Low-carbon parking space ecological paving method based on bionic structure and solid waste regeneration

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of green construction of urban infrastructures, and particularly relates to a low-carbon parking space ecological paving method based on a bionic structure and solid waste regeneration, which comprises the following steps of: performing topographic surveying and mapping and vegetation investigation through RTK-GPS (Real Time Kinematic-Global Positioning System), performing layered excavation, storing surface soil, paving non-woven fabrics after compacting a base layer, arranging a PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) water seepage pipe network, and constructing a five-layer composite ecological structure. Comprising a filtering layer, a bearing layer and an ecological layer, the ecological layer is made of nano-modified HDPE grids and planting soil, the water content is controlled, and the ecological layer is gently pressed, filled and leveled up. According to the method, trampling-resistant grass seeds are selected to be sown according to the climate, passing is forbidden within 60 days, stable growth of vegetation is guaranteed, collaborative optimization of the compressive strength of 50 MPa and the water permeability of 1.8 * 10 <-2 > cm / s is achieved through the bionic honeycomb structure design, and the technical contradiction between high strength and high water permeability is solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of green construction of urban infrastructure, and specifically relates to a low-carbon parking space ecological paving method based on bionic structure and solid waste regeneration. Background Art

[0002] With the acceleration of urbanization and the continued growth of motor vehicle ownership, urban parking space construction faces enormous resource and environmental pressures. Currently, urban parking space construction faces three major contradictions: First, traditional concrete paving results in over 90% of the ground surface being hardened, with an average annual rainwater infiltration rate of less than 1×10-3 cm / second, severely exacerbating urban waterlogging and declining groundwater levels. Second, summer temperatures on hardened ground can reach over 50°C, 8-10°C higher than in areas with ecological paving, while vegetation coverage is less than 15%, exacerbating the urban heat island effect. Third, traditional construction methods consume 300 tons of natural stone per 1,000 square meters, resulting in a carbon intensity of 120 kg / square meter and a solid waste utilization rate of less than 20%, seriously deviating from the national "dual carbon" goals.

[0003] Through the research and analysis of existing technologies, there are mainly three types of parking space paving technologies on the market:

[0004] 1. Traditional hardened paving technology: Using C30 concrete combined with an asphalt system, it completely blocks the soil-vegetation ecological chain, with a water permeability of less than 0.5×10-3 cm / s, and has almost no ecological benefits during the life of the structure.

[0005] 2. Simple grass brick paving technology: The single-layer structure has insufficient bearing capacity (compressive strength is less than 25MPa), the turf survival rate is less than 30%, it cannot withstand heavy-loaded vehicles, and the vegetation coverage rate is less than 20%.

[0006] 3. Single ecological technology: such as permeable concrete, which only solves the drainage problem but fails to build a complex ecosystem. The material cost is 40% higher than the traditional solution, and the comprehensive benefit ratio is less than 1.2.

[0007] Currently, the industry lacks a systematic, integrated solution for "load dispersion, rainwater purification, vegetation synergy, and material recycling." This is particularly true for ecologically sensitive areas (such as water source protection areas and urban green corridors), where technical shortcomings are evident. Existing technologies cannot simultaneously achieve the synergistic optimization of high load-bearing capacity (≥50 MPa) and high water permeability (≥1.5 × 10-2 cm / s), making it difficult to balance the dual needs of parking functionality and ecological restoration. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the defects of the existing technology and provide a low-carbon parking space ecological paving method based on bionic structure and solid waste regeneration. This method realizes the organic unity of parking function and ecological restoration through five-layer composite ecological structure design, solid waste resource utilization and ecological construction technology.

[0009] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention provides a low-carbon parking space ecological paving method based on bionic structure and solid waste recycling, comprising the following steps: establishing site ecological survey and mapping, using RTK-GPS for digital terrain modeling, and determining the original vegetation protection area; using light excavation equipment to excavate and preserve the surface soil in layers, and controlling the topsoil stacking height to 1.2-1.5 meters; compacting and leveling the base layer to 92-95% standard compaction degree, controlling the slope to 0.4-0.6%, and laying non-woven geotextiles; arranging PVC double-threaded seepage pipe network in a herringbone pattern, with the main pipe spacing of 10-15 meters, the branch pipe spacing of 5-8 meters, and the slope of not less than 0.4%; laying the filter layer, the bearing layer, and the ecological layer in sequence from bottom to top to form a five-layer composite ecological layer. The filter layer includes a transition layer with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm, a secondary filter layer with a particle size of 2-5 mm, and a primary filter layer with a particle size of 5-10 mm. The bearing layer is made of solid waste recycled soil blocks, which are laid in a staggered manner with a joint width controlled at 3-5 mm. The ecological layer is composed of nano-modified HDPE recycled grid and ecological planting soil. The HDPE grid adopts a bionic honeycomb structure design with a pore size of 25 mm × 25 mm. The HDPE grid is filled with ecological planting soil with a soil moisture content of 18-22%. After light compaction, it is filled to 5 mm below the upper surface of the grid. Suitable trample-resistant grass seeds are selected for sowing according to climatic conditions. Vehicles are prohibited from passing within 60 days after sowing to ensure that vegetation is fully established.

[0010] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0011] 1. Technical performance breakthrough: This invention achieves the synergistic optimization of 50MPa compressive strength and 1.8×10-2 cm / s water permeability through bionic honeycomb structure design, solving the technical contradiction of "high strength and high permeability".

[0012] 2. Significant ecological benefits: a complete water-soil-air-biological chain has been formed, the vegetation coverage rate has reached more than 95%, the rainwater infiltration rate has reached 90%, and the summer surface temperature has been reduced by 4.2℃ compared with traditional pavement.

[0013] 3. Resource conservation and low-carbon environmental protection: The solid waste utilization rate reaches more than 60%, carbon emissions are reduced by 35% compared with traditional methods, and the cost of the entire life cycle is saved by 216 yuan / square meter.

[0014] 4. Improved construction convenience: Through the factory prefabrication-on-site assembly model, construction efficiency is increased by 3 times, and the construction period is shortened to 60% of the traditional method.

[0015] 5. Wide application adaptability: It is suitable for various scenarios such as urban renewal areas, transportation hubs and ecologically sensitive areas, providing a systematic solution for the green transformation of urban infrastructure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] Figure 1 It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of the five-layer composite ecological structure of the present invention.

[0017] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the bionic honeycomb structure of the HDPE regenerated grid of the present invention.

[0018] Figure 3 It is a comparison diagram of the effects before and after the transformation of the implementation case of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] The present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0020] The present invention provides a low-carbon parking space ecological paving method based on bionic structure and solid waste regeneration, such as Figure 1 As shown in the figure, this method achieves an organic integration of parking function and ecological restoration through a five-layer composite ecological structure design: base layer, filter layer, drainage layer, bearing layer, and ecological layer. The base layer is a compacted original soil layer; the filter layer is composed of aggregate with a multi-grade particle size ratio; the drainage layer consists of a PVC double-threaded seepage pipe network and a gravel filter layer; the bearing layer is composed of solid waste recycled soil blocks; and the ecological layer is composed of nano-modified HDPE recycled grid and ecological planting soil.

[0021] In one embodiment of the present invention, the compressive strength of the HDPE regenerated grid is not less than 50 MPa, and the water permeability is not less than 1.8×10-2 cm / s. Figure 2 As shown, the grille adopts a bionic honeycomb structure design with a pore size of 25 mm x 25 mm. By simulating the natural honeycomb structure, it achieves lightweight material and optimized mechanical properties. Furthermore, the grille is made of recycled high-density polyethylene, significantly reducing resource consumption and environmental impact.

[0022] In the present invention, site ecological investigation and mapping are the primary links in the entire construction process. First, a detailed vegetation survey of the site is required to record the existing plant species, density and health status; secondly, 5-10 points are selected in every 1,000 square meters area, and soil samples at a depth of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm are collected for analysis; then, a hydrological assessment is conducted to measure the groundwater level and the infiltration rate of the existing soil; finally, the area is divided into three levels: high, medium and low according to the ecological sensitivity, and corresponding protection measures are taken. On this basis, RTK-GPS equipment (vertical accuracy of ±2 cm) is used for topographic measurement, a 5m × 5m measurement grid is used in flat areas, and a 2m × 2m measurement grid is used in areas with complex terrain. A three-dimensional terrain model is created by the triangulated irregular network method and integrated into the BIM construction management system.

[0023] For existing trees on site with a diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm, a root protection zone must be designated. The radius of the root protection zone is calculated as the diameter of the tree trunk measured at a height of 1.4 meters multiplied by 12, with a minimum protection radius of 2.5 meters (measured from the center of the trunk). The protection zone should be physically marked with temporary fencing, and a buffer zone should be established to limit construction activities.

[0024] In terms of topsoil preservation, use a small excavator equipped with rubber tracks (ground pressure less than 30 kPa) to carefully remove the 0-20 cm topsoil layer, and use a toothless bucket to operate to reduce damage to the soil structure. The topsoil pile should not be piled up to 1.2-1.5 meters high to prevent compaction. Soil piles stored for more than 7 days should be covered with geomembranes, and the maximum storage time should not exceed 60 days. For the base soil layer, the excavation depth is determined according to the design profile, usually 35-45 cm below the final elevation. Base soil treatment includes: screening out fragments larger than 50 mm, testing for pollutants (total petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and storing them separately from the topsoil. Base soil stored for more than 30 days needs to be inoculated with microorganisms to maintain activity.

[0025] During the base preparation phase, a 1-2 ton vibratory roller is used to compact the base to a standard compaction density of 92-95%. The maximum dry density is determined using a modified compaction test (ASTM D1557). The moisture content is adjusted to the optimal moisture content ±2%, and the slope is controlled at 0.4-0.6% to facilitate drainage. For quality control, an in-situ density test (using a nuclear densitometer) is conducted every 200 square meters, and a plate-load test is performed to verify the base modulus (minimum 20 MPa). Then, a non-woven needle-punched polypropylene geotextile (area density 200-250 g / m2, tensile strength ≥12 / 12 kN / m, CBR puncture resistance ≥2000 N, and permeability ≥1×10-3 m / s) is laid. Adjacent geotextiles are overlapped by at least 300 mm, and the edges are folded upward at least 150 mm along the perimeter.

[0026] The drainage system is installed using a double-threaded PVC seepage pipe network arranged in a herringbone pattern, with main pipes spaced 10-15 meters apart and branch pipes spaced 5-8 meters apart, with a minimum slope of 0.4% toward the outlet. The installation method involves digging a trench 200-250 mm wide and 200-300 mm deep below the base. A 50 mm thick primary filter material is laid as the pipe foundation. The seepage pipes are installed with the holes facing downward. Pipe sections are connected using threaded joints with rubber O-rings. System flow is verified through a flush test. When connecting to the stormwater management system, the minimum pipe diameter at the outlet is 150 mm. Inspection wells are installed at connection points and at changes in direction, ultimately connecting to the existing stormwater system or infiltration pond.

[0027] Example 1: Preparation method of nano-modified HDPE regenerated grid

[0028] The nano-modified HDPE recycled grid prepared in this embodiment has the following material composition: 85 parts by weight of recycled high-density polyethylene, 3 parts by weight of nano-silica, 2 parts by weight of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene compatibilizer, 0.8 parts by weight of hindered amine light stabilizer, 0.5 parts by weight of carbon black, and 0.3 parts by weight of antioxidant composition.

[0029] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0030] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Recycled high-density polyethylene (derived from recycled beverage bottles, model HDPE-8920, density 0.95-0.96 g / cm 3 The obtained product was immersed in a 0.5% sodium hydroxide solution at 65°C for 15 minutes to remove surface contaminants, and dried in a hot air circulation oven at 105°C for 2 hours until the moisture content was less than 0.05%. The dried material was crushed to an average particle size of 3 mm using a rotary knife mill.

[0031] (2) Material blending: A parallel twin-screw extruder (L / D ratio of 36:1, model SHJ-36, Nanjing Jinling Plastic Machinery Factory) was used with the following set temperatures: feed zone 180°C, melting zone 195°C, mixing zone 210°C, die zone 205°C, screw speed 280 rpm; nano-silica ( 200, Evonik Industries, Germany, average particle size 15 nm, specific surface area 200 m 2 / g), maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene compatibilizer ( E226, DuPont, USA, maleic anhydride content 0.5%, MFI 2g / 10min), hindered amine light stabilizer ( 770, BASF, Switzerland), carbon black (average particle size 30 nm, specific surface area 120 m 2 / g) and antioxidants ( 1010, BASF, Switzerland) was pre-mixed into a masterbatch and added to the third barrel through a side material adding device, and nano-silica was added to the fifth barrel through a dedicated feed port, and vacuum exhaust was set at the same time; the material residence time in the extruder was about 2 minutes, and the die head pressure was controlled at 5 MPa.

[0032] (3) Grid molding: The blended materials were made into a bionic honeycomb structure grid by injection molding equipment (model HTF210W, Ningbo Haitian Precision Industry Co., Ltd.), with a mold temperature of 40°C, an injection temperature of 220°C, an injection pressure of 90 MPa, a holding pressure of 60 MPa, and a cooling time of 25 seconds. The size of the grid after molding was 500 mm × 500 mm × 40 mm, a wall thickness of 3.0 mm, a hexagonal aperture of 25 mm × 25 mm, and a connection node thickness of 4.5 mm.

[0033] Tests have shown that the grille has a compressive strength of 52 MPa, a water permeability of 1.83 × 10-2 cm / s, an elongation at break of 8%, and is 42% lighter than traditional steel-plastic grilles. Finite element analysis shows that the bionic honeycomb structure effectively disperses vehicle loads, reducing the stress concentration factor by 65%. Even under heavy loads (such as a 20-ton vehicle), deformation is kept within 2.5 mm, meeting parking space requirements.

[0034] Example 2: Preparation method of nano-modified HDPE regenerated grid

[0035] The nano-modified HDPE recycled grid prepared in this embodiment has the following material composition: 92 parts by weight of recycled high-density polyethylene, 6 parts by weight of nano-silica, 5 parts by weight of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene compatibilizer, 1.5 parts by weight of hindered amine light stabilizer, 1.2 parts by weight of carbon black, and 0.8 parts by weight of antioxidant composition.

[0036] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0037] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Recycled high-density polyethylene (derived from recycled agricultural film, model HDPE-9455, density 0.94-0.95 g / cm 3 The resulting mixture was immersed in a 1.0% sodium hydroxide solution at 75°C for 20 minutes to remove surface pesticide residues and dirt; the mixture was dried in a hot air circulation oven at 115°C for 3 hours until the moisture content was less than 0.03%; and the dried material was crushed to an average particle size of 5 mm using a double-shaft shearing mill.

[0038] (2) Material blending: A co-rotating twin-screw extruder (L / D ratio of 42:1, model KTS-75, KraussMaffei Group, Germany) was used with the following set temperatures: feed zone 195°C, melting zone 210°C, mixing zone 225°C, die zone 215°C, screw speed 320 rpm; nano-silica ( 300, Evonik Industries, Germany, average particle size 10 nm, specific surface area 300 m 2 / g), maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene compatibilizer ( E265, DuPont, USA, maleic anhydride content 1.5%, MFI 5g / 10min), hindered amine light stabilizer ( 622, BASF, Switzerland), carbon black (average particle size 20 nm, specific surface area 150 m 2 / g) and antioxidants ( 1098, BASF, Switzerland) was pre-mixed into a masterbatch and added to the third barrel through a side material adding device, and nano-silica was added to the fifth barrel through a dedicated feed port, and vacuum exhaust was set at the same time; the material residence time in the extruder was about 3 minutes, and the die head pressure was controlled at 8 MPa.

[0039] (3) Grid molding: The blended materials were made into a bionic honeycomb structure grid through an injection molding machine (model MA5300, Haitian International Holdings Co., Ltd.), with a mold temperature of 60°C, an injection temperature of 235°C, an injection pressure of 120 MPa, a holding pressure of 80 MPa, and a cooling time of 35 seconds; the size of the grid after molding was 1000 mm × 1000 mm × 42 mm, a wall thickness of 3.5 mm, a hexagonal aperture of 25 mm × 25 mm, and a connection node thickness of 5.0 mm.

[0040] Tests have shown that the grating has a compressive strength of 58 MPa, a water permeability of 1.92 × 10-2 cm / s, an elongation at break of 5%, and is 38% lighter than traditional steel-plastic grating. This increased load-bearing capacity is primarily attributed to the excellent interfacial bonding between the nano-silica and the matrix. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the nanoparticles are evenly dispersed within the matrix, with no noticeable agglomeration, enhancing the material's rigidity and impact resistance.

[0041] Example 3: Preparation method of nano-modified HDPE regenerated grid

[0042] The nano-modified HDPE recycled grid prepared in this embodiment has the following material composition: 88 parts by weight of recycled high-density polyethylene, 4.5 parts by weight of nano-silicon dioxide, 3.5 parts by weight of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene compatibilizer, 1.2 parts by weight of hindered amine light stabilizer, 0.8 parts by weight of carbon black, and 0.6 parts by weight of antioxidant composition.

[0043] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0044] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Recycled high-density polyethylene (derived from recycled plastic boxes, model HDPE-9008, density 0.95-0.97 g / cm 3 The obtained product was immersed in a 0.8% sodium hydroxide solution at 70°C for 18 minutes to remove surface contaminants; the obtained product was dried in a hot air circulation oven at 110°C for 2.5 hours until the moisture content was less than 0.04%; and the dried material was crushed into an average particle size of 4 mm using a vertical crusher.

[0045] (2) Material blending: A parallel twin-screw extruder (L / D ratio of 40:1, model SJSH-65, Shanghai Jinwei Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) was used with the following set temperatures: feed zone 190°C, melting zone 200°C, mixing zone 220°C, die zone 210°C, screw speed 300 rpm; nano-silica ( 250, Evonik Industries, Germany, average particle size 12 nm, specific surface area 250 m 2 / g), maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene compatibilizer ( E250, DuPont, USA, maleic anhydride content 1.0%, MFI 3.5g / 10min), hindered amine light stabilizer ( 783, BASF, Switzerland), carbon black (average particle size 25 nm, specific surface area 130 m 2 / g) and antioxidants ( 1076, BASF, Switzerland) was pre-mixed into a masterbatch and added to the third barrel through a side material adding device, and nano-silica was added to the fifth barrel through a dedicated feed port, and vacuum exhaust was set at the same time; the material residence time in the extruder was about 2.5 minutes, and the die head pressure was controlled at 6.5 MPa.

[0046] (3) Grid molding: The blended materials were made into a bionic honeycomb structure grid by injection molding equipment (model KM150-750CX, KraussMaffei Group, Germany), with a mold temperature of 50°C, an injection temperature of 228°C, an injection pressure of 105 MPa, a holding pressure of 70 MPa, and a cooling time of 30 seconds; the size of the grid after molding was 800 mm × 800 mm × 40 mm, a wall thickness of 3.2 mm, a hexagonal aperture of 25 mm × 25 mm, and a connection node thickness of 4.8 mm.

[0047] The test results show that the compressive strength of the grating is 55MPa, the water permeability is 1.88×10-2cm / s, the elongation at break is 7%, and the weight is 40% lighter than the traditional steel-plastic grating. The mechanical properties and water permeability of the grating are well balanced, the deformation recovery rate under static load reaches more than 95%, the long-term load-bearing capacity is strong, and the thermal expansion coefficient is low (7.5×10 -5 / ℃), good temperature stability, suitable for all-weather use environment.

[0048] Example 4: Preparation method of solid waste regenerated soil blocks

[0049] The solid waste recycled soil blocks prepared in this embodiment have the following material compositions: 45 parts by weight of construction demolition waste aggregate, 12 parts by weight of steel slag, 10 parts by weight of Class F fly ash, 8 parts by weight of sulphoaluminate cement, 2 parts by weight of silica fume, 3 parts by weight of sodium silicate solution, 0.5 parts by weight of polycarboxylic acid high-efficiency water reducing agent, 0.8 parts by weight of fiber reinforcement material, and 12 parts by weight of water.

[0050] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0051] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Construction demolition waste (mainly concrete blocks and bricks) was first crushed to <50 mm by a jaw crusher, and then crushed to 5-20 mm by an impact crusher. Particles <5 mm and >20 mm were screened out, washed with water (liquid-to-solid ratio 3:1) for 5 minutes to remove impurities, and air-dried in the open air for 24 hours to a moisture content of about 6%. Steel slag (from Shougang Group, main components: CaO 40%, SiO2 15%, Fe2O3 20%, Al2O3 8%, MgO 8%) was cured in the open air for 3 months, sprayed with water once a week, crushed to 0.5-5 mm by a hammer crusher, and metallic iron was removed by magnetic separation equipment (residual iron content <0.5%).

[0052] (2) Mixing process: A forced mixer (model JN500, Henan Yugong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) was used to mix the materials in the following order: first, construction waste aggregate and steel slag were added and dry-mixed for 60 seconds; then, Class F fly ash (supplied by Tianjin Huaneng Yangliuqing Power Plant, SiO2 52%, Al2O3 25%, Fe2O3 8%, CaO 5%, 45 μm sieve residue 22%, loss on ignition 4.5%) and silica fume (supplied by Jiangsu Better New Material Technology Co., Ltd., SiO2 content 88%, specific surface area 18,000 m2) were added. 2 / kg), and continue mixing for 60 seconds; dissolve a polycarboxylate high-efficiency water reducer (produced by Jiangsu Subote New Materials Co., Ltd., model PCA-1, solid content 32%, pH value 7.0) in 70% of the proportion of water and add the mixture; add sulphoaluminate cement (produced by Anhui Conch Cement Co., Ltd., main components: 4CaO·3Al2O3·SO355%, C2S20%, C4AF 12%, initial setting time 35 minutes, final setting time 75 minutes), and continue mixing for 120 seconds; add the diluted solution of sodium silicate solution (modulus 3.0, solid content 38%); finally, add fiber reinforcement material (recycled polypropylene fiber, length 15 mm, diameter 20 μm, tensile strength 380 MPa), and finally mix for 90 seconds, with a total mixing time of 7 minutes.

[0053] (3) Molding and curing: The mixture was poured into a standard mold (size: 200×100×60 mm), vibrated and compacted on a vibration table (frequency 55 Hz, amplitude 0.6 mm) for 20 seconds, and the surface was leveled with a steel trowel; covered with a polyethylene film, and pre-cured for 24 hours at 20°C and relative humidity >90%; then steam cured, heating to 60°C within 2 hours, maintaining for 6 hours, and then cooling to room temperature within 3 hours; then cured in water at 20±2°C for 7 days; finally, air cured for 21 days at 20±2°C and relative humidity 60±10%.

[0054] According to the test, the compressive strength of the solid waste recycled soil block is 15.5MPa, the dimensional accuracy is controlled within ±1.8mm, the water absorption rate is 8%, and the dry density is 1850kg / m 3 X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that, activated by sodium silicate, the active components in Class F fly ash and silica fume form a stable aluminosilicate network with the hydration products, while the rapid hydration of sulfoaluminate cement, forming ettringite, provides early strength. The addition of recycled polypropylene fiber effectively controls the expansion of microcracks, improving impact resistance and toughness.

[0055] Example 5: Preparation method of solid waste regenerated soil blocks

[0056] The solid waste recycled soil blocks prepared in this embodiment are composed of 55 parts by weight of construction demolition waste aggregate, 18 parts by weight of steel slag, 15 parts by weight of Class F fly ash, 12 parts by weight of sulphoaluminate cement, 4 parts by weight of silica fume, 5 parts by weight of sodium silicate solution, 1.0 part by weight of polycarboxylic acid high-efficiency water reducing agent, 1.2 parts by weight of fiber reinforcement material, and 16 parts by weight of water.

[0057] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0058] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Construction demolition waste (mainly concrete blocks and ceramic blocks) was first crushed to <50 mm by a jaw crusher, and then crushed to 5-20 mm by a cone crusher. Particles <5 mm and >20 mm were screened out, washed with water (liquid-to-solid ratio 3.5:1) for 8 minutes to remove impurities, and air-dried in a drying room for 48 hours to a moisture content of about 5%. Steel slag (from Anshan Iron and Steel Group, main components: CaO 45%, SiO2 10%, Fe2O3 25%, Al2O3 5%, MgO 10%) was cured in the open air for 6 months, during which time it was sprayed with water twice a week, crushed to 0.5-5 mm by a roller crusher, and metallic iron was removed by a two-stage magnetic separation device (residual iron content <0.3%).

[0059] (2) Mixing process: A planetary mixer (model MP500, Liebherr Group, Germany) was used to mix the materials in the following order: first, construction waste aggregate and steel slag were added and dry-mixed for 90 seconds; then, Class F fly ash (supplied by Huaneng Shanghai Shidongkou Power Plant, SiO2 48%, Al2O3 28%, Fe2O3 10%, CaO 4%, 45 μm sieve residue 18%, loss on ignition 3.8%) and silica fume (supplied by Jiangsu Better New Material Technology Co., Ltd., SiO2 content 92%, specific surface area 22,000 m2) were added. 2 / kg), and continue mixing for 90 seconds; dissolve polycarboxylate high-efficiency water reducer (produced by Jiangsu Subote New Materials Co., Ltd., model PCA-3, solid content 35%, pH value 7.2) in 70% of the proportion of water and add the mixture; add sulphoaluminate cement (produced by Tongfang Taide Holdings Co., Ltd., main components: 4CaO·3Al2O3·SO360%, C2S15%, C4AF 15%, initial setting time 30 minutes, final setting time 60 minutes), and continue mixing for 150 seconds; add the diluted solution of sodium silicate solution (modulus 2.8, solid content 40%); finally, add fiber reinforcement material (recycled polypropylene fiber, length 18 mm, diameter 15 μm, tensile strength 420 MPa), and finally mix for 120 seconds, with a total mixing time of 9 minutes.

[0060] (3) Molding and curing: The mixture was poured into a standard mold (size: 300×150×80 mm), vibrated and compacted on a vibration table (frequency 60 Hz, amplitude 0.8 mm) for 25 seconds, and the surface was leveled with a steel trowel; covered with a polyethylene film, and pre-cured for 24 hours at 22°C and relative humidity >95%; then steam cured, heating to 65°C within 2 hours, maintaining for 8 hours, and then cooling to room temperature within 4 hours; then cured in water at 20±2°C for 7 days; finally, air cured for 21 days at 20±2°C and relative humidity 60±10%.

[0061] After testing, the compressive strength of the solid waste recycled soil block is 19.5MPa, the dimensional accuracy is controlled within ±1.5mm, the water absorption rate is 6%, and the dry density is 1950kg / m 3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a dense microstructure within the recycled solid waste soil blocks, with good fiber-matrix bonding and effectively controlled crack propagation. Freeze-thaw cycle testing (ASTM C666) showed that after 50 freeze-thaw cycles, the strength loss was only 8%, demonstrating excellent durability.

[0062] Example 6: Preparation method of solid waste regenerated soil blocks

[0063] The solid waste recycled soil blocks prepared in this embodiment are composed of 50 parts by weight of construction demolition waste aggregate, 15 parts by weight of steel slag, 12 parts by weight of Class F fly ash, 10 parts by weight of sulphoaluminate cement, 3 parts by weight of silica fume, 4 parts by weight of sodium silicate solution, 0.8 parts by weight of polycarboxylic acid high-efficiency water reducing agent, 1.0 parts by weight of fiber reinforcement material, and 14 parts by weight of water.

[0064] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0065] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Construction demolition waste (mainly concrete blocks, bricks and stones) was first crushed to <50 mm by a jaw crusher, and then crushed to 5-20 mm by an impact crusher. Particles <5 mm and >20 mm were screened out, washed with water (liquid-to-solid ratio 3.2:1) for 6 minutes to remove impurities, and air-dried in the open air under a sunshade net for 36 hours to a moisture content of about 7%. Steel slag (from Baosteel Group, main components: CaO 38%, SiO2 12%, Fe2O3 22%, Al2O3 7%, MgO 9%) was cured in the open air for 4 months, sprayed with water once a week, crushed to 0.5-5 mm by an impact crusher, and metallic iron was removed by magnetic separation equipment (residual iron content <0.4%).

[0066] (2) Mixing process: A horizontal forced mixer (model JS750, Zhengzhou Sanlian Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd.) was used to mix the materials in the following order: first, construction waste aggregate and steel slag were added and dry-mixed for 75 seconds; then, Class F fly ash (supplied by Huadian Chongqing Luohuang Power Plant, SiO2 50%, Al2O3 26%, Fe2O3 9%, CaO 6%, 45 μm sieve residue 20%, loss on ignition 4.0%) and silica fume (supplied by Jiangsu Better New Material Technology Co., Ltd., SiO2 content 90%, specific surface area 20,000 m2) were added. 2 / kg), and continue mixing for 75 seconds; dissolve a polycarboxylate high-efficiency water reducer (produced by Jiangsu Subote New Materials Co., Ltd., model PCA-2, solid content 33%, pH value 7.1) in 70% of the proportion of water and add the mixture; add sulphoaluminate cement (produced by Anhui Conch Cement Co., Ltd., main components: 4CaO·3Al2O3·SO358%, C2S18%, C4AF 13%, initial setting time 32 minutes, final setting time 68 minutes), and continue mixing for 135 seconds; add the diluted solution of sodium silicate solution (modulus 3.2, solid content 36%); finally, add fiber reinforcement material (recycled polypropylene fiber, length 16 mm, diameter 18 μm, tensile strength 400 MPa), and finally mix for 105 seconds, with a total mixing time of 8 minutes.

[0067] (3) Molding and curing: The mixture was poured into a standard mold (size: 250×125×70 mm), vibrated and compacted on a vibration table (frequency 58 Hz, amplitude 0.7 mm) for 22 seconds, and the surface was leveled with a steel trowel; covered with a polyethylene film, and pre-cured for 24 hours at 21°C and relative humidity >92%; then steam cured, heating to 63°C within 2 hours, maintaining for 7 hours, and then cooling to room temperature within 3.5 hours; then cured in water at 20±2°C for 7 days; finally, air cured for 21 days at 20±2°C and relative humidity 60±10%.

[0068] After testing, the compressive strength of the solid waste recycled soil block is 17.8MPa, the dimensional accuracy is controlled within ±1.6mm, the water absorption rate is 7%, and the dry density is 1900kg / m 3 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests showed that the fly ash and steel slag activated by sodium silicate formed a stable aluminosilicate gel structure, with the hydration products of sulfoaluminate cement synergistically forming a composite structural system. Sulfate erosion resistance tests showed that after 90 days of immersion in a 5% sodium sulfate solution, the mass loss was only 2.3%, indicating that the solid waste recycled soil block has excellent chemical stability.

[0069] Example 7: Preparation method of ecological planting soil

[0070] The ecological planting soil prepared in this embodiment is composed of: 40 parts by weight of natural topsoil, 25 parts by weight of recycled aggregate from construction waste, 15 parts by weight of composted greening waste, 5 parts by weight of expanded ceramsite, 3 parts by weight of biochar, 0.8 parts by weight of microbial inoculant, 0.3 parts by weight of water-retaining polymer material, and 1.5 parts by weight of slow-release organic fertilizer.

[0071] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0072] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Natural topsoil (collected from local 0-20 cm surface loam, with an organic matter content of 2.2%, a pH value of 6.8, and a particle size of <2 mm) was sieved through a 5 mm sieve to remove large particles, and the heavy metal and petroleum hydrocarbon contents were tested to confirm that they met the "Soil Environmental Quality Standard" (GB 15618-2018); the recycled aggregates from construction waste were washed with water to remove fine particles and soluble salts, air-dried to a moisture content of <5%, and the 2-5 mm particle size fraction was screened out; green waste (mainly trimmed lawn grass, shrub branches and leaves) was composted using an aerobic composting process, with the composting temperature controlled at 55-65°C (high temperature period) and the composting time of 10 weeks. The final carbon-nitrogen ratio was 18:1, the organic matter content was 38%, and the moisture content was 40%.

[0073] (2) Mixing process: A horizontal paddle mixer (model WL500, Zhengzhou Zhongtai Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd.) was used to mix the materials in the following order: first, natural topsoil and construction waste recycled aggregate were added and mixed for 3 minutes; then, composted green waste and expanded ceramsite (particle size 4-10 mm, bulk density 350 kg / m 3 , pH 7.0), and continue mixing for 3 minutes; add the microbial inoculant (main ingredients: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae, containing 120 spores per gram; plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, containing 2×10 8 CFU; Trichoderma harzianum, 2×10 per gram 7 CFU; the carrier was a vermiculite-peat mixture (volume ratio 1:1) diluted with water at a ratio of 1:10 and sprayed evenly; biochar (prepared by pyrolysis of woody biomass at 450°C, with a fixed carbon content of 75% and a specific surface area of 280 m2) was added. 2 / g, pH 7.8), water-retaining polymer material (cross-linked potassium polyacrylate, water absorption rate 250 times, particle size 0.3 mm) and slow-release organic fertilizer (NPK ratio 5-3-5, nitrogen sources are protein hydrolyzate and blood meal, 80% of nutrients are released within 3 months at 20°C); and finally mixed for 5 minutes to ensure uniformity, for a total mixing time of 16 minutes.

[0074] (3) Maintenance and stabilization: stack the mixed soil into strips 1.3 meters high and cover with a well-ventilated shade net; cultivate at 18-22℃ for 8 days, turning it over every 2 days to ensure oxygenation; monitor microbial activity by carbon dioxide release, and adjust the moisture content to 20% after stabilization for later use.

[0075] After testing, the bulk density of the ecological planting soil is 1.25g / cm 3 The total porosity was 48%, the water holding capacity was 28%, the pH was 7.0, the organic matter content was 4.5%, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) was 18 cmol / kg, and the aggregate structure stability (wet sieving method) was 65%. Aggregate structure analysis showed that the planting soil had formed a good soil structure, with a high content of 0.25-2 mm water-stable aggregates of 58%, which effectively resisted compaction under vehicle loads. Microbial activity assays showed a dehydrogenase activity of 186 μg TPF / g·24h and a soil respiration rate of 35 mg CO2 / kg·d, indicating that the soil has good biological activity.

[0076] Example 8: Preparation method of ecological planting soil

[0077] The ecological planting soil prepared in this embodiment is composed of: 45 parts by weight of natural topsoil, 30 parts by weight of recycled aggregate from construction waste, 20 parts by weight of composted greening waste, 8 parts by weight of expanded ceramsite, 5 parts by weight of biochar, 1.2 parts by weight of microbial inoculant, 0.6 parts by weight of water-retaining polymer material, and 2.5 parts by weight of slow-release organic fertilizer.

[0078] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0079] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Natural topsoil (collected from local surface 0-20 cm loam, organic matter content 3.8%, pH value 7.0, particle size <2 mm) was sieved through a 5 mm sieve to remove large particles, and the heavy metal and petroleum hydrocarbon content was tested to confirm that it met the "Soil Environmental Quality Standard" (GB 15618-2018); construction waste recycled aggregate was washed with water to remove fine particles and soluble salts, air-dried to a moisture content of <4%, and the 2-5 mm particle size fraction was screened out; green waste (mainly trimmed lawn grass, shrub branches and fallen leaves) was composted using an aerobic composting process, with the composting temperature controlled at 58-65°C (high temperature period) and the composting time 12 weeks. The final carbon-nitrogen ratio was 15:1, the organic matter content was 42%, and the moisture content was 35%.

[0080] (2) Mixing process: A twin-shaft paddle mixer (model SJS1000, Changzhou Shuangjia Machinery Co., Ltd.) was used to mix the materials in the following order: first, natural topsoil and construction waste recycled aggregate were added and mixed for 5 minutes; then, composted green waste and expanded ceramsite (particle size 4-10 mm, bulk density 300 kg / m 3 , pH 7.2), and continue mixing for 5 minutes; add the microbial inoculant (main ingredients: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae, containing 150 spores per gram; plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, containing 5×10 8 CFU; Trichoderma harzianum, 5×10 per gram 7 CFU; the carrier was a vermiculite-peat mixture (volume ratio 1:1) diluted with water at a ratio of 1:10 and sprayed evenly; biochar (made by pyrolysis of woody biomass at 550°C, with a fixed carbon content of 85% and a specific surface area of 380 m2) was added. 2 / g, pH 8.2), water-retaining polymer material (cross-linked potassium polyacrylate, water absorption rate 300 times, particle size 0.1 mm) and slow-release organic fertilizer (NPK ratio 5-3-5, nitrogen sources are protein hydrolyzate and blood meal, 80% of nutrients are released within 4 months at 20°C); and finally mixed for 7 minutes to ensure uniformity, with a total mixing time of 20 minutes.

[0081] (3) Maintenance and stabilization: stack the mixed soil into 1.5-meter-high strips and cover with a well-ventilated shade net; cultivate at 20-25°C for 10 days, turning it over every 2 days to ensure oxygenation; monitor microbial activity by carbon dioxide release, and adjust the moisture content to 22% after stabilization for later use.

[0082] After testing, the bulk density of the ecological planting soil is 1.15g / cm 3 , total porosity is 52%, water holding capacity is 32%, pH value is 7.2, organic matter content is 6.2%, cation exchange capacity (CEC) is 22 cmol / kg, and aggregate structure stability (wet sieving method) is 75%. This ecological planting soil has excellent water retention capacity and aeration. According to the pF curve, the water content at pF = 2.0 (equivalent to field water holding capacity) is 28% (volume percentage), and the water content at pF = 4.2 (equivalent to wilting point) is 12% (volume percentage). The effective water capacity reaches 16%, providing good moisture conditions for plant growth. In addition, the soil has a high buffering capacity. The pH buffer curve test shows that the pH changes little after adding acid or alkali, which is conducive to maintaining a stable chemical environment in the plant root zone.

[0083] Example 9: Preparation method of ecological planting soil

[0084] The ecological planting soil prepared in this embodiment is composed of: 42 parts by weight of natural topsoil, 28 parts by weight of recycled aggregate from construction waste, 18 parts by weight of composted greening waste, 6 parts by weight of expanded ceramsite, 4 parts by weight of biochar, 1.0 part by weight of microbial inoculant, 0.4 parts by weight of water-retaining polymer material, and 2.0 parts by weight of slow-release organic fertilizer.

[0085] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0086] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Natural topsoil (collected from local surface 0-20 cm loam, organic matter content 3.0%, pH value 6.9, particle size <2 mm) was sieved through a 5 mm sieve to remove large particles, and the heavy metal and petroleum hydrocarbon content was tested to confirm that it met the "Soil Environmental Quality Standard" (GB 15618-2018); the recycled aggregate from construction waste was washed with water to remove fine particles and soluble salts, air-dried to a moisture content of <4.5%, and the 2-5 mm particle size fraction was screened out; green waste (mainly trimmed lawn grass, shrub branches and leaves) was composted using an aerobic composting process, with the composting temperature controlled at 56-62°C (high temperature period) and the composting time 11 weeks. The final carbon-nitrogen ratio was 16:1, the organic matter content was 40%, and the moisture content was 38%.

[0087] (2) Mixing process: A vertical forced mixer (model LY500, Shanghai Liangyi Machinery Co., Ltd.) was used to mix the materials in the following order: first, natural topsoil and construction waste recycled aggregate were added and mixed for 4 minutes; then, composted green waste and expanded ceramsite (particle size 4-10 mm, bulk density 320 kg / m 3 , pH 7.1), and continue mixing for 4 minutes; add the microbial inoculant (main ingredients: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae, containing 135 spores per gram; plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, containing 3×10 8 CFU; Trichoderma harzianum, 3×10 per gram 7 CFU; the carrier was a vermiculite-peat mixture (volume ratio 1:1) diluted with water at a ratio of 1:10 and sprayed evenly; biochar (made by pyrolysis of woody biomass at 500°C, with a fixed carbon content of 80% and a specific surface area of 320 m2) was added. 2 / g, pH 8.0), water-retaining polymer material (cross-linked potassium polyacrylate, water absorption rate 280 times, particle size 0.2 mm) and slow-release organic fertilizer (NPK ratio 5-3-5, nitrogen sources are protein hydrolyzate and blood meal, 80% of nutrients are released within 3.5 months at 20°C); and finally mixed for 6 minutes to ensure uniformity, for a total mixing time of 18 minutes.

[0088] (3) Maintenance and stabilization: The mixed soil was piled into strips 1.4 meters high and covered with a well-ventilated shade net; the soil was cultured at 19-23°C for 9 days, and turned every 2 days to ensure oxygenation; the microbial activity was monitored by carbon dioxide release, and the moisture content was adjusted to 21% after stabilization for later use.

[0089] After testing, the bulk density of the ecological planting soil is 1.20g / cm 3 , a total porosity of 50%, a water holding capacity of 30%, a pH value of 7.1, an organic matter content of 5.3%, a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 20 cmol / kg, and a pellet structure stability (wet sieving method) of 70%. Through plant growth experiments, trampling-resistant grass species (a mixture of tall fescue Festuca arundinacea, perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne, and soft bluegrass Poa pratensis) were planted in this planting soil. After simulated vehicle crushing, the vegetation survival rate reached 95%, significantly higher than that of the control group (traditional soil, with a survival rate of only 30%). Root scanning analysis showed that the plant roots in this ecological planting soil were more evenly distributed, the root length density (RLD) increased by 65%, and the root surface area increased by 72%, indicating that it provides a good physical environment for plant growth.

[0090] Example 10: Preparation method of PVC double-threaded seepage pipe

[0091] The PVC double-threaded seepage pipe prepared in this embodiment has the following material compositions: 92 parts by weight of recycled polyvinyl chloride, 2 parts by weight of chlorinated polyethylene toughening agent, 1.5 parts by weight of calcium-zinc composite heat stabilizer, 0.5 parts by weight of titanium dioxide, and 0.8 parts by weight of processing aid.

[0092] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0093] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Recycled polyvinyl chloride (mainly from industrial waste pipes, model PVC-U, K value 68) is sorted and cleaned, washed in a 0.5% surfactant aqueous solution at 40°C to remove surface pollutants; crushed to a particle size of 3-5 mm; dried in a hot air circulation oven at 90°C to a moisture content of <0.1%.

[0094] (2) Blending preparation: Dry mixing was performed using a high-speed mixer (model SRL-Z300 / 600, Zhangjiagang Jinfeng Plastic Machinery Co., Ltd.), the temperature was controlled at 100°C, and the mixing time was 10 min; after cooling to 45°C, the mixture was fed into a twin-screw extruder (model SJSH-65, L / D ratio 38:1, Shanghai Jinwei Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) for melt extrusion, with the temperature settings of: 165°C in the feed zone, 175°C in the compression zone, 180°C in the metering zone, 180°C in the die zone, and a screw speed of 18 rpm.

[0095] (3) Tube forming: Extruded through an annular die, sized in a vacuum sizing sleeve (vacuum degree 0.5 bar), with the mold temperature controlled at 180°C; initially cooled in a 5-meter-long water bath cooling tank (water temperature 15°C); punched online using a heated punching array (temperature 130°C), with a staggered arrangement of 8 mm and 3 mm holes and a hole density of 90 holes / m2; secondary cooling (spray cooling, water temperature 12°C); internal and external thread processing using a CNC thread processing machine, with the external thread adopting a trapezoidal thread profile with a pitch of 28 mm and the internal thread adopting a modified ACME thread profile with a pitch of 28 mm and a thread depth of 2.8 mm.

[0096] The final PVC double-threaded seepage pipe has a nominal diameter of 100 mm, a wall thickness of 3.0 mm, a ring stiffness of 10 kN / m2, a dimensional deviation controlled at ±0.8%, and an ellipticity of <1.2%. The water permeability test shows that the water permeability per unit length of the seepage pipe is 8 liters / minute·meter (under 2-meter water head conditions), which meets the requirements for rapid drainage of rainwater. The pressure test (internal pressure) shows that it maintains no leakage or deformation for 24 hours under a pressure of 0.2 MPa, making it suitable for areas with high groundwater levels. The anti-ultraviolet aging test (ASTM G154) shows that after 2000 hours of ultraviolet accelerated aging, the physical property retention rate is >85%, and the color difference ΔE is <3.0, indicating that the pipe has good weather resistance.

[0097] Example 11: Preparation method of PVC double-threaded seepage pipe

[0098] The PVC double-threaded seepage pipe prepared in this embodiment has the following material composition: 96 parts by weight of recycled polyvinyl chloride, 4 parts by weight of chlorinated polyethylene toughening agent, 2.5 parts by weight of calcium-zinc composite heat stabilizer, 1.0 part by weight of titanium dioxide, and 1.2 parts by weight of processing aid.

[0099] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0100] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Recycled polyvinyl chloride (mainly from discarded medical packaging and films, model PVC-U, K value 70) is sorted and cleaned, then washed in a 1.0% surfactant aqueous solution at 50°C to remove surface contaminants; crushed to a particle size of 3-5 mm; and dried in a hot air circulation oven at 100°C to a moisture content of <0.08%.

[0101] (2) Blending preparation: Dry mixing was performed using a high-speed mixer (model SRL-Z500 / 1000, Zhangjiagang Jinfeng Plastic Machinery Co., Ltd.), with the temperature controlled at 110°C and the mixing time of 12 min; after cooling to 50°C, the mixture was fed into a twin-screw extruder (model KTSⅡ-75, L / D ratio 40:1, KraussMaffei Group) for melt extrusion, with the temperature settings of: 175°C in the feed zone, 185°C in the compression zone, 190°C in the metering zone, 190°C in the die zone, and a screw speed of 25 rpm.

[0102] (3) Tube forming: Extruded through an annular die, sized in a vacuum sizing sleeve (vacuum degree 0.6 bar), with the mold temperature controlled at 190°C; initially cooled in an 8-meter-long water bath cooling tank (water temperature 18°C); punched online using a heated punching array (temperature 140°C), with a staggered arrangement of 10 mm and 5 mm holes and a hole density of 100 holes / m2; secondary cooling (spray cooling, water temperature 10°C); internal and external thread processing using a CNC thread processing machine, with the external thread adopting a trapezoidal thread profile with a pitch of 30 mm and the internal thread adopting a modified ACME thread profile with a pitch of 30 mm and a thread depth of 3.0 mm.

[0103] The final PVC double-threaded seepage pipe has a nominal diameter of 150 mm, a wall thickness of 4.5 mm, a ring stiffness of 12 kN / m2, a dimensional deviation controlled at ±0.6%, and an ovality of <1.0%. Hydraulic performance tests show that the Manning roughness coefficient n of the seepage pipe is 0.009, and the head loss at a flow rate of 2.5 m / s is 0.008 m / m, ensuring drainage capacity under heavy rainfall conditions. Impact resistance test (drop hammer method, ISO 3127) shows that at 0°C, TIR (true impact rate) is <10%, indicating that the pipe has good toughness and impact resistance. In addition, the seepage pipe has good resistance to chemical corrosion, is stable in the pH range of 3-11, and is suitable for different soil conditions.

[0104] Example 12: Preparation method of PVC double-threaded seepage pipe

[0105] The PVC double-threaded seepage pipe prepared in this embodiment has the following material compositions: 94 parts by weight of recycled polyvinyl chloride, 3 parts by weight of chlorinated polyethylene toughening agent, 2.0 parts by weight of calcium-zinc composite heat stabilizer, 0.8 parts by weight of titanium dioxide, and 1.0 parts by weight of processing aid.

[0106] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0107] (1) Raw material pretreatment: Recycled polyvinyl chloride (mainly from discarded door and window profiles and plates, model PVC-U, K value 69) is sorted and cleaned, washed in a 0.8% surfactant aqueous solution at 45°C to remove surface pollutants; crushed to a particle size of 3-5 mm; dried in a hot air circulation oven at 95°C to a moisture content of <0.09%.

[0108] (2) Blending preparation: dry mixing was performed using a high-speed mixer (model SRL-Z400 / 800, Zhangjiagang Jinfeng Plastic Machinery Co., Ltd.), the temperature was controlled at 105°C, and the mixing time was 11 minutes; after cooling to 48°C, the mixture entered a twin-screw extruder (model SJSH-75, L / D ratio 39:1, Shanghai Jinwei Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) for melt extrusion, and the temperature settings were: 170°C in the feed zone, 180°C in the compression zone, 185°C in the metering zone, 185°C in the die zone, and the screw speed was 22 rpm.

[0109] (3) Tube forming: Extruded through an annular die, sized in a vacuum sizing sleeve (vacuum degree 0.55 bar), with the mold temperature controlled at 185°C; initially cooled in a 6-meter-long water bath cooling tank (water temperature 16°C); punched online using a heated punching array (temperature 135°C), with pore diameters of 9 mm and 4 mm arranged alternately, and a pore density of 95 per square meter; secondary cooling (spray cooling, water temperature 11°C); internal and external thread processing using a CNC thread processing machine, with the external thread adopting a trapezoidal thread profile with a pitch of 29 mm and the internal thread adopting a modified ACME thread profile with a pitch of 29 mm and a thread depth of 2.9 mm.

[0110] The final PVC double-threaded seepage pipe has a nominal diameter of 125 mm, a wall thickness of 3.8 mm, a ring stiffness of 11 kN / m2, a dimensional deviation controlled at ±0.7%, and an ovality of <1.1%. The soil-pipe interaction simulation test shows that the deformation rate of the seepage pipe under vertical load (simulating a 20-ton vehicle) is less than 3%, and the recovery rate is greater than 95%, meeting the requirements for underground burial. The long-term creep test (EN ISO 9967) shows that at room temperature, the creep rate after 10,000 hours is less than 2.5%, indicating that the pipe has good long-term deformation resistance. In addition, the seepage pipe has good water permeability uniformity, and the coefficient of variation of the water permeability coefficient CV<10%, ensuring the stable performance of the drainage system.

[0111] Example 13: Method for laying the filter layer

[0112] In this embodiment, the specific laying method of the filter layer is as follows:

[0113] (1) Preparation of base layer: On the base layer compacted to 93% standard compaction degree, lay non-woven geotextile (model PP200, weight 200 g / m2, CBR bursting strength 2200 N, tensile strength 12.5 / 12.5 kN / m, permeability 1.2×10-3 m / s), with adjacent widths overlapped by 350 mm and fixed every 2 meters with U-shaped steel nails (length 20 cm); at the edge of the filter layer, fold the geotextile upwards by at least 180 mm to ensure that the filter material does not leak from the side.

[0114] (2) Laying of transition layer: Lay a transition layer material with a thickness of 20 mm, mainly natural river sand with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm (92% silica content, inorganic, sub-circular to round particle shape, uniformity coefficient 2.0), using a small bulldozer and manual paving; use a 60 kg flat plate vibrator to lightly compact twice, control the compaction degree at 80%, and maintain sufficient porosity.

[0115] (3) Laying of secondary filter layer: Lay a secondary filter layer with a thickness of 50 mm on the transition layer. The material is recycled glass aggregate with a particle size of 2-5 mm (derived from recycled glass bottles, crushed and roller-processed to round the edges, with 72% silicon dioxide, 13% sodium oxide, 9% calcium oxide, 2% magnesium oxide, and 2% aluminum oxide). Use a small excavator to spread it evenly and manually level it; lightly compact it once, and control the compaction degree at 82%.

[0116] (4) Laying of the primary filter layer: A primary filter layer with a thickness of 100 mm is laid on the secondary filter layer. The material is granite gravel with a particle size of 5-10 mm (Los Angeles abrasion value 22%, water absorption rate 0.8%, sulfate loss 4.2%, mineral composition: quartz 30%, feldspar 65%, mica 3%), which is laid using a small loader and manually leveled; finally, it is compacted to a relative density of 85% using a 100 kg vibrating compactor three times, with the first pass being static pressure and the next two passes being vibration.

[0117] (5) Quality control: Use the ring knife method to test the density once every 100 square meters, and use the ruler to test the thickness once every 50 square meters, with an allowable deviation of ±10 mm; use the water filling method to determine the permeability coefficient, which must be no less than 1.5×10-2 cm / s; visually check whether the material is separated or contaminated, and replace it immediately if there is any problem.

[0118] After testing, the comprehensive water permeability coefficient of the filter layer is 1.68×10-2 cm / s, which meets the demand for rapid drainage; the particle size distribution follows the Terzaghi filtration criterion (D 15 (Filter layer) / D 85 (Base) <5, D 15 (Filter layer) / D 15 (Base)>5, D 50 (Filter layer) / D 50 The base layer (with a porosity of <25%) effectively prevents the migration of fine particles. Under laboratory-simulated rainfall conditions of 100 mm / hour, the filter layer completely drained water within 20 minutes, with no noticeable accumulation. The porosity, from bottom to top, ranges from 35%, 38%, and 42%, creating a smooth gradient while providing ample water storage space.

[0119] Example 14: Method for laying the filter layer

[0120] In this embodiment, the specific laying method of the filter layer is as follows:

[0121] (1) Preparation of base layer: On the base layer compacted to 95% standard compaction degree, lay non-woven geotextile (model PP250, weight 250 g / m2, CBR bursting strength 2500 N, tensile strength 14.0 / 14.0 kN / m, permeability 1.5×10-3 m / s), overlap adjacent widths by 400 mm, and fix one every 1.5 m with U-shaped steel nails (length 25 cm); at the edge of the filter layer, fold the geotextile upwards by at least 200 mm to ensure that the filter material does not leak from the side.

[0122] (2) Laying of transition layer: Lay a transition layer material with a thickness of 30 mm, mainly artificial sand with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm (95% silica content, inorganic, sub-angular particle shape, uniformity coefficient 1.8), using a small bulldozer and manual paving; use a 70 kg flat plate vibrator to lightly compact it twice, and control the compaction degree at 82% to maintain sufficient porosity.

[0123] (3) Laying of secondary filter layer: Lay a secondary filter layer with a thickness of 70 mm on the transition layer. The material is recycled glass aggregate with a particle size of 2-5 mm (derived from recycled flat glass, crushed and roller-processed to round the edges, with 74% silicon dioxide, 15% sodium oxide, 7% calcium oxide, 1% magnesium oxide, and 3% aluminum oxide). Use a small excavator to spread it evenly and manually level it; lightly compact it twice, and control the compaction degree at 84%.

[0124] (4) Laying of the primary filter layer: A primary filter layer with a thickness of 150 mm is laid on the secondary filter layer. The material is basalt gravel with a particle size of 5-10 mm (Los Angeles abrasion value 18%, water absorption rate 0.5%, sulfate loss 3.5%, mineral composition: pyroxene 45%, plagioclase 40%, olivine 10%), which is laid using a small loader and manually leveled; finally, it is compacted to a relative density of 90% using a 120 kg vibrating compactor three times, with the first pass being static pressure and the next two passes being vibration.

[0125] (5) Quality control: Use the ring knife method to test the density every 80 square meters, and use the ruler to test the thickness every 40 square meters, with an allowable deviation of ±8 mm; use the water filling method to determine the permeability coefficient, which must be no less than 1.8×10-2 cm / s; visually inspect the material for separation or contamination, and replace it immediately if any problem is found.

[0126] Testing has shown that the filter layer's comprehensive water permeability is 1.96 × 10-2 cm / s, meeting rapid drainage requirements. The interfacial friction angles of the three layers are 35° and 38°, respectively, ensuring interlayer stability. Under laboratory-simulated rainfall conditions of 120 mm / hour, the filter layer completely drained water within 15 minutes, with no noticeable accumulation. Pollutant removal efficiency tests have shown that the filter layer achieved an 85% removal rate for suspended solids (TSS), a 60% removal rate for total phosphorus (TP), and a 75-85% removal rate for heavy metals (Zn, Cu, and Pb), demonstrating excellent water purification capabilities.

[0127] Example 15: Method for laying the filter layer

[0128] In this embodiment, the specific laying method of the filter layer is as follows:

[0129] (1) Preparation of base layer: On the base layer compacted to 94% standard compaction degree, lay non-woven geotextile (model PP220, weight 220 g / m2, CBR bursting strength 2300 N, tensile strength 13.0 / 13.0 kN / m, permeability 1.3×10-3 m / s), overlap adjacent widths by 300 mm, and fix one every 1.8 m with U-shaped steel nails (length 22 cm); at the edge of the filter layer, fold the geotextile upwards by at least 180 mm to ensure that the filter material does not leak from the side.

[0130] (2) Laying of transition layer: Lay a transition layer material with a thickness of 25 mm, mainly a mixed sand with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm (70% natural river sand and 30% artificial sand, 90% silica content, inorganic, sub-circular particle shape, uniformity coefficient 2.2), using a small bulldozer and manual paving; use a 65 kg flat plate vibrator to lightly compact it twice, and control the compaction degree at 81% to maintain sufficient porosity.

[0131] (3) Laying of secondary filter layer: Lay a secondary filter layer with a thickness of 60 mm on the transition layer. The material is recycled glass aggregate with a particle size of 2-5 mm (derived from recycled various glass products, crushed and roller-processed to round the edges, with 70% silicon dioxide, 12% sodium oxide, 10% calcium oxide, 3% magnesium oxide, and 2% aluminum oxide). Use a small excavator to spread it evenly and manually level it; lightly compact it once, and control the compaction degree at 83%.

[0132] (4) Laying of the primary filter layer: A primary filter layer with a thickness of 120 mm is laid on the secondary filter layer. The material is a mixed gravel of granite and basalt with a particle size of 5-10 mm (60% granite, 40% basalt, 20% Los Angeles abrasion value, 0.7% water absorption rate, and 4.0% sulfate loss). It is laid using a small loader and leveled manually. Finally, it is compacted to a relative density of 88% using a 110 kg vibrating compactor for three times, with the first pass being static pressure and the next two passes being vibration.

[0133] (5) Quality control: Use the ring knife method to test the density every 90 square meters, and use the ruler to test the thickness every 45 square meters, with an allowable deviation of ±9 mm; use the water filling method to determine the permeability coefficient, which must be no less than 1.6×10-2 cm / s; visually check whether the material is separated or contaminated, and replace it immediately if there is any problem.

[0134] Testing revealed that the filter layer has a comprehensive water permeability of 1.78 × 10-2 cm / s, meeting the requirements for rapid drainage. Scour resistance tests showed that at a water velocity of 3 m / s, the material loss rate was less than 2%, demonstrating the filter layer's excellent structural stability. Under laboratory-simulated rainfall conditions of 110 mm / hour, the filter layer completely drained water within 18 minutes, with no noticeable accumulation. Pore distribution analysis revealed that the filter layer possesses a multi-level pore structure, with macropores (>1 mm) comprising 35%, mesopores (0.1-1 mm) accounting for 40%, and micropores (<0.1 mm) accounting for 25%. This layered structure allows for both rapid drainage and effective pollutant retention.

[0135] Example 16: Construction method of five-layer composite ecological structure

[0136] In this embodiment, the comprehensive construction method of the five-layer composite ecological structure is as follows:

[0137] (1) Site survey and preparation: Use handheld GPS equipment (accuracy ±5 cm) to conduct on-site surveys and record the existing vegetation, especially the location of trees with a diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm; use RTK-GPS equipment (model S86T, Southern Surveying and Mapping) to conduct topographic measurements on a 5 m × 5 m grid and create a three-dimensional terrain model; formulate a detailed construction plan based on the terrain characteristics and the existing vegetation distribution, and determine the drainage system layout and construction sequence.

[0138] (2) Topsoil stripping and preservation: Use a mini excavator (model PC30, Komatsu Construction Machinery) equipped with a flat-tooth bucket to carefully remove 0-20 cm of topsoil. The stacking height is controlled at 1.3 meters and covered with geotextile to prevent rainwater erosion and nutrient loss. Temporary drainage ditches are set up in the topsoil stacking area to prevent rainwater erosion.

[0139] (3) Base treatment: Excavate to 40 cm below the design elevation, use a 1.5-ton vibratory roller to compact the base to 93% standard compaction, and control the moisture content within the optimal moisture content ±2%; the base slope is designed to be 0.5%, sloping towards the drainage outlet; use a nuclear density meter to test the compaction every 200 square meters to ensure construction quality.

[0140] (4) Installation of drainage system: Arrange the PVC double-threaded seepage pipe network in a herringbone pattern, with the main pipes spaced 12 meters apart and the branch pipes spaced 6 meters apart; excavate a trench with a width of 220 mm and a depth of 250 mm below the base; lay a 50 mm thick primary filter material (5-10 mm gravel) at the bottom of the trench as a foundation; install the seepage pipe (using the PVC double-threaded seepage pipe prepared in Example 12) with the holes facing downward; use special joints to connect the pipe sections to ensure a firm seal; backfill the primary filter material until it is level with the base; connect to the drainage outlet, and set up inspection wells at the connection points and turns.

[0141] (5) Geotextile laying: Lay non-woven geotextile (model PP220, weight 220 g / m2) on the compacted base, with adjacent widths overlapped by 350 mm and edges turned up by 180 mm; use U-shaped steel nails to fix them, with a spacing of 1.8 meters.

[0142] (6) Laying of the filter layer: Lay the three-stage filter layer according to the method of Example 15, with a total thickness of 205 mm; after the materials of each layer are transported to the site, use a small loader (model ZL15, Liugong Machinery) to spread them and manually level them; compact them according to the specified compaction degree and number of times; during the laying process, regularly check the thickness and flatness to ensure that they meet the design requirements.

[0143] (7) Installation of the bearing layer: Lay the solid waste recycled soil blocks (using the solid waste recycled soil blocks prepared in Example 6) in a staggered manner, with the joint width controlled at 4 mm; start laying from the fixed edge (kerbstone or existing pavement) and tap it into place with a rubber hammer; use a water-cooled diamond saw blade to cut and shape the edges; the installation inspection interval is 5 meters, and the surface flatness is controlled at ±6 mm / 3 meters.

[0144] (8) Construction of ecological layer: laying HDPE recycled grid (grid prepared using Example 3) to ensure complete contact with the bearing layer; fixing the grid joints with special connectors and fixing the edges with prefabricated plastic edge restraints; filling the grid with ecological planting soil (ecological planting soil prepared using Example 9), initially filling to 90% of the grid height, lightly compacting with a 60 kg water drum roller, and finally filling to 5 mm below the upper surface of the grid; maintaining the soil moisture content at 20% during the filling process.

[0145] (9) Vegetation establishment: According to the northern climate conditions, a cool-season grass seed mixture (40% tall fescue, 30% perennial ryegrass, 30% bluegrass) is selected with a sowing rate of 30 g / m2; cross-sowing method is used to ensure uniform coverage; after sowing, cover with 3-5 mm thick humus cover; water immediately to keep the soil moist; water lightly once a day (5 mm) for the first 14 days after sowing, water once every two days for the next 14 days, and water twice a week for the next 30 days; set up temporary fences and prohibit vehicles from entering to ensure that vegetation is fully established. It will be open for use after the vegetation coverage rate reaches more than 90% (about 60 days).

[0146] (10) Monitoring system installation: A set of soil moisture sensors (model EC-5, Decag on Devices) were installed in every 250 square meters area, buried at depths of 15 cm and 30 cm respectively; a water level sensor (model HOBO U20, Onset) was installed at the outlet of the drainage system; an infrared temperature sensor (model SI-111, Apogee Instruments) was installed to monitor the surface temperature; all sensors were connected to the cloud platform through a LoRaWAN gateway (model LG308, Beijing Leco Information Technology Co., Ltd.) to achieve real-time data monitoring and analysis.

[0147] After actual testing, the ecological parking space has the following performance characteristics after completion: compressive strength of 53MPa, which meets the parking requirements of heavy vehicles; water permeability of 1.76×10-2 cm / s, and there is no water accumulation under rainfall conditions of 100 mm / hour; the vegetation coverage rate reaches more than 95%, the lawn is a healthy green, and has strong resistance to rolling; the surface temperature in summer is 4.5℃ lower than the surrounding traditional pavement, effectively alleviating the heat island effect; the rainwater collection system operates well, and the annual runoff control rate reaches 88%.

[0148] Comparative Example 1: Ecological parking space paving method without bionic structure design

[0149] This comparative example uses a traditional linear grid structure instead of a bionic honeycomb structure, and other conditions are the same as those in Example 1. The specific method for preparing the HDPE regenerated grid is as follows:

[0150] 85 parts by weight of recycled high-density polyethylene, 3 parts by weight of nano-silicon dioxide, 2 parts by weight of a maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene compatibilizer, 0.8 parts by weight of a hindered amine light stabilizer, 0.5 parts by weight of carbon black, and 0.3 parts by weight of an antioxidant composition.

[0151] The preparation steps were the same as those in Example 1, but in the grid forming stage, a traditional grid structure (square grid, side length 25 mm, wall thickness 3.0 mm) was used instead of a bionic honeycomb structure.

[0152] Testing revealed that the linear grid structure had a compressive strength of 38 MPa, significantly lower than the 52 MPa of the bionic honeycomb structure in Example 1. Its flexural strength was also reduced by 45%. In vehicle load simulation tests, significant stress concentration was observed, with noticeable deformation occurring at the grid joints, with the maximum deformation reaching 4.8 mm, 1.9 times that of the bionic honeycomb structure. Finite element analysis revealed that the linear grid structure exhibited uneven stress distribution, with stress concentrations occurring at 90° angle joints, potentially leading to structural failure. Furthermore, during actual installation, the linear grid structure exhibited weak shear resistance, making it susceptible to deformation or displacement under lateral forces.

[0153] Comparative Example 2: Ecological parking space paving method without solid waste recycling

[0154] This comparative example uses traditional materials instead of solid waste recycled materials, and other conditions are the same as those in Example 4. The specific method for preparing soil blocks is as follows:

[0155] 57 parts by weight of natural aggregate (crushed stone), 20 parts by weight of cement, 15 parts by weight of river sand, 0.5 parts by weight of water reducer, 0.8 parts by weight of fiber reinforcement material, and 6.7 parts by weight of water.

[0156] The preparation steps are the same as those in Example 4, except that natural materials are used to replace solid waste materials such as construction waste aggregate, steel slag, fly ash, and silica fume.

[0157] Testing revealed that the compressive strength of soil blocks made from this traditional material was 25 MPa. While this strength was higher than that of Example 4, carbon footprint analysis revealed a carbon emission per unit area of 42 kg CO2 equivalent per square meter, 2.3 times that of Example 4. In terms of resource consumption, the amount of natural stone used increased by 280%, and the amount of natural sand increased by 185%. Cost analysis revealed a 56% increase in material costs, making it unsuitable for large-scale application. Furthermore, in extreme temperature cycling tests, the traditional material exhibited a high coefficient of thermal expansion, making it prone to cracking. After 50 freeze-thaw cycles, the strength loss reached 15%, compared to only 8% for Example 4.

[0158] Comparative Example 3: Parking space paving method lacking a complete ecosystem

[0159] This comparative example only focuses on the permeability function, ignoring the vegetation growth and ecological restoration functions, and uses permeable concrete to replace the ecological layer. Other conditions are the same as those in Example 9. The specific preparation method is as follows:

[0160] On the basis of the filter layer and drainage layer, a permeable concrete layer is directly poured with a thickness of 80 mm and the ratio is: cement 350 kg / m3, aggregate (5-10 mm) 1450 kg / m3, water 115 kg / m3, and admixture 3.5 kg / m3.

[0161] Testing revealed that the permeability coefficient of this permeable concrete was 1.2 × 10⁻² cm / s, and the surface temperature was 7.8°C higher than the surrounding green space at noon in summer. The lack of vegetation resulted in a significant heat island effect. An ecological benefit assessment revealed zero carbon sequestration capacity, while Example 9 could sequester 2.8 kg of CO₂ / m² annually. Rainwater purification was poor, with nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates of 15% and 10%, respectively, compared to 65% and 50%, respectively, for Example 9. The biodiversity index was zero, while Example 9 had a Shannon-Wiener index of 1.8, supporting the survival of a variety of insects and microorganisms. Furthermore, the permeable concrete surface is prone to dust generation, and traffic noise is 3.2 decibels higher than in vegetation-covered areas, impacting environmental quality.

[0162] Comparative Example 4: Single simple grass brick paving method

[0163] This comparative example uses simple grass-planting bricks commonly found on the market, which lack a complete five-layer composite ecological structure. The specific implementation method is as follows:

[0164] A 5 cm thick sand cushion layer is laid on the compacted base layer, and then prefabricated concrete grass bricks (size 30 cm × 30 cm × 8 cm, open porosity 30%) are laid directly, the gaps in the grass bricks are filled with ordinary garden soil, and grass seeds are sown.

[0165] After testing, the compressive strength of this simple grass brick was only 22MPa, which could not meet the requirements for heavy vehicle parking. The water permeability was uneven, the grass planting space was limited, and the turf survival rate was only 35%. Due to the lack of a complete drainage system and filtration layer, under heavy rainfall conditions (60 mm / hour), obvious water accumulation occurred, and the drainage time was 3.2 times that of Example 16. The vegetation growth condition was poor, the root system development was limited, and the drought resistance was weak. Frequent irrigation was required under the high temperature and drought conditions in summer. The surface flatness was poor and the comfort was low. The maintenance cost was high, and the vegetation needed to be replaced 2-3 times a year. In addition, due to the lack of a systematic water purification design, the removal efficiency of pollutants in rainwater was low, which was not conducive to improving the regional water environment quality.

[0166] Comparative Example 5: Parking space paving method without digital monitoring and management

[0167] This comparative example adopts the same structural design as Example 16, but lacks a digital monitoring and management system. The specific implementation method is as follows:

[0168] The construction was carried out according to steps (1) to (9) of Example 16, but monitoring equipment such as soil moisture sensors, water level sensors, and temperature sensors were not installed. Traditional regular inspections were used for management.

[0169] After a year of operation, the parking lot showed significant deficiencies in maintenance and management: Irrigation water usage increased by 45%, but due to a lack of real-time soil moisture monitoring, fixed irrigation schedules were used, resulting in water waste. Vegetation health was poor, with some areas experiencing yellowing and dryness, primarily due to a failure to promptly identify soil moisture and nutrient issues. Blockages in the rainwater drainage system were discovered late, leading to poor drainage in some areas. Maintenance costs increased by 38%, primarily due to manual inspections and passive repairs. The inability to obtain ecological benefit data made it difficult to quantify the project's environmental value. Responses to extreme weather events (such as heavy rainfall) were slow, resulting in weak emergency response capabilities. Furthermore, the lack of data support hindered scientific maintenance decision-making, resulting in inefficient maintenance.

[0170] Test experiments and result analysis

[0171] To comprehensively evaluate the technical performance of the present invention, we designed a series of test experiments and systematically compared the various embodiments and comparative examples. The main test indicators include structural performance, hydrological performance, ecological benefits and economic performance.

[0172] Experiment 1: Structural bearing performance test

[0173] Test Method: Load-bearing capacity testing was conducted using the Society for Testing and Materials standard ASTM E2838, using a hydraulic loading device to simulate different vehicle loads (sedans, SUVs, light trucks, heavy trucks) and measure deformation and recovery.

[0174] The test results are shown in Table 1:

[0175] Table 1 Structural bearing performance test results

[0176]

[0177] The test results demonstrate that the bionic honeycomb structure employed in this invention significantly improves load-bearing capacity, reaching a maximum compressive strength of 58 MPa, 1.53 times that of Comparative Example 1 and 2.64 times that of Comparative Example 4. Furthermore, under the same load conditions, the present invention exhibits a lower maximum deformation and a higher deformation recovery rate, demonstrating excellent elastic resilience and long-term durability. In particular, Example 2 can withstand the load of a 30-ton heavy vehicle, making it suitable for parking spaces in freight logistics areas.

[0178] Experiment 2: Hydrological Performance Test

[0179] Test method: According to the requirements of the "Technical Guidelines for Sponge City Construction", a double-ring infiltration meter is used to measure the permeability, and an artificial rainfall simulation device (rainfall intensity adjustable: 30-150 mm / hour) is used to measure the drainage capacity, and the water accumulation depth and drainage time under different rainfall intensities are recorded.

[0180] The test results are shown in Table 2:

[0181] Table 2 Hydrological performance test results

[0182] serial number Water permeability (cm / s) Annual runoff control rate (%) Drainage completion rate of 100mm rainfall within 30 minutes (%) Pollutant removal rate-TSS (%) Pollutant removal rate-TP(%) Example 13 <![CDATA[1.68×10 -2 ]]> 83 95 80 52 Example 14 <![CDATA[1.96×10 -2 ]]> 88 100 85 60 Example 15 <![CDATA[1.78×10 -2 ]]> 85 98 82 55 Example 16 <![CDATA[1.76×10 -2 ]]> 88 97 83 56 Comparative Example 3 <![CDATA[1.2×10 -2 ]]> 75 85 40 15 Comparative Example 4 <![CDATA[0.8×10 -2 ]]> 65 70 35 10

[0183] The test results show that the present invention has excellent hydrological performance, with a maximum water permeability of 1.96×10-2 cm / s and an annual runoff control rate of up to 88%, which can effectively manage urban rainwater. Under the simulated 30-minute 100 mm heavy rainfall conditions, the drainage completion rate reached a maximum of 100%, indicating that it has excellent waterlogging prevention capabilities. In addition, the removal rates of total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) in rainwater of the present invention reached 85% and 60% respectively, which are much higher than the control examples, reflecting its good rainwater purification function. This performance advantage is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the multi-layer filtration system and ecological planting soil of the present invention.

[0184] Experiment 3: Ecological Benefit Test

[0185] Testing methods: Surface temperature was measured using an infrared thermal imager, carbon sequestration capacity of vegetation was measured using a portable photosynthesis measurement system, biodiversity was assessed using the Shannon-Wiener index, and vegetation health and survival rates were assessed through regular monitoring throughout the year.

[0186] The test results are shown in Table 3:

[0187] Table 3 Ecological benefit test results

[0188] serial number Surface cooling effect (℃) Vegetation coverage (%) Vegetation survival rate (%) <![CDATA[Annual carbon sequestration (kg CO2 / m 2 )]]> Biodiversity Index Example 7 3.8 90 92 2.5 1.6 Example 8 4.8 98 96 3.2 2 Example 9 4.2 95 95 2.8 1.8 Example 16 4.5 95 94 2.9 1.9 Comparative Example 3 0 0 0 0 0 Comparative Example 4 1.5 25 35 0.6 0.8

[0189] Test results demonstrate that this invention offers significant ecological benefits. Compared to traditional paving, the surface temperature is reduced by up to 4.8°C, effectively mitigating the heat island effect. Vegetation coverage reaches up to 98%, and survival rates reach up to 96%, demonstrating that it provides a favorable environment for plant growth. Annual carbon sequestration reaches up to 3.2 kg CO2 / m2, contributing positively to the city's carbon neutrality goals. The biodiversity index reaches up to 2.0, significantly higher than the control, indicating that it not only creates green space but also provides habitats for a variety of organisms. These ecological benefits are primarily attributed to the invention's ecological planting soil system and multi-layer composite structure design.

[0190] Experiment 4: Economic Performance Evaluation

[0191] Evaluation method: Use the full life cycle cost analysis method to calculate the initial construction cost, maintenance cost and renewal cost, while considering the economic value of environmental benefits (such as carbon trading value, rainwater resource value, ambient temperature regulation value, etc.).

[0192] The evaluation results are shown in Table 4:

[0193] Table 4 Economic performance evaluation results

[0194]

[0195]

[0196] Economic performance evaluation shows that although the initial construction cost of the present invention is slightly higher than some traditional paving methods (such as Comparative Example 4), due to its long service life, low maintenance costs and high environmental benefits, the full life cycle cost analysis shows that the present invention has significant economic advantages, saving 216 yuan per square meter. Its investment payback period is 4.2 years, which is far lower than its designed service life of 22 years, and has good economic feasibility. In contrast, although some Comparative Examples 2, 3 and 4 have lower initial costs, due to their short service life, high maintenance costs and low environmental benefits, their full life cycle costs are actually higher and do not have economic advantages.

[0197] Through comprehensive analysis of the test results in four aspects, the following conclusions can be drawn:

[0198] 1. Structural performance: The bionic honeycomb structure design of the present invention significantly improves the load-bearing capacity, with a compressive strength of up to 58 MPa and a deformation recovery rate of up to 97%, which can meet various parking needs including those of heavy vehicles.

[0199] 2. Hydrological performance: The multi-layer filtration system and drainage network design of the present invention give it excellent water permeability and rainwater purification capabilities, with a water permeability of up to 1.96×10-2 cm / s and an annual runoff control rate of up to 88%. The removal rate of rainwater pollutants is significantly higher than that of traditional paving.

[0200] 3. Ecological benefits: This invention creates a true ecosystem with a vegetation coverage rate of up to 98%, an annual carbon sequestration capacity of up to 3.2 kg CO2 / m2, a surface cooling effect of up to 4.8°C, and a biodiversity index of up to 2.0, fully realizing the ecological restoration function.

[0201] 4. Economic performance: Through the resource utilization of solid waste and prefabricated assembly construction, the present invention reduces material costs and construction costs. Combined with the advantages of long service life and low maintenance costs, the cost savings over the entire life cycle reach 216 yuan / square meter, and the investment payback period is only 4.2 years.

[0202] Based on the test results, Example 16 combines the HDPE recycled grid of Example 3, the solid waste recycled soil block of Example 6, the ecological planting soil of Example 9, the PVC double-threaded seepage pipe of Example 12 and the filter layer laying method of Example 15 to construct a complete five-layer composite ecological structure, which has achieved balanced and excellent performance in the four aspects of structural performance, hydrological performance, ecological benefits and economic performance, and can be considered as the best implementation scheme of the present invention.

[0203] In this solution, HDPE recycled grid adopts a bionic honeycomb structure design, combined with nano-modification technology, to achieve the coordinated optimization of high strength and high permeability; solid waste recycled soil blocks use geopolymer technology to convert industrial solid waste such as construction waste, steel slag and fly ash into high-performance building materials; ecological planting soil combines microbial enhancement and water-retaining materials to create an optimal environment for plant growth; PVC double-threaded seepage pipe network and multi-stage filtration layer build an efficient rainwater management system; digital monitoring and management system realizes refined operation and maintenance.

[0204] The implementation of this plan not only solves the three contradictions in traditional parking space construction, namely "insufficient ecological carrying capacity, prominent heat island effect, and high resource and environmental costs", but also provides a replicable and popularizable technical paradigm for urban green infrastructure construction, with broad application prospects.

[0205] The foregoing description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that various modifications and variations of the present invention are possible. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, or improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A low-carbon parking space ecological paving method based on bionic structure and solid waste regeneration, characterized by: The following steps are involved: Establish site ecological surveys and mapping, use RTK-GPS for digital terrain modeling, and identify areas for preserving original vegetation; Use light excavation equipment to excavate and preserve the topsoil in layers, with the topsoil pile height controlled at 1.2-1.5 meters; Compact and level the base to 92-95% standard compaction, control the slope at 0.4-0.6%, and lay non-woven geotextiles; Arrange the PVC double-threaded seepage pipe network in a herringbone pattern, with main pipes spaced 10-15 meters apart, branch pipes spaced 5-8 meters apart, and a slope of no less than 0.4%; The filtration layer, bearing layer and ecological layer are laid in sequence from bottom to top to form a five-layer composite ecological structure; The filter layer includes a transition layer with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm, a secondary filter layer with a particle size of 2-5 mm, and a primary filter layer with a particle size of 5-10 mm; The bearing layer is made of solid waste recycled soil blocks, which are laid in a staggered manner, with the joint width controlled at 3-5 mm; The ecological layer is composed of nano-modified HDPE recycled grid and ecological planting soil. The HDPE grid adopts a bionic honeycomb structure design with a pore size of 25 mm × 25 mm. Fill the HDPE grid with ecological planting soil, control the soil moisture content at 18-22%, and fill it to 5mm below the upper surface of the grid after light compaction; Select suitable trampling-resistant grass seeds for sowing according to climatic conditions, and prohibit vehicles from passing within 60 days after sowing to ensure that the vegetation is fully established.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The material composition of the nano-modified HDPE regenerated grid includes: 85-92 parts by weight of recycled high-density polyethylene; 3-6 parts by weight of nano-silicon dioxide, with a particle size of 10-30 nanometers and a specific surface area of 180-300 square meters per gram; 2-5 parts by weight of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene compatibilizer, with a maleic anhydride content of 0.5-1.5% by weight; 0.8-1.5 parts by weight of hindered amine light stabilizer; 0.5-1.2 parts by weight of carbon black; 0.3-0.8 parts by weight of antioxidant composition; The compressive strength of the HDPE regenerated grid is not less than 50 MPa, and the water permeability is not less than 1.8×10-2 cm / s.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The material composition of the solid waste recycled soil block includes: 45-55 parts by weight of construction and demolition waste aggregate, with a particle size of 5-20 mm; 12-18 parts by weight of steel slag, with a particle size of 0.5-5 mm; 10-15 parts by weight of Class F fly ash; 8-12 parts by weight of sulphoaluminate cement; 2-4 parts by weight of silica fume; 3-5 parts by weight of sodium silicate solution, modulus 2.8-3.2; 0.5-1.0 parts by weight of polycarboxylate high-efficiency water reducer; 0.8-1.2 parts by weight of fiber reinforcement material; 12-16 parts by weight of water; The compressive strength of the solid waste recycled soil block is not less than 15 MPa, and the dimensional accuracy is controlled within ±2 mm.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein The composition of the ecological planting soil includes: 40-45 parts by weight of natural topsoil, with an organic matter content of 2-4% and a pH of 6.5-7.2; 25-30 parts by weight of recycled aggregate from construction waste, with a particle size of 2-5 mm; 15-20 parts by weight of composted green waste with a carbon-nitrogen ratio of 15-20:1; 5-8 parts by weight of expanded ceramsite, with a particle size of 4-10 mm; 3-5 parts by weight of biochar, with a fixed carbon content greater than 70%; 0.8-1.2 parts by weight of a microbial inoculant containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, growth-promoting bacteria, and Trichoderma; 0.3-0.6 parts by weight of water-retaining polymer material; 1.5-2.5 parts by weight of slow-release organic fertilizer.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein The material composition of the PVC double-threaded seepage pipe includes: 92-96 parts by weight of recycled polyvinyl chloride; 2-4 parts by weight of chlorinated polyethylene toughener; 1.5-2.5 parts by weight of calcium zinc composite heat stabilizer; 0.5-1.0 parts by weight of titanium dioxide; 0.8-1.2 parts by weight of processing aid; The nominal diameter of the seepage pipe is 100-150 mm, the wall thickness is 3.0-4.5 mm, the pore diameters are 8-10 mm and 3-5 mm arranged alternately, the pore density is 80-100 per square meter, and the ring stiffness is not less than 8 kN per square meter.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The preparation method of the HDPE regenerated grid comprises the following steps: The recovered high-density polyethylene is cleaned and immersed in a sodium hydroxide solution at 65-75°C for 15-20 minutes; Dry in hot air circulation at 105-115℃ for 2-3 hours until the moisture content is less than 0.05%; Mechanically crushed to a particle size of 3-5 mm; The blending was carried out in a twin-screw extruder with an extrusion temperature of 180-195°C (feed zone), 195-210°C (melting zone), 210-225°C (mixing zone) and 205-215°C (die zone) and a screw speed of 280-320 rpm; The grid is made by injection molding process, with a mold temperature of 40-60°C, an injection temperature of 220-235°C, an injection pressure of 90-120MPa, a holding pressure of 60-80MPa, and a cooling time of 25-35 seconds.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The method for preparing the solid waste regenerated soil block comprises the following steps: The construction waste is subjected to primary crushing, secondary crushing, screening and cleaning to control the particle size to 5-20 mm; The slag is cured in the open air for 3-6 months, sprayed with water regularly, crushed to a particle size of 0.5-5 mm, and subjected to magnetic separation to remove metallic iron; Mix in the following order in a forced mixer: first add construction waste aggregate and steel slag and dry mix for 60-90 seconds; Add fly ash and silica fume and continue mixing for 60-90 seconds; Dissolve the water reducer in 70% of the mix water and add to the mixture; Add cement and continue mixing for 120-150 seconds; Add diluted sodium silicate solution; Add fiber reinforcement and mix for a final 90-120 seconds; The mixture was poured into a mold and compacted by vibration at 50-60 Hz and an amplitude of 0.5-0.8 mm for 15-25 seconds; Curing should be carried out in sequence according to the temperature: pre-curing by coating for 24 hours; steam curing at 60-65℃ for 6-8 hours; cooling for 3-4 hours; curing in water at 20±2℃ for 7 days; curing in air at 20±2℃ and relative humidity of 60±10% for 21 days.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The method for laying the filter layer comprises the following steps: Lay non-woven geotextiles with a water permeability of not less than 1×10-3 m / s on the compacted base, with the overlap of adjacent fabrics not less than 300 mm; Lay a transition layer with a thickness of 20-30 mm and lightly compact it twice using a flat plate vibrator; Lay a secondary filter layer with a thickness of 50-70 mm and lightly compact it 1-2 times; Lay the primary filter layer with a thickness of 100-150 mm and finally compact it to a relative density of 85-90%; The total thickness of the filter layer is controlled at 170-250 mm to avoid material separation or contamination during the laying process.

9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that Also included are the following performance monitoring systems: The hydrological monitoring system consists of time-domain reflectometry soil moisture sensors and pressure-type water level sensors, with an installation density of one sensor pair per 250 square meters; Environmental monitoring system, consisting of infrared temperature sensors and air quality sensors, installed at a density of one per 500 square meters; Use LoRaWAN protocol for wireless data transmission, edge computing nodes for local data processing, and cloud platform for data storage and analysis; Key performance indicators including infiltration rate, pollutant removal efficiency, surface temperature difference and carbon fixation rate are monitored, generating automated monthly performance reports.

10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The following maintenance and management measures are also included: Cool-season grasses should be kept at a height of 6-8 cm, and warm-season grasses should be kept at a height of 3-5 cm. Mowing should be done every 14-21 days during the growing season. Supplementary irrigation is only carried out when soil moisture is below 12% volumetric moisture content for 72 consecutive hours, with an irrigation rate of 6-8 mm; Perform visual inspections quarterly and vacuum clean twice a year to remove accumulated sediment; When the infiltration rate is less than 50% of the design value, 10-15MPa pressure flushing is carried out; Flush the seepage pipe network once a year, check the outlet structure and remove debris; Corrective maintenance procedures are initiated when the infiltration rate is less than 0.5×10-2 cm / s for 24 hours, the surface deformation exceeds 15 mm, or the vegetation cover is less than 75%.

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