Electromagnetic device utilizing gas internal energy and use of the device in multiple

Abstract

Non-polar molecules in the atmosphere are polarized into polar molecules by using an electromagnetic field, and after the polar molecules are arranged in order, gas molecules are changed into directional flow from thermal motion under the action of a gradient electric field, so that macroscopic airflow is formed. Water vapor, greenhouse gas and rare gas in the atmosphere are collected through condensation of the macroscopic airflow after the macroscopic airflow acts through a turbine, germs, viruses and the like are eliminated, and the atmosphere is purified; the air-conditioning garment capable of actively adjusting the body temperature is developed. And the macroscopic airflow drives various machine tools and / or generators through the turbine. Aircrafts and helicopters which can take off from a stationary state and do not need aero-engines, fuels and runways are developed through macroscopic airflow; the rocket does not need fuel, and the jet engines such as a ramjet engine can start to work from a static state; vehicles, trains, ships and warships and the like do not need internal combustion engines and fuels. A refrigeration and / or air and gas storage and / or output device is formed by means of macroscopic air flow. And / or large-scale directional long-distance transfer of water vapor is realized. And a gun that does not require a propellant and a cartridge case.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for converting the chaotic thermal motion of gas molecules in the atmosphere into a directional flow, i.e., forming a macroscopic airflow. This macroscopic airflow is used to drive the condensation after turbine operation to collect water vapor, greenhouse gases, and rare gases, eliminate harmful microorganisms, and purify the air. Simultaneously, the airflow drives the turbine, which in turn drives various machine tools and / or generators such as vehicles, trains, and ships. This airflow can also be used to directly drive aircraft, helicopters, rockets, ramjets and turbofans, turbojets, turboprops, turboshaft engines, gas turbines, or wind tunnels. Airflow cooling is used to refrigerate and / or store gas or air; or to output compressed gas. Airflow is used to transfer large amounts of condensed water over long distances. Projectiles can be fired from guns or can be used to form air-conditioned clothing. Background Art

[0002] Humanity is currently facing a common energy crisis. The energy needed in modern society primarily comes from fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These fuels must undergo mining, refining, and transportation before they can be used by humans. However, fossil fuel reserves are limited and non-renewable. Hydropower is renewable, but it requires huge investments to build dams in specific locations. Wind power, while renewable, is not under human control and cannot be generated on demand. Solar power is renewable, but it depends on sunlight conditions; its efficiency decreases on rainy days and it cannot function at night. Nuclear power, while having many advantages, is also dangerous. Furthermore, only fission power is currently mature, while fusion power is far from mature.

[0003] Existing fixed-wing aircraft must reach a certain speed to generate sufficient lift for takeoff, which requires very long runways and airports. Furthermore, tall buildings are prohibited near airports. Consequently, both civil and military airports must be located far from city centers. This not only increases the distance, time, and cost of transporting passengers and cargo between the airport and the city, but also increases the risk of one side attacking the runway and the aircraft on it first, causing concentrated damage to military aircraft and depriving the other side of air superiority.

[0004] Existing helicopters can take off and land without an airport, lift certain objects, hover, and even fly inverted. They are useful in various special situations, such as military operations, transportation in complex terrain, lifting, and disaster relief. However, helicopters are much slower than fixed-wing aircraft and require a tail to balance the reverse torque of the main rotor.

[0005] Existing turbofans, turbojets, turbopropellers, turboshaft engines, and gas turbines all rely on compressors to draw in air, feed the combustors, and then emit high-temperature, high-velocity airflow, which drives the turbine. The turbine, in turn, drives the compressor. However, the compressor itself consumes a considerable amount of energy. Because the turbine operates in an extremely harsh environment, it requires highly specialized and expensive materials that undergo precision machining to meet these requirements. Furthermore, due to the maximum temperature that the turbine material can withstand, the fuel is unlikely to burn at its maximum temperature, thus reducing the efficiency of these engines.

[0006] Existing ramjet and / or scramjet engines certainly have many advantages, but they are unable to start working under stationary and / or low-speed conditions. They can only rely on other aircraft to drive them to a very high speed before they can ignite and start working.

[0007] Existing rocket engines for air-to-air, air-to-ground, air-to-ship, surface-to-air, and cruise missiles and rockets; as well as ballistic missiles launched from land-based silos, mobile launch vehicles, and submarines; and the first-stage rocket engines in multi-stage rockets used to launch commercial spacecraft such as satellites and space stations. Although these rockets all travel within the atmosphere, they cannot utilize atmospheric energy; they rely solely on the fuel and oxidizer they carry. Therefore, their operating time and range are very limited. To launch missile warheads weighing several tons over tens of thousands of kilometers, or to launch payloads weighing several tons of satellites and space stations into orbits thousands of kilometers high, long-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles and the first stage of commercial rockets must carry large amounts of fuel and oxidizer. These first-stage rockets are tens of meters long, bulky, and weigh nearly a hundred tons! This is not only cumbersome and difficult to transport, but also difficult to conceal.

[0008] "https: / / www.360kuai.com / pc / 987510d73dce3810d?cota=3&kuai_so=1&sign=360_57c3bbd1&refer_scene=so_1" US special forces are attracted to jetpacks, claiming they allow them to fly from mid-air and give soldiers superhuman abilities. Jetpacks, they claim, fulfill the dream of free solo flight. These devices use traditional gasoline power and consume 15 liters of fuel per hour. Another type of rocket-powered flight backpack uses hydrogen peroxide as fuel. Fuel shortages are the biggest challenge with jetpacks. While these devices are flexible, their range and speed are limited by the amount of fuel they can carry.

[0009] All existing ships and vessels require fuel to operate. Even conventional submarines must surface and use their diesel engines to recharge. However, their fuel tanks have limited capacity, and therefore their range. While nuclear-powered ships and submarines have extremely long ranges, this range is not unlimited. Furthermore, nuclear propulsion technology itself is complex and, to date, has only been used on a small number of aircraft carriers and submarines; it has not been widely adopted for all ships, vessels, or submarines.

[0010] According to "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 5276228-5512343.html Hovercraft," "A hovercraft uses high-pressure air to form a cushion between the bottom of the ship and the water surface (or ground), raising the hull completely or partially to achieve high-speed travel. ... A high-powered blower forces air under the ship, with air seals such as a flexible skirt or rigid sidewalls around the bottom preventing escape... There are two types of hovercraft: full-lift and sidewall-type. ... Propulsion is generally generated by fans on the hull blowing air backward... Hovercraft... are generally characterized by short range, high fuel consumption, and low economic efficiency."

[0011] "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 5074052-5201693.html Air cushion vehicle" says that air cushion vehicle is the abbreviation of air cushion suspension transporter... It uses the power of gas film technology to lift and move loads... The most important thing is to save labor... It is particularly suitable for the transportation of heavy loads that are difficult to move flexibly, as well as large precision equipment that cannot withstand vibration and requires high stability.

[0012] "Wind tunnels using this type of drive system are called continuous wind tunnels, but the required drive power increases dramatically as airflow speed increases. For example, generating transonic airflow requires approximately 4,000 kilowatts of power per square meter of test area, while generating supersonic airflow requires approximately 16,000 to 40,000 kilowatts." This indicates that existing wind tunnels, especially supersonic ones, consume enormous amounts of power and are very expensive to operate. Furthermore, few countries in the world can build wind tunnels.

[0013] According to "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 8376409-8693669.html Magnetic Levitation Vehicle," existing maglev vehicles have rotating motors installed in the center of each wheel, and two magnets mounted on the outside of each wheel. As the wheels rotate, the magnetic field on the aluminum plate on the road surface changes, generating an induced current. The interaction between the road surface magnetic field and the magnets on the wheels produces buoyancy and propulsion. This means that these maglev vehicles require aluminum plate installation on the road surface, making them unsuitable for use on existing roads.

[0014] "https: / / www.pcauto.com.cn / jxwd / 1579 / 15793397.html?ad=13451?src=360_jx What is the principle of a maglev car?" Maglev trains... There are two types: the German conventional type and the Japanese superconducting type. The difference between them is that the conventional type is always suspended... while the superconducting type is not. It relies on a wheel-like structure for takeoff and landing. This shows that both types of maglev trains require huge investments in dedicated lines to achieve levitation and travel.

[0015] "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 2540783-2683904.htmlOff-road vehicle" says, "The main features of off-road vehicles are four-wheel drive, a higher chassis, tires with better grip, a higher exhaust pipe, greater horsepower and thick and sturdy bumpers. ... Greatly reducing wheel slippage and idling." However, this type of vehicle requires high horsepower, high fuel consumption, heavy weight, and is expensive.

[0016] "https: / / baike.baidu.com / item / %E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E4%B8%A4%E7%94%A8%E8%BD%A6 / 6271408Amphibious Vehicle" describes a special vehicle that combines the capabilities of a car and a boat, capable of traveling on land like a car and floating on water like a boat. Buoyancy is ensured by the required displacement created by its enclosed hull. It uses wheels or tracks to paddle directly in the water, or it is propelled by specialized water propulsion systems (propellers or waterjets). Vehicles that use wheels or tracks for direct paddling have poor speed and maneuverability on water. This indicates that these vehicles rely on the buoyancy of their enclosed hull for buoyancy and require two propulsion systems, resulting in generally poor speed and maneuverability on water.

[0017] "https: / / baike.sogou.com / v133186.htm?ch=zhihu.topicFlying Car" explains that a flying car is a dual-purpose vehicle for land and air use... After landing, the wings can be folded with a single button, allowing it to drive onto the highway... It is equipped with straight fixed wings that are 5-6 times wider than the vehicle's body. "Air Mobility"... features foldable wings and a propeller at the tail... A flying car with foldable propeller blades... The foldable wings allow this flying car to be driven on the road or unfolded for flight... Your car will transform into an airplane with a wingspan of over 7 meters. A "Transformable" flying car... When the wings are folded, it can be driven like a car... Once the Transition reaches a suitable takeoff location, such as an airport or a large, flat private lot, the electrically controlled wings unfold within 30 seconds, and the rear propeller activates for takeoff... The rear of the vehicle is also equipped with a propeller... The wings can be detached from the vehicle and stored separately. Aerocar... and propeller. AirCar... folds its massive wings in seconds. The X-Hawk... two fans protruding from the rear of the vehicle... a foldable impeller on top... a flying car with foldable rotors... rotors mounted on the top and tail... and a rotor length of 8.4 meters... To summarize: existing flying cars, without exception, require traditional aircraft components such as wide wingspans, propellers or fans, impellers, and wheels from conventional cars.

[0018] Existing heat engines (such as military and civilian vehicles, construction and agricultural machinery, tanks, trains, aircraft, and ships), as well as boilers used for power generation, heating, and chemical production, all burn fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, heavy oil, natural gas, and coal. The waste heat and exhaust gases emitted from combustion contribute to atmospheric warming and pollution. The greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, produced by combustion also contribute to global warming, negatively impacting humanity, the biosphere, and even the entire planet.

[0019] "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 4064710-4263174.html" explains that heat pumps are used to transfer heat energy from a low-temperature object to a high-temperature object. A heat pump can transfer heat energy three to four times its own energy requirement from a low-temperature object to a high-temperature object. While operating, it consumes very little electrical energy itself, yet extracts four to seven times the amount of electrical energy from the surrounding medium. This explains its energy efficiency. In a heat pump cycle, heat extracted from a low-temperature heat source consumes mechanical work while supplying heat to a high-temperature heat source. The relationship between these heat amounts conforms to the first law of thermodynamics. Using a heat pump, the high-temperature heat source receives additional heat: Q1 - AL = Q0 kcal / h. This heat is extracted from the low-temperature heat source and would not be available without the heat pump. Existing refrigeration systems require components such as a compressor, condenser, throttle valve, and evaporator. The compressor and other components consume considerable electrical energy and generate considerable noise. Refrigerant leakage can also contribute to ozone depletion. It can be seen that whether it is a heat pump or a refrigeration device, they must use a compressor and consume considerable electrical energy to work.

[0020] According to "http: / / wenda.so.com / q / 1372617883064523Compressed Air," "Compressed air is the second largest power source after electricity and a versatile process air source. Its applications span the petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, electric power, machinery, light industry, textiles, automobile manufacturing, electronics, food, medicine, biochemistry, national defense, and scientific research industries and sectors." However, obtaining compressed air requires a large amount of electricity to drive the air compressor.

[0021] Existing machine tools powered by electricity or fuel generate heat during operation. Therefore, they require heat dissipation and / or specialized cooling systems. However, cooling devices such as fans also consume energy, and the heat emitted also affects the environment.

[0022] Existing magnetic refrigeration technology "utilizes the magnetocaloric effect of magnetic refrigeration materials... This means that during isothermal magnetization, the material releases heat to the outside world, while during adiabatic demagnetization, it absorbs heat from the outside world, achieving the purpose of cooling. ... Competition is fierce, with all parties vying to be the first to occupy this high-tech field." (From "History of the Development of Magnetic Refrigeration Technology" at http: / / wenda.so.com / q / 1369457557069087) Clearly, this technology still needs further improvement to "be the first to occupy this high-tech field."

[0023] Existing containers for storing liquid gas require a fairly thick insulation layer, but this can only delay the temperature rise and vaporization of the stored liquid gas, but it is impossible to cool the stored liquid gas, let alone prevent its vaporization, volatilization or even leakage.

[0024] Air contains five rare gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. These gases can be separated from air and have important uses in many industries. However, extracting them requires specialized equipment and consumes considerable energy and expense.

[0025] While existing electric machine tools don't emit polluting gases, all electrical appliances must be connected to a fixed power source at all times. Mobile electric machine tools (such as electric locomotives) also require overhead power lines. In short, all fixed and / or mobile electric machine tools cannot operate in areas without or without access to a power source. Current power transmission involves energy losses. According to "https: / / wenda.so.com / q / 1654061215212652," total grid losses are 6-7%, with losses in rural low-voltage power grids exceeding 20%. ...Distributed generation can be adopted to consume electricity locally, reducing losses caused by long-distance transmission.

[0026] Existing portable electrical devices, such as electric vehicles, require large and heavy battery packs to operate, accounting for a significant portion of the vehicle's weight. However, batteries have a limited capacity per unit weight, and charging equipment is required at various locations. Batteries are expensive and technologically complex. Furthermore, the disposal of used batteries requires specialized technology and can cause pollution.

[0027] Existing air pollution can harm humans and organisms, and smog can severely impact transportation. While some air purification and / or smog removal devices have emerged, such as the article "[http: / / www.shangxueba.com / jingyan / 1667507.html] my country's smog control won't take 30 years: Four ways to eliminate smog" (http: / / www.shangxueba.com / jingyan / 1667507.html) which states, "Four ways to eliminate smog: 1. Artificial spraying of dry ice... 2. Installing large, upward-facing exhaust fans near airports... 3. Using helicopters to stir the air both vertically and horizontally near vertical confinement layers... 4. Using explosions near vertical confinement layers to rapidly mix the air between the upper and lower layers... 5. Implementing artificial precipitation to reduce smog levels near the ground." However, these methods are immature and require energy and resources.

[0028] In addition, many harmful microorganisms exist in the air, including bacteria, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasmas, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, viruses, and subviruses. These microorganisms pose a constant threat to the health and even life of humans, animals, and plants. While many methods are currently available to eliminate these harmful microorganisms, they often fail to completely eliminate the harm they cause.

[0029] Vast swaths of land, especially in the north, often suffer from chronic droughts and water shortages, negatively impacting agriculture and livelihoods and leading to disasters such as sandstorms and dust storms. While water diversion projects exist, these long-distance transfers require the construction of channels and the expense of pumping water. Meanwhile, southern China often experiences short bursts of heavy rain, which can only mitigate a small portion of the damage caused by these storms. Heavy winter snowfall, for example, can disrupt transportation and cause significant losses across all industries. All of this is caused by the uneven distribution of water vapor over a large area.

[0030] Deserts on Earth span millions of square kilometers, bringing with them extreme weather conditions like sandstorms that affect millions of square kilometers of land. Planting trees and grass in these deserts could significantly absorb carbon dioxide and address these issues. However, this requires vast quantities of fresh water to irrigate the deserts. Fresh water resources are limited, and conventional irrigation requires pipes and other infrastructure. Furthermore, these fixed irrigation channels cannot be moved arbitrarily to any desired location.

[0031] "https: / / qb.zuoyebang.com / xfe-question / question / 7612aaa322b49d44dc888fbc7a84d8d3.html Water vapor in the atmosphere" said that data shows that about 448 trillion tons of water vapor evaporates from seawater and enters the air every year, and about 63 trillion tons of water evaporates from rivers and lakes on land and transpires from plants. The former is more than seven times the total of the latter several channels. According to "http: / / www.ncpa-classic.com / 2012 / 03 / 01 / VIDA1330596892145467.shtml?spm=C98736.P88245732368.E88245801418.2#2 Annual Energy Received by Land from the Ocean," "The annual runoff from land to the ocean is 47,000 cubic kilometers. This means that the ocean transfers this much water vapor to land each year." Furthermore, "water vapor accounts for 4% above the ocean, while other regions vary between 0 and 4%." Retrieved from "https: / / yuwen.chazidian.com / xiangxi-81896 / Water in the Atmosphere."

[0032] Despite the high concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere above and near the ocean, this vapor cannot be utilized; desalination is the only way to obtain fresh water. "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 1949414-2062782.htmlSeawater Desalination" says, "Long-distance water diversion doesn't take into account project investment costs or indirect economic losses in the areas receiving water. Instead, it calculates costs based solely on daily operating expenses and management fees, which differs significantly from the actual cost. In fact, water diversion projects, in addition to the enormous investment, require significant arable land and pose environmental risks in the areas receiving water... Long-distance water diversion over 40 kilometers will cost more than desalination... Desalination requires a significant amount of energy... For desalination, energy consumption is a key factor directly determining its cost."

[0033] The initial velocity of projectiles fired by existing guns and artillery is limited. According to "http: / / lxyd.imech.ac.cn / in How Fast Can a Projectile Fly?", "The initial velocity of a projectile when it leaves the muzzle is: 600-900 m / s for rifles, 1000-1200 m / s for sniper rifles... and 1500-1700 m / s for tank guns. ... Among currently used guns and artillery, the initial velocity of a projectile does not exceed 2000 m / s."

[0034] To increase the initial velocity of projectiles, various electromagnetic guns have been developed. However, these require large and cumbersome high-power pulse power supplies, and consume enormous amounts of electricity during firing. This has significantly restricted their development.

[0035] According to "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 5429703-5567955.html Greenhouse", the greenhouse system... includes a heating system, insulation system, cooling system, ventilation system, control system, irrigation system, etc.;... the temperature control system includes exhaust fans, hot air fans, temperature sensors and constant temperature system control boxes... Greenhouse facilities are not restricted by time and space and can carry out agricultural production in special environments such as plateaus, deep mountains, and deserts. Heating energy consumption is the main obstacle to greenhouse operation in winter."

[0036] It can be seen that the existing greenhouse system consumes a certain amount of energy to heat the indoor air and uses water to irrigate the plants.

[0037] The temperature varies significantly between seasons, and those forced to work outdoors in the summer can suffer from heatstroke. While clothing can block some of the sun's heat radiation, it doesn't cool the body's surface. There's a type of air-conditioning clothing available: "Two small fans are attached to the left and right sides of the clothing, drawing air from the outside environment into the clothing... The clothing uses 4400mAh of power for eight hours." (From "http: / / www.mogozo.com / articles / kongdiaofujiuzhaomai.html: An Analysis of the Working Principles of Air-Conditioned Work Clothes"). Clearly, this type of clothing doesn't provide direct cooling; it only provides indirect cooling through airflow. In winter, people (especially those working outdoors) are forced to wear heavy clothing to stay warm. However, these clothes only retain heat, not warm the body's surface.

[0038] Existing masks can only partially block out germs, viruses, pollen, odorous gases, and various other air pollutants. However, masks cannot completely eliminate these germs and viruses. Furthermore, they cannot remove pollen, odors, or vehicle exhaust. Furthermore, wearing a mask is uncomfortable and stuffy, and it also obscures your face and is unsightly.

[0039] Many people experience altitude sickness. "https: / / tag.120ask.com / jibing / gyfy / 1367468.htmlHow to relieve altitude sickness" says, "Altitude sickness can generally be relieved by inhaling oxygen to increase the oxygen content in the body, which can effectively alleviate altitude sickness." Summary of the Invention

[0040] The first purpose of the present invention is to invent a gas internal energy utilization device, which can guide the gas molecules in the atmosphere (of the earth and any planet with an atmosphere) from the original chaotic thermal motion to the macroscopic directional flow of molecules, that is, to form a directional airflow, thereby utilizing the internal energy contained in the gas molecules, while consuming very little energy itself.

[0041] The second purpose of the present invention is to use the device in the first purpose to develop a multifunctional device that can output mechanical torque, collect water vapor, greenhouse gases and rare gases, eliminate various pathogens and viruses, purify the air, and output low-temperature gas.

[0042] A third object of the present invention is to utilize the mechanical torque output by the device of object two to drive any fixed and / or mobile machine tools, including vehicles, trains, engineering and agricultural machinery, ships, armored vehicles, gas compressors, and the like. This includes, in particular, large, medium, small, and micro-sized fixed and / or mobile AC and / or DC generators (sets), providing power to electrical appliances independent of fixed power sources.

[0043] The fourth object of the present invention is to develop a manned and / or unmanned aircraft using the device of the first object, which can take off and fly forward on any relatively flat terrain without a runway, and can also land on any flat terrain and not limited to airport runways.

[0044] The fifth object of the present invention is to use the device in the first object to develop a manned and / or unmanned helicopter, which does not require a main rotor and a tail fin for balancing the reverse rotational torque of the main rotor, etc.; at the same time, it has all the characteristics and advantages of existing helicopters.

[0045] A sixth object of the present invention is to use the device of the first object to replace the compressor in a ramjet, scramjet, pulse detonation, turbojet, turbofan, turbopropeller, turboshaft engine, or gas turbine, or the fan in various wind tunnels.

[0046] The seventh object of the present invention is to use the device of the first object to develop various types of rocket engines and / or flying backpacks that can directly utilize energy in the atmosphere to propel them, and / or a first-stage rocket in a multi-stage rocket for launching long-range and / or intercontinental ballistic missiles and / or commercial spacecraft, etc., thereby significantly improving the thrust, specific impulse, range and / or flight range of the above-mentioned types of rockets.

[0047] The eighth object of the present invention is to utilize the devices of the first and third objects to develop an aerodynamically levitated vehicle capable of traveling on existing roads and / or poor terrain and / or on water. It may even have the capability of flying in the air, thereby replacing the existing flying vehicles.

[0048] The ninth object of the present invention is to develop a suspended train that can travel on existing railways and subways using the devices in the first and third objects.

[0049] The tenth object of the present invention is to develop various types of ships and vessels driven by airflow using the devices in the first and third objects.

[0050] The eleventh object of the present invention is to develop an air-cushion craft and an air-cushion vehicle driven by air suspension using the devices of the first and third objects.

[0051] A twelfth object of the present invention is to utilize the low-temperature gas output by the device of the second object to form a refrigeration device that does not require a compressor, condenser, throttle valve, evaporator, etc. The device can be used to cool any gaseous substance, including air, into a liquid state for long-term storage, and / or can replace a gas compressor to output compressed gas of any gas, including air, at any time.

[0052] A thirteenth objective of the present invention is to utilize the devices of objectives two and five to construct a fixed and / or mobile atmospheric water vapor collection, long-distance transport, and distribution device. This device can be used to distribute liquid water hundreds or even thousands of kilometers away; address water needs in arid areas such as cities, farmland, and deserts, and / or for firefighting; and can also alleviate the hazards of heavy rain and snowstorms in certain areas.

[0053] A fourteenth object of the present invention is to utilize the device in the first object to develop a pneumatic gun that can directly launch gun projectiles.

[0054] A fifteenth object of the present invention is to utilize the device described in the second object to develop an air-conditioning garment capable of actively regulating temperature in both summer and winter temperatures, and a personal cleansing and anti-pollution air purification mask capable of eliminating all pollutants and harmful microorganisms. Alternatively, the device may be equipped with an oxygen enrichment device to mitigate the hypoxia associated with altitude sickness.

[0055] All of the aforementioned heat engines, including internal combustion engines, aviation and rocket engines, and boilers, that utilize the energy of fuel combustion to operate, deal with the relationships between macroscopic quantities based on the conservation and transformation of energy in thermodynamics. However, because thermodynamics fails to consider the microscopic thermal motion of gas molecules, it suffers from the same dilemma faced by all heat engines. To achieve the aforementioned goal—the overall objective—it is necessary to go beyond thermodynamics and delve deeper into the microscopic, molecular level to study the microscopic motion of gas molecules. Only then can a new approach to this problem be found. To study this microscopic motion, it is first necessary to correctly determine whether quantum mechanics should be used to study the gas molecules, the primary working substance in these heat engines. According to "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 2737738-2889635.htmlQuantum Mechanics," "Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics that studies the motion of microscopic particles... Its primary difference from classical mechanics is that it studies the 'quantum realm' of atoms and subatomic particles." Therefore, quantum mechanics and classical mechanics study different objects.

[0056] According to "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 1370149-1448264.html: Subatomic particles: Subatomic particles... refer to particles with structures smaller than atoms. They include... electrons, protons, and neutrons, and... photons, neutrinos, and muons... In general, subatomic particles may be electrons, neutrons, protons, mesons, quarks, gluons, photons, and so on." Therefore, the research objects of quantum mechanics are limited to "neutrons, protons, mesons, quarks, gluons, photons, and electrons in hydrogen atoms (or hydrogen-like particles)"—particles with a volume and mass far smaller than molecules. Molecules are not studied at all. This also proves that the research objects of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics are different.

[0057] Atomic Physics [edited by Chu Shenglin, People's Education Press, 1st edition, June 1979, ISBN 13012.0294] p74 says: "The action of a microscopic system is always equal to Planck's constant h = 6.62×10 -34 Multiples of joule-seconds... If the total action of the system is large, much larger than h... classical theory applies. The mass of an electron is 1 / 1837 of that of a hydrogen atom. The molecular weights of nitrogen (N₂) and oxygen (O₂), the main components of the atmosphere, are 28 and 32, respectively. These are 51,436 and 58,784 times the mass of an electron, respectively! Because the mass of a molecule is far greater than that of an electron, "classical theory applies," and classical mechanics should be used to study molecular motion.

[0058] http: / / www.doc88.com / p-6731655619411.html "Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics" Kinetic Theory of Vapors B states that "Maxwell's rate distribution law... from the perspective of a large number of molecules as a whole, the rate of equilibrium molecules follows a completely definite statistical distribution law, which is inevitable." Hence, there is the formula for Maxwell's molecular rate distribution law (1):

[0059] Maxwell's rate distribution law:

[0060] Most probable rate:

[0061] Average rate:

[0062] Formula (1) represents the ratio of the number of molecules distributed in a unit velocity interval near velocity v to the total number of molecules, and explains the relationship between the gas molecular velocity v (m / s, i.e., meters per second), the molecular mass m (kg, i.e., kilograms), and the absolute temperature T (K, i.e., Kelvin). R = 8.31 (J / K.mol, i.e., joules per Kelvin.mol) is the universal gas constant, and k is the Boltzmann constant = R / N0 = 8.31 / (6.023×10 23 )=1.38×10 -23 J / K (Joule / Kelvin). Formulas (2) and (3) respectively express the most probable velocity v of the molecule. p and average rate The functional relationship between R, absolute temperature T, molecular molar mass μ (kg / mol), and other factors. (All formulas in this article are numbered according to the order of the formulas in this article, not the references.)

[0063] According to Fan Yingchuan's Advanced Mathematics, Volume 1, P194, "Power functions, logarithmic functions, exponential functions, trigonometric functions, and inverse trigonometric functions are all basic elementary functions." P201 says, "An elementary function is a function that can be expressed by an analytical formula, and this analytical formula is formed by a finite number of arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) on constants and basic elementary functions, as well as a finite number of function compound steps." P251: "Basic elementary functions are continuous within their domains of definition. All elementary functions are continuous within their definition intervals." Formula (1) is the product of several constants and variables m, v, T, their exponents, and exponential functions. It is obviously an elementary function. Therefore, Formula (1) is obviously continuous within the interval of its domain of definition (0 to ∞).

[0064] The two molecular velocities in formulas (2) and (3) are also continuous functions. It can be seen that there is no quantum feature in these three formulas describing molecular motion, or in other words, it fundamentally denies the quantum feature that molecular velocities are discontinuous and can only be obtained in parts! The above three formulas all show the continuous distribution of all molecular velocities. According to the momentum being the product of mass m and velocity v, due to the continuous change of the various molecular velocities mentioned above, the momentum mv and kinetic energy E of the molecule = (1 / 2)mv 2 It must also change continuously!

[0065] The same book, Atomic Physics, p. 71, states: "The characteristic of quantum laws is the discontinuity of physical quantities." However, the physical quantities in the formulas for molecular motion mentioned above all change continuously! This shows that molecular motion has no quantum characteristic of discontinuity at all.

[0066] According to the website "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 6471019-6684714.html Double-Slit Experiment," "In quantum mechanics, the double-slit experiment tests the wave and particle properties of quantum objects like light or electrons... demonstrating wave-particle duality." However, molecules, which are tens of thousands of times more massive than photons or electrons, have never exhibited wave-particle duality in any experiment! Furthermore, moving gas molecules cannot produce diffraction or interference in the double-slit experiment!

[0067] "Atomic Physics," page 85, states that "the uncertainty principle stems from the dual nature of matter: it is both a particle and a wave, a property exhibited by microscopic objects." However, nowhere in the literature is it stated that gas molecules are "also waves" or that their position, momentum, and other properties in motion can produce uncertainty. This further proves that gas molecules are not quantum particles and that molecular motion should be studied using classical mechanics.

[0068] To sum up: Quantum mechanics cannot be used to study gas molecules, but only molecular physics can be used.

[0069] According to "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 6587373-6801146.html Molecular Physics," "Molecular physics studies the structure, physical properties, and interactions of molecules... Molecular kinetic theory studies the macroscopic motion laws of large numbers of molecules, such as the laws of motion of ideal gases, the law of molecular velocity distribution, and the law of equipartition of kinetic energy."

[0070] According to "http: / / baike.so.com / doc / 6587839-6801613.html The research object of molecular kinetic theory", "The research object of molecular kinetic theory is molecules...The research method of molecular kinetic theory is still based on classical mechanics."

[0071] According to the same "Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics": The internal energy of an ideal gas = molecular kinetic energy + intermolecular interaction potential energy. For an ideal gas, the intermolecular interaction force can be ignored, and the interaction potential energy can be ignored. The internal energy E of 1 mol of ideal gas is mol Formula (4):

[0072]

[0073] In equation (4), i is the total number of degrees of freedom of the gas molecules in translation, rotation, and vibration, and R is the universal gas constant. Clearly, the greater the total number of degrees of freedom i, the higher the absolute temperature T, and the more energy is contained in 1 mol of gas.

[0074] We can estimate the energy of a certain volume of gas molecules: According to "http: / / www.doc88.com / p-7718828366749.html "Basics of Molecular Physics of Physics Classes", rigid diatomic molecules have three translational degrees of freedom and two rotational degrees of freedom, a total of five degrees of freedom. That is, i = 5. However, the same "Atomic Physics" P257 says that the vibrations and vibrational energy levels between the atoms that make up the molecule. This is also the vibration of the nucleus and the surrounding electrons. For example, diatomic molecules vibrate along the axis. The same book P269 says "In fact, molecules are not rigid bodies. When they rotate quickly, the distance between the two nuclei will change." It can be seen that the vibrational degrees of freedom of diatomic molecules such as N2 and O2, which are the main substances in the atmosphere, must be considered, that is, i = 6. Assume that there is 1 mol of gas, when the temperature is 20°C, that is, T ~ 293 (K). The energy contained in 1 mol of gas (after substituting i = 5 or 6 respectively) is as follows (5) and (5a):

[0075]

[0076]

[0077] The volume of 1 mol of any gas under standard conditions is 22.4 liters, so 1m 3 (cubic meter) of gas is about 44.6 mol, for i=5 or i=6, 1m 3 The energy contained in the gas is multiplied by 44.7 mol using equations (5) and (5a) respectively to form equations (6) and (6a):

[0078] E 一立方米(i＝5) ≈6.087×10 3 (J)×44.6≈2.71×10 5 (J)…(6);

[0079] E 一立方米(i＝6) ≈7.304×10 3 (J)×44.6≈3.26×10 5 (J)…(6a);

[0080] It can be seen that the energy contained in the gas is considerable! According to formula (4), to utilize the gas energy, its absolute temperature T must drop; at the same time, there must be energy output. 3 1%, 5%, and 10% of the energy in the gas:

[0081] When the utilization rate is 1%, it is equivalent to [i=5]2.71×10 5 (J / s = W watts) × 0.01 = 2.71 kW [kilowatts];

[0082] or [i=6]3.26×10 5 (J / s=W)×0.01=3.26kW.

[0083] When the utilization rate is 5%, it is equivalent to [i=5]2.71×10 5 (J / s=W)×0.05≈13.6kW;

[0084] or [i=6]3.26×10 5 (J / s=W)×0.05=16.3kW.

[0085] When the gas energy utilization rate is 10%, it is equivalent to [i=5]2.71×10 5 (J / s=W)×0.1=27.1kW;

[0086] or [i=6]3.26×10 5 (J / s=W)×0.1=32.6KW, which is a very considerable power!

[0087] According to "https: / / zhidao.baidu.com / question / 2265805252529643468.html Earth's Atmosphere Volume", "The volume of the atmosphere on the surface of the earth is V = 4×10 18 m 3 According to formula (6) or (6a), the total energy contained in the Earth's atmosphere is about 1.08×10 24 J or 1.30×10 24 J. Assume that 10 -8 The energy is 1.08×10 16 or 1.30×10 16 W of power!

[0088] "http: / / www.chinadmd.com / file / vtvvuwoxx3oi6z3s66wausoz_1.html" states that the rate of thermal motion of gas molecules is very high. The higher the temperature, the more intense the molecular motion. At 0°C, the average speed of air molecules is about 400 m / s. This shows that even at 0°C, the average speed of thermal motion of gas molecules is supersonic!

[0089] Although the thermal motion rate of gas molecules is very high as mentioned above, according to the same book "Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics" on page 36: "The equipartition theorem states: In the equilibrium state at temperature T, each degree of freedom of a substance (gas, liquid, solid) molecule has the same average kinetic energy, which is equal to kT / 2 [k and T have the same meaning as above]." This shows that since molecular motion in any direction does not have an advantage over motion in other directions, under normal circumstances, gases do not diffuse in a single direction; that is, they do not form a macroscopic directional flow of gas, or macroscopic airflow; thus, the internal energy of the gas cannot be utilized.

[0090] If the direction of the thermal motion of gas molecules can be "guided", then all factors that prevent the directional flow of gas can be eliminated or reduced to the lowest possible value; this will form a macroscopic directional flow of gas and thus the internal energy of the gas can be utilized.

[0091] In order to achieve this technical purpose, it is necessary to review the basic knowledge related thereto in order to further demonstrate the viewpoints of the present invention:

[0092] Regarding the definitions of point masses and rigid bodies: According to the Handbook of Basic Physics (edited by Su He and Wang Wenliang, Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House, second edition, February 1984, ISBN 7089-195), pages 80-82, it states: "When the shape and size of an object are irrelevant to the problem being studied, the object can be considered a point mass... In some problems, changes in the object's shape and size are very small and can be ignored, so the 'rigid body' is introduced as an 'ideal model'... A rigid body is an object whose shape and size do not change under any circumstances. Only translation and rotation are studied, and any complex motion can be considered to be a combination of translation and rotation. When a rigid body is in motion, if any straight lines on the rigid body are always parallel to each other at all times... this motion is called translation. If, during the motion of a rigid body, all points on it move in a circular motion around the same straight line, this motion is called rotation, and the straight line is called the axis of rotation."

[0093] So, should molecules be considered rigid bodies or point masses? Do the concepts of rigid bodies and point masses relate to the size of the object? According to "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 6385518-6599271.html The Three-Body Problem - Basic Mechanical Models in Celestial Mechanics," "The simplest example of the three-body problem... is the motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon in the solar system. In the vast universe, the sizes of the planets are negligible, so we can treat them as point masses." In atoms, electrons revolve around the nucleus. So, should electrons be considered point masses or rigid bodies? According to Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (edited by Chen Rongsan, Huang Mengjian, and Qian Keping, ISBN: 13012.0136), page 10, "In addition to... orbital motion, electrons also have an axial rotational motion, called electron spin." The same book, Atomic Physics, page 62, states that "the magnetic moment is due not only to the electron's orbital motion but also to its spin." It must be emphasized that only rigid bodies have rotational motion. Point particles have no spin. Why are celestial bodies with diameters vastly different from electrons considered point particles, while electrons are considered rigid bodies, and have their own spin?

[0094] The same book "Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics" on page 21 first proposed "the microscopic model of ideal gas: ☆ molecules are regarded as point masses; ☆ intermolecular interaction forces can be ignored except for collisions; ☆ molecules are regarded as perfectly elastic spheres. The ideal gas molecular system is a collection of free, irregularly moving elastic sphere molecules." However, when studying the degrees of freedom of molecular motion later, the same document regarded molecules as rigid bodies and proposed a different model: Pages 34-37 say: "1. Degrees of freedom of rigid bodies: rigid bodies have 6 degrees of freedom; 3 translational degrees of freedom (x, y, z); 3 rotational degrees of freedom {the orientation of CA is α, β, γ; two of which are independent}." It then says "the degrees of freedom of gas molecules {at room temperature, molecular vibration can be ignored}

[0095]

Table 1

[0096] Translational degrees of freedom Rotational degrees of freedom total Monatomic molecules 3 0 0 Diatomic molecules 3 2 5 Molecules with more than three atoms 3 3 6

[0097] Same as above, "Basics of Molecular Physics" P6 says "Microscopic model of ideal gas: 1. Molecules can be regarded as point masses; linear dimension d ~ 10 -10 m, spacing r~10 -9 , d<<r; 2. Except at the moment of collision, there is no interaction force between molecules. 3. Elastic point mass (all collisions are completely elastic); 4. Molecular motion obeys the laws of classical mechanics. "In the same book, pages 13-16, "Section 2: The Principle of Equipartition of Energy According to Degrees of Freedom," it is further demonstrated with illustrations that "monatomic molecules have kinetic energy for translation in three directions." "Rigid diatomic molecules not only have kinetic energy for translation in three directions, but also average rotational kinetic energy." In addition to these two energies, "non-rigid diatomic molecules" also have an additional "average vibrational energy." Furthermore, a table identical to [Table 1] appears on page 16.

[0098] Note! In both documents, molecules are considered as both "point masses" and "rigid bodies" at the same time.

[0099] The same book "Atomic Physics" P267 says "molecules have rotation, diatomic molecules..." If they are not rigid bodies, how can molecules have overall rotation? The same book P280 says: "A molecule is a group of atoms that are interconnected... If a molecule has n atoms, there are 3n degrees of freedom in total... The molecule as a whole has three translational degrees of freedom and three rotational degrees of freedom... The remaining 3n-6 are the vibrational degrees of freedom within the molecule." These are clearly written to absolutely treat molecules as rigid bodies with rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom. This is a correct method: when studying the overall motion of molecules, molecules are regarded as point masses. But when studying the motion of molecules themselves, such as rotation, they must be regarded as rigid bodies. When it is necessary to further study the deformation of molecules and thus study the vibration of molecules, a vibrational kinetic energy is added. In short, molecules must be " at the same time" Consider it as a point mass and a rigid body for comprehensive study!

[0100] Regarding the definition of a couple: The same "Basic Physics Handbook" P28 says "two forces of equal magnitude and opposite direction, but not in the same straight line. A couple can cause an object to rotate or change its rotational state."

[0101] Regarding the definitions of torque and lever arm: As stated in the same "Basic Physics Handbook," page 28, torque is the product of force and lever arm. Torque causes an object to experience angular acceleration. The lever arm is the perpendicular distance (i.e., the shortest distance) from the axis of rotation or fulcrum to the line of action of the force.

[0102] Regarding the positive and negative directions of torque: The same "Basic Physics Handbook" P28 says "positive torque (all torques rotating in the clockwise direction)...negative torque (all torques rotating in the counterclockwise direction)".

[0103] Regarding the definition of moment of inertia: The same "Basic Physics Handbook" P84 says: The definition of moment of inertia is (7):

[0104] I=∫r 2 dm=∫ρr 2 dV…(7)

[0105] Regarding the definition of angular velocity: The same as the above "Basic Physics Handbook" P42 has the definition of angular velocity (8):

[0106]

[0107] About the rotation theorem: The same "Basic Physics Handbook" P86 says that when a rigid body rotates around a fixed axis, the product of the rigid body's moment of inertia and angular acceleration is equal to the resultant torque of the external forces acting on the rigid body, and the angular acceleration of the rigid body is equal to the resultant torque of the external forces acting on it. Resultant external force Moment Directly proportional to the moment of inertia of the rigid body, and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of the rigid body: Rotation Theorem. Formula (9) [The arrow on the letter in the formula indicates that it is a vector, the same below]:

[0108]

[0109] Regarding rotational kinetic energy: The same "Basic Physics Handbook" P88 says "the rotational kinetic energy E of a rigid body K It is equal to half of the product of the moment of inertia I of the rigid body and the square of the angular velocity ω”, that is, formula (10):

[0110]

[0111] Regarding the torsion pendulum: "https: / / wenku.baidu.com / view / a299e49a5acfa1c7ab00ccb8.html Determining the Moment of Inertia of an Object by the Torsion Pendulum Method" states that "The torsion pendulum motion has the characteristics of angular simple harmonic vibration. The angular acceleration is proportional to the angular displacement and has opposite directions."

[0112] Regarding the principle of independence or superposition of motion: The same "Basic Physics Handbook" P36 states that motion in any direction will not be affected by the existence of motion in any other direction. A single motion can be viewed as the superposition of several independent motions. According to the superposition principle, motion can be synthesized and decomposed. The composition and decomposition of motion includes displacement and velocity, and it follows the composition and decomposition laws of vectors. "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 2799207-2954485.html The principle of independence of motion states that "the principle of independence of motion, also known as the principle of superposition of motion, means that when an object participates in several motions simultaneously, each sub-motion can be viewed as independent and does not affect each other. The object's combined motion is then viewed as the result of the superposition of several independent sub-motions. The sub-motions and the combined motion share the following characteristics: independence, isochronism, vectoriality, and homogeneity."

[0113] Regarding the molecular center of mass, molecules have mass, and therefore necessarily have a center of mass, or center of mass for short: The same book, Atomic Physics, p. 257, states: "For diatomic molecules, the rotation to be considered is one where the axis of rotation passes through the molecular center of mass." The same book, Handbook of Fundamental Physics, p. 28-29, states: "The resultant of these gravitational forces is the weight of the object. The point of action of this resultant force is called the object's center of gravity. Knowing the center of gravity allows us to treat the entire object's weight, regardless of its shape, as if it were concentrated at the center of gravity." Since "the weight of the entire object is considered concentrated at the center of gravity," then the weight of the center of gravity cannot differ even slightly from the weight of the entire object! Otherwise, the law of conservation of mass would be violated! The same book, p. 83, states: "For objects that are not very large, their center of mass and center of gravity coincide." Furthermore, the center of mass and center of gravity can only be "one" point, never two points, let alone multiple points.

[0114] Regarding the "center of charge" of molecules: According to "http: / / wenda.so.com / q / 1394218817060796?src=150 What is the center of charge?" For a group of charges, its total electrical effect can always be replaced by the effect produced by another charged object. The point where this object is located is called the center of charge of the group. For two charged objects with equal charge, their center of charge is their midpoint. "According to the book "Electromagnetism" (Zhao Kaihua and Chen Ximou of Peking University, People's Education Press, first edition April 1978, book number 13012·0127), Volume 1, page 139, at places where the distance from the molecule is much greater than the linear dimension of the molecule, the influence of all the negative charges in the molecule on these places will be equivalent to that of a single negative charge. The location of this equivalent negative charge is called the "center of gravity" of the negative charge of the molecule. For example, when an electron makes uniform circular motion around the nucleus, its "center of gravity" is at the center of the circle. Similarly, the positive charge of each molecule also has a positive charge "center of gravity". Note! The total amount of positive and negative charges at the center of gravity is the same as the total amount of positive and negative charges of the entire charged body, that is, the law of conservation of charge! Based on these two points, we can know that: to study the behavior of all the charges in a molecule in the electric field and magnetic field, we only need to study the behavior of the center of gravity of the positive and / or negative charges.

[0115] Regarding molecular polarity: The same book, "What is the Center of Charge," states that "if the centers of charge of all positively charged atoms coincide with the centers of charge of all negatively charged atoms, then such a molecule is called a nonpolar molecule; if they do not coincide, then it is called a polar molecule." The same book, "Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry," pp. 46-47, states that molecules in which the centers of charge of the positive and negative charges coincide within the molecule are called nonpolar molecules. Molecules formed from two different atoms...forming positive and negative poles within the molecule are called polar molecules. The same book, p. 49, states that the magnitude of molecular polarity is often quantitatively expressed using the dipole moment μ [bold letters represent vectors, same below]: μ = qd (μ is the product of charge q and the distance d between the positive and negative dipoles). Table 2-5 quantitatively lists the polarity of molecules: water molecule H2O has the strongest polarity, at 1.85D (Debye); CO also has 0.12D. It is important to emphasize that although molecules appear electrically neutral, their internal charge distribution can create polar and non-polar molecules! The two should never be confused!

[0116] The behavior of molecules in a uniform electric field: The same book, "Electromagnetism," Volume 1, pp. 18-19, states that a charged system consisting of a pair of equal, oppositely charged point charges has a distance, l, that is much smaller than the distance, r, from the field point to them. This charged system is called an electric dipole (p. 23 of the same book states that l represents a vector from -q to +q). The product of q and l is the physical quantity describing the electric dipole, the electric dipole moment, denoted by p: p = ql. Under the influence of an external electric field, the positive and negative charges in atoms or molecules of a dielectric (i.e., an insulator) undergo minute relative displacements, forming an electric dipole. The same book, Volume 1, pp. 139-141, states that in the absence of an external electric field, a dielectric molecule with its positive and negative charges' centers of gravity aligned is a non-polar molecule. In another type of dielectric, even in the absence of an external electric field, the centers of gravity of the positive and negative charges in the dielectric molecules do not coincide. Thus, although the algebraic sum of the positive and negative charges in the molecule remains zero, the centers of gravity of equal positive and negative charges are offset, forming a certain electric dipole moment, called the molecule's intrinsic electric moment. These molecules are called polar molecules. H₂, N₂, and other molecules are non-polar; in the absence of an external electric field, the entire molecule has no electric moment. When an external electric field is applied, the centers of gravity of the positive and negative charges in each molecule shift, forming an electric dipole, with the direction of the molecular electric dipole moment aligned with the external electric field. This electric dipole moment generated by an external electric field is called an induced electric moment. The molecular electric dipole is represented by a small arrow, with a negative charge at the beginning and a positive charge at the end. ...Orientational polarization of polar molecules: Water molecules are polar molecules. In the absence of an external electric field, due to the irregular thermal motion of the molecules...the intrinsic electric moments of all molecules cancel each other out on average. When an external electric field is applied, each molecular moment is acted upon by a torque that causes it to rotate in the direction of the external field, eliminating the mutual cancellation of moments. However, due to the thermal motion of the molecules, this rotation is incomplete, meaning that all molecular dipoles are not perfectly aligned in the direction of the external field. The stronger the external electric field, the more aligned the molecular dipoles become. ... This polarization mechanism is called orientation polarization. Orientation polarization is unique to dielectrics composed of polar molecules and is approximately an order of magnitude greater than displacement polarization.

[0117] The following is the technical solution for purpose 1: Figure 1This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a hollow basic unit 1 whose cross-section gradually decreases along its long axis. The long axis of unit 1 is the X-axis; the upward direction is the Y-axis, the direction outward from the paper is the Z-axis, and O is the origin of the three axes. Unit 1 has two mutually insulated conductive electrode plates 2 and 3 on the bottom and top of its two opposite inner surfaces. 2 and 3 are connected to the positive and negative electrodes of a DC power supply 4, respectively. The cross-sectional area of unit 1 gradually decreases along the positive direction of the X-axis; that is, the two electrode plates 2 and 3 are not parallel to each other. The same "Electromagnetism" Volume 1, P97, states that when a conductor is in electrostatic equilibrium, the conductor is an equipotential body and the surface of the conductor is an equipotential surface. P99 states that the configuration of the electrodes and the potentials thereon can be artificially arranged and controlled to obtain the desired electric field distribution. After unit 1 is connected to power supply 4 and reaches electrostatic equilibrium, the surfaces of the two conductive electrode plates 2 and 3 are both equipotential surfaces: that is, the voltages on the outer surfaces of 2 and 3 are equal everywhere. The same book, Volume 1, Page 15, states that the unit of electric field strength E is N / C (Newton / Coulomb) or V / m (Volt / meter). This shows that, under the same voltage, the electric field strength E is inversely proportional to the distance between the conductors: because the two conductor electrode plates 2 and 3 are not parallel, the smaller the distance between them, the greater the E between them. Conversely, the larger the distance, the weaker the E between the two plates 2 and 3. Therefore, a gradient electric field will inevitably form between electrode plates 2 and 3, increasing along the positive X-axis. Although the density of the individual lines of force remains constant along the Y-axis, the density of the lines of force per unit length along the positive X-axis gradually increases. All lines of force 5 in this electric field are parallel to the Y-axis and lie in the positive direction of the Y-axis. Cell 1 also contains a steady-state magnetic field, whose magnetic flux lines lie along the positive X-axis. Its magnetic flux density gradually increases along the positive X-axis, resulting in nonparallel magnetic flux lines 6. Air molecules are contained within cell 1. Seal plates 7 and 8 are located at the front and rear of cell 1, respectively. One-way valves 9 and 10 are located on plates 7 and 8, respectively. These valves allow airflow only in the positive direction of the X-axis and prevent it from flowing in the negative direction. An air filter is located in front of one-way valve 9 to prevent contaminants in the inhaled air from entering cell 1.

[0118] As mentioned above, "to study the behavior of all charges in a molecule in electric and magnetic fields, we only need to study the behavior of the centers of gravity of positive and negative charges." Figure 2 It's the opposite Figure 1 Observed along the positive Z axis, the large circle in the figure represents a nonpolar gas molecule 11; 12 is the center of mass of molecule 11. The centers of positive and negative charge, marked "+" and "-," respectively, are located at the center of molecule 11. When no electric field is applied, the centers of positive and negative charge, marked "+" and "-," coincide with the center of mass, or center of gravity, 12, of molecule 11.

[0119] As mentioned in the first volume of "Electromagnetism", P23-24, E is the strength of the uniform electric field, l is the vector from the center of gravity -q to +q, and the angle between E and l is θ. The forces on the positive and negative charges are They are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, and the net force is 0. The two form a couple. The action of the torque always causes l to turn in the direction of the field strength E. The torque on the electric dipole is formula (11):

[0120] In the formula

[0121] The same book "Electromagnetism" Volume 1, P85 says that the force on an electric dipole in a non-uniform external electric field is expressed as formula (12) or (12a):

[0122] or

[0123] If the electric dipole moment p is parallel to the electric field strength E, then p·E=pE. Equation (12) or (12a) shows that in this case the direction of the force on the dipole is along the gradient of pE. direction, that is, the area where the absolute value of the field strength E is larger."

[0124] "https: / / www.docin.com / p-1416789816.html§2.7 Electric Dipole" says "If the external electric field is not uniform, in addition to the torque, the electric dipole will also be subject to translation." This translation is obviously caused by the uneven gradient electric field.

[0125] Figure 3 It's the opposite Figure 1 Observed from the Z axis: It shows the changes after the electric field E is added: The upward arrows in the figure are the electric lines of force of the electric field. The electric field force F on the center of gravity of the positive charge + Upward; the electric field force F on the center of gravity of the negative charge - Down. Then, Figure 2 The centers of gravity of the positive and negative charges in the molecule 11 are respectively in the electric field force F + and F - , they are separated from each other by a distance d and no longer overlap. That is, the non-polar molecule 11 is polarized into a polar molecule by the electric field force, that is, an electric dipole represented by an ellipse is formed. The straight line 13 with an arrow pointing from the center of gravity of the negative charge to the center of gravity of the positive charge in the molecule 11 is the radius vector l of the electric dipole [the same below]. Since the diatomic molecule 11 is likely to have the above-mentioned rotation around the Z axis, that is, its own center of mass 12. In addition, non-centroidal collisions between molecules will also cause 11 to rotate around its center of mass 12. Therefore, l is not necessarily parallel to the external electric field force F at the beginning, that is, there is an angle ≠0 between l of 11 and the positive direction of the X axis, that is, θ in the figure. Although F + and F -The magnitudes of the two axes are equal and opposite, but because l is not parallel to the external electric field force F, a couple, indicated by the large curved arrow in the figure, rotates molecule 11 counterclockwise. Therefore, under the action of this electric field couple, l in molecule 11 rotates around the Z axis in a direction parallel to the electric field lines.

[0126] Figure 4 and Figure 3 : This means that the angle θk between the radius vector l of molecule 11 and the X-axis is π. Therefore, in the electric field E, molecule 11 is subjected to a clockwise couple. Therefore, molecule 11 and its l will also rotate around the Z-axis so that l is parallel to the electric field.

[0127] Although Figure 3 、 Figure 4 These represent some special cases, but it is obvious that no matter what the original orientation of l in molecule 11 is, they will all turn around the Z axis under the action of the electric field force so that their l is finally basically parallel to the electric field line.

[0128] comprehensive Figures 1 to 4 It can be seen that: Figure 1 When the electric field acts on unit 1, all non-polar molecules are polarized by the electric field. As described above, "each molecule is acted upon by a torque and turns in the direction of the external electric field, so that the moments no longer cancel each other out."

[0129] The main components of the atmosphere are N2 (nitrogen) gas, accounting for about 78%, and the remaining O2 (oxygen) gas, accounting for about 21%. The remaining 1% includes water vapor, carbon dioxide, and pollutants. N2 and O2, which account for 99% of the atmospheric composition, are both non-polar diatomic molecules. However, in Figure 1 In cell 1, both N2 and O2 molecules are polarized by the electric field force, turning them into electric dipoles. At the same time, the direction of their electric dipole radius vector l is also parallel or substantially parallel to the direction of the electric field lines.

[0130] The atmosphere also contains a certain amount of water vapor. As mentioned above in "Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry" P49, water molecules have the strongest polarity. Therefore, water molecules will not only further strengthen their polarity in the electric field, but also arrange themselves neatly along the direction of the electric lines in the electric field.

[0131] According to formula (12) or (12a), polar molecules, i.e., electric dipoles, are Figure 1 In the gradient electric field, there will be a thrust F pointing to the stronger field strength E, that is, the positive direction of the X axis. X Then, all polar gas molecules and water molecules in unit 1 that are polarized by the electric field will be under the force F XUnder the influence of the electric field, the gas molecules move in a macroscopic manner in the positive direction of the X-axis. This action breaks through the one-way threshold 10, releasing a macroscopic airflow. Once airflow breaks out of cell 1, the air pressure inside cell 1 will inevitably drop below the atmospheric pressure outside. Consequently, the outside atmosphere will inevitably break through the one-way threshold 9 and enter cell 1. The N₂, O₂, and water molecules in the incoming atmosphere are also immediately polarized, diverted, and propelled by the special electric field in cell 1, continuing to flow in the positive direction of the X-axis. This process continues, causing the gas molecules to continuously move in the positive direction of the X-axis, thus forming a macroscopic airflow flowing in the positive direction of the X-axis.

[0132] The same "Electromagnetism" Volume 1, P6-7 says that the basic charge of a proton or electron is e = 1.602×10 -19 C (Coulomb). The same "Atomic Physics" P199 says: The atomic number is equal to the number of electrons in the atom, and also equal to the charge number of the atomic nucleus. The atomic number and nuclear charge number of the elements N and O are 7 and 8 respectively. Therefore, the charge of N and O is 7e and 8e respectively. There are two atoms of N2 and O2, and the charge of each is 14e and 16e respectively. The atomic weights of N and O are 14 and 16 respectively, so the molecular weights of N2 and O2 are 28 and 32 respectively. The same "Electromagnetism" Volume 1 P15 says that the electric field force F is formula (13):

[0133]

[0134] In formula (13), the unit of electric field E is N / C, the unit of charge q is C, and the unit of electric field force after multiplication is N (Newton).

[0135] The same "Basic Physics Handbook" P62 says that the work done by an external force A is equal to the product of the force and the displacement of the object in the direction of the force, which is formula (14): and the vector scalar product is formula (14a):

[0136]

[0137] Because cosine is at its maximum value of 1 at 0° and its minimum value of 0 at 90°, maximum work is done when the external force and displacement are parallel and in the same direction; negative work is done when they are in opposite directions. When the force and displacement are perpendicular, no work is done on the object. The unit of work is J (Joule = Nm).

[0138] In summary and see Figures 1 to 4It can be seen that the electric field force F pulls the centers of gravity of the positive and negative charges in the N2 or O2 molecule apart in the direction E, polarizing the molecule 11. In this process, the electric field performs work on 11, that is, inputs energy. Assuming that during this process, F is parallel to the line connecting the positive and negative charges in the molecule 11; then, the electric field performs the maximum work at this time, and the work is equal to the product of the force F and the displacement S. Assuming that the average distance between the two plates 2 and 3 is 0.01m and the voltage is 1,000V (volts), then the average electric field E = 10 5 (N / C). The same "Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry" P3 says that the atomic diameter is about 10 -10 m; the molecular diameter is obviously also in this order of magnitude, about 10 -10 m. The maximum displacement S of the positive charge center of gravity from the molecular mass center in the molecule must be less than 0.5×10 -10 m, now assume that the maximum value of S is 0.4×10 -10 m (any larger would almost approach the molecular radius, but this is obviously impossible). After substituting these parameters into equations (13) and (14), the maximum work done by the electric field force F to pull the center of gravity of the positive charge in N2 or O2 apart is expressed as equations (15) and (16), respectively:

[0139]

[0140]

[0141] Similarly, the maximum displacement of negative charges has the same value as that of positive charges. That is, in this process, the maximum work done by the electric field force F on the positive and negative charges is twice that of formula (15) or (16). 23 Substituting into formula (15) or (16) respectively, we have:

[0142] A N分子 =8.97×10 -24 (J)×2×6.023×10 23 ≈10.8(J)…(17)

[0143] A O分子 =10.3×10 -24 (J)×2×6.023×10 23 ≈12.4(J)…(18)

[0144] Comparing Equations (17) and (18) with the energy of 6087 (J) or 7304 (J) of 1 mol of molecules themselves in Equations (5) and (5a), we can obtain the following four formulas:

[0145] or

[0146] or

[0147] It can be seen that the energy input by the electric field to all 1 mol of N2 molecules or O2 molecules in the process of polarizing 1 mol of N2 or O2 molecules is three orders of magnitude smaller than the total energy of these 1 mol of N2 molecules or O2 molecules themselves!

[0148] The following estimate Figure 3 or Figure 4 The work done on the polar molecule 11 by the rotational torque of the electric field on the molecule 11 during the process of the vector l rotating from perpendicular to the electric line, i.e., θ = 0, to parallel to the electric line, i.e., θ = π / 2, is as follows: The same "Basic Physics Handbook" P86 states that when a rigid body rotates around a fixed axis by a very small angle Δθ under the action of an external torque, the work done by the torque on the rigid body is given by equation (21). When the torque is a variable, the work done by the torque is given by equation (22) (from https: / / wenku.so.com / d / 9252c9571fac59918918d4792b0eeaab). Figure 3 : When the electric dipole, i.e., the radius l of the molecule 11, rotates under the action of the electric field force F, the moment arm dcosθ varies with the cosine of the angle θ between l and the X-axis. d is the same distance between the centers of gravity of the positive and negative charges as above: that is, double the displacement of the positive (or negative) charge from the center of mass of the molecule: 2×0.4×10 -10 m. Then, the moment M=Fdcosθ=Eq(0.8×10 - 10 m)cosθ, substituting into equation (22), we can obtain the work done by the electric field force F on an N2 molecule as equation (23); and the work done on an O2 molecule as equation (24).

[0149] The work of torque ΔW = M·Δθ…(21);

[0150] Work done when torque is a variable

[0151]

[0152]

[0153] 17.94×10 -24 J×6.023×10 23 ≈10.8J…(25);

[0154] 20.51×10 -24 J×6.023×10 23 ≈12.4 J…(26);

[0155] 10.8÷6087≈0.0018…(27); or 10.8÷7304≈0.0015…(27a);

[0156] 12.4÷6087≈0.0020…(28); or 12.4÷7304≈0.0017…(28a);

[0157] Formulas (25) and (26) represent the work done by the electric field force on the rotation of 1 mol of N2 or 1 mol of O2 molecules, respectively. Formulas (27) and (27a); (28) and (28a) represent the work done by the electric field force on the rotation of N2 or O2 molecules, respectively. Formulas (25) and (26) represent the work done by the electric field force on the rotation of N2 or O2 molecules, respectively. This is three orders of magnitude smaller than the energy of 1 mol of N2 or O2 molecules themselves, which is 6,087 (J) or 7,304 (J).

[0158] Re-estimate Figure 1 In the gradient electric field, the electric field thrust F X The work done on the N2 or O2 molecule. First calculate the force: The force on the electric dipole in a non-uniform external electric field is given by equation (12) or (12a). The charge q of the N2 and O2 molecules is 14e and 16e respectively. The maximum value of l is 0.8×10 -10 m; also assume E = 10 5 (N / C). Using equation (12), we can find the forces acting on N2 and O2 molecules as equations (29) and (30):

[0159]

[0160]

[0161] According to Fan Yingchuan's Advanced Mathematics, Volume 2, pp. 66-67, the derivative of a function of one variable is the limit of the ratio of the increment of the function to the increment of the independent variable. ... A partial derivative can be described as the rate of change of a function along a particular direction.

[0162] Equations (12), (29), and (30) are partial derivatives, which are still the limit of the ratio of the function increment to the independent variable increment. When the numerators of the two fractions (29) and (30) are the unit of work J = Nm, the denominator is the length m. After cancellation, the dimension is exactly the unit of force N.

[0163] Assuming that the length L of unit 1 along the X axis is 0.2 meters, the following only calculates the electric field thrust F along this length X The role of: According to formula (14), (29), (30), we can know that: F X Over a length of 0.2 meters, the average work done on one N2 or one O2 molecule is given by equations (31) and (32):

[0164]

[0165]

[0166] The electric field thrust F X The work done by pushing 1 mol of N2 and O2 gas molecules over a length of L = 0.2 m is expressed as Equations (33) and (34) respectively:

[0167] A 1mol氮气分子 =3.58×10 -24 (J)×6.023×10 23 ≈2.16(J)…(33)

[0168] A 1mol氧气分子 =4.10×10 -24 (J)×6.023×10 23 ≈2.47(J)…(34)

[0169] or

[0170] or

[0171] Comparing equations (33) and (34) with the 6,087 (J) or 7,304 (J) of 1 mol of the molecule itself in equations (5) and (5a) yields equations (35) and (35a) and equations (36) and (36a). It can be seen that the work done by the electric field is four orders of magnitude smaller than the two energy values of the molecule itself!

[0172] According to the relationship between work and energy: the work done by the electric field on a molecule = the kinetic energy added to the molecule, which is the energy in equations (31) and (32). The molecular weights of N2 and O2 are 28 and 32 respectively. As mentioned in the same book "Atomic Physics" p411, the atomic mass unit is 1.66×10 -27 kg. The above “On Migration Phenomena in Gases” states that “the average velocity of air molecules at 0°C is about 400 m / s.” Based on these parameters, the ratio of the kinetic energy of N2 and O2 molecules themselves to the molecular kinetic energy converted by the electric field to work on the molecules at 0°C is calculated as Equations (37) and (38):

[0173] or

[0174] or

[0175] It can be seen that in this case, the kinetic energy of the electric field on the polar molecules is only 10 of the average translational kinetic energy of the molecules themselves at 0°C. -4 .

[0176] The stronger the electric field E, the stronger its ability to polarize non-polar molecules; the stronger the moment of force that polar molecules experience when they become electric dipoles, which is directed in the direction of the electric field E. The stronger E is, the greater the distance d between the positive and negative charges in the molecule, and the stronger the electric dipole moment P generated by the polarization of the molecule caused by the electric field E. The greater the gradient of the electric field E, the greater the thrust F expressed by equations (12) and (12a) that pushes the gas molecules in the direction of the increasing electric field gradient. X The longer the length L of unit 1 along the X axis, the more work the electric field does on the polar molecules under the same gradient electric field, and the faster the molecules obtain their final velocity along the positive direction of the X axis.

[0177] However, if the electric field E is too strong, it will "break down" the air, that is, the electrons in the atoms and molecules will become free electrons, and the remaining parts of the atoms will become positive ions with positive charge. Once this happens, the ionized positive and negative ions will no longer move in the positive direction of the X-axis, but will move toward the negative and positive electrode plates perpendicular to the X-axis respectively. Therefore, in order to avoid breakdown, E must have a maximum limit. According to "https: / / qb.zuoyebang.com / xfe-question / question / 0d9a49ee48b8f5d8cc9ebf4b83f7a318.html What is the breakdown field strength of air?", "The breakdown voltage of the air dielectric can also be approximately estimated using a breakdown field strength of 30kv / cm". 30kv / cm=3×10 6 v / m. The length and width of the minimum airflow outlet in unit 1 are both 2 mm as shown below. Then, the maximum electric field there = 1000 v / 0.002 m = 5×10 5 v / m, it is obvious that there will be no breakdown. It can be seen that the voltage can be increased from 1000V; at the same time, the length and width of the smallest airflow outlet in unit 1 can be reduced to, for example, 1mm; until the electric field approaches 3×10 6 v / m.

[0178] Although the electric field E cannot be too strong, the gradient of E in the X-axis direction can be enhanced over a wide range! The gradient of E can be adjusted by adjusting factors such as the shape of the electrode plates and the ratio of the maximum to minimum cross-sections, further increasing the driving force on the gas molecules.

[0179] Because the two conductive electrode plates in unit 1 are not parallel, the cross-sectional area of unit 1 will inevitably decrease along the positive X-axis. According to "Fundamentals of Aerodynamics" edited by Xu Huafang, first edition published in December 1979 by the National Defense Industry Press, ISBN: 15034.1958, page 21, in incompressible, steady one-dimensional flow, the flow velocity at each cross-section can be derived from the mass conservation equation (also known as the continuity equation). In one-dimensional incompressible flow, the flow velocity at each cross-section varies inversely with the cross-sectional area: where the cross-sectional area is smaller, the flow velocity is greater, and where the cross-sectional area is larger, the flow velocity is smaller. Therefore, the flow velocity will inevitably increase as the cross-sectional area decreases. We can estimate the increase in gas flow rate caused by the reduction in the cross-sectional area of unit 1: Assume that the maximum length and width of the rectangular gas inlet in unit 1 are 200 and 150 mm respectively, and the minimum length and width of the outlet are both 2 mm. Then, the cross-sectional area ratio is 200×150÷2 2 =7,500. This means the airflow rate will increase 7,500 times!

[0180] It's important to emphasize that the increase in airflow velocity due to the reduction in cross-sectional area requires no additional energy input into unit 1; this is determined by the mass conservation equation mentioned above. In fact, the Laval nozzle commonly used in rockets and other applications doesn't input energy into the airflow itself; it simply increases airflow velocity based on the change in its cross-sectional area.

[0181] At the same time, when the cross-sectional area is reduced, the electric field gradient will also increase. The two are generated simultaneously and complement each other.

[0182] Since the work A done by the electric field on the molecule is equal to the kinetic energy ΔE of the molecule, then by substituting the work values in Equations (31) and (32) into the relevant formulas, the speed that this work energy can allow an N2 or O2 molecule to obtain can be obtained as Equations (41) and (42) respectively:

[0183] According to the kinetic energy of molecules: So: There are:

[0184]

[0185]

[0186] It can be seen that the initial velocity of both molecules is about 12.4 (m / s); plus the airflow speed is increased by 7,500 times due to the reduction in cross-sectional area; according to the principle of motion superposition, multiplying 12.4 meters by 7,500, we get: the final flow rate of the airflow will reach an astonishing 93,000 meters per second!

[0187] It should be emphasized that the above calculation is only for Figure 1 The airflow velocity that unit 1 can output; and this unit 1 can be connected in series at multiple stages (see below for details), so the airflow velocity finally output by the multi-stage series connection will surely far exceed 93,000 meters per second!

[0188] It must be emphasized that the electric field's push on polar molecules is not the main source of macroscopic molecular flow. The electric field only plays a role in guiding gas molecules from their original non-directional thermal motion to macroscopic directional airflow for a group of molecules that contain a lot of energy but are usually in non-directional thermal motion. For example, an officer gave a command to a group of soldiers: "Assemble, look to the right, look forward, march in step!" Then the soldiers marched in step. Although the "guidance" of the officer shouting the command itself also consumes his own physical energy; this energy is definitely not used to directly push all the soldiers forward, but to guide the soldiers to move forward collectively. Obviously, this guiding energy is far less than the energy of all the soldiers moving forward together! The above formulas (15) to (42) reflect that in the process of the electric field polarizing the gas molecules, causing the polar molecules to turn, and the gradient electric field force to push the polar molecules forward, the total energy input by the electric field into the gas molecules is only 10 of the total energy of the molecules themselves. -3 This is also proven by the magnitude of the electric field. It can be seen that the series of effects of the electric field on the molecular group only play a role in guiding the gas molecules to produce directional macroscopic motion.

[0189] The same book, "Electromagnetism," Volume 1, pages 102-103, discusses the influence of surface curvature: the electric field near the tip of an isolated conductor is strongest, followed by the flat surface, and the smallest near the concave surface. If a lit candle is placed near the tip of a conductor and the conductor is continuously charged, the flame will deflect away from the tip as if blown by the wind. This is the result of tip discharge. Because of the strong electric field near the tip, ions remaining in the air undergo intense motion. During this intense motion, they collide with air molecules... Ions with the same charge as the tip are repelled and fly away. The deflection of the candle flame is the result of the "electric wind" created by this ion flow. This example strongly demonstrates that in the gradient electric field generated by tip discharge, gas molecules and / or ions are affected by the gradient electric field force, generating macroscopic directional airflow!

[0190] In summary: by utilizing the above-mentioned special electric field, the technical goal of "converting the original chaotic thermal motion of gas molecules in the atmosphere into macroscopic directional flow of airflow" in the first objective is basically achieved.

[0191] However, from the above calculations, we know that the kinetic energy given to gas molecules by the electric field only accounts for 10% of the original total kinetic energy of the molecules. -3. It can be seen that there is still a lot of energy in the molecules! This energy must be converted into kinetic energy for the directional flow of the airflow as much as possible. However, will the macroscopic movement of molecules in the positive direction of the X-axis encounter resistance from inside the gas? The same as above "Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics" P22 "Statistical hypothesis: each molecule has the same probability of moving in all directions, that is, the various average values of the components of the gas molecule's speed in all directions are equal." It can be seen that the gas molecules as a whole are moving in six directions, positive and negative, along the X, Y, and Z axes. The number of molecules moving in each single direction accounts for 1 / 6 of the total number of molecules. Obviously, only about 1 / 6 of the molecules move in the positive direction of the X-axis.

[0192] Figure 5 It follows Figure 1 Observed in the positive direction of the X axis: the molecule 11 has a translational velocity V along the positive direction of the Y axis Y In this electric field, molecule 11 is subjected to Figure 3 、 4 The similar electric field in the gas polarizes the gas molecules, turning them into electric dipoles and causing them to turn. However, since the electric field does not change in the Y-axis direction, that is, there is no gradient in the Y-axis direction, the translation of the molecule 11 along the positive and negative directions of the Y-axis maintains the initial velocity, which is V in the figure. Y Similarly, since the electric field has no gradient in the Z-axis direction, the movement of molecule 11 in the positive and negative directions of the Z-axis will only be polarized into an electric dipole and turn, and maintain the initial speed, which is V in the figure. Z In addition, even if the molecule 11 does not move along the Y axis or the Z axis, it will be polarized and turned in the direction of the electric field by the action of the electric field.

[0193] In summary: In the electric field, all gas molecules in unit 1 will be polarized and become polar molecules, i.e. electric dipoles, and in the electric field force F X Under the combined effect of the two factors of pushing and accelerating the gas flow rate due to the reduction in cross-sectional area, they all move in the positive direction of the X axis. Since the electric field has no effect on the speed of molecules moving along the Y or Z axis, according to the principle of independent motion, although the molecules originally moving along the Y or Z axis have already moved in the positive direction of the X axis, they will still maintain their original motion along the Y or Z axis; and these molecules account for 2 / 3 of the total number of molecules. If Figure 3 or Figure 4 A moving coordinate system is constructed on molecule 11, moving synchronously with molecule 11 in the positive direction of the X axis. As this moving coordinate system continues to move forward, it will inevitably encounter molecules moving along the Y or Z axis. Hereinafter, the X axis will be referred to as the "axial direction," and the YOZ plane perpendicular to the X axis will be referred to as the "radial direction."

[0194] These two-thirds of the molecules moving radially along the Y or Z axis significantly hinder the movement of the molecular group along the positive X axis! According to the molecular physics discussed above, collisions between molecules and between molecules and the inner wall of cell 1 are completely elastic collisions. Therefore, after a molecule collides with the inner wall of cell 1, it is rebounded and moves again in the opposite direction at the same rate. This shows that after a molecule collides with the inner wall of cell 1, not only is momentum and energy conserved, but so is its velocity. Consequently, the radially moving molecules will repeatedly move back and forth along the inner wall of cell 1 at a nearly constant rate. This frequent and high-speed radial back-and-forth motion significantly hinders the movement of the molecular group along the positive X axis. This is like a Phalanx machine gun: although each shell is individual, when fired continuously at high speed, it forms a "barrage" that "intercepts" incoming missiles, aircraft, etc.

[0195] Next, we estimate the interception effect of radially moving molecules on molecules moving in the positive direction of the X axis: Figure 6 : Figure 6 yes Figure 1 Take any cross-section of unit 1 in the YOZ plane, viewed in the positive direction of the X-axis. Unit 1 can be made entirely of insulating material or composed of four pieces of material (see below for details). The figure shows this combination of four pieces: two insulating plates 14 and 15 are connected perpendicularly to conductive plates 2 and 3. Let's first consider the interception effect caused by a polar molecule 11 in pure radial motion, moving back and forth along the Z-axis in the YOZ plane and repeatedly colliding with the inner wall of unit 1. Assume that molecule 11 has a velocity of V and a diameter of D. Within one second, this molecule will traverse a potential interception surface in space with a width of D, a length of V, and an area of VD. Within one second, any molecule on this interception surface moving in the positive direction of the X-axis may be hit by it, intercepted, and redirected, no longer moving in the positive direction of the X-axis.

[0196] Because molecule 11 repeatedly collides with the tube wall in the radial direction of cell 1, the interception area is folded. Assuming the internal width of cell 1 at a certain point is D1, then this gas molecule 11 will move back and forth radially within cell 1 V / D1 times per second. In other words, molecule 11 will scan back and forth within cell 1 and intercept any molecule moving in the positive direction of the X-axis it encounters during this scan, causing the molecule to deviate from its original direction and no longer move in the positive direction of the X-axis.

[0197] Next, we can calculate the molecular velocity of N2 and O2 at a normal temperature of 20°C (=293K): the molar mass of N2 molecule μ1 = 2×14 = 28 g / mol = 0.028 kg / mol, when the temperature T = 293K. Substitute the average molecular velocity into Formula (3) is followed by formula (3a):

[0198] Note: In the formula, J = Nm = kg.m 2 / s 2

[0199] The diameter D of N2 molecule is generally 10 -10 m. One N2 molecule can form one VD=471×10 -10 (m 2 : square meters) = 4.71 × 10 -8 (m 2 ) interception area. 1 mol of gas has 6.023×10 23 N2 molecules. As mentioned above: 2 / 3 of the molecules move radially along the Y and Z axes. Then, among these N2 molecules, there are 6.023×10 23 ×(2 / 3)≈4.0×10 23 molecules, which can form an astonishing 4.0×10 23 ×4.71×10 -8 (m 2 )≈1.9×10 16 (m 2 )’s interception area!

[0200] The molar mass of O2 is μ2 = 2 × 16 = 32 g / mol = 0.032 kg / mol; the temperature is also T = 293 K. Substituting into equation (3) yields equation (3b):

[0201] Note: In the formula, J = N·m = kg·m 2 / s 2

[0202] The diameter of O2 molecule D is 10 -10 m, one O2 molecule can form one VD in 1 second = 440×10 -10 =4.40×10 -8 (m 2 ) interception area. Assuming that 2 / 3 of the molecules move radially along the Y and Z axes, we can see that 2 / 3 of the O2 molecules in 1 mol can form 4.0×10 23 ×4.40×10 -8 (m 2 )≈1.8×10 16 (m 2 )Amazing interception area per second!

[0203] Such a large-scale interception has a tremendous effect! Literature states that "due to extremely frequent collisions, the magnitude and direction of molecular velocity are constantly changing, making the migration of gas molecules along a given direction quite slow. Therefore, the rate of gas diffusion is much slower than the speed of gas molecular motion" (from "http: / / www.chinadmd.com / file / vtvvuwoxx3oi623s66wausoz_1.html: On Migration Phenomena in Gases"). This means that the rate of molecular motion along the positive X-axis is far lower than the rate of molecular motion itself!

[0204] In order to eliminate or at least significantly weaken this great interception effect on the positive movement of molecules along the X axis and further increase the air flow rate, it is necessary to Figure 1 The following is a review of the basic knowledge about the behavior of charged particles in magnetic fields:

[0205] Regarding the definition of "energy conservation and conversion": The same "Handbook of Fundamental Physics," p. 64, emphasizes that "when the form of motion of matter changes, the form of energy is simultaneously transferred. This transfer process is known as work or heat transfer." P. 68 emphasizes that "energy can neither be destroyed nor created, but various forms of energy can be converted into one another... For a system that does not exchange energy with the outside world (called a closed system), regardless of any changes occurring, various forms of energy can be converted into one another, but the total amount of energy is conserved, a constant. The law of conservation of energy is one of the most important and universal laws in physics, and it is a universal law observed throughout nature." It is particularly emphasized that these documents all emphasize that "various forms of energy can be converted into one another." Clearly, there is no, and cannot be, any restriction on the "forms" of conversion between various energies. Molecules have their own kinetic energy for both translational and rotational motion. Since there are no restrictions on the form of energy conversion, then "translational kinetic energy and rotational kinetic energy within molecules can be converted into one another."

[0206] Regarding the Lorentz force: The same book "Electromagnetism" (Volume 1) P324-325 says "Experiments have shown that the magnitude of the force F on a moving charged particle in a magnetic field is related to the particle's charge q, its velocity v, and the magnetic induction intensity B by formula (43) or (43a):

[0207] The size of is: F = |q|vB sinθ…(43a);

[0208] According to the definition of vector product, the direction of F is perpendicular to the plane formed by v and B. The direction of the force F on a charged particle is related to the sign of the charge. Figure 4-4 Figure 7 shows the direction of the force on a positive charge. For a negative charge, the force is in the opposite direction.

[0209] Regarding the question of whether the Lorentz force does work: The same book "Electromagnetism" (Volume 1) on pages 324-325 says: "The Lorentz force never does work on a particle. It only changes the direction of the particle's motion, not its velocity or kinetic energy."

[0210] Regarding the question of whether the Lorentz force changes the motion of charged particles: The same "Electromagnetism" Volume 1, pages 328-329, says, "Since the Lorentz force is always perpendicular to the velocity of the particle, it only changes the direction of the particle's motion but does not change its velocity v. Therefore, the particle performs uniform circular motion in the above-mentioned plane. ... The centripetal force that maintains the particle in circular motion here is the Lorentz force."

[0211] Regarding the conservation of energy and the transformation of motion modes in magnetic fields: The same book "Electromagnetism" Volume 1, pages 339-340, says, "Strong magnetic fields can greatly restrict the transverse transport processes of charged particles (such as diffusion and thermal conductivity). ... When a charged particle moves in a circular motion, it is equivalent to a small coil. ... Theoretically, it can be proved that in an inhomogeneous magnetic field with a relatively small gradient ... when a charged particle enters a relatively strong magnetic field from a relatively weak magnetic field region (B increases), its transverse kinetic energy (1 / 2) mv 2 ⊥ However, since the Lorentz force does not do work, the total kinetic energy of the charged particle is (1 / 2)mv 2 =(1 / 2)m(v 2 ⊥ +v 2 ∥ ) also remains unchanged. In this way, the longitudinal kinetic energy (1 / 2)mv 2 ∥ and longitudinal velocity v ∥ It will decrease. "It can be seen that: because the Lorentz force does not do work, the internal conversion of the charged particle's own energy in the magnetic field causes the change of kinetic energy and velocity in one direction, which will inevitably lead to a corresponding change of kinetic energy and velocity in another direction (as mentioned above, the longitudinal kinetic energy and longitudinal velocity decrease)!

[0212] Regarding the equilibrium conditions of parallel forces: The same "Basic Physics Handbook" p28 states that for an object to maintain equilibrium under the action of several parallel forces, two conditions must be met simultaneously: ① The resultant force of all external forces acting on the object is equal to zero. ② The algebraic sum of the torques of the various forces acting on the object, for any given axis of rotation, is equal to zero.

[0213] See below Figure 1 Effect of adding magnetic field in Unit 1: Figure 7 , Figure 7 is the view along the positive X-axis in the YOZ plane of unit 1. The ellipse is a Figure 3The same polar molecule 11 in the figure; 12 is the mass center of the molecule 11. "+" and "-" are the positive and negative charge centers of gravity in the molecule 11 respectively. d is the straight-line distance between the positive and negative charge centers of gravity; 13 is the radius l of the electric dipole moment from the negative charge center of gravity to the positive charge center of gravity, and the angle between the radius l and the positive direction of the Z axis is θ. The numerous "×"s represent the tails of the magnetic induction line vectors along the X axis. The arrow v on the left represents the velocity vector of the molecule 11 moving in the negative direction of the Z axis. The straight lines with arrows parallel to the Y axis represent the direction of the magnetic field. Figure 1 、 3 , 4, 5, and 6.

[0214] Let’s take a look first electric field Effect on molecule 11: Figure 7 It can be seen that the electric field E exerts an upward force F on the center of gravity of the positive charge. E+ , there is a downward force F on the center of gravity of the negative charge E- These two forces form a negative couple M that causes molecule 11 to rotate counterclockwise. E , that is, the arc arrow M in the figure E ; and the magnitude of this force couple has nothing to do with the molecular velocity. Let's look at the effect of the magnetic field: Figure 7 It can be seen that when molecule 11 moves in the negative direction of the Z axis, the centers of gravity of the positive and negative charges "+" and "-" in the molecule will be affected by the Lorentz force at the same time; and the initial velocities of the positive and negative charges are also equal to the initial velocity v of molecule 11. The magnetic induction intensity B is equal for the positive and negative charges in molecule 11; and the absolute values of the positive and negative charges in the molecule are also equal. Then, according to formula (43) or (43a), it can be seen that the absolute values of the Lorentz forces FB+ and FB- on the positive and negative charges are equal, parallel, and opposite, but they act on different straight lines; this forms a positive couple opposite to the negative couple of the electric field, which is the arc arrow M in the figure. B .

[0215] The above negative couple M E The magnitude of the electric field depends on the strength of the electric field E and the force F. E The force arm is dcosθ in the figure. Since the electric field E does not change in the Y direction, the electric field force on molecule 11 does not change during its rotation. However, the force arm dcosθ changes with the change of the angle θ; therefore, M E It also changes with the change of the angle θ: when θ=0, M E Maximum, when θ=±π / 2, M E = 0. Similarly, the couple M formed by the magnetic field B Also with the force arm F B- to F B+ The cosine of length d, dcosθ, changes: When θ = 0, M BMaximum, when θ=±π / 2, M B =0.

[0216] Although the electric field couple is independent of the molecular velocity, the magnetic field couple M B It is related to the velocity of the molecule: According to formula (43) or (43a), the Lorentz force is related to the charge q, the velocity v of the molecule 11, and the magnetic induction intensity B. The charge q is constant for a specific molecule 11, but B and v are variable. See formula (1) and Maxwell's velocity distribution law Figure 8 :In the figure, v is the velocity of the gas molecules, and the curve f(v) is the functional relationship between the velocity v, the molecular mass m, and the absolute temperature T. The velocity v is extended from 0 to ∞. Now assume that B remains unchanged. According to the above rotation theorem, "the angular acceleration of a rigid body is proportional to the total external torque it receives": when the velocity v is greater than a certain threshold v u When , the Lorentz force expressed by equation (43) or (43a) will reach a certain threshold, resulting in the force couple |M formed by the magnetic field B |>Couple formed by electric field|M E |, that is, M B -M E =M B-E > 0. Then, molecule 11 must be in the resultant couple M formed by the resultant external torque. B-E Under the action of , it rotates clockwise. B -M E = 0, that is, when the positive and negative couples cancel each other out, the molecule 11 does not rotate; however, very few molecules meet this condition. u That is M B -M E When <0, M B-E <0; molecule 11 will be in this resultant couple M B-E Under the action of , it rotates counterclockwise. B-E >0 Molecular motion:

[0217] Although the resultant couple M B-E > 0, but this resultant couple can only make molecule 11 rotate around its own center of mass 12, but cannot change the direction of 11's translational velocity v. So: no matter how molecule 11 rotates, the directions of v and B remain unchanged. According to equation (43) or (43a), the Lorentz force F on the center of gravity of the positive and negative charges is: B+ and F B- The direction parallel to the Y axis will always remain unchanged. And since the electric field strength E in the Y and Z directions has no gradient change, the direction of the initial velocity v of the molecule 11 will not change due to the influence of the electric field force. Once the molecule 11 rotates, it will have rotational kinetic energy E. 转动 , that is, formula (10).

[0218] Figure 7 Shown in: In the resultant couple M B-E Under the action of , molecule 11 will rotate clockwise. Since the force arm = dcosθ; once 11 rotates, the angle θ, the force arm and the couple will change with the cosine of θ. Assuming that θ = 0 at the beginning, the resultant couple M B-E Because cos0=1 takes the maximum value; but at this moment 11 has not started to rotate, so the angular velocity ω0=0. When 11 rotates clockwise to the fourth quadrant and then to θ=-π / 2, M B-E Because cos(θ -π / 2 )=0 and =0 (when θ=-π / 2, the couples generated by the electric field and magnetic field are both =0), but the angular velocity ω at this moment is due to the resultant couple M in the process of θ rotating clockwise from 0 B-E The continuous work reaches the maximum value ω max . Required to obtain M B-E The work done on 11 during this rotation can be integrated. However, according to the law of conservation of energy and the statement in the same "Basic Physics Handbook" on page 89 that "the work done by the torque on a rigid body is equal to the increment of the rigid body's rotational kinetic energy", then the couple M during this rotation is B-E The work done on molecule 11 is equal to the increment of the rotational kinetic energy of molecule 11, that is, formula (44):

[0219]

[0220] See also Figure 7 :Once the molecule 11 rotates to θ=-π / 2, it will continue to rotate clockwise due to inertia and enter the third quadrant. At this time, the electric field couple M E It turns clockwise, and the magnetic field couple M B But it turns counterclockwise. E and M B They are all proportional to cosθ, and they all change synchronously between the maximum value and 0 as θ and dcosθ change. As long as the velocity of molecule 11 is |v|>|v u |Leads to|M B |>|M E |, then, there must be M B -M E =M B-E <0; that is, the resultant couple M B-E It immediately changes from 0 to a negative couple that causes molecule 11 to rotate counterclockwise; thus, molecule 11 has an angular acceleration of -β in the counterclockwise direction. Even when molecule 11 rotates clockwise to the third or even the second quadrant due to inertia, cosθ is always less than 0. Therefore, no matter how much rotational kinetic energy 11 obtains in the previous clockwise rotation, there is a sufficient angular range for it to be constantly affected by M. B-E The effect until ω changes from ω maxReduced to ω=0. And when ω changes from ω max In the process of decreasing to ω=0, the negative couple M B-E It will overcome the rotational kinetic energy of molecule 11 shown in equation (44) and do negative work on it. When the rotation causes ω to be equal to 0 again, molecule 11 immediately moves to M B-E Under the action of the force, it rotates counterclockwise and gradually gains new rotational kinetic energy in this direction of rotation.

[0221] When the molecule 11 rotates counterclockwise from the third or even the second quadrant back to θ = -π / 2, its rotational kinetic energy reaches its maximum value. At this time, the molecule 11 will continue to rotate counterclockwise back to the fourth quadrant due to inertia and will immediately be subjected to the resultant force M greater than 0 again. B-E The effect of the rotation of molecule 11 is that it obtains an angular acceleration β in the positive direction. In the process of molecule 11 rotating counterclockwise to the fourth or even the first quadrant due to inertia, cosθ is always greater than 0. Until its angular velocity ω changes from ω max Gradually decrease to ω=0. max As ω decreases to 0, the resultant couple MB-E again overcomes the rotational kinetic energy gained by molecule 11 during its previous rotation, performing negative work on molecule 11. When ω returns to 0, molecule 11 immediately switches to clockwise rotation, gaining rotational kinetic energy in this direction... and this cycle repeats.

[0222] It can be seen that θ=±π / 2 is an equilibrium point. At this point, the magnetic field couple and electric field couple of positive and negative charges are both 0. Once this point is passed, the resultant couple M B-E ≠ 0. In short, the resultant couple M in this process B-E is a variable; it always causes molecule 11 to rotate toward this equilibrium point. This conforms to the aforementioned law of torsion pendulum motion: "angular acceleration is proportional to angular displacement and in opposite directions."

[0223] Looking deeper, the distance d between the positive and negative charges in molecule 11 is proportional to the electric field strength E, but because the molecule rotates very fast, the distance d can be approximated as a constant. Even if d is not a constant, it is the same and equal for the electric field and the magnetic field. Even if the distance d and dcosθ change, the electric and magnetic field couples they cause will increase or decrease synchronously. So, the above statement about |M B |>|M E |i.e. M B -M E = MB-E >0 or the opposite result still exists.

[0224] In the above rotation processes, the couple M B-ESometimes the molecule 11 is accelerated, sometimes it is decelerated. In these processes, there must be an energy conversion process that inputs new rotational kinetic energy to the molecule 11 or overcomes the old rotational kinetic energy of 11 and simultaneously generates new rotational kinetic energy. However, during these rotation processes, the couple of the electric field has been completely offset by the opposite couple of the magnetic field and does not do work on the molecule 11. Then, the couple M B-E The value of depends entirely on the remaining magnetic induction intensity after the magnetic field and the electric field are subtracted. However, since the Lorentz force never does work on the charge in molecule 11, the energy input from the outside is 0. According to the law of conservation of energy and the conversion of energy conservation and motion mode in the magnetic field, it can be seen that all the above-mentioned rotational kinetic energy required for the rotation of molecule 11 can only be converted from other forms of energy of molecule 11 itself. Since molecule 11 has only one translational motion and the translational kinetic energy corresponding to this translation, the rotational kinetic energy required for this rotation can only come from the translational kinetic energy of 11, that is, formula (45):

[0225]

[0226] In equation (45), the first two constants, 1 / 2 and m, are constants (since the molecular velocity is far less than the speed of light, the change in molecular mass m due to relativity need not be considered); only the velocity v is a variable. Thus, while the direction of the translational velocity v of molecule 11 does not change, its magnitude, i.e., the velocity |v|, decreases because some of its translational kinetic energy is converted into rotational kinetic energy!

[0227] Figure 8 is Maxwell's molecular velocity distribution law: the horizontal axis in the figure is the molecular velocity v, and the vertical axis is the ratio function f(v) of the number of molecules distributed in the unit velocity interval near the velocity v to the total number of molecules; v p is the most probable rate, v u Same as above.

[0228] As long as the translational velocity |v|>|v u |, the molecule 11 will inevitably be subjected to a resultant force M greater than 0, which is the result of the Lorentz force and the electric field force. B-E The action of molecule 11 causes the molecule 11 to perform a torsional motion and continuously consumes its translational kinetic energy. Until |v|=|v u |When the resultant couple M B-E =0. At this point, the translational kinetic energy of molecule 11 drops to a fixed translational critical value E 平动临界值 , which is formula (46):

[0229]

[0230] It can be seen that the resultant force M of the electric field and magnetic field is B-E It has a selecting and filtering effect on the rate of molecules.

[0231] See also Figure 9 [To study new problems, Figure 9 Lieutenant General and Figure 7 The same main Lorentz force and other lines are removed, but the main Lorentz force and its various effects still exist]: Once the initial motion is translational molecule 11 and the positive and negative charges in it move at the same speed v, v + 、v - When moving in the negative direction of Z axis, the resultant force M B-E Under the action, the molecule 11 rotates clockwise. Once 11 rotates, the positive and negative charge centers of gravity will generate a tangential velocity vB+T and vB-T due to the rotation, thus generating two new sub-Lorentz forces F in the same direction. B+T and F B-T The two sub-Lorentz forces are both on the same straight line with the center of mass 12. Moreover, the directions of the two forces change as the direction of rotation of molecule 11 changes due to the torsion of molecule 11. Then, the synthesis of the two sub-Lorentz forces will inevitably push the center of mass 12 of molecule 11 to move along a curve. According to the principle of independence of motion: molecule 11 produces two kinds of motions simultaneously in the electric field and magnetic field: one is the direction of v unchanged due to Figure 7 The first is the torsional pendulum motion caused by the primary Lorentz force, which is demonstrated in detail in the paper. The second is the additional curvilinear motion caused by the secondary Lorentz force whose direction is constantly changing in the molecule. The "Basic Physics Handbook" on page 81 says that any complex motion of a rigid body is a combination of translation and rotation; since molecules can be regarded as rigid bodies, then no matter how complex the motion curve of molecule 11 caused by the secondary Lorentz force is, it is a combination of translation and rotation. Both translation and rotation require kinetic energy, and the curvilinear motion caused by the secondary Lorentz force is ultimately still a resultant force couple M. B-E Also, since the Lorentz force does no work, this additional curvilinear motion will inevitably further consume the original translational kinetic energy of molecule 11, causing the original translational kinetic energy of molecule 11 and the velocity of 11 to further decay.

[0232] Figure 10 As shown: If the initial translational velocity v of molecule 11 is along the positive direction of the Z axis, then in the first quadrant, the Lorentz force F on the positive and negative charges in molecule 11 is B+ and F B- F E+ and F E-The resultant couples of the electric and magnetic fields are both counterclockwise, causing molecule 11 to undergo a new counterclockwise rotation. However, once molecule 11 rotates counterclockwise to the second quadrant, the direction of the resultant couples of the electric and magnetic fields becomes clockwise. This resultant couple overcomes the rotational energy 11 gained in the first quadrant, causing 11 to rotate clockwise back to an angle of θ = π / 2, and then back to the first quadrant. Once 11 returns to the first quadrant, it is again subjected to the counterclockwise resultant couple of the electric and magnetic fields, causing 11 to undergo a new counterclockwise rotation. Once 11 rotates to the second quadrant, the clockwise resultant couple overcomes the rotational energy 11 gained in the first quadrant, causing 11 to return to an angle of θ = π / 2. During these processes, molecule 11 alternately gains and loses rotational energy, repeating this cycle. During these swinging processes, the rotation of molecule 11 will never be converted into the molecular translational kinetic energy for no reason. Therefore, the initial translational velocity v of molecule 11 will not change.

[0233] According to Figure 6 Display: When molecule 11 moves along the Z axis in cell 1, it will collide with the inner wall of cell 1. Once the collision occurs, it will be ejected back at the same speed, causing its velocity direction to become the negative direction along the Z axis. You can estimate the time it takes to change from positive motion along the Z axis to negative motion: Assume Figure 6 The distance between 14 and 15 is 0.02 meters. Suppose there is an N2 molecule moving toward the right of cell 1, 0.01 meters from the center of cell 1. The average velocity v of the N2 molecule is 471 meters per second as mentioned above. Then, the time t required for this molecule to move from the center of cell 1 to the right and hit the wall is the ratio of distance to velocity: t = s / v = 0.01 meters / 471 meters per second ≈ 2.12 × 10 -5 [Seconds]: In such a short time, molecule 11 turns around and moves along the negative direction of Z axis. Once 11 moves along the negative direction of Z axis, it is immediately affected by the combined effect of the electric field and magnetic field, producing the same Figure 7 and Figure 9 The same motion in the same direction gradually loses its translational kinetic energy until v = v u In summary: most of the translational kinetic energy of all molecules moving in the positive and negative directions along the Z axis will be consumed by the electric field and the magnetic field.

[0234] If the energy of the few molecules that originally moved in the negative direction of the Z axis has not been completely consumed in the translation process, that is, its speed is still greater than v u Then, when it collides with the inner wall 14 of unit 1, it is rebounded and becomes a translation along the positive direction of the Z axis. So, similar to the above discussion, it will inevitably rebound again after colliding with the inner wall 15 and translate along the negative direction of the Z axis, and be affected by M again.B-E The effect of this is to consume its translational kinetic energy again, and this cycle repeats until its velocity is less than v u .

[0235] Let's look at the molecules moving in the positive and negative directions along the Y axis: Figure 11 :Its layout and Figure 7 Similarly, assuming that molecule 11 moves in the negative direction of the Y axis, according to the direction of the main Locsberg force in the magnetic field, a force F parallel to the Z axis is generated on the positive and negative charge centers of molecule 11. B+ and F B- , they form a couple that causes molecule 11 to rotate clockwise, namely M in the figure B , and the force F generated by the electric field on the positive and negative charge centers of molecule 11 E+ and F E- The couple formed is still a negative couple M E . So with the Figure 7 The discussion of the rotation of molecule 11 is similar: once the resultant of these two couples M B-E > 0, it will cause the molecule 11 to rotate clockwise around its center of mass 12. Obviously, in this process, the rate v also has a threshold v u , when v≥v u When M B-E The translational kinetic energy of molecule 11 will be consumed during the molecular rotation process until its velocity v≤v u until.

[0236] The principle that the secondary Locchantz force generated in this process causes the additional curvilinear motion of the molecule 11 and consumes the translational kinetic energy of the molecule 11 in this additional curvilinear motion is similar to that for Figure 7 and Figure 9 The same is true for molecule 11.

[0237] Similarly, if the direction of the initial translational velocity v of molecule 11 is along the positive direction of the Y axis, Figure 10 The discussion is similar to the following: molecule 11 gains new rotational kinetic energy and loses it again, repeating this cycle. It will not change its translational kinetic energy. Figure 7 、 Figure 10 The discussion of molecule 11 is similar: after molecule 11 moves along the positive direction of the Y axis in cell 1, it will collide with the inner wall 3 of cell 1 and bounce back to move along the negative direction of the Y axis. Then, its following movement and the process of consuming its translational kinetic energy in this movement are similar to Figure 7 、 Figure 10 The same as in.

[0238] In summary, no matter whether the molecule 11 moves in the positive or negative direction along the Y axis or the Z axis, it will continue to consume its translational kinetic energy under the combined action of the electric field and the magnetic field until its velocity v≤v u until.

[0239] Since the consumption of the translational kinetic energy of molecule 11 is based on the fact that the couple generated by the magnetic field is greater than the couple generated by the electric field, that is, |M B |>|M E |On this basis. Figure 1 The electric field in the X-axis gradually increases as the X-axis moves forward; in order to keep |M B |>|M E |; The magnetic induction intensity B in the magnetic field must also gradually increase as the X axis moves forward. This is the above Figure 1 The first reason why "the magnetic induction intensity gradually increases along the positive direction of the X-axis".

[0240] It must be emphasized that since the direction of the magnetic induction lines is parallel to the X-axis, according to the definition of the vector product in the same book "Electromagnetism" and equations (43) and (43a), when the angle = 0, the sine value also = 0. Therefore, all molecules that are pushed by the gradient electric field and move in the positive direction of the X-axis, and all molecules that are initially moving in the positive and negative directions of the X-axis, will not be affected by the Lorentz force. Instead, they will maintain their original velocity and move in the X-axis. It can be seen that the magnetic field has a directional selection function for all molecules that move in the X-axis.

[0241] Figure 8 is Maxwell's molecular velocity distribution law: / (v) is the original curve in the figure. The addition of the electromagnetic field causes the velocity v of all radially moving molecules to decrease and converge to 0 to v u After that, there are no molecules in the interval of v≥vx. The original curve f(v) also changes to the interval represented by the vertical rectangle on the left. Then estimate the interception area of these molecules for the molecules moving in the positive direction of the X axis: As mentioned above: a diameter D of 10 -10 m N2 molecules can form a VD of about 4.71×10 -8 m 2 The interception area. Assuming that there are electric and magnetic fields, they converge to 0 to v≤v u The average velocity of the molecules in the interval is 0.5v u Then, the interception area formed by an N2 molecule changes from VD to 0.5v u D. Assume that the speed of N2 molecules decreases from the average speed of 471m / s to v u =100, 50 and 10m / s; then, 0.5v u They are 50, 25 and 5m / s respectively. So 0.5v uD is 5.0×10 -9 , 2.5×10 -9 and 5.0×10 -10 m 2 The interception area is only 4.71×10 -8 m 2 The interception area is approximately 0.11, 0.053, and 0.011 of the original interception area! The same estimate also shows a reduction in interception area for O2 molecules. In summary: with the addition of a magnetic field, the interception area and interception effect of radially moving molecules on molecules moving in the positive direction of the X-axis will inevitably decrease significantly! The rate of molecular movement in the positive direction of the X-axis will also increase significantly! Obviously, to enhance this effect, in addition to the aforementioned increase in the positive gradient of magnetic induction intensity along the X-axis, the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field must be increased as much as possible.

[0242] Because the radial motion of molecules is suppressed, their ability to prevent positive X-axis motion is significantly reduced. Simultaneously, the rate of positive X-axis motion of the molecular group is significantly increased. This effect is referred to as "suppressing radial motion while liberating axial motion rather than suppressing it" (hereinafter referred to as "suppressing radial motion and liberating axial motion").

[0243] Regarding molecular rotation: According to the aforementioned kinetic molecular theory, molecules also experience rotational activity, and these rotations also contain internal energy. However, since the electric field in unit 1 is directed along the Y-axis, any molecule whose electric dipole moment p is not parallel to the Y-axis and that is rotating will be affected by the electric field couple and will ultimately rotate in a direction where p is parallel or substantially parallel to the electric field lines. Furthermore, in-situ molecular rotation will not intercept the group of molecules moving in the positive direction of the X-axis, so this type of motion need not be considered excessively.

[0244] Regarding molecular vibrations: According to the aforementioned kinetic molecular theory, molecules also experience their own vibrations, and these vibrations also contain internal energy. However, pure molecular vibrations cannot lead to translational motion or rotational motion in any direction. Furthermore, these vibrations will not intercept molecular groups moving in the positive X-axis direction. Therefore, there is no need to consider molecular vibrations as a significant factor.

[0245] See also Figure 12 : Figure 12 yes Figure 1 A partial zoom of the electric and magnetic fields: the magnetic induction lines are along the X-axis, and the electric lines are along the Y-axis. There is a molecule 11 in the figure, and the dashed line 16 is the initial velocity vector v of 11, with an angle a between v and the X-axis. Decompose v into two component velocities parallel to the X and Y axes, v = X and v Y According to the principle of motion independence: v X It is not affected by the magnetic field and keeps its direction unchanged; while vY It will be suppressed by the magnetic field and quickly decay to 0. Y Weakened and v X If the value of molecule 11 is constant, then the actual trajectory of molecule 11 is a curve 17 that gradually bends toward the X-axis and eventually becomes parallel to the X-axis.

[0246] Although the gradient electric field pushes all molecules to have a forward motion in the X-axis direction. However, if a coordinate system is set up in the gas ejected from the basic unit to follow the forward motion of the molecules, according to Maxwell's velocity distribution law and molecular kinetic theory, it can be known that: in this coordinate system, the molecular velocity in the X-axis direction still has a difference between 0 and ∞. This will inevitably lead to front and back collisions between molecules with different speeds. If this collision is a centripetal collision, the two will still move along the X-axis after the collision. But if it is a non-centripetal collision, it will inevitably lead to the two molecules after the collision to newly generate motion along the Y or Z axis. Once the direction of the molecular velocity vector changes again, there will inevitably be a component velocity v along the Y axis. Y ; But this v Y It will be suppressed by the magnetic field again and rapidly decay to the minimum value; thus returning to the direction parallel to the X axis. Figure 12 Replace the Y-axis in the equation with the Z-axis; then, when molecule 11 initially moves nonparallel to the X-axis, it will, under the influence of the magnetic field, gradually turn to a direction parallel to the X-axis and forward motion. Thus, the magnetic field not only quickly deflects all radial motion trajectories of molecule 11 toward the X-axis, but also keeps its trajectory consistently along the X-axis. Clearly, the behavior of molecule 11 is universal: any polar molecule moving radially with an initial velocity v nonparallel to the X-axis will behave identically or similarly to molecule 11 in a magnetic field.

[0247] To sum up: the magnetic field not only has the effect of "suppressing radial movement and liberating axial movement" on polar molecules; it can also make all polar molecules always maintain only axial movement with almost no radial movement; so the latter effect is simply referred to as "maintaining axial direction"!

[0248] Experiments conducted by many universities have proven without exception that "magnetic fields have a significant positive effect on the directional transmission of burning flames and airflow." In "Experimental Study on the Effect of Magnetic Fields on Flame Propagation in Gas Explosions" at http: / / www.doc88.com / p-4042295246073.html, the experiment on "the important effect of magnetic fields on the flame propagation law in gas explosions" and the analysis of the experimental results are reported. "The effect of the external magnetic field on the flame propagation speed of gas explosions is significant... (1) The magnetic field has a great influence on the flame propagation speed of gas explosions... When the magnetic field is added, the flame propagation speed and the peak value of the flame speed of the gas explosion are greatly improved... The greater the magnetic field intensity, the stronger the effect on the flame propagation speed of the gas explosion, and the higher the peak value of the flame speed. http: / / www.docin.com / p-1300787062.html "The Effect of Magnetic Fields on Gas Explosions and Their Propagation" says "(1) The external magnetic field can increase the gas explosion intensity and flame propagation speed, (2) As the magnetic field intensity increases, the effect of the magnetic field on the gas explosion increases."

[0249] http: / / ishare.iask.sina.com.cn / f / 34Iq3nj0OVB.html "Effect of Magnetic Field on Diffusion Flame Characteristics," Wang Qing'an (State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026) stated that through research on the effects of magnetic fields on diffusion flame characteristics, it was found that magnetic fields can alter the combustion characteristics of flames, increasing flame temperature while decreasing flame height. ...This experiment strongly demonstrates the existence of the magnetic field's "radial suppression" effect! In the experiment, the magnetic field was perpendicular to the direction of flame rise. Without a magnetic field, the gas molecules in the flame normally extend upward. However, with the presence of a magnetic field, the radial direction (as shown in the figure) corresponds to the direction of flame rise. The applied magnetic field suppresses the movement of gas molecules in the radial direction of the flame, resulting in a decrease in flame height. Temperature is a macroscopic manifestation of the average translational kinetic energy of molecules. "The flame temperatures in the figure all refer to the temperature at the flame tip." This upward direction of the flame is the axial direction. As the magnetic field intensity increases, the flame tip temperature also increases. Microscopically, this means that the overall molecular motion speed in the axial direction increases, leading to a macroscopic statistical increase in temperature. This experiment also strongly demonstrates the existence of the "axial liberation" effect of the present invention! …The above experiments have unequivocally demonstrated the positive and indisputable effect of magnetic fields on the directional transport of combustion flames and airflow! Flames are primarily composed of high-temperature, high-pressure gas molecules. As long as these molecules remain ionized, their difference from the gas molecules at room temperature and pressure described in this invention is only in the amount of thermal motion, not in essence. Therefore, magnetic fields will undoubtedly have the aforementioned positive effects on high-speed gas molecules at room temperature and pressure.

[0250] It must be emphasized that first: Figure 1Unit 1 in the structure undergoes a material exchange of gas molecules with the outside world: under the combined action of the electric and magnetic fields, the gas molecules in unit 1 transform from their original thermal motion into a macroscopically directional airflow, which is then discharged through one-way valve 10. Simultaneously, the negative pressure within unit 1 forces external gas to break through one-way valve 9 and enter unit 1, forming a continuous flow of air. Because the supply of external atmosphere is unlimited, unit 1 fully complies with the law of conservation of matter.

[0251] Regarding the energy and energy supply in this invention: Since atmospheric gas molecules are constantly in thermal motion, this energy cannot be converted into macroscopic airflow and thus cannot be utilized. However, once gas enters unit 1, forming an airflow, and this airflow performs work on the machine tools described in the following technical objectives (see below for details), the energy and temperature of the exhaust airflow decrease. Once this cold air is discharged into the atmosphere, it will inevitably collide with the warmer surrounding gas molecules and be heated by other heat sources such as sunlight, transferring energy to the cold air, rapidly restoring its energy and temperature to the same level as the surrounding air. This is similar to how, if a depression appears on the surface of a body of water, the surrounding water will inevitably flow in to replenish it and restore the water level. From a spatial perspective, unit 1 utilizes the unlimited internal energy of atmospheric gas molecules as its own continuous energy supply. From a temporal perspective, the expected time for the atmosphere to be heated by sunlight and other sources is equivalent to the expected lifetime of the sun, which is 4.5 to 5 billion years. In short, both from a spatial and temporal perspective, the energy source of unit 1 in the device of this invention is virtually inexhaustible. The first type of perpetual motion machine violates the first law of thermodynamics, i.e., the law of conservation of energy. However, the unit 1 of the present invention is by no means a perpetual motion machine. It fully complies with the first law of thermodynamics.

[0252] The heat pump described above consumes relatively little electricity itself, yet it can transfer heat energy four to seven times greater than its own energy requirements from a low-temperature object to a high-temperature object. The heat pump extracts an additional amount of heat from the high-temperature heat source: Q1 - AL = Q0 kcal / h. This heat is obtained from the low-temperature heat source. This heat conversion conforms to the first law of thermodynamics. Clearly, there is precedent for extracting multiple times the amount of heat from a low-temperature heat source with relatively little energy! Furthermore, this article rigorously demonstrates, drawing on numerous references, that unit 1 of the present invention can extract hundreds or even thousands of times more energy from the atmosphere with only a minimal energy consumption! This also complies with the law of conservation of energy.

[0253] Another analogy is that a water turbine utilizes the potential energy of water in a dam, which is much larger than the turbine itself, to generate its own rotational kinetic energy. This water is virtually inexhaustible relative to the turbine. As long as there is a sufficient height difference in the water within the dam, the turbine can operate continuously, outputting rotational kinetic energy and generating electricity. This is also like a jet engine, whose working fluid originates from the atmosphere and is ultimately discharged back into the atmosphere, forming an open cycle. Unit 1 in the present invention also utilizes an open cycle: it utilizes an inexhaustible supply of air from the atmosphere, and therefore can operate continuously. Similar to these systems, it also conforms to the law of conservation of energy.

[0254] The second law of thermodynamics states that "a perpetual motion machine of the second type (efficiency η = 100%) that absorbs heat from a single heat source and converts it entirely into useful work (without violating the first law of thermodynamics) without releasing heat externally is impossible." The aforementioned turbine cannot convert 100% of the water's kinetic energy into its own rotational kinetic energy. This is because friction losses, such as in the turbine's bearings, are inevitable during the energy conversion process. Furthermore, when the turbine drives a generator to generate electricity, it is also impossible for 100% of its kinetic energy to be converted into electrical energy for the generator. Similarly, unit 1 of the present invention can convert atmospheric energy into macroscopic airflow, which can then be used to generate work directly or through a turbine to drive various machine tools (see below for details). However, first, while the gas temperature drops during work (see below for details), the gas temperature T cannot drop to absolute zero (which does not violate the third law of thermodynamics). Second, the above assumes that unit 1 can only utilize 1%, 5%, or 10% of the energy in a given volume of gas. Therefore, it is impossible for the energy in the gas to be converted into 100% useful work. Third, when the airflow passes through the two unidirectional thresholds in unit 1, friction—energy loss—is inevitable. Fourth, the electric field in unit 1 of the present invention performs work on gas molecules, requiring electrical energy; generating and maintaining the magnetic field (if a strong magnetic field is formed using an energized coil) also requires electrical energy. Fifth, when the airflow in unit 1 passes through the turbine to drive various machine tools to perform work, the energy utilization rate of the airflow cannot be 100%, and there will always be some loss. In short, the energy utilization efficiency of unit 1 cannot be 100%. Therefore, it does not violate the second law of thermodynamics!

[0255] The same "Atomic Physics" P58 says that a magnet with a magnetic moment ψ will be subjected to a force f in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, formula (47):

[0256]

[0257] In formula (47), ψ Xis the component of the magnetic moment in the X-axis direction of the magnetic field; dB / dX is the gradient of the change in magnetic induction intensity along the direction of the magnetic field, and δ is the angle between the magnetic moment and the direction of the magnetic field. When δ is less than 90°, the force f is in the direction of B. The same book P191 says: "Any atom or molecule with a total magnetic moment equal to zero exhibits diamagnetic properties; atoms or molecules with a total magnetic moment not equal to zero exhibit paramagnetism... The substance composed of molecules is determined by the total magnetic moment of the molecules." The same book P196 says: "Experiments have shown that nitrogen is diamagnetic and oxygen is paramagnetic." It can be seen that O2 molecules with a total magnetic moment ≠ 0 will receive a push in the direction of increasing magnetic field gradient in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. Therefore, Figure 1 The gradient magnetic field energy initiative The O2 molecules with a total magnetic moment ≠ 0 are pushed toward the positive direction of the X-axis. These O2 molecules will inevitably collide with N2 and other diamagnetic molecules, further accelerating the overall movement of the molecules toward the positive direction of the X-axis! This is the second positive effect of the gradient magnetic field.

[0258] In short, under the combined action of the electric and magnetic fields, the gas in unit 1 will be continuously discharged in the positive direction of the X-axis, and the outside atmosphere will also continuously replenish it, forming a continuous macroscopic airflow. Thus, the first technical goal is achieved.

[0259] The following discusses again the role of electric and magnetic fields in Unit 1 and how to use them to accelerate the macroscopic flow rate of airflow: The role of the electric field is, first, to polarize the non-polar N2 and O2 molecules in the atmosphere into polar molecules, that is, electric dipoles; second, to arrange these electric dipoles relatively neatly along the direction of the electric field; third, the gradient electric field can promote the macroscopic flow of molecular groups in the desired direction based on the first two; fourth, in the process of eliminating the negative radial motion of molecules, the electric field plays a role in assisting the magnetic field.

[0260] The functions of the magnetic field are to suppress radial force, liberate axial force, and maintain axial force. As has been shown above, the stronger the magnetic induction intensity B, the stronger these three functions are. The stronger these functions are, the more the airflow velocity will increase indirectly. In addition, the gradient magnetic field directly promotes the O2 molecules and the axial cross section of unit 1 continues to shrink, which leads to the increase in airflow velocity. Thousands of times The combined effect of these nine factors will inevitably form a high-speed macroscopic airflow. If the inhalation of oxygen-rich air (see below for details) is added, these ten positive factors will inevitably lead to unit 1 being able to eject airflow at speeds of tens of thousands of meters per second or even higher!

[0261] Due to the intensity of the electric and magnetic fields and their gradients, the axial cross-sectional area of unit 1 can be adjusted and coordinated with the two fields to accelerate the gas molecules; then, the flow rate of the airflow will be able to be adjusted to the highest speed that unit 1 can reach.

[0262] The following will Figure 1Unit 1 in the diagram is called the basic unit. To increase the airflow velocity and flow rate output by the unit, the voltage between electrode plates 2 and 3 must be increased, but this voltage cannot be increased indefinitely. To generate a strong magnetic field, the current in the coil must also be increased. However, this current cannot be increased indefinitely either. Therefore, the maximum flow rate and flow rate that each basic unit can output are limited.

[0263] As mentioned above, if a coordinate system is established within the airflow ejected from a basic unit to track the forward motion of the molecules, Maxwell's velocity distribution law and kinetic molecular theory indicate that within this coordinate system, the molecular velocities along the X-axis will still vary between 0 and ∞. This will inevitably lead to collisions between molecules of varying velocities. Especially if the collisions are non-central, these collisions will inevitably result in new motions along the Y or Z axis for the two molecules. Since the magnetic field is no longer present in the ejected airflow, these Y or Z-axis motions will again intercept the motion of other molecules along the X axis, causing a decrease in the molecular population velocity. To address this issue of a decrease in the velocity of the airflow being ejected from a basic unit, a similar basic unit is connected in series after each unit. When the airflow from the first basic unit enters the second basic unit at a macroscopic velocity v1, all gas molecules within it will again be affected by the electric and magnetic fields, particularly the axial-maintaining effect of the magnetic field. Consequently, the second airflow velocity v2 will be greater than v1. This series connection is infinite, and the airflow from the last basic unit will inevitably reach an extremely high velocity! The second method is to connect multiple basic units in parallel: by connecting multiple basic units in parallel, the gas flow rate output by the parallel connections will be proportional to the number of individual basic units. The third method is to connect multiple basic units in series and parallel: by connecting multiple basic units in series and parallel, a series-parallel connection of multiple basic units is formed. This not only increases the speed of the output airflow, but also the total flow rate. Since the number of units connected in series and parallel is infinite, the flow rate and flow rate of the airflow they output are also infinite! These three combinations are referred to below as series combinations, parallel combinations, series-parallel combinations, or multi-unit combinations (or simply combinations).

[0264] The second objective of the present invention is achieved by using the directional airflow generated by the multi-unit assembly to drive a turbine with a multi-stage rotor. The rotating turbine shaft outputs mechanical torque directly or through a speed change mechanism to drive other machinery. Simultaneously, the energy lost by the gas in the turbine as it performs work causes the gas temperature to drop, leading to condensation. This allows the collection of water vapor, various greenhouse gases, and rare gases, while simultaneously eliminating various pathogens and viruses and filtering out all dust and other pollutants to purify the air. This forms the mainstream device of the present invention.

[0265] The third objective of the present invention is achieved by using the mechanical torque output by the main flow device described in objective two to directly or through a speed change mechanism drive various vehicles, trains, engineering and agricultural machinery, tanks and armored vehicles, ships, gas compressors, and any other fixed and / or mobile machine tools capable of being driven by mechanical torque, enabling them to operate continuously. In particular, this can be used to drive various generators (sets) to provide power, thereby enabling all types of industrial, agricultural, and household appliances to operate without requiring access to the power grid and independent of fixed power sources.

[0266] The fourth objective of the present invention is achieved by using a multi-unit assembly to eject a macroscopic, high-speed airflow backward from the upper portion of the aircraft body, creating a pressure differential that causes the aircraft to rise. Simultaneously, this airflow also generates a forward thrust, causing the entire aircraft to both rise vertically and move forward. This allows the aircraft to take off from a stationary position without the need for forward taxiing or a runway.

[0267] The fifth object of the present invention is achieved by arranging a plurality of multi-unit assemblies around the helicopter; utilizing the airflow ejected by the multi-unit assemblies to make the helicopter rise, move forward, move backward, hover, lift and even perform various complex aerial maneuvers.

[0268] The sixth objective of the present invention is achieved by injecting the high-speed airflow output by the multi-unit assembly into the air inlet of a ramjet, scramjet, pulse detonation, turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, turboshaft, or gas turbine engine, which simultaneously injects fuel into the nozzle, ignites it, and then burns it, releasing the fuel. The airflow output by the assembly can also be injected into a wind tunnel for operation.

[0269] The seventh objective of the present invention is achieved by using a multi-unit assembly to replace or assist conventional rocket engines in the forward propulsion of rockets and flight backpacks that fly entirely within the atmosphere. Furthermore, the multi-unit assembly replaces the first stage of a rocket in launch vehicles for intercontinental ballistic missiles and / or satellites. When the entire rocket reaches tens of kilometers in the thin atmosphere, it is separated from the upper rocket. The second stage of the conventional rocket is then ignited, allowing the rocket to continue its ascent through the thin atmosphere.

[0270] The eighth objective of the present invention is achieved by eliminating the engine and wheels of the vehicle and replacing all functions of the engine and wheels with functions such as suspension, driving, braking, reversing, and turning generated by the airflow output by the multi-unit assembly.

[0271] The ninth object of the present invention is achieved by eliminating various engines and wheels of the train and using the airflow output by a plurality of assemblies that can spray air downward and inside the track and forward and backward to produce functions such as suspension, guidance, driving, braking, and reversing for travel.

[0272] The tenth object of the present invention is achieved in this way: the reaction force of the air flow ejected from multiple multi-unit assemblies into the atmosphere and / or water rearward and downward is used to propel the ship forward on the one hand; and at the same time, the hull of the ship is lifted upward to reduce the water resistance and accelerate the forward movement.

[0273] The eleventh object of the present invention is achieved by using a plurality of multi-unit assemblies to generate directional airflow to suspend the hovercraft on the water surface and / or rough ground, and simultaneously drive the hovercraft forward, backward, turn, brake, etc. The principle of an air cushion vehicle is similar to this.

[0274] The twelfth object of the present invention is achieved as follows: the mainstream device in the second object uses the decrease in its own gas internal energy in the process of driving the working machine to cause the gas temperature to drop, thereby cooling the gas or air in a certain space and / or using this refrigeration method to compress, store and output any gas when needed, and replace the gas compressor and air compressor.

[0275] The thirteenth purpose of the present invention is achieved as follows: use the mainstream device in the second purpose to absorb water vapor in the atmosphere and condense it into liquid water, and at the same time use the helicopter in the fifth purpose plus a long water pipeline to transport the liquid water to where water is needed.

[0276] The fourteenth object of the present invention is achieved by using the instantaneous accelerated motion generated by the unit 1 in the first object under the combined action of the strong pulsed electric field and magnetic field to directly push the projectile of the gun and / or cannon forward along the barrel and finally launch it.

[0277] A fifteenth objective of the present invention is achieved by using the miniature mainstream device described in objective two to generate electricity and heat heating wires distributed throughout clothing, thereby actively resisting severe cold. Alternatively, the low-temperature material discharged by the mainstream device can be used to absorb heat and reduce temperature. Simultaneously, the mainstream device can purify the air in the mask (and also inject oxygen enrichment when necessary). Excess electricity generated by the mainstream device can be used by all of the user's personal electrical appliances.

[0278] The beneficial effects of the present invention are: it can develop an inexhaustible new energy source, which can almost completely and once and for all solve the energy problem that has troubled all mankind for generations to come; and completely get rid of all mankind's dependence on various fossil fuels!

[0279] Unlimited energy supply: Existing jet engines, rocket engines, internal combustion engines, steam turbines, boilers, nuclear reactors, and electric vehicles are limited to the fuel, oxidizer, gas, coal, nuclear fuel, or battery electricity they carry in their tanks. Once these energy sources are exhausted, they cease to function. The device of the present invention, however, draws gas from the atmosphere, treating it as a "fuel tank." This "fuel tank," or "energy tank," is virtually inexhaustible, providing an infinite energy supply, enabling it to operate for an unlimited period of time.

[0280] Unprecedented energy efficiency: The efficiency of existing heat engines is generally below 50%. The energy required for the electromagnetic field in this invention's device is only a few hundred or even a thousandth of the device's output energy! If the device's own electromagnetic field is powered by electricity generated by the device, it can operate without any additional energy. Its overall efficiency, in a broad sense, far exceeds that of any other heat engine!

[0281] No mining or other processes are required: All existing mineral fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, require exploration, mining, transportation, and refining before they can be used as fuel. Furthermore, these fuels must be added to the fuel tanks and boilers of various heat engines to meet the needs of the heat engines. However, air in the atmosphere is omnipresent and can be used in the assembly without the need for exploration, mining, transportation, or refining. This will undoubtedly save the equipment and huge investment required for exploration, mining, refining, and transportation.

[0282] No regional restrictions: Clean energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and hydropower can only operate in special areas with abundant sunshine, strong winds year-round, and dams; their operating areas are limited. However, the multi-unit assembly of the present invention is completely unrestricted by these regional conditions and can operate on land, at sea, and in the entire three-dimensional atmosphere from sea level to high altitude.

[0283] Unlimited Output Power: Existing jet engines, rocket engines, internal combustion engines, steam turbines, boilers, nuclear reactors, and the like are limited in their maximum power output due to constraints imposed by fuel combustion temperatures and the maximum temperature tolerance of the materials. While the flow rate and volume of airflow output from a single unit in the present invention cannot be infinite, the series and parallel connection of multiple units will undoubtedly increase the flow rate and total volume infinitely. Therefore, the maximum power output of a multi-unit assembly is virtually unlimited!

[0284] Unprecedented Simple Structure: Because the device of the present invention does not contain components such as compressors, combustion chambers, turbines, fuel and oxidizer tanks, nozzles, radiators, cylinders and pistons, and drive shafts found in jet engines, rocket engines, internal combustion engines, steam turbines, boilers, and nuclear reactors, the types, quantity, weight, volume, and materials required for the device of the present invention are significantly reduced. Its structure is undoubtedly much simpler than the aforementioned engines it replaces.

[0285] Extremely large power output per unit weight: Due to the simple structure of the multi-unit assembly, its volume, weight, etc. will be much smaller than any existing fuel-using engine, that is, all heat engines, while outputting the same power.

[0286] Unprecedented low cost: The cost of the device of the present invention will therefore be much lower than the above-mentioned various types of heat engines it can replace.

[0287] Unprecedented reliability: The reliability of a machine is inversely proportional to the number of parts within it. Since the number of parts in a multi-unit assembly is far less than the various types of engines and heat engines it can replace, its reliability will inevitably be much higher than these engines.

[0288] Fundamentally eliminate all kinds of energy loss due to friction: Since there is only airflow in the multi-unit assembly, and no friction between mechanical parts such as cylinder pistons, bearings, and gears, these friction energy losses can be fundamentally eliminated, thereby improving energy utilization.

[0289] Greatly extend its life: Since the multi-unit assembly has no thermal stress caused by combustion when working, no friction between parts, and a simple structure, its life will be much longer than the above-mentioned types of heat engines and engines it can replace.

[0290] Unprecedented low noise: Existing aircraft engines, rockets, jet aircraft, internal combustion engines, steam turbines, boilers, and other systems are often quite noisy, sometimes even extremely so. The multi-unit assembly emits only airflow and can also be equipped with a gearbox, generator, and other components. This eliminates noise other than the airflow (mufflers can be added as needed) and the gears, shafts, bearings, and generators within the gearbox. This will significantly expand its application, even enabling its use in densely populated areas.

[0291] Unprecedented Energy Safety: Because Unit 1 requires no fuel, it fundamentally eliminates the serious consequences of accidental fuel leaks, combustion, explosions, and nuclear contamination associated with jet engines, rockets, internal combustion engines, steam turbines, boilers, and nuclear reactors. In the event of an accident, damage to the electrodes and power supply is the most likely cause; combustion or explosion is a non-issue. Its safety is unprecedented!

[0292] Atmospheric Purification: Multi-unit assemblies can completely eliminate air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuels. If electric vehicles are zero-emission, then multi-unit assemblies are negative emissions: whether stationary or in all of the following applications, multi-unit assemblies not only emit no harmful gases, but also collect and store all pollutants in the existing atmosphere caused by the combustion of various fossil fuels over the years, especially the various greenhouse gases that have plagued humanity and the entire global environment. This achieves active, proactive, mobile, long-term, and even permanent purification of the entire atmosphere.

[0293] Waste heat removal: Because fossil fuels cannot produce 100% of their energy, thermal engines such as jet engines, rocket engines, internal combustion engines, steam turbines, boilers, and nuclear reactors inevitably release a significant amount of unused heat into the atmosphere and / or cooling water during operation. This not only causes air pollution but also contributes to rising temperatures, or thermal pollution. Multi-unit assemblies eliminate waste heat and only emit ambient or even low-temperature gases, effectively preventing atmospheric warming.

[0294] Completely eliminate the need for cooling devices: Existing heat engines powered by electricity and / or fuel require various cooling devices using fans and water, consuming a certain amount of energy. The cold air exhausted by the multi-unit assembly is self-cooling (see below for details), completely eliminating all traditional cooling devices on existing machine tools and achieving self-cooling without the need for external electricity and cooling water.

[0295] Fundamentally and completely eliminate severe climate changes: Due to the functions of purifying the atmosphere, eliminating waste heat, and being able to cool itself, the device of the present invention will definitely remove greenhouse gas and waste heat pollution, fundamentally alleviating and gradually eliminating the climate deterioration that plagues the earth's environment.

[0296] The beneficial effects of the mainstream device of the second objective of the present invention are: it is a fixed or movable device that can output mechanical torque, purify the air during operation, and can collect and process greenhouse gases and rare gases in the air. It can eliminate all pollutants, haze, and harmful microorganisms in the inhaled air; it can also reduce air humidity, making it a truly multifunctional and multipurpose mainstream device.

[0297] The third objective of the present invention, using the mechanical torque output by the mainstream device to drive various generators, offers the following advantages: it allows all electrical appliances to be independent of fixed power sources, grid access, or fuel-consuming diesel generators, thereby significantly expanding their application areas. Because the generator and electrical appliances are directly or over short distances, transformers and transmission lines are virtually unnecessary. This not only conserves power transmission and transformation equipment but also fundamentally eliminates energy losses during transmission. This generator set purifies the air it inhales during operation and can completely replace cooling equipment for various machine tools. It can also be used for heating, ventilation, cooling, and irrigation in greenhouses, achieving multiple goals at once. The beneficial effect of driving various machine tools is that it can continuously drive any type of machine tool, including vehicles, trains, construction and agricultural machinery, ships, and submarines, anywhere, significantly expanding their application areas. The elimination of components such as internal combustion engines, radiators, and fuel tanks significantly reduces their construction costs and weight. Their range is virtually unlimited, significantly reducing transportation costs. Because these vehicles require virtually no large, bulky, and heavy battery packs like those found in existing electric vehicles, they are undoubtedly more environmentally friendly than these new energy vehicles. Even when they are not in operation, their generators can continue to generate electricity to recharge the necessary energy storage devices (see below for details). This allows these machine tools to purify the air both when operating and when not in use, achieving two goals at once.

[0298] The beneficial effects of the aircraft described in the fourth objective of the present invention are: These aircraft require virtually no runways or airports, and can take off and land anywhere, such as city center squares and / or the tops of tall buildings, or even in remote areas, mountains, deserts, or wastelands, for relatively flat locations. If sealed and waterproof, they can also take off and land on the surfaces of rivers, lakes, and oceans. This not only significantly reduces the enormous investment required to build airports and runways, but also eliminates the travel, time, and cost associated with transporting passengers and / or cargo from city centers to airports, enabling direct point-to-point transportation of passengers and / or cargo. Furthermore, these aircraft can be dispersed to any flat area suitable for military aircraft, such as urban, rural, and mountainous areas, fundamentally preventing the concentrated destruction of airport runways and the military aircraft upon them during wartime, significantly improving their survivability. Since these military aircraft emit no infrared radiation, they will render any infrared tracking missiles completely ineffective, significantly enhancing their survivability. More importantly, these aircraft can remain airborne for extended, even unlimited, periods of time, completely unconstrained by factors such as fuel. This will completely eliminate the reliance of fighter jets and other aircraft on aircraft carriers, saving hundreds of billions of yuan in aircraft carrier construction costs. By eliminating the need for the most complex and expensive engines and fuel, the structure of these aircraft is greatly simplified. Consequently, the cost, design, and manufacturing requirements of these aircraft will be far lower than those of existing aircraft, greatly facilitating their widespread adoption. They not only emit no gas or heat, but also clean the air and are very quiet. They will be able to take off and land in city centers.

[0299] The helicopter in the fifth purpose of the present invention not only has the same advantages as the airplane in the fifth purpose, such as being able to take off and land at almost any place, and not requiring an aircraft engine, which results in low cost, design and manufacturing thresholds, and is conducive to popularization, but also has all the advantages of existing helicopters: it can take off and land vertically, can lift all kinds of heavy objects, and can fly in any direction. Existing helicopters rely entirely on the main rotor to rise and fly, and their speed is limited. The helicopter of the present invention does not use a main rotor or a tail wing at all; it completely eliminates the limitations of these components on flight speed. In addition, its special shape itself can cause the helicopter to rise (see below for details), and its engine power is huge, so its flight speed will definitely far exceed that of ordinary helicopters.

[0300] The beneficial effects of various engines described in Objective 6 of the present invention are: Ramjets, scramjets, or pulse detonation engines, equipped with multi-unit assemblies, can take off from a stationary state, greatly expanding the application range of these engines. They can even replace other existing aircraft engines. Because ramjets have a far simpler structure than other aircraft engines, they will significantly lower the threshold for aircraft engine research and development, design, and manufacturing, reducing their costs and production costs. The assembly can not only assist but even replace the compressor in a turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, turboshaft, or gas turbine engine, continuously ejecting a high-speed airflow backward, enabling the subsequent turbine to operate continuously. This reduces the burden on the subsequent turbine and can even eliminate it.

[0301] An aircraft that combines objectives four, five, and six can take off and land at any location, fly for a long time or even indefinitely, and turn on ramjet and other engines when necessary to further increase the speed of the aircraft and gain advantages in areas such as air combat.

[0302] Because the speed and flow rate of the output airflow from the multi-unit assembly can be increased almost infinitely, using it to supplement or even replace the fan in a wind tunnel will significantly reduce the power of traditional fans without reducing wind speed, or even eliminate them. This will also significantly lower the technical barriers to entry, R&D costs, investment, and operating costs of supersonic and hypersonic wind tunnels.

[0303] The various rocket engines described in the seventh objective of the present invention have the following beneficial effects: Existing solid or liquid rockets are limited in speed by the velocity of the airflow ejected from fuel combustion. Despite various measures, these rockets' speed increases are very limited. To launch a multi-ton warhead tens of thousands of kilometers, the first stage of an intercontinental ballistic missile must carry a significant amount of fuel and oxidizer, resulting in a massive and heavy first stage. This requires placement in underground wells or transportation using specialized multi-tire launch vehicles or trains. The multi-unit assembly in the rocket of the present invention has virtually unlimited airflow velocity and flow; therefore, this assembly rocket can supplement or even completely replace existing solid or liquid rockets. Its long-range flight capability will significantly increase the range of rockets, missiles, and rocket artillery. Existing short- and medium-range missiles can be easily converted into long-range or even intercontinental ballistic missiles, enhancing their utility and deterrent power. It will also significantly improve the combined thrust, specific impulse, and range of all assembly rockets that fly within the atmosphere. If a combined rocket completely replaces the existing first-stage rocket, it will significantly increase the thrust of the first stage of a multi-stage rocket used to launch satellites, spacecraft, manned spacecraft, and intercontinental ballistic missiles. It will also significantly reduce the length, volume, and weight of the first stage, and ultimately the entire rocket. This will also reduce the transportation requirements for these rockets and / or intercontinental ballistic missiles: for example, they can be transported by ordinary trucks rather than specialized large trucks and / or railroad cars. In particular, it can significantly reduce the length, volume, and weight of submarine-launched intercontinental ballistic missiles, completely eliminating the tortoiseshell effect of such submarines, allowing them to maneuver more smoothly underwater, and / or allowing submarines of the same size to carry more intercontinental ballistic missiles. Because combined rockets do not emit high-temperature gases and infrared radiation, they will fundamentally prevent the enemy from detecting rocket, missile, or rocket launcher launch sites based on their infrared trajectory. It will also completely render ineffective any satellites that rely on infrared radiation for early warning of long-range or intercontinental ballistic missiles, thereby increasing the suddenness of their attacks and enhancing the survivability of these missiles.

[0304] The pneumatically levitated vehicles of the eighth objective of the present invention have the following advantages: they do not require an internal combustion engine, fuel, radiator, gearbox, drive shaft, wheels, etc. They are lightweight, facilitate suspension, reduce pressure on the road, extend the life of the road surface, and reduce road maintenance costs. They can also reduce friction during driving, thereby increasing driving speed. With the same power, they can achieve faster driving speeds. These vehicles can also serve multiple purposes: not only can they travel on ordinary roads, but after appropriate modification, they can also replace off-road vehicles, amphibious vehicles, and flying cars, and travel and / or fly on poor roads, in the wild without roads, and even on water and in the air.

[0305] The beneficial effect of the pneumatic suspension rail train in the ninth object of the present invention is that it can run on existing rails without rebuilding a special line, can completely eliminate the contact between the wheels and the rails, extend the life of the rails, and completely eliminate the need for overhead lines and power supply.

[0306] The beneficial effects of the ships and / or vessels of the tenth object of the present invention are as follows: because the diesel engine, steam engine, gas turbine, fuel tank, nuclear reactor, boiler and other components as well as the traditional drive devices such as the speed change device, transmission shaft and propeller for driving the propeller are eliminated, the weight, cost, failure rate, etc. of the ship will be greatly reduced. The speed of existing ships is limited by the power of their power units. In other words, it is very difficult to significantly increase the speed. However, since the power of the combined device is almost unlimited, coupled with the reduction in weight brought about by the elimination of components such as diesel engines and propellers, the speed of the ship will be greatly improved; the sailing distance of the ship will be greatly increased, even to infinity. It can also save a lot of fuel costs. This type of ship can continuously purify the inhaled air while sailing, acting as a kind of marine mobile air purifier.

[0307] The beneficial effects of the hovercraft of the eleventh objective of the present invention are: it possesses all the advantages of existing hovercraft, such as the ability to travel on land and / or water without being restricted by terrain, which is particularly advantageous in military applications. Furthermore, it consumes no fuel and can travel an unlimited distance. It completely eliminates the shortcomings of existing hovercraft, such as short range, high fuel consumption, and low economic efficiency. It will undoubtedly create an unprecedented mode of transportation that does not require roads, takes the shortest route, and is highly economical. The advantages of an air-cushion car are similar to this.

[0308] The beneficial effects of the device for refrigerating and / or cooling any gas and storing it for a long time and / or compressing and storing it for output, as described in the twelfth objective of the present invention, are as follows: it can completely eliminate components such as compressors, condensers, throttle valves, and evaporators required for refrigeration devices; it also requires no external electrical energy input and can replace all existing refrigeration devices. It can also eliminate the atmospheric pollution that may be caused by refrigerants. It can also store liquid gases for a long time without the need for an external power source. It can also replace air and / or gas compressors, continuously outputting compressed air and / or any other compressed gas when needed without the need for electrical energy input.

[0309] The beneficial effects of the large-scale water vapor regulation device of the thirteenth objective of the present invention are: it can achieve unprecedented, cost-effective, active regulation of freshwater resources over vast areas, spanning hundreds of thousands or even millions of square kilometers. It can address water needs for the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, firefighting in water-scarce cities, farmland, arid and water-scarce areas such as deserts, and forests. It can also transform a negative impact by moving excess water vapor from certain areas to areas in need of precipitation, eliminating or at least alleviating the harmful effects of excessive rain and snow in these areas.

[0310] The beneficial effects of the gun described in the fourteenth object of the present invention are: it completely eliminates the need for propellant, cartridges, etc., not only saving metal cartridges and propellant, but also completely eliminating the fireworks produced by traditional barreled weapons during firing, thereby improving its concealment. Since the projectile's velocity is completely unconstrained by the energy of the propellant, nor is it limited by accessories such as large and bulky capacitors and power-hungry power supplies, as is the case with existing electromagnetic guns, the initial velocity of the projectile is significantly increased, resulting in high initial velocity, long range, and high power. Since it only uses a projectile, eliminating the need for metal cartridges and propellant, the weapon system's ammunition capacity can be significantly increased, reducing the logistical burden. The lack of propellant eliminates safety hazards associated with the manufacture, transportation, and storage of artillery and ammunition. It can not only strike and intercept aircraft at various altitudes, various missiles and ballistic missiles, and satellites in low and even medium orbits from a long distance, but it can also directly launch satellites. It is also capable of anti-armor and beyond-visual-range attacks on ground, surface, and underwater targets.

[0311] The beneficial effects of the four-season temperature-regulating clothing of the fifteenth objective of the present invention are: it can solve the long-standing problem of warmth and / or cooling clothing that has plagued humanity. It provides temperature-regulating clothing for people working outdoors in severe cold and / or extreme heat. It can also replace masks, gas masks, and other devices, aesthetically and comfortably purifying the air we breathe and powering small household appliances. If needed, this clothing for use in plateaus can also alleviate the discomfort caused by altitude sickness, such as the need to inhale enriched oxygen in high altitude areas. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0312] Figure 1 It is a principle cross-sectional view of the basic unit 1 in the first object of the present invention.

[0313] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the state of a non-polar molecule in the absence of an electric field and a magnetic field.

[0314] Figure 3 is a molecule 11 in Figure 1 The diagram shows the polarized molecules rotating around the Z axis in the electric field.

[0315] Figure 4 is a polar molecule 11 in the Figure 3 Similar but with a different angle to the X axis. Figure 1 Graph showing the performance in the electric field.

[0316] Figure 5 It is the movement of the polar molecule 11 along the Y-axis or Z-axis in the electric field when observed in the positive direction of the X-axis.

[0317] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of a polar molecule 11 colliding back and forth along the Z axis in the YOZ plane of unit 1.

[0318] Figure 7 When a polar molecule 11 moves in the negative direction of the Z axis in the YOZ plane of unit 1, it is subjected to a resultant force M of the electric field and the magnetic field. B-E Schematic diagram of the rotational motion caused by the action of .

[0319] Figure 8 It is the Maxwell molecular velocity distribution diagram: it shows the distribution changes of molecular velocity before and after the action of electric field and magnetic field respectively.

[0320] Figure 9 yes Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the sub-Lorentz force generated by molecule 11 during its motion, which acts on molecule 11 to produce another kind of motion.

[0321] Figure 10 When a polar molecule 11 moves along the positive direction of the Z axis in the YOZ plane of unit 1, it is subjected to the resultant force M of the electric field and the magnetic field. B-E Schematic diagram of the back-and-forth swinging motion caused by the action of .

[0322] Figure 11 When a polar molecule 11 moves in the YOZ plane of unit 1 along the negative direction of the Y axis, it is subjected to a resultant force M of the electric and magnetic fields. B-E Schematic diagram of the new movement such as rotation generated by the action of.

[0323] Figure 12 This is a diagram showing the actual trajectory of a polar molecule 11 whose initial motion direction is not parallel to the X-axis and moves in an electric field or magnetic field.

[0324] Figure 13 This is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of the multi-unit assembly driving the turbine in the second purpose.

[0325] Figure 14 This is a bird's-eye view of the aircraft in purpose four.

[0326] Figure 15 For the purpose of Figure 14 Schematic diagram of the front view of the same aircraft.

[0327] Figure 16 This is a bird's-eye view of the helicopter used for the purpose.

[0328] Figure 17 The purpose is to Figure 16 Schematic diagram of the front view of the same helicopter.

[0329] Figure 18 Schematic diagram of the structure of various jet engines and wind tunnels equipped with multi-unit assemblies in front of the sixth target.

[0330] Figure 19For purpose seven, a schematic diagram of the structure of various types of multi-unit assembly rocket engines flying in the atmosphere; or a schematic diagram of the structure of various types of multi-unit assemblies that can fly out of the atmosphere, including a first-stage multi-unit assembly and a multi-stage rocket plus a payload above.

[0331] Figure 20 Schematic diagram of the structure of the pneumatic suspension vehicle equipped with a multi-unit assembly for purpose eight.

[0332] Figure 21 for Figure 20 Schematic diagram of the structure of the composite nozzle for suspension and driving, braking or reversing in a pneumatic suspension vehicle.

[0333] Figure 22 for Figure 21 An enlarged schematic diagram of the structure of the composite nozzle for driving, braking or reversing a pneumatic suspension vehicle.

[0334] Figure 23 for Figure 20 Schematic diagram of the structure of the turning mechanism of the vehicle equipped on the front nozzle of the medium-sized pneumatic suspension vehicle.

[0335] Figure 24 This is a schematic diagram of the main view of the structure in the bogie of the pneumatic suspension train equipped with a multi-unit assembly according to purpose nine.

[0336] Figure 25 The present invention is a schematic diagram of the structure of a combined nozzle used for simultaneous suspension and guidance on the track in the ninth aerodynamic suspension train.

[0337] Figure 26 This is a top-down schematic diagram of the ship equipped with a multi-unit assembly for purpose ten.

[0338] Figure 27 This is a schematic diagram of the main view of the hovercraft equipped with a multi-unit assembly in purpose 11.

[0339] Figure 28 A schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of a device for purpose twelve, which is equipped with a multi-unit assembly for refrigeration and / or for cooling air and / or any gas and storing and / or compressing, storing and outputting the air and / or any gas for a long time.

[0340] Figure 29 Schematic diagram of the structure of the device for collecting water vapor in the atmosphere and long-distance transportation and allocation of liquid water in purpose 13.

[0341] Figure 30 A schematic diagram of the structure of a pneumatic gun device for directly firing gun projectiles using a multi-unit assembly according to purpose 14.

[0342] Figure 31 for Figure 30 Schematic diagram of the overhead structure of the pneumatic gun in the figure. ( Figures 13-31 will be described in detail below). DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0343] The purpose of the present invention is to implement the following: Figure 1 As shown in: Only the special electric field mentioned above is needed to achieve the technical purpose of forming a macroscopic directional airflow. Since there is only static electricity but no current in this electric field, as long as there is a conductor, its resistance does not need to be considered. Therefore, unit 1 can be made of an insulating material as a whole, and then a conductor layer composed of a cost-effective conductive material can be made on the inner surface of 2 and 3 using any process. Of course, any of the above-mentioned conductors can also be used to make the electrode plates 2 and 3 respectively, and the insulator can be used to make the parts 14 and 15; then 2, 3 and 14, 15 can be made according to Figure 1 and Figure 6 The DC power source 4 must be able to adjust its output voltage within a certain range. This allows for both adjusting the voltage across electrode plates 2 and 3, i.e., the electric field strength, and adjusting the current in any electromagnets, i.e., the magnetic induction strength. Power source 4 can be any rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery. Alternatively, the DC power generated by a DC generator (described below) can be driven by (part of) the airflow exhausted from unit 1 to power electrode plates 2 and 3. Alternatively, the DC power output from this generator (described below) can be used to charge the rechargeable battery as needed.

[0344] In order to significantly increase the flow rate, the first step is to increase the ratio of the cross-sectional area at both ends of unit 1 as much as possible under the conditions of technical permission, thereby increasing the multiple of the gas flow rate. The second step is to reduce the interception effect of radially moving molecules on the molecules moving in the positive direction along the X axis, so a magnetic field must be added. As mentioned above: u The smaller it is, the smaller the interception effect on molecules is. It can be seen that the magnetic induction intensity must be increased as much as possible. Figure 1 Several magnets are placed around the four components 2, 3, and 14, 15. According to http: / / www.1ibrary.com.tw / emf / anywhereGb.htm, "Magnetic fields have extremely strong penetrating power. Thin wood, pads, iron sheets, aluminum foil, or even the palm of your hand cannot block the magnetic force." This indicates that due to the strong penetrating power of the magnetic field, the magnets placed around the four components 2, 3, and 14, 15 will inevitably form a strong (gradient) magnetic field within unit 1.

[0345] According to "http: / / www.baike.com / wiki / Magnet," there are seven types of magnets: solenoids, Helmholtz coils, electromagnets, Bitt magnets, permanent magnets, pulsed field magnets, and superconducting magnets. In addition, there are magnetic coatings and paints. According to relevant literature, among "permanent magnets," the magnetic properties of the magnets increase in descending order: ferrite magnets, alnico magnets, samarium cobalt magnets, and neodymium iron boron magnets.

[0346] "http: / / ishare.iask.sina.com.cn / download / explain.php?fileid=25243844 China University of Science and Technology Electromagnetism Courseware Chapter 5" P25 "Superposition Principle of Magnetic Field" says that if there are p independent currents that generate magnetic field induction intensities of B1, B2, ...B p , when these p currents do not change their current distribution and exist simultaneously, the magnetic induction intensity B is expressed as (48):

[0347]

[0348] According to formula (48), when multiple magnets are placed outside parts 2, 3 and 14, 15 at the same time, the magnetic induction intensity B between 2, 3 and 14, 15 is the B of each magnet. i The superposition of , resulting in an increase in the total B between 2, 3 and 14, 15. Equation (48) does not limit the source of magnetism, i.e., the type of magnet, nor does it limit the number of magnets that can be superimposed. Therefore, either the above-mentioned permanent magnets or electromagnets can be used alone, or two, three, or even multiple possible combinations of these two types of magnets can be used simultaneously to superimpose a combined magnetic field. Therefore, one, two, three, or even multiple permanent magnets selected from "magnetic coating or magnetic paint" or "ferrite, aluminum nickel cobalt, samarium cobalt, neodymium iron boron" are arranged in sequence along the positive direction of the X axis around parts 2, 3 and 14, 15 to form a magnetic field that does not require power consumption. The same "Electromagnetism" Volume 1, P298, says that the magnetic induction tube (i.e., a tubular area surrounded by a bundle of magnetic induction lines)...where the magnetic induction tube expands greatly, the magnetic field is weaker, and where the magnetic induction tube contracts, the magnetic field must be stronger.

[0349] The magnetism of ferrite, alnico, samarium cobalt, and neodymium iron boron increases sequentially. Furthermore, the shrinkage of unit 1 along the positive X-axis reduces the distance between these four components, leading to a contraction of the magnetic induction tube. These combined factors not only form a magnetic field within unit 1, leading to a gradient magnetic field, but also enhance the gradient of this magnetic field.

[0350] Because electromagnets such as solenoids, Helmholtz coils, electromagnets, Bitt magnets, pulsed-field magnets, and superconducting magnets all consume electricity, incorporating these electromagnets requires their own power supplies, switches, circuits, and control components; even specialized cooling systems for superconducting magnets are necessary. Therefore, these systems must be added to Unit 1. As mentioned above, if a DC power supply 4 is used to power both electrodes 2 and 3 and the electromagnetic coil, its current intensity must be adjustable.

[0351] "http: / / www.doc88.com / p-9139409832222.html" Magnetization of media, magnetic field strength and ferromagnetic properties" says: When the iron core is placed in the coil, the magnetic field can be increased by 10 2 ~10 4 times. Then, wrap unit 1 with a hollow, hard magnetic (hard magnetic materials retain their magnetism) core material whose cross-section changes with the shape of unit 1. Even more, simply wrap parts 2, 3, 14, and 15 with a layer of hard magnetic core material using any process, and then arrange the various magnets mentioned above around this core layer.

[0352] So there are two solutions: one is to directly wrap the outside of parts 2, 3 and 14, 15 with the above-mentioned magnets; the other is to first wrap a layer of hollow iron core material outside of parts 2, 3 and 14, 15, and then wrap a layer of the above-mentioned magnets outside the iron core.

[0353] As mentioned above, increasing the proportion of oxygen molecules entering unit 1 will increase the proportion of oxygen molecules directly propelled by the magnetic field in the gradient magnetic field. Existing technologies can be used for this purpose. According to "https: / / wenda.so.com / q / 1556284173616029 Molecular Sieve Oxygen Generator: The Leader in Safe Oxygen Use," the safest and longest-lasting type is the molecular sieve oxygen generator, which uses a purely physical oxygen generator and produces oxygen simply by turning on an electric current. "Molecular Sieve Oxygen Making Machine Oxygen Production Method" explains that the raw air is pressurized by a compressor, then passes through an air pretreatment unit to remove solid impurities such as oil, dust, and water, and is cooled to room temperature. The treated compressed air then enters an adsorption tower equipped with a molecular sieve through an inlet valve. Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other gases in the air are adsorbed, and the resulting gas is high-purity oxygen. "https: / / www.maigoo.com / goomai / 192504.html How Molecular Sieve Oxygen Generators Work" explains that molecular sieve oxygen generators... have a service life of over 12,000 hours.

[0354] While conventional molecular sieve oxygen concentrators require an air compressor to supply air, unit 1 inherently draws in air, eliminating the need for a compressor. The one-way valve 9 also has an air filter built into the front, eliminating the need for a separate filter. Furthermore, since the molecular sieve boasts a service life of over 12,000 hours, this long lifespan is sufficient for most applications described below. Even if the lifespan is exceeded, simply replace the molecular sieve core.

[0355] Therefore, a molecular sieve oxygen generator is added at the air inlet in front of unit 1. The high-purity oxygen it outputs enters unit 1, increasing the proportion of oxygen molecules actively pushed by the gradient magnetic field, thereby further increasing the flow rate. Of course, a certain proportion of air can also be omitted from the molecular sieve oxygen generator, allowing these two airflows to enter unit 1 simultaneously.

[0356] In summary, there are several technical solutions for implementing Objective 1: the basic electric field type without a magnetic field; the type with an electric field and a permanent magnet forming a magnetic field; the type with an electric field, an iron core, and a permanent magnet forming a magnetic field; the type with an electric field, an iron core, and an electromagnet forming a magnetic field; and the type with an electric field, an iron core, a permanent magnet, and an electromagnet forming a magnetic field. The latter four solutions, plus whether or not a molecular sieve oxygen concentrator is used, bring the total to nine. See Table 2 for details:

[0357] Table 2: All combinations of electric and magnetic fields in the technical solution for purpose 1

[0358]

[0359] Existing internal combustion engines require air filters to prevent contaminants in the air from wearing out delicate components. However, jet engines and ramjets cannot use air filters because they inhale extremely large amounts of gas per second. Depending on the application, when the flow rate is low but the purity of the incoming gas is required to be high, the front and rear sealing plates 7 and 8 and the one-way thresholds 9 and 10 in unit 1 are retained. However, when the flow rate of the inhaled gas is extremely high, in order to ensure smooth airflow in and out of unit 1, and provided there are no strong contaminants in the air, the sealing plates 7 and 8 and the one-way thresholds 9 and 10 in unit 1 can be eliminated.

[0360] In different applications, the multiple units in a multi-unit assembly can be combined into shapes such as cylinders, drums, outward-facing horns, sectors, cones, rectangles, and irregular shapes. For example, aircraft jet engines have a circular shape, while fighter jet intakes are clam-shaped. This is due to the irregular shape of the intake to accommodate different applications. Because the multi-unit assembly requires extremely high airflow rates, horn and sector shapes can draw air into a wide solid angle. For applications that are more sensitive to diameter, a cone shape is used: In the center of the cone, there is a single, longest, series-connected unit. Surrounding this is a concentric, second-circle series-connected unit with a larger diameter, fewer units, and a shorter length. Outside this second circle, a third, concentric, even larger diameter, fewer units, and a shorter length are formed. As the diameter increases, the number of units in series decreases. These multiple layers of units ultimately form a cone. This layout allows all units to draw air into the largest solid angle. Thus, these units and their various shapes can be combined to achieve the various technical objectives of the present invention.

[0361] The first type of application of basic units and / or multi-unit assemblies is to directly use the reaction force caused by the high-speed airflow ejected by them (when the electric field pushes the polar molecular group to move in the positive direction of the X-axis, all molecules pushed by the electric field force will inevitably have a reaction force in the negative direction of the X-axis to the electric field; this force will inevitably act on the electrode plate that generates the electric field and then act on the entire unit 1. More importantly, when the airflow is ejected at the above-mentioned speed of tens of thousands of meters per second, it will inevitably generate a huge reaction force) to directly propel rockets and jet engines forward (see below for details). The second type is to have an airflow duct connected to the back of the multi-unit assembly, which is used to transport the airflow through the duct to the required part and then perform work on various machine tools (see below for details).

[0362] According to the "Gas Pipeline Diameter Design Specifications https: / / wenku.so.com / d / f2d0e0ad594a4152599c7110f00c0436," the efficiency of gas transportation depends primarily on the selection of pipe diameter and pressure. Design specifications should specify the appropriate pipe diameter and optimal pressure to ensure maximum gas transportation efficiency. The flow rate and pipe diameter of gas transportation are closely linked... Gas flow is also affected by a variety of factors. Gas density, pipe length, pressure loss, and other factors all affect gas flow rate and pressure. In the second type of application of the multi-unit assembly described above, the gas-consuming components with different gas transmission lengths and flow rates in different machine tools must comply with the "Gas Pipeline Diameter Design Specifications": the gas pipelines must be designed based on the gas flow rate within the pipeline, the maximum length of the pipeline, and the type of gas flow, to ensure that the gas meets the gas needs of all different gas-consuming components.

[0363] Before implementing Objective 2, you must review your knowledge about turbines, the ideal gas equation, air purification, and rare gases:

[0364] Let's first examine the turbine principle. According to "http: / / baike.so.com / doc / 187787-198377.html Turbine Principles," the most important component of a turbine is the rotating element (rotor or impeller), mounted on the turbine shaft and equipped with blades evenly spaced along its circumference. The energy of the fluid is converted into kinetic energy as it flows through the nozzle. As it flows through the rotor, the fluid impacts the blades, driving the rotor and, in turn, the turbine shaft. The turbine shaft drives other machinery, either directly or through a transmission mechanism, to produce mechanical work.

[0365] Purpose two of the present invention is implemented like this: Figure 13 This is a schematic diagram of a turbine: 19 is a multi-unit assembly; a molecular sieve oxygen generator as described above can be added to 19. The directional airflow generated by 19 is ejected backward along the axial direction to drive the turbine's multi-stage rotor. 18 is an air filter used to purify the air drawn into 19. However, if the air pollution is not severe and the incoming gas flow is extremely high, filter 18 is not required, especially since the one-way valve 9 in assembly 19 already has an air filter.

[0366] 20 represents the turbine's outer casing, similar to a steam turbine, which isolates the internal gas from the outside world. 21, 22, 23, ..., through 29, represent the various stages of the cylinder's stator blades. 30 represents the rear gas outlet, including the purifier. 31 represents the turbine shaft, and 32, 33, ..., through 40, the rotor blades corresponding to the stator blades 21 through 29. The dashed line in the center of the device represents the central axis (where necessary, dashed lines are used in the following figures). Due to this simplified diagram, the bearings supporting turbine shaft 31 are omitted, although they do exist. The large-diameter section to the right of 31 represents the coupling at its output end. The arrowed curve next to 31 represents the rotation of 31 driven by the airflow. 31 can output mechanical torque directly through the coupling or through an external speed change mechanism, thereby driving the machine tool (details regarding the machine tool are provided below). The dashed arrowed curves above and below the diagram represent the streamlines of the incoming airflow. The other components are described in detail below.

[0367] In the process of the airflow output by the multi-unit assembly hitting the rotors of each stage in the turbine and performing work, the airflow is restricted by the cylinder and cannot exchange matter and energy with the outside atmosphere. According to the law of conservation of energy, after a certain mass m of gas performs work on the outside, the internal energy of this certain mass m of gas will inevitably decrease. The same "Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics" P14 says that many gases such as H2, O2, N2, etc. can be regarded as ideal gases at normal temperature and low pressure. The main components absorbed by the multi-unit assembly are N2 and O2 in the atmosphere at normal temperature and pressure; then, it is obvious that the properties of ideal gases can be used to study the state changes of N2 and O2. According to the same ideal gas internal energy formula (4), the internal energy of the gas only depends on the temperature T of the gas. As its own internal energy decreases, the temperature T of this certain mass m of gas will also decrease. The ideal gas state equation in the same book P12 is formula (49):

[0368]

[0369] In formula (49), P and V are the pressure and volume of a certain mass m of gas, respectively, and μ, R, and T have the same meanings as above. In formula (49), for a certain mass m of gas, m, μ, and R are all constants. Once T decreases, the product of PV, that is, P and V, will inevitably decrease at the same time. In order to utilize the kinetic energy of the airflow multiple times, a multi-stage impeller similar to the compressor in an aircraft engine is used, and the kinetic energy of the airflow is used again and again to continuously drive the multi-stage rotors in sequence to perform work. However, to perform work, the pressure P of the airflow must be kept basically unchanged. According to formula (49): To keep the pressure P of this certain mass m of gas basically unchanged, the volume V of the gas must decrease significantly. Guy Lusat gram The law also states that when the gas is at constant pressure, its volume is proportional to its absolute temperature. Figure 13 As shown in Figure 4, the diameter of the cylinder gradually decreases along the working path to adapt to the decrease in the volume V of the gas of a certain mass m and to maintain the validity of formula (49).

[0370] Before introducing the principles of air purification, it is necessary to review the information about greenhouse gases, rare gases and existing air purification technologies:

[0371] According to "http: / / oaike.so.com / doc / 3257455-3432109.html Greenhouse Gases," the six greenhouse gases regulated by the Kyoto Protocol are: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). ... In terms of percentage contribution to global warming, carbon dioxide, due to its higher abundance, accounts for the largest proportion, approximately 55%. ... The primary greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is water vapor (H2O), the most potent greenhouse gas, exceeding carbon dioxide by nearly two orders of magnitude.

[0372] According to "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 1320639-1396245.html Carbon dioxide", the melting point of carbon dioxide is -78.45℃ (194.7K) and the boiling point is -55.55℃ (216.6K); solid carbon dioxide can absorb a large amount of heat when it sublimates, so it is used as a refrigerant... Carbon dioxide is an indispensable raw material for photosynthesis of green plants and is often used as fertilizer in greenhouses.

[0373] "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 3557782-3751996.html Methane" says that methane has a melting point of -182.5°C and a boiling point of -161.5°C. Methane is also a greenhouse gas. In terms of unit molecular number, the greenhouse effect of methane is 25 times greater than that of carbon dioxide."

[0374] "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 5237662-5470571.html Nitrous oxide" says that nitrous oxide...melting point -90.8°C, boiling point -88.49°C...is a greenhouse gas, and its per-molecule warming potential is 310 times that of carbon dioxide; its warming effect on the global climate will become increasingly significant in the future.

[0375] "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 6681876-6895774.htmlPerfluorocarbon" says that aliphatic perfluorocarbons include carbon tetrafluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, perfluorocyclobutane, perfluoro(methylcyclohexane), etc.; aromatic perfluorocarbons include hexafluorobenzene, perfluorodecalin, etc.

[0376] According to "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 6851800-7069231.html Carbon tetrafluoride," carbon tetrafluoride... has a melting point of -184°C and a boiling point of -128.1°C. Carbon tetrafluoride is a greenhouse gas. ...Its atmospheric lifetime is approximately 50,000 years, and its global warming coefficient is 6,500 (compared to carbon dioxide's coefficient of 1).

[0377] However, according to relevant online literature, the remaining tetrafluoroethylene, octafluorocyclobutane, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, octafluoronaphthalene, hexafluorobenzene, perfluorodecalin, etc. do not have the function of causing the greenhouse effect.

[0378] According to the website "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 2437524-2576681.html Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are extremely potent greenhouse gases. It is estimated that the use of HFCs between now (2013) and 2050 will generate 350 to 880 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions, which is nearly equivalent to the total annual greenhouse gas emissions of 600 to 700 million tons from the transport industry.

[0379] "https: / / wenda.so.com / q / 1677648960219447R123 Market Analysis" says the two closest HFCs are R-245ca and R-245fa (they are isomers - same atoms but different structures).

[0380] "https: / / m.cfreon.cn / guochan / r245ca.html R-245ca" says that the refrigerant critical temperature is 174℃ and the boiling point is 25℃.

[0381] "http: / / rebeng.huangye88.com / xinxi / b41b7e83h01528.html R245fa pentafluoropropane refrigerant" says that R245fa pentafluoropropane refrigerant; R245fa is a colorless, transparent, easy-flowing liquid with volatility and a boiling point of 15.3℃.

[0382] "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 5581964-5794855.html SF6" says that SE6... boiling point -51°C... the impact of one molecule of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas on the greenhouse effect is 25,000 times that of a CO2 molecule. SF6 gas has an extremely long lifespan of about 3,400 years.

[0383] Regarding the rare gas "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 3044134-3209221.html Radon", it says that the boiling point of radon is -62℃.

[0384] "https: / / wenda.so.com / q / 1644470066215294?src=180&q=%E6%B0%A6%E3%80%81%E6%B0%96%E3%80%81%E6%B0%A9%E3%80%81%E6%B0%AA%E3%80%81%E6%B0%99%E6%B6%B2%E5%8C%96%E7%82%B9Xenon" says that the boiling point of xenon is: -108.1℃.

[0385] "https: / / wenku.so.com / d / 672f2158a414396960646f8e42c48526 argon" states that the melting point of argon is -189.2 °C and the boiling point is -185.9 °C. "https: / / www.lookchem.cn / yuansu / 7 / krypton" states that the boiling point of krypton is -152.2 °C.

[0386] In summary, the greenhouse gases and noble gases arranged in descending order of boiling point are: water vapor (boiling point 100 °C), R-245ca (boiling point 25 °C), R245fa (boiling point 15.3 °C), sulfur hexafluoride (boiling point -51 °C), carbon dioxide (boiling point -55.55 °C), radon (boiling point -62 °C), nitrous oxide (boiling point -88.49 °C), xenon (boiling point -108.1 °C), carbon tetrafluoride (boiling point -128.1 °C), krypton (boiling point -152.2 °C), methane (boiling point -161.5 °C), a total of eleven kinds.

[0387] According to "http: / / baike.baidu.com / view / 271831.htm air purifier", the commonly used air purification technologies are: low-temperature asymmetric plasma air purification technology, adsorption technology, negative ion technology, negative oxygen ion technology, molecular complexation technology, photocatalyst technology, HEPA high-efficiency filtration technology, new generation electrostatic high-frequency high-voltage dust removal, sterilization and radon removal technology, active oxygen technology, room-temperature catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde and catalytic sterilization, etc. There are five internationally recognized air purification principles: physical, electrostatic, chemical, negative ion, and composite. Photo-hydrogen ion purification system, chemical reagents, ultraviolet germicidal lamps, ozone generators, electrostatic air dust removal and sterilization, high-efficiency catalytic activated carbon, photocatalyst...

[0388] As described above: When the device of Purpose 2 outputs mechanical torque and performs work externally, the temperature of the air at each stage of the impeller will gradually decrease, that is, there are different low temperatures at each stage of the impeller. Therefore, various liquid gas collectors for condensing from gas to liquid are arranged in sequence at different low temperatures. See Figure 13 : 41 is the collector for collecting condensed water; the following 42 to 51 are a total of eleven collectors for collecting R-245ca, R245fa, sulfur hexafluoride, carbon dioxide, radon, nitrous oxide, xenon, carbon tetrafluoride, krypton, and methane in sequence.

[0389] Obviously, the most abundant water vapor and CO2 in the air will be collected in large quantities and utilized. The condensed liquid water has the greatest use, and the condensed solid CO2 dry ice is collected and filled into steel cylinders, which can be used for plant fertilization and / or refrigeration, etc. Although the contents of other types of greenhouse and noble gases are very low, they can also be condensed, collected, stored, and utilized.

[0390] According to "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 5260078-5493672.html" on oxygen, the boiling point of O2 is -183°C. And according to "http: / / baike.baidu.com / view / 522825.htm" on nitrogen, the boiling point of N2 is -195.6°C. Methane, with its lowest boiling point of -161.5°C, also boils at a higher temperature than both O2 and N2. Therefore, the lowest temperature of the last condenser in the series should be set between -161.5°C and -183°C. Thus, when methane condenses, O2, with its boiling point of -183°C, and N2, with its boiling point of -195.6°C, will not condense and will remain exhausted as gases. Thus, these condensers can sequentially collect various greenhouse gases and noble gases from the atmosphere while still ultimately producing a high-speed flow of extremely low-temperature N2 and O2, the primary components of the atmosphere.

[0391] "https: / / wenku.baidu.com / view / b8e105ef08a1284ac850435a.html?_wkts_=1691671944519Neon" states that neon boils at -245.9°C. "https: / / www.sohu.com / a / 329591819_308511Helium" states that helium liquefies at 4.2K (-268.95°C). If necessary, the low-temperature gas stream output by the device in Purpose 2 can be deep-chilled and then collected for neon and helium.

[0392] Although the air has been filtered, the gas discharged from the second device may still contain pollutants such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasmas, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, viruses and subviruses, smog, oil smoke, chemical odors, and automobile exhaust. Therefore, one or more of the following devices, such as a photohydrogen ion purification system, chemical reagents, ultraviolet germicidal lamps, ozone generators, electrostatic air dust removal and sterilization, high-efficiency catalytic activated carbon, and photocatalysts, can be installed in the exhaust pipe to purify the air, ultimately delivering clean, low-temperature air free of greenhouse gases, sterile, and non-toxic substances.

[0393] Since all machine tools and electrical appliances generate heat during operation, they must be equipped with various cooling devices. Furthermore, any place where people are present requires air conditioning to maintain a low temperature. The device described in Objective 2 can continuously output extremely cold air from 30 locations, allowing this cold air to replace the aforementioned cooling devices and air conditioning to cool machines and personnel.

[0394] The turbine shown above uses axial airflow, but it's clear that radial airflow can also drive a radially fed rotor to generate power. The principle of radial airflow generating power is similar to existing similar devices and will not be described in detail here.

[0395] The above are all functions of the devices in Purpose 2. However, in specific applications, not all devices using Purpose 2 need to collect greenhouse gases and / or rare gases and / or purify air; in other words, these latter two functions can be simplified or sacrificed as needed.

[0396] Since the device in purpose 2 has the above-mentioned multiple uses, it will be referred to as the "mainstream device" below.

[0397] The third objective of the present invention is implemented as follows: the mechanical torque output by the mainstream device of objective two is used directly (or through a necessary speed change device) to drive large, medium, small, or micro fixed and / or mobile AC and / or DC generators (hereinafter referred to as mainstream generators) to power any four-wheeled, two-wheeled, three-wheeled, or multi-wheeled vehicles and trains, construction and agricultural machinery, tractors, tanks and armored vehicles, ships and / or submarines, and other types of machine tools that can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and / or thermal energy and / or any other form of energy, and / or industrial and household appliances and / or appliances used for heating, thereby forming electrical appliances that do not require access to the power grid and do not rely on fixed power sources. Since all of the above-mentioned machine tools do not operate 24 hours a day. Then, any energy storage device can be equipped as needed, such as batteries, rechargeable batteries, flywheels, or "organic materials such as propionate; the other type is inorganic materials, such as composite brine, calcium sulfate and other effective energy storage bodies" (excerpted from "http: / / baike.so.com / doc / 9072445-9403773.html Seawater temperature difference energy"). When it is necessary to output high power to the machine tool for a short period of time, the mainstream generator and these energy storage devices jointly output electrical energy to drive the machine tool. When the machine tool is suspended, the mainstream generator is still working, storing electrical energy in the energy storage device for use when the machine tool starts working again. At the same time, the extremely cold gas discharged by the mainstream device is also used to cool down all the above-mentioned machine tools, electrical appliances, etc. If needed, the mainstream device can also be used to absorb surrounding water vapor to reduce air humidity.

[0398] The power source in the first objective can be supplied by batteries and / or by the aforementioned mainstream generator. Since nearly all of the devices in objectives 1 through 15 require power, this power source is supplied not only to the assembly but also to all electrical devices in all of the devices described below. Therefore, the aforementioned mainstream generator is universally applicable to all of the devices described below.

[0399] Mechanical torque can also drive any machine tool capable of being driven by rotational torque, such as vehicles, trains, construction and agricultural machinery, tanks and armored vehicles, ships, and submarines. For example, in a car, the internal combustion engine, radiator, fuel tank and fuel, and exhaust pipe are eliminated, while the other components remain. Mechanical torque output from the main device replaces the internal combustion engine to drive the clutch and transmission, which in turn drives the subsequent components and ultimately the wheels. Any other machine tool can also be driven in a similar manner to the car. Of course, it is also possible to simultaneously output electrical energy and mechanical torque to any machine tool. Different machine tools may be driven directly by rotational torque, supplemented by electrical energy. Alternatively, they may be driven primarily by electrical energy, while also outputting a small amount of rotational torque. The specific ratio of torque to electrical energy depends on the specific machine tool.

[0400] The device for purpose three can obviously be used in greenhouse systems: to provide electricity and heating for the greenhouse system, and / or to cool the greenhouse system with the extremely cold gas discharged by the mainstream device, and / or to drive the ventilation system with the electricity output by the mainstream generator; and / or to use the liquid water discharged by the mainstream device for irrigation; and / or to use the CO2 discharged by the mainstream device as a gaseous fertilizer for absorption by plants in greenhouses and fields.

[0401] Purpose four of the present invention is implemented like this: Figure 14 This is a top-down schematic diagram of a (manned or unmanned) military or civilian aircraft: it lacks aircraft engines, fuel, fuel tanks, wings, etc. Reference numeral 52 represents the aircraft's fuselage. Reference numeral 53 represents the cockpit (which can house various components typically found at the front of existing aircraft, such as radar and pilot controls). Reference numeral 54 and reference numeral 55 are located to the left and right of reference 53. The trapezoidal shape represents the ability of reference 54 and reference 55 to draw in air and eject it into a wide solid angle. Reference numeral 56 represents a mains generator, similar to an APU on existing aircraft, which provides the necessary power for each assembly and other components of the aircraft during flight and at rest. Reference numeral 57 represents a conventional or fully movable horizontal tail, and reference 58 represents a conventional or fully movable vertical tail. The double-sided circular arrow next to reference 58 indicates its ability to rotate left and right in the horizontal plane. Figure 15 for Figure 14 Front view: The lower part of the fuselage 52 is flat, and the upper part is similar to the wing curve of a fixed-wing aircraft. The middle of 52 is the cargo hold and / or passenger hold and / or soldiers, weapons and equipment, and ammunition. The dotted curve with an arrow behind 54 represents the streamline of the backward airflow formed on the upper part of the fuselage 52 (due to the Figure 15Center assembly 54 is obscured by 55, so it is indicated by a dashed box. All components obscured by the preceding components are marked with dashed boxes. Horizontal stabilizer 57, its dashed position, and the double-sided circular arrows next to it indicate that horizontal stabilizer 57 can rotate up and down within the vertical plane. Below 52, there is a set of front landing gear 59, 60 and rear landing gear 61, 62 (60 and 62, obscured by front landing gear 59 and rear landing gear 61, respectively, are marked with dashed boxes). 59, 60, 61, and 62 can also be replaced by four or more assemblies of self-contained landing nozzles with retractable mechanisms.

[0402] During takeoff, the multi-unit assemblies 54 and 55 on the upper portion of the fuselage eject a high-speed airflow backward. The air below the fuselage is stationary, and the curved shape of the wings further accelerates the airflow. According to Bernoulli's principle, the high-speed airflow from above and the stationary airflow from below will inevitably create an upward pressure difference on fuselage 52, generating lift. (Even if the upper portion of fuselage 52 is flat, lift will still be generated due to the high-speed airflow above and the stationary, airless lower portion.) The high-speed airflow ejected backward by assemblies 54 and 55 simultaneously exerts a forward thrust on fuselage 52. According to the principle of motion superposition, the combined effects of lift and thrust will cause the aircraft to rise and move forward simultaneously, creating a motion similar to that of a projectile projected upward and forward simultaneously. This allows the aircraft to take off from a stationary position, without the need for forward gliding or a runway. Furthermore, it eliminates the need for wings found on conventional aircraft. Its landing gear only needs to support the aircraft's weight, without the need for forward gliding. Aircraft typically use four conventional landing gears. If the aircraft is overweight, multi-strut and multi-wheel landing gear may also be used. If landing nozzles are used instead of conventional landing gear, each nozzle simultaneously ejects air downward to provide lift during takeoff. Once the aircraft reaches a certain speed, the nozzles cease ejecting air and retract into the interior of the aircraft 52 to reduce flight resistance.

[0403] During flight, the strength of the electromagnetic field in the multi-unit assembly 54 and 55 is adjusted to adjust the airflow velocity and flow rate of the assembly, that is, the thrust, thereby adjusting the flight speed. The elevator is used to control the rise and fall of the aircraft, and the steering is used to control the steering of the aircraft.

[0404] The jet flow speeds and flow rates of assemblies 54 and 55 can also be adjusted to create different thrusts on the left and right sides of the aircraft, thereby generating a torque that causes the aircraft to turn. For example, when the thrust of the left assembly 55 is greater than that of the right assembly 54, the aircraft will turn to the right. Conversely, when the thrust of 54 is greater than that of 55, the aircraft will turn to the left. This eliminates the need for vertical tail 58.

[0405] When landing, the electric and magnetic fields of the multi-unit assembly are reduced, thereby reducing the assembly's thrust. As a result, the aircraft gradually decelerates due to air resistance. According to "https: / / wenda.so.com / q / 1364364081064913?src=140 What is the relationship between aircraft lift and wing area?", "Lift is directly related to wing area and is proportional." Because the projected area of the aircraft's fuselage is enormous and it functions as a wing, its lift is proportional to its area. Rather than falling like a stone, it will glide for a distance like a glider. Under the combined control of the reduced multi-unit assembly's thrust and the lift and steering mechanisms, the aircraft, relying on the aforementioned landing gear, will land at the desired landing location, not necessarily on the runway. If landing nozzles were used instead of traditional landing gear, before landing, each nozzle would extend from the underside of the fuselage 52 and simultaneously eject air downward, generating an upward thrust to slow the aircraft's descent. The thrust would then gradually decrease, allowing the aircraft to descend and eventually land smoothly on the ground. All landing nozzles would be constructed of rigid, wear-resistant materials. They must be able to collectively support the weight of the entire aircraft and prevent it from sliding, ensuring it remains firmly planted on the ground.

[0406] Purpose five of the present invention is implemented like this: Figure 16 This is a top-down schematic diagram of a (manned or unmanned) military and / or civilian helicopter: it lacks an aircraft engine, fuel or oil tanks, a main rotor, or a tail fin to balance the main rotor's reverse torque. Reference numeral 63 represents the fuselage, and reference numeral 64 represents the cockpit (which houses components such as radar and pilot controls, typically installed in the front of existing helicopters). The four trapezoidal shapes 65, 67, 69, and 71 surrounding reference numeral 63 represent the four multi-unit assemblies. Reference numerals 66, 68, 70, and 72 represent the support and control components for each of these units, respectively. The double-sided circular arrows next to reference numerals 65, 67, 69, and 71 indicate that these four multi-unit assemblies can rotate freely within a certain solid angle under the control of reference numerals 66, 68, 70, and 72, thereby adjusting their respective jet directions. Reference numeral 73 represents a main generator, which provides the necessary power for each assembly and the helicopter during flight and while stationary. Figure 17 for Figure 16Front view: The fuselage 63 has a flat bottom surface and a curved top surface similar to the wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. The center of 63 houses the passenger and / or cargo compartments and / or weapons and ammunition compartments. Below, there are a pair of front landing gears 74 and 75, and a pair of rear landing gears 76 and 77, similar to those found in conventional helicopters (the front and rear landing gears 75 and 77, respectively, are marked with dashed lines). During takeoff, each multi-unit assembly simultaneously ejects air downward, and the upward reverse thrust propels the helicopter upward (this thrust also enables the helicopter to lift objects). Once the helicopter reaches a certain altitude, the four assemblies are controlled to gradually rotate in a rearward tilt. This causes the vertical component of force to gradually weaken, while the horizontal thrust gradually increases, propelling the aircraft forward. Because fuselage 63 resembles the wing of a fixed-wing aircraft, the helicopter generates lift during horizontal flight. When the total lift of this lift plus the vertical component exceeds the helicopter's own weight, the helicopter can fly forward under the combined action of lift and thrust. Turning each assembly left or right enables the helicopter to turn. Expelling air forward and downward from each assembly enables the helicopter to fly inverted. Adjusting the direction and volume of the airflow from each assembly allows the helicopter to perform a variety of complex aerial maneuvers. Alternatively, the traditional landing gear of 74 through 77 could be eliminated, with assemblies 65, 67, 69, and 71 acting as elevator nozzles. During landing, these four assemblies would eject air downward, gradually reducing lift and allowing the helicopter to descend to the ground. In this latter option, all elevator nozzles would be constructed of rigid, wear-resistant material; they would collectively support the weight of the entire aircraft and prevent it from sliding on the ground.

[0407] The sixth object of the present invention is implemented as follows: Figure 18 : In the figure, 78 is a multi-unit assembly in the shape of a cylinder, a barrel, or a cone. These shapes allow the assembly to suck in a large amount of air from a large solid angle. 79 represents a ramjet or scramjet or pulse detonation or turbojet or turbofan or turboprop or turboshaft engine or gas turbine. When the high-speed airflow output by the multi-unit assembly 78 is injected into the air intake of the various engines 79 at the back, these engines simultaneously inject fuel into the combustion chamber and ignite and burn, causing the nozzle to eject the air backward (the dotted arrow is the direction of the airflow). It can especially enable the ramjet or scramjet engine or pulse detonation engine to start working and generate thrust even when it is stationary, that is, with an initial velocity of zero. For other jet engines, it can also accelerate the speed of the intake air and reduce the burden on the compressor, and even eliminate the compressor.

[0408] Figure 18 Reference numeral 79 could also represent a wind tunnel. Clearly, the high-speed airflow ejected by assembly 78 could assist or even replace the fan in wind tunnel 79. Furthermore, the velocity and volume of the airflow within wind tunnel 79 could be adjusted over a wide range. As needed, a mainstream generator could be added to each of the aforementioned engines and wind tunnels to provide power to the necessary locations within the engine and wind tunnel.

[0409] Of course, Objectives 4, 5, and 6 can also be combined, with two types of aircraft from Objectives 4 or 5 equipped with one or more engines from Objective 6. During normal cruising, only the multi-unit combination engine would be used, allowing for long-term or even unlimited range flight. When special circumstances require accelerated combat, such as during combat, the various aircraft engines from Objective 6 would be activated to accelerate flight.

[0410] Purpose seven of the present invention is implemented like this: Figure 19 This is a schematic diagram of an air-to-air, air-to-ground, air-to-ship, surface-to-air, or cruise missile or rocket that flies entirely within the atmosphere. 80 represents the missile's warhead, detector, communications, and power distribution systems; 81 represents the conventional second-stage rocket, including the fuel and oxidizer. 86 represents a cylindrical, canister, or conical multi-unit assembly. 82, 83, 84, and 85 are four connecting rods (85 opposite 84 is marked with a dashed box). These connecting rods separate the rear section 86 from the front section 81, allowing a large amount of air to be drawn into 86. The dashed curves near 82, 83, 84, and 85 represent the streamlines of incoming air drawn into 86. The dashed straight line at the tail of 86 represents the rearward jet of air from 86. As needed, four air fins are installed on 86 and / or other parts of the rocket: 87, 88, 89, and 90 (90 opposite 89 is marked with a dashed box). Alternatively, several gas rudders similar to those in existing rockets, namely 91, 92, 93, and 94 (the 94 opposite to 93 is marked with a dotted box) can be provided at the airflow outlet behind 86 as needed. The blades of these two types of rudders can rotate to control the flight attitude and flight trajectory of the rocket. The assembly 86 is used to drive the entire missile and / or rocket for a long time. When the missile and / or rocket approaches the target and needs to, the conventional rocket engine 81 is turned on to attack the target at the fastest speed. Alternatively, the second stage rocket 81 can be completely eliminated, and the multi-unit assembly 86 can be used to drive the entire missile and / or rocket during the entire flight process.

[0411] The multi-unit assembly can also be used to replace the above-mentioned engine using ordinary fuel or traditional rocket engine to drive the flying backpack, making it completely fuel-free and significantly increasing its flight distance and the flight combat radius of the soldiers using it.

[0412] Launch vehicles and rockets used to launch commercial spacecraft such as long-range and / or intercontinental ballistic missiles and / or satellites Figure 19Similar to the above, a multi-unit assembly 86 replaces the lower first-stage rocket. 80 represents the third-stage conventional rocket, which includes all payloads such as satellites or warheads, while 81 represents the second-stage conventional rocket. 82, 83, 84, and 85 are explosive bolts, which also serve to allow air to enter assembly 86. The air rudders and / or the subsequent gas rudders can be retained or removed as needed. Assembly 86 propels the entire rocket upward. When it reaches an altitude of several tens of kilometers, where the atmosphere is thin and the thrust of assembly 86 is almost gone, the explosive bolts are activated to separate 86 from the upper rocket body and then discard it. The remaining second and third-stage rockets, using inertia, rise to a certain altitude, where they ignite the second-stage rocket 81, allowing the rocket to continue its ascent in the thin atmosphere. The remaining flight process is then carried out by the conventional second and third-stage rockets.

[0413] Let's estimate the maximum speed that a multi-unit assembly, a "first-stage rocket," can achieve. Tsiolkovsky's rocket equation is based on the assumption that a rocket continuously burns its own fuel and oxidizer, resulting in a decreasing weight. However, a multi-unit assembly has no fuel or oxidizer to consume, so its mass remains constant during forward flight. Therefore, Tsiolkovsky's rocket equation cannot be applied. Let's first consider air-to-air missiles: After a fighter jet drops a missile, it flies essentially parallel to the horizon. The same "Basic Physics Handbook" (pp. 56-59) states that the product of an object's mass and velocity is momentum K = mv. A system composed of many objects is usually called a physical system. The interactions between the components of a physical system are internal forces; the forces exerted on any member of the physical system by other objects are external forces. When the net external force is zero, the total momentum of the physical system remains constant. The net external force being zero means, first, that there is no external force; second, that the net force is zero; third, that the net impulse is zero; and fourth, that the external force can be ignored when the internal force is greater than the external force. The same book P60 says that rockets are recoil motions and that “all recoil motions obey the law of conservation of momentum”. Figure 19 The entire missile, that is, all parts from 80 to 93, are regarded as a physical system; and a coordinate system is made on the missile that moves forward with it. Then, in this coordinate system, the missile is stationary, and the total momentum of the physical system is 0. Since the missile is extremely fast, the external gravity and air resistance must be much smaller than the internal force, which meets the condition of "internal force>>external force", so the external force outside the system is ignored. At the beginning, in this moving coordinate system, all objects in the system are not moving, and the total momentum is 0; so there is the following formula (50). Once a unit in this physical system ejects a gas with a mass of m and a speed of v per second, this unit and the load on it, that is, the entire physical system, must have a reverse speed of -V, so formula (50) becomes the following two formulas: formula (50a) and (50b):

[0414] MV+mv=0…(50); that is: mv=-MV…(50a), or

[0415] In the above equations (50), M is the total mass of a unit and its load, and V is the velocity of the total mass M. Since a unit ejects gas in the positive direction of the X-axis, the entire rocket moves in the negative direction of the X-axis, so the velocity V is negative. m is the mass of gas ejected backward by a unit per unit time (e.g., 1 second). Under standard conditions, the air density is approximately 1.29 kg / m 3 (From https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 5401823-5539480.html Air density) Assuming that one unit inhales 10m per second 3 The mass of air inhaled per second is 12.9kg. A unit only includes an insulating plate with a conductor coating, a DC power supply, and a coil, etc. It can be seen that its mass is very small. After using it to replace the first-stage rocket, the total mass of the entire missile will be greatly reduced; assume its mass is 10kg. According to relevant information, the total mass of an air-to-air missile is between tens and hundreds of kg; this obviously includes the heaviest traditional first-stage rocket. After removing this stage of rocket, the total mass of the entire missile will drop significantly, so it is assumed that M is 100kg. Referring to the above-mentioned airflow velocity value of 93,000m / s; after substituting it into formula (50b), we have formula (51):

[0416]

[0417] This is nearly 35 times the speed of sound! If you add the initial velocity the missile received from the fighter, its speed is even higher! Even considering the slowdown caused by air resistance, its speed is still far beyond the reach of any existing conventional rocket-propelled missile!

[0418] The above calculations are based on a single unit. If multiple units are connected in series, parallel, or in series-parallel combinations, and the voltage in each unit and the current in the magnet can be adjusted, then the mass of gas ejected per second (m) and the velocity of the airflow (v), or the momentum of the ejected gas (mv), from this multi-unit combination will increase exponentially, even infinitely, compared to those in equation (51). The velocity and flow rate of the airflow will then be several times greater than those in equation (51), and the missile's speed will also increase exponentially!

[0419] For the aircraft, helicopters, various jet engines and gas turbines, wind tunnels, rockets, and flight backpacks mentioned in Objectives 4 through 7, each with a different gross mass M and different flight speeds V, the gas mv can be adjusted to meet these requirements, achieving high-speed flight. For rockets and flight backpacks that don't require long-term flight, a single battery within the multi-unit assembly can meet the power needs of the assembly and its other components. For aircraft, helicopters, jet engines, and gas turbines that require long-term flight, a mainstream generator as described in Objective 3 can be added to power the various electrical devices.

[0420] Due to the importance of launch vehicles in intercontinental ballistic missiles and / or commercial spaceflight, we estimate the speed that the entire rocket can reach if a multi-unit assembly replaces the first stage of the launch vehicle: According to "http: / / www.iairforce.com / SR-71 / Development SR-71 Blackbird Strategic Reconnaissance Aircraft Development History", when the SR-71 cruises at Mach 3.2, its two engines can inhale 2,830 cubic meters of air per second. Assuming that the multi-unit assembly inhales 5,000m3 per second, the speed of the entire rocket is 2,830 cubic meters per second. 3 of air, then the mass of air inhaled per second is about 6,450kg. According to relevant information, the length of existing large-scale carrier rockets is less than 100 meters, and the maximum takeoff weight is about 200 tons; but most of the weight is the first-stage rocket. Assume that the total mass of the second and third-stage rockets and payloads above is 49,900kg. The mass of the multi-unit assembly that replaces the first-stage rocket is 100kg. Then, the total mass M of the assembly and the second, third-stage rockets and payloads above it is 50,000kg. At the beginning, the entire rocket, that is, all objects in this physical system, are stationary, that is, the total momentum of this physical system is 0. At this time, there is no air resistance, so the system is not subject to any external force. According to the above "when the net external force is zero, the total momentum of the physical system does not change"; after substituting these parameters into formula (50b), we have formula (52):

[0421]

[0422] This calculation uses only a single unit's air velocity of 93,000 m / s. If a multi-unit assembly were used with multiple times the velocity and flow rate, the speed would surely exceed 11,997 m / s! Once the rocket reaches a high altitude, where the air is thin, the assembly ceases to function and separates from the second and third stages and payload. Once separated, the remaining mass decreases. According to the law of conservation of momentum, this remaining portion must acquire an additional upward velocity. Consequently, the remaining rocket body, under the influence of inertia, must continue to rise to a certain altitude, where the second stage will ignite and continue the ascent. The subsequent ascent process is identical to that of a conventional two- and three-stage rocket.

[0423] Purpose eight of the present invention is implemented like this: Figure 20 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a pneumatically suspended vehicle: it lacks an internal combustion engine, fuel tank, radiator, transmission, drive shaft, wheels, or components used for weight bearing, driving, turning, and braking. 95 represents a non-load-bearing or load-bearing vehicle body similar to existing automobiles, including a cab and control system, doors, seats, passengers, and cargo. Two independent multi-unit assemblies 96A and 96B are located in front of the vehicle body. Below the vehicle body, where the four wheels would have been, are four front and rear suspension nozzles 97, 98, 99, and 100, and four drive / brake / reverse nozzles 101, 102, 103, and 104 (nozzles 98, 100, 102, and 104 are blocked by nozzles 97, 99, and 101, 103, respectively, so they are marked with dashed lines). These nozzles form four sets of composite nozzles (i.e., each composite nozzle contains one suspension nozzle and one drive / brake / reverse nozzle). The vehicle body is flexibly connected to these four nozzle sets using a suspension system such as rubber pads or springs. Two multi-unit assemblies 96A and B simultaneously supply air to the four suspension nozzles via independent pipelines. This prevents the nozzles from falling and damaging the road surface or the nozzles themselves in the event of an accident during driving, ensuring that the vehicle can at least hover in any situation, thus improving its reliability. 105 represents a main generator and battery in Purpose 3.

[0424] Figure 21 yes Figure 20 The AA cross-sectional view shows the relative position between the suspension nozzle 97 and the drive / brake / reverse nozzle 101; 106 is the air intake pipe of the latter. The relative positions of the other groups of suspension and drive / brake / reverse nozzles are the same as Figure 21 That is, the arrangement of the front and rear nozzles is similar to Figure 21 The same as the opposite 98 and 102; 100 and 104 and Figure 21 Mirror image symmetry.

[0425] Figure 22 yes Figure 21 An enlarged cross-sectional view of section 101 shows three pipes within 101: an inlet pipe 106 receives air from assemblies 96A and 96B; nozzles 107 and 108 provide forward and backward airflow. A three-way valve 109 controls channels 106, 107, and 108. According to "https: / / www.qizuang.com / baike / 7064.html Three-Way Valve Principles," three-way valves primarily function to change the direction of flow. In addition to inlet A, outlet B, and a reversing port C, a three-way valve has a reversing port. When the valve is open, the medium enters through port A and exits through port B. The valve core then reverses direction, allowing medium A to enter and exit through port C. "https: / / www.valve-sg.com / intro / 629.htm Three-Way Ball Valve" explains that L-shaped flow channels are primarily used for flow reversal. T-shaped flow channels are primarily used for reversing flow. Both L- and T-shaped valves can reverse airflow.

[0426] When the vehicle starts, the airflow output by the assembly 96A and 96B is ejected downward through the four suspension nozzles, generating an upward thrust that levitates the vehicle and keeps it suspended. Three-way valve 109, via valve 106, directs airflow backward from the four drive / brake / reverse nozzles 101, 102, 103, and 104, generating a forward thrust that propels the vehicle forward after levitation. The speed and / or flow of the driving airflow are adjusted by strengthening the electric and magnetic field strengths to control the vehicle's acceleration, deceleration, or constant speed. When braking, three-way valve 109 is turned to direct airflow forward from the drive / brake / reverse nozzles 101, 102, 103, and 104, resulting in a backward thrust that causes the vehicle to brake while suspended. When reversing, airflow also flows forward from these four nozzles, causing the vehicle to reverse. The principles for controlling the airflow direction in the other three composite nozzles are similar.

[0427] Figure 23 This is a top view of the combined nozzles 97 and 101; 98 and 102. These two sets of composite nozzles are supported on bearings 110 and 111, respectively, allowing them to rotate about the vertical line. The steering wheel in the cab is connected to these two sets of composite nozzles by a shaft, a gear 112 (although only the gear is shown in the figure, the shaft above is present), and a rack 113. When the steering wheel is turned, the steering wheel drives rack 113 through the shaft and gear 112 on it. 113, in turn, drives the left and right composite nozzles to rotate simultaneously about the vertical line (steerage of these two sets of composite nozzles can also be controlled by wire ropes, hydraulics, or electrical mechanisms). The double-directional straight arrow below rack 113 represents the bidirectional movement of 113; the double-directional curved arrow next to 112 represents the rotation of gear 112. The two dashed rectangles indicate nozzles 101 and 102, which are oriented at a certain angle to the vehicle's long axis (indicated by the dashed lines). The dashed arrows within the dashed rectangles indicate the direction of the jets from 101 and 102. When the steering wheel rotates nozzles 101 and 102 and the airflow therein clockwise at a certain angle, a rightward force component and a rightward turning torque are generated, causing the vehicle to turn right. Otherwise, the vehicle turns left. The nozzles at the front of the vehicle must be able to propel the vehicle forward; otherwise, the nozzle rotation will not generate a turning torque, preventing the vehicle from turning. This configuration is similar to the four-wheel drive system in a conventional car.

[0428] When stopping is necessary, the electric and magnetic fields are weakened, followed by a gradual shutdown of the propulsion airflow and then the suspension airflow. The vehicle is then allowed to gradually decelerate and land on the road. It is important to emphasize that all nozzles must possess sufficient strength, rigidity, and wear resistance to support the vehicle's weight without slipping after landing and stopping on the road.

[0429] The cab contains two independent control devices, E and F, which control the velocity and flow of the air from the suspension and drive / brake / reverse nozzles, respectively, by controlling the electric field voltage and magnetic current within assemblies 96A and B. When the vehicle starts, device E first opens the suspension nozzle and maintains the velocity and flow of the air, causing the vehicle to levitate. Once levitated, device F then directs airflow into the drive / brake / reverse nozzle and ejects it backward, causing the vehicle to move forward after starting. When braking or reversing is required, device F controls the airflow forward via three-way valve 109. Alternatively, left and right pedals could be provided in the cab. While maintaining vehicle levitation, the right pedal controls the electric field voltage in the drive nozzle and the magnetic current to control the vehicle's forward speed. The left pedal controls three-way valve 109. When the left pedal is depressed, the airflow is directed forward, causing the vehicle to brake or reverse. Simultaneously, the right pedal controls the velocity and flow of the forward airflow, thereby controlling the force of braking or the speed of reversing.

[0430] The main generator 105 in the figure provides power for the electric and magnetic fields in each assembly, and also for all other vehicle components such as lighting, signal lights for turning and braking, communications, computers, and air conditioning. The cold air exhausted by 105 also cools the interior of the vehicle.

[0431] Since there is no friction between the wheels and the road to measure the vehicle's speed, in order to know the vehicle's speed and position at any time, a pitot tube similar to that used to measure the speed of an airplane and / or a satellite positioning system can be used to measure the vehicle's speed and position.

[0432] The vehicle with the above four nozzles is suitable for replacing cars, buses, medium and small trucks similar to existing four-wheeled ones.

[0433] The construction and motion principles of three-wheeled and two-wheeled vehicles are similar to those of the four-wheeled vehicles described above: Instead of wheels, composite nozzles are installed where the wheels would normally be. After levitating the vehicle, a rotary handle controls the nozzle's jet velocity, thereby controlling the vehicle's forward speed. Another handle controls a three-way valve, braking the vehicle and enabling reverse. The steering wheel directly controls the nozzles on the front wheels, steering the vehicle. Each nozzle must be able to support the full weight of the vehicle and its cargo when stationary, preventing the vehicle from sliding.

[0434] A heavy-duty pneumatic levitation truck operates on a similar principle to a heavy-duty truck with multiple wheels: Two independent multi-unit assemblies at the front of the vehicle channel airflow through multiple pipes to multiple pairs of composite nozzles at the front and rear. All the levitation nozzles simultaneously emit air, levitating the entire vehicle. The rearward and forward nozzles respectively move the vehicle forward, brake, or reverse. Only the front pair of nozzles are required for left and right steering, enabling the truck to turn. Because none of the nozzles have contact with the road surface like the wheels of traditional vehicles, they can freely follow the entire vehicle during turns. Furthermore, the truck does not require components like differentials found on traditional extended trucks. Similarly, the composite nozzles must be able to collectively support the full weight of the vehicle and its cargo when stationary, preventing the vehicle from sliding.

[0435] The principle of pneumatic levitation is like that of a rocket: when a rocket ejects downward air, the reaction force causes the rocket to rise. This rise is independent of the presence of objects below the rocket. Similarly, the levitation of all of the aforementioned pneumatically levitated vehicles is independent of the presence of solid objects or liquids below. Furthermore, the vehicles' movement forward, backward, or around corners does not contact the road or water surface; rather, the reaction force determines their movement. Consequently, these vehicles can levitate and travel on surfaces such as flat roads and highways, poorer roads, even on non-road surfaces, and of course, on water, fulfilling the functions of off-road and / or amphibious vehicles. However, for safety reasons, the speed and / or flow of the downward air jet must be increased during off-road travel, raising the vehicle's hovering height to avoid collisions with potential obstacles. For vehicles traveling on water, not only must the vehicle's hovering height be increased, but the vehicle's body, particularly those prone to water ingress, must also be sealed and waterproofed to prevent splashing water from entering and contaminating people and cargo inside.

[0436] Because the structure of an aerodynamic vehicle is similar to that of the helicopter discussed in Objective 4, the principle of its mid-air flight is similar: it does not require wings. Simply by increasing the speed and / or volume of the downward jet from the suspension assembly, the entire vehicle can be gradually lifted to a height of more than ten meters or even higher. Once the vehicle reaches the desired altitude, the nozzle is driven to eject air backward, propelling the vehicle forward. Because the upper portion of the vehicle body is curved, similar to a wing, while the lower portion is flat, Bernoulli's principle states that this shape allows the vehicle to generate upward lift at high speeds, thereby reducing the burden on the suspension nozzle. By rotating the jet direction of the front assembly, the vehicle can be turned. Some literature states that "controlling the ascent and descent of a helicopter is achieved by adjusting the collective pitch of the rotors to obtain different total lift, so that the helicopter can achieve vertical takeoff and landing." Excerpted from "https: / / wenda.so.com / q / 1638385063218306?src=140&q=%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%87%E6%9C%BA%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%8D%87%E9%99%8D How do helicopters ascend and descend?" Similarly, adjusting the speed and / or flow of the downward jet of an aerodynamically suspended vehicle can make the vehicle ascend and descend freely.

[0437] The pneumatic suspension train of the ninth object of the present invention is implemented as follows: Figure 24 This train has no internal combustion engine or traction motor, transformer, converter, overhead wire, wheels, etc. 114 is the frame of the train bogie (only one side of the rails and the parts on it are shown in the figure; the rails on the opposite side and the parts on it are mirror images). Referring to the structure of the two axles in existing train bogies, the original wheels below the bogie frame 114 are replaced by two sets of suspension nozzles 115 and 116 and drive / brake / reverse nozzles 117 and 118: 119 is the rail. The solid arrow above the frame 114 represents the train's forward direction, and the downward dashed arrows inside the nozzles 115 and 116 represent the downward-spraying suspension airflow; the dashed arrows on 117 and 118 represent the backward-spraying direction of the nozzles. Figure 25 It is from Figure 24View from the bottom of the train, looking forward: The suspension nozzles 115 above the rails 119 are not perpendicular to the plumb line, allowing them to simultaneously spray air downward and inward of the rails (dashed arrows indicate the direction of airflow). The reaction force generated by the downward jets from each nozzle levitates the train, while the reaction force generated by the jets toward the rails replaces the wheel flanges and acts as a guide, ensuring that each nozzle remains properly positioned above the rails, whether moving or stationary. The drive / brake / reverse nozzles 117 and 118 spray air backwards, propelling each car forward. The train's speed is adjusted by adjusting the airflow velocity and / or flow rate. When a three-way valve similar to 109 (not shown, but present) on the drive / brake / reverse nozzles redirects airflow forward, the resulting forward thrust brakes the train. Continuous forward jetting from the drive / brake / reverse nozzles reverses the train. To stop the train, the drive / reverse / brake airflow velocity and flow rate are first reduced, causing the train to gradually decelerate under the influence of air resistance and eventually stop. The velocity and flow of the suspended airflow are then reduced, allowing the train to gradually land on the rails. All nozzles must be strong, rigid, and wear-resistant enough to support the full weight of their respective carriages when stationary. The static friction between the nozzles and the rails prevents the train from sliding when stationary.

[0438] According to "https: / / zhidao.baidu.com / question / 580714776.html" (The Working Principle of an EMU), "A typical EMU consists of two locomotives, several powered cars, and non-powered cars. Some EMUs also eliminate the locomotive's power unit, retaining only the train's control equipment." Based on these configurations, the present pneumatic levitation train also has the following powertrain layouts: One is to have a locomotive at each end of the train, with one or more multi-unit assemblies on each locomotive. These use independent ducts to deliver airflow to all the suspension and drive / brake / reverse nozzles in the bogie structure beneath each car. Both locomotives are equipped with wired and / or wireless control devices that synchronize the speed and / or flow rate and direction of all nozzles, using electrical, hydraulic, mechanical, or a combination of these. Layout 2 features a multi-unit assembly in the locomotive, but each or most of the cars also have their own small multi-unit assembly under the bogie frame. These, along with the airflow from the locomotive, suspend, guide, and move the train forward or backward through the suspension and drive / brake / reverse nozzles. Layout 3 is similar to Layout 2: each car has its own small multi-unit assembly under the bogie frame, while the locomotive multi-unit assembly and its gas delivery pipes are eliminated, leaving only the locomotive's aforementioned equipment for controlling all airflow. In all three layouts, a main generator is located on both the front and rear locomotives, powering all electrical appliances on the train.

[0439] Since there are no wheels, the "wheelset axle box" component has been removed from the bogie of this train; since the air cushion itself has a good shock-absorbing effect, the "elastic suspension device" has been removed from the bogie; since there are / brake / reverse nozzles, the "basic braking device" has been removed from the bogie; since there are drive nozzles on the locomotive and almost every carriage, the "traction device" has also been removed from the bogie.

[0440] The tenth object of the present invention is implemented as follows: in various types of ships and / or vessels, traditional drive devices such as diesel engines, steam turbines, gas turbines, nuclear power and their fuel tanks are removed. The transmission speed change device and propellers used to drive the propellers are removed. Figure 26 This is a schematic top-down view of a ship or vessel. 120 represents the hull. To the left and right of 120 are two multi-unit assemblies, 121 and 122, respectively. 123 represents the superstructure. 124 represents the rudder; the double-curved arrow next to it indicates that the rudder can rotate left and right. Two more multi-unit assemblies, 125 and 126, are located at the stern. The dashed curves above 121, 122, and 125, 126 represent airflow entering from the front and exiting from behind them. The reaction force of the airflow ejected from each assembly directly propels the ship forward. Another propulsion method involves rotating these four assemblies, 121, 122, 125, and 126, within a certain range of angles, causing the airflow to tilt downward, nonparallel to the water surface. This creates both forward and upward reaction forces. The forward component propels the ship forward, while the upward component pushes the entire hull upward, reducing its draft and thus its resistance to navigation. The superstructure 123 houses a main flow generator, which supplies power to the various multi-unit assemblies and all electrical equipment on the vessel. The vessel's speed is adjusted by adjusting the airflow speed and / or flow rate. The angle of the airflow, thus adjusting the ratio of the downward and rearward forces, is also adjusted to achieve an optimal ratio. Adjusting the airflow speed and / or flow rate of the left and right assemblies 125 and 126 creates different thrust forces on the left and right sides of the ship, generating a steering torque that allows the vessel to steer; thus, eliminating the need for rudder 124. These four assemblies can also redirect the jets from each nozzle forward to accommodate reverse maneuvers. Of course, the vessel also includes similar features to conventional ships, such as control, communications, maneuvering, and cabins for passengers and / or cargo (as these are similar to conventional ships, they are not shown in this diagram).

[0441] The purpose 11 of the present invention is implemented as follows: Figure 27The existing hovercraft's suspension and drive fans, along with their engines, fuel, and other functions, are eliminated. Beneath the hovercraft's hull 127 is an air containment device 128, similar to existing hovercraft, such as a flexible skirt or rigid sidewalls. At the upper front of the hull is one or more multi-unit assemblies 129. These assemblies deliver air to the air cushion 128 through a rigid duct 130 that both supports 129 and delivers the airflow, ejecting jets downwards, allowing the hovercraft to hover above the water or ground. The hull also contains similar features as those found in conventional hovercraft, such as control, communication, maneuvering, and passenger and / or cargo compartments (since these are similar to conventional hovercraft, they are not shown in the figure). At the rear of the hull are one or more multi-unit assemblies 132, connected to the hull via supports 131. These assemblies eject jets backwards, propelling the hovercraft forward. The dashed arrows in 129 represent the airflow entering 129, passing through duct 130 and ejecting jets downwards into the air cushion 128; the multiple arrows below 128 represent the streamlines of the downwardly ejected airflow. The dashed arrows in 132 represent the streamlines of the rearward airflow ejected from 132. 133 is the rudder behind 132, and the adjacent double-headed arrows represent the left and right rotation of 132, which is used to control the direction of the driving airflow and turn the hovercraft. Alternatively, the craft can be turned by adjusting the jet speeds of the two simultaneously rearward jet assemblies 132, thereby eliminating the need for rudders 133. Each assembly also includes a main generator that powers each assembly and all other electrical equipment onboard. The principles of a hovercraft are similar.

[0442] To reiterate: In the above-mentioned objectives 2 to 11, all gas pipelines connected to gas-consuming components must comply with the above-mentioned "Gas Pipeline Diameter Design Specifications" and design their respective gas pipelines based on the gas flow rate, maximum pipeline length and type of gas flow required for the transported gas in various devices. This ensures that under all circumstances, the gas can flow with the highest efficiency and ensures stable and efficient gas transportation; that is, it ensures that the gas needs of all different gas-consuming components are met.

[0443] Also according to the conservation of momentum and the above formula (50), it can be known that: since the velocity and flow rate of the air flow are extremely high, the multi-unit assembly can fully meet the needs of the machine tools in each of the purposes 2 to 11 to use strong airflow to work and / or suspend and / or propel them.

[0444] Objective 12 of the present invention is implemented as follows: A mainstream device including a mainstream generator is located within a confined space. The device, after operating and purifying, produces extremely low-temperature air (which may even contain some liquid gas) that is discharged into the confined space. The discharged low-temperature gas (and a small amount of liquid) will absorb heat from other ambient-temperature gases within the confined space, causing the gas temperature within the entire confined space to gradually decrease. The mainstream device operates continuously, outputting energy such as electrical energy and / or mechanical torque while continuously cooling the confined space. The confined space can be, for example, the interior of a building, a cold storage facility, a refrigerated vehicle, train, or ship, a refrigerator, a freezer, and / or any other machine that generates heat during operation and requires cooling, as well as any location or device requiring refrigeration, such as deep cooling in superconductors. The output electrical energy can be used to power the mainstream device's own electric and magnetic fields and for use by other electrical appliances. Containers for storing condensed water, CO2, other pollutants, greenhouse gases, and rare gases can be provided as needed.

[0445] The principle of a device for cooling and storing any gas, including air, for a long period of time is as follows Figure 28 : There is a gas generator 134 that can emit a specific gas (such as O2, N2, H2, etc.). It is connected to an insulated and pressure-resistant container 137 via a pipe 135 and a one-way valve 136 with a gas filter in front. Above the interior of 137, there is a mainstream device 138 including a mainstream generator. Initially, 137 is a vacuum. When the one-way valve 136 is opened to input the gas in 134 into 137, the mainstream device 138 draws the gas in 134 to form an airflow and drives the impeller to work. Then, the temperature of the gas discharged from 138 drops. Therefore, 138 can operate and generate electricity on its own without the need for external electrical energy input, which is used for its own electric and magnetic fields. 138 continuously draws in the gas in 137, causing it to cool down and then cool into a liquid state. Once the temperature drops, the volume of the gas in 137 will inevitably decrease (according to relevant literature, after a certain volume of gas liquefies into a liquid state, its volume will shrink to several hundred to one thousandth of its original volume), and the pressure in 137 will also inevitably drop. Then, the specific gas in 134 will inevitably break open the one-way valve 136, and gas will be input into container 137 again. The incoming gas will continue to be cooled by 138, and its volume will decrease... This process is repeated continuously, eventually causing all or nearly all of the gas in 137 to condense into a liquid state. Because liquid material will not cause 138 to operate, once the material in 137 has completely become liquid, 138 will temporarily stop operating. Once the temperature of 137 rises due to external heat transfer, gaseous material will inevitably reappear in the upper part of container 137, and gas pressure will also increase, causing 138 to operate again, cooling the gas into a liquid state again. This creates a gas storage device that can maintain low temperatures for a long time and store liquids such as liquid fuel and oxidizer in liquid rockets and / or any other types of gases without the need for an external power source.

[0446] At the bottom of container 137, there's a liquid (gas) discharge check valve 139. Below it is a liquid (gas) filter 140, and below that, a radiator 141 (though a heat sink would be more appropriate) similar in principle and appearance to that found in internal combustion engines. The main flow device 138 contains a battery that stores its own generated energy, and a wire 142 connects it to an electric fan 143. At the other end of the heat sink, there's an outlet check valve 144. When the reservoir 137 needs to discharge its stored gas, it opens the exhaust valve 139, allowing the liquid gas to flow through the filter 140 under gravity and into the heat sink 141. Simultaneously, the power from 142 drives the fan 143, blowing ambient air onto the heat sink 141. Consequently, the liquid material flowing into 141, aided by the fan 143, absorbs a significant amount of heat from the surrounding air, returning from liquid to gas. Consequently, its volume and pressure increase by hundreds or even thousands of times. Then the specific high-pressure gas is output outward from the gas outlet one-way valve 144 at the other end of 141.

[0447] If 134 is not used and 135 is directly connected to the atmosphere, 137 can store liquid air for a long time without external energy. Once output is needed, the same process as above is used to output compressed air, thus replacing the traditional air compressor.

[0448] The purpose 13 of the present invention is implemented as follows: Figure 29The oval 145 in the figure represents clouds and / or water vapor masses saturated with water vapor in the sky, 146 represents a helicopter, and 147 represents the connecting rod below it; a mainstream device 148 including a mainstream generator is connected below the connecting rod 147. 149 is a pipe that is compatible with 148 and can rotate within a certain solid angle and transport liquid water. There is a one-way valve at the front end of the pipe that only allows water to flow into the pipe. These four components constitute a set of water absorbers. 150, 151, 152, and 153 are another set of water absorbers consisting of the same helicopter, connecting rod, mainstream device, and water pipe as 146, 147, 148, and 149. The four directional arrows in the middle of 145 represent both the possible up, down, left, and right movements of the water vapor mass and the ability of the above-mentioned water absorbers to follow the up, down, left, and right movements of 145. The number of water absorber sets in the water vapor mass 145 can be further increased as needed. Distributed at different locations, directions, and heights, each water absorber absorbs water vapor from 145, condenses it into liquid water, and transports it to its respective pipeline. The liquid water in each pipeline ultimately converges into a main water pipeline 154, which can stretch for tens, even hundreds, or even thousands of kilometers. Multiple helicopters 155, 157, 159, 161, and 163 (all of these helicopters are the same as those described in Objective 5) are distributed along this main water pipeline 154, spaced apart from one another. These helicopters 155, 157, 159, 161, and 163 are suspended in mid-air by connecting rods 156, 158, 160, 162, and 164, respectively. The pipeline terminates at an outlet 165. The main water pipeline 154 is sloped at both ends to allow the liquid water in 154 to flow forward automatically under the influence of gravity and ultimately out through outlet 165. All components exposed to the atmosphere, such as the helicopters, connecting rods, main flow device, and water pipeline, are equipped with lightning protection devices.

[0449] When excessive water vapor in the clouds above a certain area is about to fall or has already occurred, leading to a potential rain or snowstorm, the system's multiple water absorbers are maneuvered to fly into the clouds in that area to absorb large quantities of water vapor. The absorbed liquid water is then transported via aerial pipelines to water-scarce areas as rainfall and / or directly injected into irrigation canals, lakes, reservoirs, areas where fires are likely or have already occurred, or deserts, among other areas in need of water. The four directional arrows next to 165 represent water outlets. Driven by the nearest helicopter (e.g., 163 in the figure), 165 can be moved within a large three-dimensional space as needed to meet the water needs of the various aforementioned areas. The electricity generated by the mainstream generators in the mainstream devices of each water absorber and helicopter not only powers the helicopter itself but is also used to control the flight, movement, lift, and communications of the entire system. Additionally, a fixed and / or mobile ground control center is provided, connected to all of the aforementioned components via wireless and / or wired means to control and coordinate their actions. This system can also be used to desalinate seawater and provide fresh water to water-scarce areas.

[0450] The fourteenth object of the present invention is implemented as follows: a multi-unit assembly with high-speed forward impulse motion pushes a long push rod, which then directly pushes the projectile forward in the barrel of a gun or cannon; thereby eliminating the cartridge case, primer and the propellant therein, the chamber or breech, the breech block, the breech block, the firing pin, the ejection mechanism, etc.; only the projectile of the gun or cannon is retained. Figure 30 In the figure, 166 represents the barrel of a cannon or gun, with a notch 167 at the rear end for accommodating projectiles. 168 represents a multi-unit assembly, with two positive and negative contact sliders 169 connected below 168. 170 represents two conductive rails, each connected to the positive and negative terminals of an ultra-high-power pulse power supply. "https: / / baike.so.com / doc / 6007431-6220416.html Machine Tool Guides" explains that the components that support and guide moving components along a specific trajectory are called guide pairs, and the trajectory of the moving component is a straight line. The guide surface on the supporting component in a guide pair is the bearing surface, known as the static guide, and is relatively long. The other guide surface on the moving component is known as the dynamic guide, and is relatively short. Rectangular guide surfaces with sliding friction are called sliding guides, while those with rolling friction are called rolling guides. Closed guides can withstand overturning moments, while open guides cannot. Main motion guide rails: The moving guide rails are the primary movers, and the relative speed between the guide rail pairs is relatively high. As can be seen, 170 corresponds to the static guide rails in machine tools, while 169 corresponds to the moving guide rails. They utilize sliding or rolling guides, closed or open guide rails. Alternatively, the rails used in existing electromagnetic railguns can be used, or magnets of the same polarity can be placed on the guide rails and the slider, using the repulsion of the magnets to suspend the slider on the guide rails. Regardless of the method, 169 must be able to slide at high speed on 170 with minimal resistance. 168 is rigidly connected to a push rod 171, allowing 168 to exert a strong thrust on 171. The end point of track 170 is equipped with a damping stop 172. The starting point of track 169 has a reset device 173 consisting of a tension spring and / or pneumatic and / or hydraulic devices. 173 is connected to a fixed block 174. Track 170 also features a limit switch 175 that controls the voltage and current input to 168, turning it on and off.

[0451] The front end of projectile 171 is radially positioned within the rear hole of barrel 166; this ensures that projectile 171 remains within the barrel and provides a support point, preventing misalignment and bending. Initially, a projectile 176 is contained within the barrel. When the switch is turned on and a strong pulse voltage and current (required by the electromagnetic coil) are input to assembly 168 via conductor track 170 and two positive and negative electrode contact blocks 169, assembly 168 ejects air backward, driving push rod 171 to slide forward at high speed on track 170, simultaneously propelling projectile 176 continuously forward within the barrel, ultimately ejecting it from the barrel at maximum velocity. The moment projectile 171 pushes the projectile out of the barrel, contact slide 169 strikes switch 175, instantly shutting off the voltage and current. As a result, assembly 168 loses its thrust and continues forward due to inertia, quickly coming to a stop when it strikes damping block 172. Subsequently, 168, 169, and 171 return to their initial positions under the pull of the reset mechanism 173. The dashed outlines of 168, 169, 171, and 173 in the figure represent the farthest forward movement of these four components. The dashed outline of projectile 176 in the figure represents its position at the moment it leaves the barrel. Assuming the barrel length is L0 in the figure, and the buffer distance between 169's collision with 175 and its forward movement is L1 in the figure, the length L2 of 171 must be greater than L0 + L1. The total length of 170 must be ≥ L0 + L1 + the length of the assembly 168 + the reset mechanism 173 + the fixed block 174. 173 is a reset mechanism connected to the slide 169 and composed of a mechanical spring, / or a pneumatic spring, / or (including a telescopic cylinder capable of very long extension) a hydraulic spring, and / or a combination of these in series. During firing, 168 drives 169, while also pulling the springs and other components in 173 to extend and move forward. When 168, 169 and 171 move forward to the maximum stroke indicated by the dotted line in the figure, 168 loses thrust after power is cut off; then 173 pulls 168, 169 and 171 as a whole back to the original position for the next launch.

[0452] The magazine 177 holds the projectiles. Its structure and principle are similar to those of a fully automatic machine gun magazine: it has a spring and a feeder at its base. The feeder acts upward on a row of projectiles or bullets. Once a projectile is fired, the push rod 171 retracts to its initial position as shown in the barrel diagram, clearing the projectile-holding space 167 at the rear of the barrel. The next projectile in the magazine is automatically loaded into the barrel notch 167 by the spring and feeder, allowing the next shot to be fired.

[0453] Figure 31 for Figure 30A top view of the DC power supply 178 is formed by the above-mentioned mainstream generator generating DC power, and capacitors, batteries and other electrical appliances. 179 and 180 are respectively the positive and negative terminals of the DC power supply 178, and the positive and negative terminals 179 and 180 are also connected to the positive and negative terminals on the conductive track 170. The sliding contact block 169 is in contact with the positive and negative terminals on the track 170. 182 is the power switch (the switch is off at this time), and the dotted line represents the position where the switch 182 is closed and energized. The positions and numbers of the remaining components are the same as Figure 30 Same. From this Figure 31 The appearance of each of the above components and the relative positional relationships between the components can be further seen.

[0454] Next, let's estimate the speed that the projectile can reach: According to the conservation of momentum, since the time of the thrust acting on the projectile is extremely short, it is a typical impact motion, and the law of momentum and impulse is particularly suitable for calculation. Since the multi-unit assembly, the push rod and the projectile are all stationary at the beginning, their motion can be fully discussed using formula (50). In the discussion of rockets, the final terminal velocity V of the object is formula (52). Since there is no need for as many series and parallel units 1 as in a high-thrust first-stage rocket, it is assumed that the mass of the assembly 161 is 15 kg and the mass of the push rod 164 is 20 kg. Referring to many materials, it is known that the mass of the projectile is generally between several and tens of kg, so it is assumed that its mass is 15 kg. Assume that the assembly absorbs 6,000m per second. 3 of air, and assuming that its working time is 10 -3 seconds, then the volume of air inhaled during this period is 6.0m 3 , the mass of inhaled air is 7.74 kg; the air velocity is also 93,000 m / s as mentioned above; after substituting these parameters into equation (50b), we get equation (53):

[0455]

[0456] The projectile speed of 14,396m / s is approximately 8.5 times the current maximum speed of 1,700m / s for artillery projectiles! It also surpasses the speed of electromagnetic guns!

[0457] This is the result calculated using the velocity of the airflow ejected from a single unit. If series and / or parallel connections are used, or even series and parallel connections, the jet velocity will increase exponentially, and so will the projectile speed! The weight of a projectile capable of high-speed launch will also increase exponentially!

[0458] Since there is no gunpowder gas in this cannon to propel the projectile forward, there is no ratio of barrel length to barrel inner diameter such as 48 times or even 52 times. Instead, the barrel length is determined based on the above formulas (50) and (53) and the maximum speed achieved by the push rod sliding on the track. The rifling can be retained or eliminated in this barrel. Since there is no strong outward expansion effect of high-temperature and high-pressure gas, the barrel does not need to be made of special materials and special processes, but is similar to the barrel of a rocket launcher. In other words, the sliding fit between the projectile and the barrel is more like the barrel and the rocket shell in a rocket launcher. Of course, this "cannon" should also have a gun carriage consisting of a recoil device, a steering mechanism, an elevation mechanism, an aiming mechanism, a main frame and a moving body.

[0459] The fifteenth objective of the present invention is implemented as follows: A main flow device, including a micro-main flow generator, is installed in an inconspicuous area such as the waist, back, or neck of a warming garment, including a garment, pants (and optionally socks and a hat), and a breath purifier. The device, which is compatible with the body's curvature, contains a main flow device. The electricity generated by this device is used to heat heating wires distributed throughout the garment, similar to those in an electric blanket, at all areas of the body requiring heating. This heats the heating wires and the surrounding textiles, achieving both heat preservation and active warming. Simultaneously, the low-temperature gas generated by the main flow device is discharged. Cooling garments, on the other hand, operate in the opposite manner: the low-temperature gaseous or even liquid material discharged from the main flow device is piped into a network of heat-absorbing pipes distributed throughout the garment, located at various areas requiring cooling. This low-temperature gaseous or liquid material absorbs heat from the body and / or the external environment, cooling all areas requiring cooling. Simultaneously, the temperature of this gaseous or liquid material rises, and as it transforms from liquid to gas, it expands, increasing its pressure. This pressure then pushes through a one-way valve at one end of the heat dissipation pipe and is discharged into the atmosphere. The mainstream device continuously delivers low-temperature material, absorbs heat, and then releases it into the atmosphere, continuously providing cooling. Because the mainstream device simultaneously generates electricity and outputs low-temperature material, heating wires and heat dissipation pipes can be distributed throughout the garment, creating a garment that can regulate both heating and cooling temperatures. The garment's hood features a transparent mask. The miniature mainstream device first purifies the air of various pollutants, including germs, viruses, pollen, smog, kitchen fumes, chemical odors, vehicle exhaust, and even toxic chemical gases. The purified air is then output to the mask for the wearer to breathe. In addition to powering the assembly, the mainstream generator also generates excess electricity to power all of the wearer's electronic devices, such as mobile phones, tablets, and small appliances like headlights.

[0460] For the above-mentioned clothing used to increase the oxygen content on the plateau, an above-mentioned molecular sieve oxygen generator is added to the mainstream device to output rich oxygen to the transparent mask to meet the needs of hypoxia on the plateau.

Claims

1. A gas internal energy utilization device, which is a hollow basic unit (1) whose cross section gradually decreases along its long axis. Two mutually insulated conductive electrode plates (2) and (3) are provided on two opposite inner surfaces perpendicular to its long axis of the basic unit (1), and the positive and negative electrodes of a DC power supply (4) are connected to the electrode plates (2) and (3) respectively; the basic unit (1) can be composed of various types of multi-unit combinations composed of multiple cylindrical, cylindrical, trumpet-shaped, fan-shaped, conical, rectangular or irregular shapes connected in series or in parallel or in series and in parallel.

2. A gas internal energy utilization device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The large-section head and small-section tail of the basic unit (1) are each provided with a sealing plate (7) and (8), and the plates (7) and (8) are provided with one-way valves (9) and (10) respectively; an air filter is provided in front of the valve (9); the molecular sieve in the molecular sieve oxygen generator can be provided behind the filter as needed; magnetic coating or magnetic paint or one, two or even multiple permanent magnets selected from ferrite, aluminum nickel cobalt, samarium cobalt, and neodymium iron boron are surrounded on the periphery of the basic unit (1); or a solenoid, Helmholtz coil, electromagnet, One or more electromagnets selected from the group consisting of a bit magnet, a pulsed field magnet, and a superconducting magnet; or a layer of hollow iron core material is first wrapped around the periphery of the basic unit (1), and then a layer of the above-mentioned permanent magnet and / or electromagnet is wrapped around the outside; there is also a power supply, switch, circuit, control and cooling system dedicated to the superconducting magnet for powering the above-mentioned electromagnet; a voltage-adjustable DC power supply (4) for powering the electrode plates (2) and (3) uses a rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery; if the DC power supply (4) also powers the electromagnet, the output current intensity is adjustable.

3. A multi-purpose mainstream device comprising the device of claim 2, characterized in that: The front end of the device may have a gas filter (18), and a multi-unit assembly (19) behind it. Behind the assembly (19) is a turbine with a multi-stage rotor. A sealed cylinder (20) is provided outside the turbine. The diameter of the cylinder (20) gradually decreases along the long axis of the device. The cylinder (20) has a plurality of stationary blades, and a turbine shaft (31) supported on bearings. The turbine shaft (31) has a plurality of moving blades corresponding to the plurality of stationary blades. Under the cylinder (20) are arranged in sequence for collecting condensed water, R-245 The invention relates to a collector of ca, R245fa, sulfur hexafluoride, carbon dioxide, radon, nitrous oxide, xenon, carbon tetrafluoride, krypton, and methane; the end of the turbine shaft (31) is provided with a gas purifier and a gas outlet (30) composed of one or more of a light hydrogen ion purification system, a chemical reagent, an ultraviolet sterilization lamp, an ozone generator, an electrostatic air dust removal and sterilization, a high-efficiency catalytic activated carbon, and a photocatalyst; the end of the turbine shaft (31) is provided with a coupling; the airflow can also enter the mainstream device from the radial direction and drive the rotor of the radially input airflow to work.

4. A type of AC and / or DC generator that uses the mechanical torque output by the coupling of the mainstream device described in claim 3 to drive large, medium, small or micro fixed and / or mobile devices directly or through necessary speed change devices, and can power all machine tools that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and / or thermal energy and / or any other form of energy, namely, the mainstream generator, which can also power the rechargeable battery and electromagnet in the basic unit (1); the extremely cold gas discharged by the mainstream device can cool the above-mentioned machine tools and / or various electrical appliances; the device can be equipped with a battery , rechargeable batteries, flywheels, or propionic acid alcohol; or any energy storage device such as inorganic materials such as composite brine, calcium sulfate, etc.; when it is necessary to output high power to the machine tool for a short time, the mainstream generator and these energy storage devices simultaneously output electrical energy to drive the machine tool; when the machine tool is suspended, the mainstream generator continues to work and stores electrical energy in the above-mentioned energy storage device; and / or uses the mainstream device to absorb water vapor in the atmosphere; provides power for heating and / or cooling the greenhouse and / or drives the ventilation system and / or irrigation and / or uses the exhausted carbon dioxide to apply to the plants in the greenhouse system; The mechanical torque output by the coupling of the mainstream device can also drive various machine tools directly or through a speed change device. The driven vehicles do not need internal combustion engines, fuel tanks and fuel, radiators and exhaust pipes. This mechanical torque drives the clutch and ultimately drives the wheels of these vehicles. It can also be used in a similar way to the above-mentioned vehicles to drive trains, engineering and agricultural machinery, tanks and armored vehicles, ships, warships, submarines, household appliances and any other machine tools that can be driven by rotational torque. It can also output a certain proportion of electrical energy and mechanical torque to any machine tool at the same time. For gas-using components with different gas transmission lengths and flows in different machine tools, the gas transmission pipelines shall be designed according to the gas flow rate in the pipeline, the maximum length of the pipeline and the type of gas flow in accordance with the "Gas Pipeline Diameter Design Specifications".

5. A manned and / or unmanned military or civilian aircraft utilizing the combination of the devices of claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, characterized in that: It has no aircraft engine, fuel, oil tanks and wings; it has a body (52) that is similar to a rounded rectangle when viewed from above; a cockpit (53) is located at the front of the body, which houses radar and driving control components; two multi-unit assemblies (54) and (55) are located on the left and right sides of the cockpit (53); a main generator (56) is located on the upper part of the body to provide electricity to each multi-unit assembly and other parts of the aircraft; and a conventional or fully movable horizontal tail (57) and a vertical tail (58) are located at the rear of the body (52). The fuselage (52) has a flat surface below and a curved shape similar to the wing of a fixed-wing aircraft above; the middle of the fuselage (52) is a cargo hold and / or passenger hold, and the lower part has at least four front and rear landing gears (59), (60), (61), (62), or a retractable take-off and landing nozzle composed of four or more multi-unit assemblies that replace these landing gears and can jointly bear the weight of the entire aircraft when stationary and prevent the aircraft from sliding when stopped; during takeoff, the assembly (54) and (55) spray jets backward If the conventional landing gear is replaced by a take-off and landing nozzle, during take-off, each take-off and landing nozzle also sprays downward at the same time. After reaching a certain speed, each take-off and landing nozzle stops spraying and retracts into the belly of the fuselage (52); the electromagnetic field strength in the adjustment assembly (54) and (55) is used to adjust the airflow velocity, flow rate, or thrust of the assembly; the elevator is used to control the lift of the aircraft, and the steering is used to control the steering of the aircraft; the jet airflow velocity and / or flow rate of the assembly (54) and (55) can also be adjusted to make the aircraft turn, thereby eliminating the vertical tail (58); during landing, the electric field and magnetic field strength of the assembly (54) and (55) are reduced, and under the joint control of the weakened thrust of the multi-unit assembly and the lift and steering mechanisms, the aircraft lands at the desired landing location by relying on the above-mentioned landing gear; or the conventional landing gear is replaced by each take-off and landing nozzle: before landing, each take-off and landing nozzle extends from the belly of the fuselage (52) and sprays downward at the same time, and gradually reduces the thrust, so that the aircraft gradually descends and finally lands smoothly on the ground.

6. A manned and / or unmanned helicopter comprising the device of claim 2, characterized in that: It has no aircraft engine, fuel, oil tank, main rotor and tail; it has a body (63) that is similar to a rounded rectangle in top view, with a cockpit (64) in the front of the body (63) for placing radar and various driving control components, at least four multi-unit assemblies (65), (67), (69) and (71) evenly distributed around the body (63), and each multi-unit assembly has a support and control component (66), (68), (70) and (72) that can control the free rotation of its own assembly within a certain solid angle; The main generator (73) as claimed in claim 4 is provided at the bottom of the fuselage (63) for providing power to each assembly and the helicopter; the bottom of the fuselage (63) is a flat surface, and the top is a curved surface similar to the wing of a fixed-wing aircraft; the middle of the fuselage (63) is a cargo hold and / or passenger hold, and the bottom is provided with at least four front and rear landing gears (74), (75), (76), (77); or a retractable take-off and landing nozzle composed of four or more multi-unit assemblies that replace these landing gears and can jointly bear the weight of the entire helicopter when stationary and can prevent the helicopter from sliding when stopped; During takeoff, each multi-unit assembly simultaneously ejects jets downward to propel the helicopter upward; when the helicopter reaches a certain height, the four assemblies gradually turn to a backward tilted direction to propel the helicopter forward, and turning each assembly left and right makes the helicopter turn; each assembly ejects jets forward and downward to make the helicopter fly backwards; adjusting the jet direction and flow rate of each assembly makes the helicopter perform various complex aerial maneuvers; when landing, the four assemblies eject jets downward and gradually reduce the lift to make the helicopter gradually descend to the ground.

7. A ramjet or scramjet or pulse detonation engine or gas turbine or turbofan or turbojet or turbopropeller or turboshaft jet engine or wind tunnel (79) utilizing the device combination of claim 1, 2 or 3; characterized in that: A cylindrical, cylindrical or conical multi-unit assembly (78) is arranged on the air inlet in front of each engine or wind tunnel.

8. A rocket and / or missile comprising the device according to claim 1, 2 and 3, wherein the rocket and / or missile comprises a combination of a warhead, a detector, a communication system and a power distribution system (80) at the front, and wherein: For air-to-air, air-to-ground, air-to-ship, ground-to-air, cruise missiles or various types of rockets that fly in the atmosphere throughout the entire flight, the assembly (80) is followed by a conventional rocket (81) including fuel and oxidizer, and the rocket (81) is followed by four connecting rods (82), (83), (84), (85), which are connected to the cylindrical, cylindrical or conical multi-unit assembly (86) behind them; four air rudders (87), (88), (89), (90) can be provided on the assembly (86) and other parts of the rocket; and gas rudders (91), (92) can be provided at the gas ejection point of the assembly (86). 2), (93), (94); the assembly (86) is used to drive the entire missile and / or rocket to fly for a long time. When the missile and / or rocket approaches the target and is needed, the traditional rocket (81) is opened to attack the target at the fastest speed; the rocket (81) can also be cancelled and the assembly (86) can be used for the entire flight; the carrier rocket used to launch long-range and / or intercontinental ballistic missiles and / or various spacecraft is similar to the above: the assembly (86) is used to replace the first-stage rocket, and the connecting rods (82), (83), (84), (85) are replaced by explosive bolts; the assembly (86) can also be used to drive a flying backpack.

9. A pneumatically suspended vehicle assembled using the apparatus of claims 1, 2, 3, and 4, comprising a vehicle body including a cab, a control system, and seats; wherein: The vehicle does not have an internal combustion engine, fuel, fuel tank, radiator, gearbox, drive shaft, wheels, and parts that use wheels to bear weight, drive, turn, and brake; nor does it have large-capacity batteries and electric motors like those in electric vehicles; there are two independent multi-unit assemblies (96A, B) in front of the vehicle body, and four sets of composite nozzles at the front and rear under the vehicle body: they are composed of suspension nozzles (97), (98), (99), (100) and drive / brake / reverse nozzles (101), (102), (103), (104) respectively; the vehicle body is flexibly connected to these nozzles by a suspension system; another one is used for each assembly and the vehicle body. The main generator and battery (105) provide power for the vehicle; the two multi-unit assemblies (96A, B) respectively spray downwards through four suspension nozzles (97), (98), (99), and (100) through their own independent pipelines, and the other part of the airflow output by the assemblies (96A, B) is input into the four driving / brake / reverse nozzles; each driving / brake / reverse nozzle has an air intake pipe and a three-way valve that can control the airflow to switch between the backward and forward nozzles; the nozzles (97) and (101) groups, (98) and (102) groups are supported on bearings (110) and (111), and the direction A shaft and a gear (112) connected to the shaft and a rack (113) meshed with the gear are used between the disk and the two groups of nozzles to control the rotation of the two groups of composite nozzles, or a wire rope or hydraulic or electrical device is used to replace the gear and rack to control the rotation of the two groups of nozzles; there is a device E and / or a right pedal that can control the electric field and magnetic field strength in the combination (96A, B), and a device F and / or a left pedal that controls the jet direction of each three-way valve; there is also a pitot tube and / or a satellite positioning system; the structures of cars, buses, ordinary and heavy trucks are similar to those described above, but the number of their composite nozzles is multiplied; three-wheeled and two-wheeled gas The hovercraft uses a set of hover nozzles and drive / brake / reverse nozzles in place of the wheels. It also has a three-way valve that can switch the jet direction between backward and forward, and a faucet that controls the steering of the front wheel nozzles. The hovering height of this type of vehicle used for off-road and water travel is increased compared to the above-mentioned vehicles, and sealing and waterproofing measures are adopted at various parts of the vehicle body. The downward jet speed and / or flow rate of this type of vehicle used for low-altitude flight is greater than that of water-traveling vehicles. The composite nozzles in all of the above-mentioned vehicles have sufficient strength and rigidity to jointly bear the weight of the entire vehicle, while also providing sufficient friction with the ground to prevent the vehicle from sliding when parked. When the vehicle starts, part of the airflow from assemblies 96A and B is ejected downward through the suspension nozzles to suspend the vehicle and keep it suspended; another part of the airflow is ejected backward from the drive / brake / reverse nozzles to propel the vehicle forward; when braking, the three-way valve is turned to allow the airflow to be ejected forward from the drive / brake / reverse nozzles; when reversing, the airflow is also ejected forward from these four nozzles; when parking, the electric and magnetic field strengths are weakened, and the drive airflow is gradually closed first, and then the suspension airflow is gradually closed; the vehicle is allowed to gradually slow down and land on the road.

10. A pneumatically suspended rail train assembled using the apparatus of claims 1, 2, 3, and 4, comprising a train body, characterized in that: The train does not require an internal combustion engine or traction motor and overhead wires, transformers and converters, wheels, etc.; suspension nozzles (115), (116) and drive / reverse / brake nozzles (117), (118) are provided below the frame (114) in the bogie at the original wheel position; the suspension nozzles above the rails (119) are not perpendicular to the plumb line, and their airflow is simultaneously directed downward and toward the inside of the rails (119); all drive / reverse / brake nozzles are provided with three-way valves for controlling the direction of the jet; all nozzles have sufficient strength, rigidity and wear resistance to bear the entire weight of their respective carriages when stationary, so that the train will not slide when parked on the rails; the front and rear locomotives each have a multi-unit assembly; or in addition to the locomotive multi-unit assembly, each section or Most cars also have their own small multi-unit assembly under the bogie midframe; or each car has its own small multi-unit assembly under the bogie midframe, and the assembly on the locomotive is eliminated; all assemblies use independent pipes to send airflow to the suspension and drive / reverse / brake nozzles; the front and rear locomotives also have wired and / or wireless control devices that use electric current, hydraulic pressure, mechanical means or a combination of these to synchronously control the direction of all nozzle jets, jet speed and / or flow; the front and rear locomotives each have a main generator; after the train is suspended, the drive / brake / reverse nozzles then spray backward to propel the train forward, adjusting the airflow speed and / or flow to adjust the train speed; when the three-way valve diverts the airflow to the front jet, the car body is braked; Continuously spray forward to reverse the train; when stopping, first reduce the speed and flow of the driving / reverse / brake airflow until the train stops, then reduce the speed and flow of the suspension airflow to make the train land on the rails.

11. A ship and / or vessel assembled using the apparatus of claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, comprising a hull, characterized in that: They do not have diesel engines, steam turbines, gas turbines, nuclear power plants or fuel tanks; they do not have transmission gears or propellers; the hull (120) has a set of multi-unit assemblies (121) and (122) on the left and right sides, and two sets of multi-unit assemblies (125) and (126) on the stern; these four sets of multi-unit assemblies spray jets horizontally or obliquely backward and downward; the speed of the ship is adjusted by adjusting the airflow speed and / or flow, and / or the angle of the jet sprayed obliquely backward and downward is adjusted to adjust the ratio of the downward and backward forces; it has a rudder (124), and the airflow speed and / or flow of the left and right assemblies can also be adjusted to replace the rudder (124); the four sets of assemblies (121 to (126) can turn each nozzle forward; The main flow generator is located in the superstructure (123) of the hull (120).

12. An air cushion craft utilizing the combination of the devices of claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, wherein a flexible skirt or rigid side wall air sealing device, i.e., an air cushion (128), is provided below the hull (127), and wherein: The invention does not have a suspension fan, a driving fan, or any type of engine or fuel. There is one or more multi-unit assemblies (129) at the front upper part of the ship, which transport the airflow to the air cushion (128) through a rigid pipe (130) that can both support the assembly (129) and transport the airflow, and the air is ejected downwards. There is one or more multi-unit assemblies (132) at the rear of the ship that are connected to the hull through a support body (131) and eject the air backwards, and there is a rudder (133) behind the assembly (132); or two groups of assemblies (132) that can adjust the backward ejection speed are used to replace the rudder (133), and each assembly has a mainstream generator.

13. A device for refrigerating and / or cooling gaseous substances and storing them for long periods of time and / or compressing, storing, and outputting such gases, comprising the device of claims 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the refrigeration device is characterized by: a mainstream device including a mainstream generator is located within a building requiring refrigeration, a cold storage, a refrigerated vehicle, a refrigerated ship, a refrigerator, a freezer, or any other machine requiring cooling during operation, or any other enclosed space requiring refrigeration during deep cooling of a superconductor, wherein the mainstream device continuously absorbs gas from the enclosed space for work, purifies it, and then discharges extremely low-temperature air into the enclosed space; the electrical energy output by the mainstream generator is simultaneously used to generate the electric and magnetic fields of the mainstream device itself and / or for other purposes; The device for cooling, storing and outputting gaseous substances is characterized by: a gas generator (134) capable of emitting a certain gas, which is connected to a heat-insulating and pressure-resistant container (137) by a pipe (135) and a one-way valve (136) with a gas filter in front; a mainstream device (138) including a mainstream generator is provided above the interior of the container (137); the device (138) sucks the gas in (137) and performs work, and then discharges the gas into the container (137) until the gas is cooled to a liquid state and stored for a long time; a liquid discharge one-way valve (139) is provided at the bottom of the container (137), a filter (140) is provided below the one-way valve (139), and a filter (140) is provided below the one-way valve (139), which is similar to that in an internal combustion engine. The heat absorber (141) of the radiator has a battery for storing self-generated electricity in the device (138), and another wire (142) outputs electricity to drive an electric fan (143); there is an air outlet one-way valve (144) at the other end of the heat absorber (141); when the container (137) needs to output gas, the exhaust valve (144) is opened to allow the liquid gas therein to be filtered by the filter (140) and then output to the heat absorber (141), and at the same time, the electric energy output by (142) drives the fan to blow the outside air onto the heat absorber (141), thereby outputting specific high-pressure gas from the one-way valve (144); and the one-way valve (135) can also be directly connected to the atmosphere to output compressed air.

14. A water vapor transfer system for absorbing and transferring water vapor using a combination of the devices of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, characterized in that: There is a helicopter (146) in claim 6, with a connecting rod (147) below the helicopter (146), and a mainstream device (148) including a mainstream generator is connected below the connecting rod (147); there is also a water pipe (149) that can rotate within a certain solid angle and is matched with these three, and a one-way valve is arranged in the pipe (149); a set of water absorbers is formed from (146) to (149); there are multiple sets of water absorbers distributed at different heights, different locations, and different directions in the water vapor transfer system; the liquid water in each pipe is finally collected into a main water pipe (154) that is tens, even hundreds, or even thousands of kilometers long; a plurality of helicopters in claim 6 are distributed above the pipe (154) at a certain distance; they each use their own connecting rods to suspend the main water pipe (154) in mid-air; there is a collection valve at the end of the pipe (154) The water outlet (165) of the water flow; all the above-mentioned components in the water absorber are equipped with lightning protection devices; each water absorber and water pipeline can be moved in three-dimensional space to a cloud layer with excessive water vapor or about to or already raining or snowing and about to form a rain and snow disaster under the control of its respective helicopter, and the water outlet (165) can also be freely moved to an irrigation canal, lake, reservoir, area where fire may or has occurred, desert, etc. under the control of the helicopter closest to it, to rain and / or directly inject water flow; the electricity generated by the mainstream generator in each mainstream device can power the respective helicopter and can also control the flight, movement, lifting and communication of the entire water vapor transfer system; there is also a fixed and / or movable ground control center, which is connected to all the above-mentioned components through wireless and / or wired devices and controls and coordinates all their actions; the water vapor transfer system can also be used for seawater desalination.

15. A gun or cannon assembled using the device of claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, comprising a gun carriage consisting of a recoil device, a steering mechanism, an elevation mechanism, an aiming mechanism, a main frame and a moving body; wherein: These guns have no cartridge case, primer, propellant, chamber or breech, breech block, breech block, firing pin, or ejection mechanism, and only retain the projectile; there is a notch (167) at the rear of the barrel (166) for accommodating the projectile; there is a multi-unit assembly (168), two positive and negative electrode contact sliders (169) are connected below the assembly (168), there are two conductive tracks (170), the tracks (170) are respectively connected to the positive and negative poles of an ultra-high power pulse power supply, and the assembly (168) is rigidly connected to a push rod (171); a damping block (172) is provided at the end of the track (170); the contact slider (169) The starting point has a reset device (173) composed of a tension spring and / or a pneumatic and / or hydraulic device; the reset device (173) is connected to a fixed block (174); a travel switch (175) is provided on the track (170); the front end of the push rod (171) is positioned radially by the barrel in the rear hole of the barrel (166); when the electric switch is turned on, a strong pulse voltage and the current required by the electromagnetic coil are input to the assembly (168) through the conductor track (170) and the two positive and negative electrode contact sliders (169), and the assembly (168) ejects air backward and drives the push rod (171) to slide forward at high speed on the track (170). , and simultaneously pushes the projectile (176) forward in the barrel (166) until it is ejected from the barrel; at the moment the push rod (171) pushes the projectile out of the barrel (166), the contact slider (169) hits the switch (175) and disconnects the voltage and current; the assembly (168) collides with the damping block (172) under the action of inertia and stops quickly; then the assembly (168), the contact slider (169) and the push rod (171) return to the initial position under the pull of the reset mechanism (173); the length L2 of the push rod (171) is greater than the barrel length L0 + the slider (169) from the collision to the switch (175) to the stop The buffer distance L1 is ≥ L0+L1+the length of the assembly (168)+the reset device (173)+the fixed block (174); a magazine (177) for accommodating projectiles is provided below the notch (167); once a projectile is fired, the push rod (171) retreats to its initial position, and the spring and the bullet support plate at the bottom of the magazine (177) load the next projectile into the emptied notch (167); an ultra-high power pulse power supply consisting of a mainstream generator and electrical appliances such as capacitors and batteries, and a switch (182) for controlling the various electrical appliances is provided; the rifling can be retained or eliminated in the barrel.

16. An air-conditioning garment composed of the devices according to claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, characterized in that: A set of warming clothes including clothes, pants, and even socks, hats and respiratory purifiers has a micro mainstream device including a mainstream generator at the waist, back or neck. The generator is connected to the heating wires distributed on all parts of the body that need to be heated in the warming clothes by wires, and the low-temperature gas generated by the mainstream device is discharged; while the cooling clothes use pipes to flow the low-temperature gaseous or even liquid substances discharged by the mainstream device into the heat-absorbing pipe network distributed in all parts of the body that need to be cooled in the clothes. The gaseous substance after cooling and absorbing heat and expanding is discharged from the one-way valve at one end of the heat dissipation pipe; the clothes can be distributed in the same time with heating wires and heat dissipation pipes; there is a transparent mask on the hat of this clothes, and the micro mainstream device purifies the external air and outputs it to the mask; in addition to powering the combination, the mainstream generator also uses its excess electricity to power all electrical appliances of the person wearing this clothes, such as mobile phones, tablets, lights, etc.; a molecular sieve oxygen generator that outputs rich oxygen to the transparent mask can be added to the mainstream device.

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