A distributed video storage and multi-level verification system based on blockchain, characterized in that, Including: A storage policy formulation module, which is used to analyze the encoding format of the target video to be stored, identify its encoding format, and formulate corresponding storage policies according to the characteristics of the encoding format; the storage policies include a fragmentation policy and a data distribution storage policy; An adaptive fragmentation module, which is used to fragment the video according to the corresponding fragmentation policy of the target video; A security protection module, which is used to encrypt each video fragment separately using a lattice-based quantum-resistant encryption algorithm, store the encryption key in a local security chip, upload the decryption key to the blockchain, and generate a zero-knowledge proof for each encrypted video fragment for the edge storage node to perform zero-knowledge verification when receiving the video fragment to be stored; A storage execution module, which is used to store each video fragment in multiple edge storage nodes according to the data distribution storage policy of the target video, and upload the index data of the target video to the blockchain; A collaborative verification module, which is used to perform on-chain and off-chain collaborative verification regularly: the blockchain verifies the integrity and consistency of the index data of the target video through a smart contract, and each edge storage node compares the hash value of the video fragment stored on this node with the hash value of the video fragment in the index data stored on the blockchain to verify the integrity of the video fragment data; A video access control module, which is used to verify the identity and permissions of the user based on the smart contract of the blockchain when the user requests to access the target video. After the verification passes, it obtains the video fragment and the decryption key from the corresponding edge storage node according to the index data of the target video stored on the blockchain, decrypts the video fragment using the decryption key, and splices the video fragments into the original target video data.

2. The distributed video storage and multi-level verification method based on blockchain is applied to the distributed video storage and multi-level verification system based on blockchain as described in claim 1, and is characterized in that, The method includes the following steps: S1. Analyze the encoding format of the target video to be stored, identify its encoding format, and formulate corresponding storage policies according to the characteristics of the encoding format; the storage policies include a fragmentation policy and a data distribution storage policy; S2. Fragment the video according to the corresponding fragmentation policy of the target video; S3. Encrypt each video fragment separately using a lattice-based quantum-resistant encryption algorithm, store the encryption key in a local security chip, and upload the decryption key to the blockchain; S4. Generate a zero-knowledge proof for each encrypted video fragment; S5. Store each video fragment in multiple edge storage nodes according to the data distribution storage policy of the target video, and the edge storage node performs verification based on the zero-knowledge proof when receiving the video fragment to be stored; a data synchronization mechanism and redundant backup are established among the multiple edge storage nodes; S6. Upload the index data of the target video to the blockchain; S7. Perform on-chain and off-chain collaborative verification regularly: the blockchain verifies the integrity and consistency of the index data of the target video through a smart contract, and each edge storage node compares the hash value of the video fragment stored on this node with the hash value of the video fragment in the index data stored on the blockchain to verify the integrity of the video fragment data; S8. When the user requests to access the target video, the smart contract based on the blockchain verifies the identity and permissions of the user. After successful verification, the video shards and decryption keys are retrieved from the corresponding edge storage nodes according to the index data of the target video stored on the blockchain. After decrypting the video shards with the decryption key, the video shards are spliced into the original target video data.

3. The blockchain-based distributed video storage and multi-level verification method according to claim 2, wherein in step S1, the sharding strategy includes: According to the encoding format of the target video, identify the distribution of key frames and non-key frames in the target video. For the part with more key frames, smaller shards are used for division, and for the part with fewer key frames, larger shards are used for division.

4. The blockchain-based distributed video storage and multi-level verification method according to claim 3, wherein in step S1, the data distribution storage strategy includes: Store the larger video shards in the edge storage nodes with sufficient storage resources and low load, and store the smaller video shards in the edge storage nodes with relatively tight storage resources or relatively high load.

5. The blockchain-based distributed video storage and multi-level verification method according to claim 2, wherein in step S5, the data synchronization mechanism and redundant backup include: When the data of a certain edge storage node is updated or modified, the updated or modified content is synchronized to other relevant edge storage nodes, and full or incremental backups are performed regularly, and the data is backed up to a remote storage device or the cloud.

6. The blockchain-based distributed video storage and multi-level verification method according to claim 2, wherein in step S6, the index data of the target video includes: video name, shooting time of the video, shooting location, each shard ID, storage location of each shard, shard size, shard hash value, and encryption method.

7. The blockchain-based distributed video storage and multi-level verification method according to claim 2, wherein step S7 further includes: when data anomalies occur, determine the location and scope of the abnormal data according to the collaborative verification results on and off the chain, specifically including: If the hash value of the video shard calculated by the edge storage node is inconsistent with the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain, and the blockchain verifies through the smart contract that the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain has not been tampered with, it is determined that the video shard data stored in the edge storage node is abnormal; If the hash value of the video shard calculated by the edge storage node is inconsistent with the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain, and the blockchain verifies through the smart contract that the hash value of the corresponding video shard in the index data stored on the blockchain has been tampered with, it is determined that the index data stored on the blockchain is abnormal.

8. The blockchain-based distributed video storage and multi-level verification method according to claim 7, wherein Step S7 further includes: if it is determined that the video shard data stored in the edge storage node is abnormal, the edge storage node obtains the corresponding video shard from other backup nodes for replacement; if it is determined that the index data stored on the blockchain is abnormal, the index data is repaired through the consensus mechanism of the blockchain, and the repair operation information is recorded.

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