Hypha network reinforced ecological slope protection structure and construction method

Abstract

The invention discloses a hypha network reinforced ecological slope protection structure and a construction method.The hypha network reinforced ecological slope protection structure comprises a plurality of ecological soil nails arranged on a side slope, and each ecological soil nail comprises a soil nail head located outside the side slope; a hollow shell extending into the slope is arranged at one end of the soil nail head, a grouting hole communicated with the hollow shell is formed in the soil nail head, and a plurality of leakage holes are formed in the surface of the hollow shell; a plurality of ecological panels are arranged on the inclined face of the side slope, and the ecological soil nails are filled with grouting liquid with hypha spores. An assembly type structure frame is formed by inserting and matching the ecological panels and the ecological soil nails, grouting liquid with spore bags is injected, after the spore bags are activated, mycelium is combined in a winding mode in the growth process, and a high-ductility biological fiber network structure is constructed between soil particles and components. And the structural integrity and the shear resistance and disturbance resistance of the side slope are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of slope reinforcement and ecological restoration engineering, and in particular relates to a mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure and a construction method. Background Art

[0002] While traditional slope protection measures such as anchor bolting and shotcrete reinforcement offer high mechanical strength, their rigid structures block water and soil exchange pathways, hindering natural vegetation recovery. Furthermore, concrete has poor interfacial compatibility with the biomatrix, leading to overall failure after structural damage. Pollution from these non-degradable materials severely restricts the self-repair capacity of slope ecosystems, hindering the development of sustainable ecosystems.

[0003] While recent advances in ecological lattices and vegetated concrete have improved greening by adding vegetative channels, their core reliance on reinforced concrete frames presents a mismatch between material degradation and the temporal nature of ecological succession. In their later years of service, these components often enter a vicious cycle of structural and ecological decline: when the concrete carbonizes and cracks, it loses its structural function and hinders the penetration of new plant roots, ultimately rendering the slope protection system functionally useless.

[0004] Meanwhile, microbial-induced reinforcement (MICP) technologies have been partially applied to slopes as a method for ecological foundation improvement. The mechanism by which mycelium produces calcium carbonate or secretes adhesives to promote particle bonding has gained attention. However, existing applications are largely limited to a single dimension of soil improvement. Specifically, bacterial activation relies on continuous chemical grouting, lacking coordinated design with the slope protection structure; the resulting rigid cement is poorly adapted to flexible slope deformation and prone to brittle cracking under dry-wet cycles; and the failure to establish a spatiotemporal synergistic mechanism of "mechanical anchoring, biological networks, and vegetation restoration" results in a disconnect between short-term reinforcement effects and long-term ecological benefits. How to organically integrate the active growth characteristics of microorganisms with the spatial layout of slope protection components to form a self-adaptable rigid-flexible composite system has become a technical bottleneck urgently needed to be overcome in the field of slope ecological protection. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention aims to solve technical problems such as the rigid connection method in existing slope ecological slope protection structures is not conducive to ecological evolution, the non-degradable component materials cause environmental burden, and the weak effect of microbial reinforcement mechanism. To this end, a mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure and construction method are provided.

[0006] Based on the description, on the one hand, the present invention provides a mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure, comprising a plurality of ecological soil nails arranged on the slope, the ecological soil nails comprising a soil nail head located outside the slope, one end of the soil nail head being provided with a hollow shell extending to the inside of the slope, a grouting hole connected to the hollow shell being provided on the soil nail head, and a plurality of leakage holes being provided on the surface of the hollow shell; a plurality of ecological panels are provided on the inclined surface of the slope, the ecological panels are clamped with the soil nail head close to one side of the slope, and the interior of the ecological soil nail is filled with grouting liquid containing mycelium spores.

[0007] The above-mentioned technical solution constructs an integrated slope protection system suitable for flexible coverage of slope surfaces and equipped with microbial synergistic reinforcement capabilities. The assembled structural framework is formed by interlocking ecological panels and ecological soil nails. Grouting fluid containing spore sacs is injected. Once activated, the mycelium forms an intertwined structure during growth, creating a highly extensible biofiber network between soil particles and component interfaces, enhancing the structural integrity and the slope's shear and disturbance resistance. The mycelium also secretes protein binders and metabolites in certain areas, further enhancing interfacial adhesion and forming microbial cementation zones, which impart a certain degree of self-healing ability and provide a foundation for ecological restoration. This achieves a three-stage synergistic process: rapid structural assembly, simultaneous grouting and inoculation, and the gradual evolution and entanglement of mycelium for reinforcement. The overall system exhibits excellent ecological adaptability, biocompatibility, and ultimate biodegradability, making it suitable for ecological slope protection in various slope scenarios and particularly well-suited for sustainable protection projects in environmentally sensitive areas.

[0008] As a further technical solution, the ecological soil nails are die-cast from sawdust-PLA composites or mycelium composite materials. Such ecological soil nails have certain strength, environmental compatibility and bioaffinity, and can automatically degrade over time.

[0009] As a further technical solution, the length of the ecological soil nail is not less than 1.5m, which can ensure that it penetrates deep into the slope and provides sufficient anchoring force. The outer diameter is 40-80mm, and the wall thickness of the hollow shell is 0.8-1.5cm. While ensuring structural strength, it reduces its own weight and provides sufficient space for mycelium growth.

[0010] As a further technical solution, the inner wall of the hollow shell is provided with a plurality of vertically extending guide grooves, the width of the guide grooves is 3-5 mm, a plurality of leakage holes are evenly distributed on each guide groove, and the distance between two vertically adjacent leakage holes is 80-100 mm.

[0011] In the above technical solution, the mycelium is guided to grow preferentially along the longitudinal direction of the soil nail through the vertical guide groove, and the longitudinally growing mycelium can grow out of the leakage holes, so that the connection between the ecological soil nail and the slope is closer, the adhesion between the ecological soil nail and the slope soil is improved, and the shear resistance of the slope is further improved.

[0012] As a further technical solution, the ecological panel comprises a structural layer, a water-retaining layer and a breathable layer from top to bottom, and the structural layer, the water-retaining layer and the breathable layer are an integrated structure.

[0013] As a further technical solution, the structural layer is a plant fiber reinforced polylactic acid board with a thickness of 10 to 15 mm, which has high strength and toughness, can withstand certain external force impacts, and provide basic support for the slope protection structure; its degradability enables the panel to naturally degrade after the end of its service life without causing environmental pollution; the water-retaining layer is a mixed layer of bentonite and expanded perlite with a thickness of 15 to 20 mm, which can effectively retain moisture and provide necessary moisture conditions for plant growth; the water-retaining layer is doped with spore bags, and the doped spore bags can be evenly distributed and gradually release mycelium spores to promote the growth of the mycelium network in the panel; the breathable layer is a degradable non-woven fabric layer with a thickness of 1 to 3 mm. The degradable non-woven fabric layer has good air permeability, which is beneficial to the respiration of plant roots and the exchange of microbial metabolic gases, while preventing the loss of soil particles and maintaining the integrity of the panel structure; its degradability enables the panel to eventually be integrated into the natural ecology.

[0014] As a further technical solution, the surface of the structural layer is provided with a plurality of sowing holes and drainage holes that penetrate the breathable layer, the side wall of the water-retaining layer is provided with an ecological gap, and the side of the breathable layer facing the slope is provided with a socket adapted to the soil nail head, the socket extends to the structural layer, and a grouting hole connected to the socket is provided at the center position of the outer side of the structural layer.

[0015] In the above technical solution, the sowing holes are used to facilitate the on-site sowing of plant seeds, thereby improving the survival rate of plants; the drainage holes can conveniently discharge excess water in the water-retaining layer, prevent water accumulation in the panel, reduce the weight of the structure, and avoid water accumulation leading to damage to the panel and rot of plant / fungus roots; in addition, the ecological gaps extend to the water-retaining layer, which is beneficial for the plant roots to extend to the water-retaining layer, obtain more water and nutrients, and promote plant growth. At the same time, it can also allow the plant roots and fungus roots to grow horizontally, so that the roots of adjacent ecological panels are entangled with each other, thereby strengthening the connection between the soil and the panel and improving the integrity of the structure; finally, the sockets are compatible with the soil nail heads to achieve rapid and stable connection between the ecological panels and the ecological soil nails, improve construction efficiency, form a stable prefabricated structural frame, and facilitate the replacement of damaged ecological panels at any time.

[0016] As a further technical solution, the grouting liquid is composed of a culture liquid and spore bag particles. The culture liquid is one or more of yeast extract, glucose solution or trehalose solution, which can provide nutrients required for the growth of mycelial spores and promote their rapid activation and growth. The spore bag particles are mycelial spores encapsulated by a mixture of any one or more of bentonite, perlite, and chitosan materials with a diameter of 2 to 4 mm. The mycelial spores are added in an amount of 0.5% to 2% of the total volume of the grouting liquid. The particle size is moderate, which is convenient for uniform dispersion in the slurry. The material has good water retention and air permeability, which is conducive to the survival and growth of mycelial spores. The addition amount is controlled at 0.5% to 2% of the total volume of the slurry, which can both ensure the density of mycelial network formation and avoid excessive consumption of slurry resources.

[0017] Based on the description, the present invention provides a construction method for a mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure, comprising the following steps: a. Clean and shape the slope surface, locate points and make marks; b. Insert the ecological soil nails into the slope according to the markings; c. Lay the ecological panels on the slope in sequence. When laying, the edges of the structural layers of two adjacent ecological panels touch each other, leaving two ecological gaps between the structural layers of the adjacent ecological panels. Let a part of the ecological panels be close to the socket on the side of the soil layer and engage with the soil nail head of the ecological soil nail to form a panel system. d. Prepare grouting liquid and add spore bag particles and inject it into the ecological soil nail. Pour it multiple times, wait 5-10 minutes after each filling, and wait until the grouting liquid poured in the previous time falls and fill it again; e. Sow plant seeds in the sowing holes of the ecological panel and carry out surface maintenance.

[0018] This technical solution integrates the processes of soil nailing, panel attachment, grouting and inoculation, and seeding and curing to achieve a spatiotemporal synergy between mechanical anchoring, biological reinforcement, and vegetation restoration. Within the closed system, mycelium preferentially grows along the soil nail-panel interface, initially forming a rigid skeleton. As plant roots develop and mycelial metabolites accumulate, this gradually evolves into a rigid-flexible biomimetic support system, significantly improving slope durability under complex conditions such as dry-wet cycles and freeze-thaw cycles.

[0019] As a further technical solution, the point positioning includes the following steps: Divide the slope into several grids using slaked lime. Take the retaining wall at the lower edge of the slope as the bottom edge, and the first row of grids, the second row of grids, and so on towards the upper edge of the slope. In each row of grids, the center point of the grid is marked with slaked lime at a distance of one grid. The marks in two adjacent rows of grids are staggered. This layout can ensure the stable contact between the ecological panel and the slope while saving the use of ecological soil nails.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. The present invention constructs an integral slope protection system suitable for flexible covering of slope surfaces and having the ability of microbial collaborative reinforcement. An assembled structural frame is formed by plugging and matching ecological panels and ecological soil nails. Grouting liquid containing spore bags is injected. After the spore bags are activated, the mycelium is entangled and combined during growth, constructing a highly ductile biological fiber network structure between soil particles and component interfaces, thereby improving the structural integrity and the slope's shear and anti-disturbance capabilities. The mycelium can also secrete protein adhesives and metabolic products in some areas, further enhancing interfacial adhesion and forming microbial cementation zones, giving the structure a certain self-healing ability and a foundation for ecological restoration. This achieves a three-stage collaborative process of rapid structural assembly, simultaneous completion of grouting and inoculation, and gradual evolution and entanglement of mycelium for reinforcement. The overall system has good ecological adaptability, biocompatibility, and ultimate degradability. It is suitable for the ecological slope protection needs in various slope scenarios, and is particularly suitable for the construction of sustainable protective projects in environmentally sensitive areas.

[0021] 2. The present invention opens vertical guide grooves in the ecological soil nails to guide the mycelium to grow preferentially along the longitudinal direction of the soil nails, and allows the longitudinally growing mycelium to grow out of the leakage holes, so that the connection between the ecological soil nails and the slope is closer, the adhesion between the ecological soil nails and the slope soil is improved, and the shear resistance of the slope is further improved.

[0022] 3. The present invention adopts a structural layer made of plant fiber reinforced polylactic acid board, which has high strength and toughness, can withstand certain external force impact, and provide basic support for the slope protection structure; its degradability enables the panel to degrade naturally after the end of its service life without causing environmental pollution; the water-retaining layer made of a mixture of bentonite and expanded perlite can effectively retain moisture and provide necessary moisture conditions for plant growth; and by doping spore bags in the water-retaining layer, the mycelium spores can be evenly distributed and gradually released to promote the growth of the mycelium network in the panel; the breathable layer made of degradable non-woven fabric has good air permeability, which is beneficial to the respiration of plant roots and the exchange of microbial metabolic gases, while preventing the loss of soil particles and keeping the panel structure intact; its degradability enables the panel to eventually be integrated into the natural ecology.

[0023] 4. The sowing holes facilitate the on-site sowing of plant seeds and improve the survival rate of plants. The drainage holes can easily drain excess water from the water-retaining layer, prevent water accumulation in the panel, reduce the weight of the structure, and avoid water accumulation leading to panel damage and plant / fungus root rot. In addition, the ecological gap extends to the water-retaining layer, which is conducive to the extension of plant roots to the water-retaining layer, obtaining more water and nutrients, and promoting plant growth. At the same time, it can also allow the plant roots and fungus roots to grow horizontally, so that the roots of adjacent ecological panels are entangled with each other, thereby strengthening the connection between the soil and the panel and improving the integrity of the structure. Finally, the socket is compatible with the soil nail head to achieve a quick and stable connection between the ecological panel and the ecological soil nail, improve construction efficiency, form a stable assembled structural frame, and facilitate the replacement of damaged ecological panels at any time. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the slope of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the combined cross-section of the slope, ecological panel and ecological soil nails of the present invention; Figure 3 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the eco-panel of the present invention viewed from above; Figure 4 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the eco-panel of the present invention when viewed from above; Figure 5 It is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the ecological soil nail of the present invention; Figure 6 It is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the cross section of the ecological soil nail of the present invention; Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of the state of the spore bag of the present invention after it grows in the ecological panel and the ecological soil nail.

[0025] In the figure: 1. Slope; 2. Ecological soil nail; 21. Soil nail head; 211. Grouting hole; 22. Hollow shell; 221. Guide groove; 222. Leakage hole; 3. Ecological panel; 31. Structural layer; 311. Grouting hole; 312. Seeding hole; 313. Drainage hole; 32. Water retention layer; 33. Breathable layer; 34. Ecological gap; 35. Socket; 4. Grouting liquid; 41. Mycelium. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solution of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0027] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "middle", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "inside", "outside", etc., indicating directions or positional relationships, are based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific direction, be constructed and operated in a specific direction. Therefore, they cannot be understood as limiting the present invention.

[0028] like Figure 1-6 As shown, the specific scheme of the embodiment is as follows: a mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure includes a plurality of ecological soil nails 2 arranged on the slope 1, the ecological soil nails 2 include a soil nail head 21 located outside the slope 1, and one end of the soil nail head 21 is provided with a hollow shell 22 extending to the inside of the slope 1, and the soil nail head 21 is provided with a grouting hole 211 connected to the hollow shell 22, and the surface of the hollow shell 22 is provided with a plurality of leakage holes 222; the inclined surface of the slope 1 is provided with a plurality of ecological panels 3, and the ecological panel 3 is clamped with the soil nail head 21 on one side close to the slope 1, and the interior of the ecological soil nail 2 is filled with a grouting liquid 4 with mycelium spores.

[0029] The above technical solution constructs a holistic slope protection system suitable for flexible coverage of slope 1 and equipped with microbial synergistic reinforcement capabilities. The system forms a prefabricated structural framework through the interlocking connection between ecological panels 3 and ecological soil nails 2. Grouting fluid 4 containing spores is injected. Once activated, the mycelium 41 grows and entangles, forming a highly ductile biofiber network between soil particles and the structural interface. This enhances the structural integrity and the slope's shear and disturbance resistance. Combining grouting with mycelial propagation mechanisms, a synergistic relationship between flexible reinforcement and ecological evolution is established between the slope and the structural components. The mycelium 41 also secretes protein binders and metabolic products in certain areas, further enhancing interfacial adhesion and forming a microbial cementation zone, endowing the structure with a certain degree of self-healing ability and providing a foundation for ecological restoration. This achieves a three-stage coordinated process of rapid structural assembly, simultaneous completion of grouting and inoculation, and gradual evolution and winding reinforcement of mycelium. The overall system has good ecological adaptability, biocompatibility and ultimate degradability, and is suitable for the ecological slope protection needs in various slope scenarios. It is particularly suitable for the construction of sustainable protection projects in environmentally sensitive areas.

[0030] like Figure 5-6As shown, in this embodiment, the hollow shell 22 of the ecological soil nail 2 is made of a mixture of any one of sawdust-PLA composite and mycelium composite material by die-casting, and has certain strength, environmental compatibility and bioaffinity, and can also automatically degrade in the soil over time. The length of the ecological soil nail 2 is not less than 1.5m to ensure that it penetrates deep into the slope 1 and provides sufficient anchoring force. The outer diameter is 40-80mm, and the wall thickness of the hollow shell 22 is 0.8-1.5cm. While ensuring structural strength, it reduces its own weight and provides sufficient space for mycelium growth.

[0031] In this embodiment, the inner wall of the hollow shell 22 is provided with a plurality of vertically extending guide grooves 221, which guide the mycelium to grow preferentially along the longitudinal direction of the soil nail through the vertical guide grooves 221. The width of the guide groove 221 is 3-5 mm, and a plurality of leakage holes 222 are evenly distributed on each guide groove 221. The spacing between two vertically adjacent leakage holes 222 is 80-100 mm, allowing the longitudinally growing mycelium to grow out of the leakage holes 222, making the connection between the ecological soil nail 2 and the slope 1 closer, improving the adhesion between the ecological soil nail 2 and the soil of the slope 1, and further improving the shear resistance of the slope 1.

[0032] Preferably, the soil nail head 21 can be set to a cone shape and plugged into the preset socket 35 on the back of the ecological panel 3. The insertion depth is preferably 30 to 40 mm. After plugging in, it has self-locking stability and construction convenience.

[0033] like Figure 3-4 As shown, in this embodiment, the ecological panel 3 comprises a structural layer 31, a water-retaining layer 32 and a breathable layer 33 from top to bottom, and the structural layer 31, the water-retaining layer 32 and the breathable layer 33 are integrally formed.

[0034] Among them, the structural layer 31 is a plant fiber reinforced polylactic acid board with a thickness of 10 to 15 mm, which has high strength and toughness, can withstand certain external force impacts, and provide basic support for the slope protection structure; its degradability enables the panel to degrade naturally after the end of its service life without causing environmental pollution; the water-retaining layer 32 is a mixed layer of bentonite and expanded perlite with a thickness of 15 to 20 mm, which can effectively retain moisture and provide necessary moisture conditions for plant growth; the water-retaining layer 32 is doped with spore bags, which can be evenly distributed and gradually release mycelium spores to promote the growth of mycelium network in the panel; the breathable layer 33 is a degradable non-woven fabric layer with a thickness of 1 to 3 mm. The degradable non-woven fabric layer has good air permeability, which is beneficial to the respiration of plant roots and the exchange of microbial metabolic gases, while preventing the loss of soil particles and maintaining the integrity of the panel structure; its degradability enables the panel to eventually be integrated into the natural ecology.

[0035] Preferably, when making the ecological panel, slow-release fertilizer particles are also mixed into the water-retaining layer, wherein the life of the degradable protective film wrapped on the surface of the slow-release fertilizer particles is close to the service life of the structural layer 31. This can further provide waste materials for the planted green plants and mycelial spores.

[0036] like Figure 3-4 As shown, a plurality of sowing holes 312 and drainage holes 313 are provided on the surface of the structural layer 31 and penetrate the air-permeable layer 33 , sowing plant seeds conveniently through the sowing holes 312 , and sowing grass seeds or shrub seeds conveniently and allowing them to take root quickly.

[0037] Among them, the drainage hole 313 runs through the three-layer structure and is connected to the water-retaining layer 32. It is used to introduce excess water in the water-retaining layer 32 into the outer edge of the slope or the slope backfill layer, thereby realizing water vapor regulation and air convection channel construction inside the structure, and avoiding moisture accumulation that causes damage to the panel and rot of plant / fungus roots.

[0038] Ecological gaps 34 are provided on the four side walls of the water-retaining layer 32. The width of the ecological gaps 34 is between 3 and 5 mm. The ecological gaps 34 extend to the water-retaining layer 32, which is beneficial for plant roots to extend toward the water-retaining layer 32, obtain more water and nutrients, and promote plant growth. At the same time, it can also allow plant roots and fungus roots to grow horizontally, so that the roots of adjacent ecological panels 3 are entangled with each other, thereby strengthening the connection between the soil and the panel and improving the integrity of the structure.

[0039] Optionally, a serrated groove may be provided on the edge of the structural layer 31 to connect it with the ecological gap 34. The width of the serrated groove is smaller than the width of the ecological gap. The serrated grooves of adjacent structural layers 31 are staggered and can be meshed and spliced together. In this way, a mutually snap-fitting relationship can be formed between the ecological panels, making the panel system more solid without affecting the growth of the mycelium below.

[0040] Optionally, serrated grooves can be provided at the edges of the structural layers, and the serrated grooves of adjacent structural layers 31 are aligned with each other, and the protrusions of the serrated grooves offset each other, thereby achieving support for panels reinforced with ecological soil nails 2 and panels not reinforced with ecological soil nails 2. At the same time, the serrated groove body provides space for mycelium to grow upward.

[0041] A socket 35, compatible with the soil nail head 21, is provided on the side of the breathable layer 33 facing the slope 1. This socket 35 extends to the structural layer 31. A grouting hole 311, connected to the socket 35, is provided at the center of the outer side of the structural layer 31. The socket 35 and the soil nail head 21 enable a quick and secure connection between the eco-panel 3 and the eco-soil nail 2, improving construction efficiency and forming a stable prefabricated structural framework. It also facilitates the replacement of damaged eco-panels 3 at any time.

[0042] In this embodiment, the grouting liquid 4 system adopts a non-cement-based grouting liquid 4 to avoid the damage to the ecosystem caused by the use of traditional rigid materials. Preferably, the grouting liquid 4 is composed of a culture solution and spore bag particles. The culture solution is one or more of yeast extract, glucose solution or trehalose solution, which can provide nutrients required for the growth of mycelial spores and promote their rapid activation and growth; the spore bag particles are mycelial spores encapsulated by bentonite, perlite or chitosan materials with a diameter of 2 to 4 mm. The dosage of mycelial spores is 0.5% to 2% of the total volume of the grouting liquid 4. The particle size is moderate, which is convenient for uniform dispersion in the slurry; the material has good water retention and air permeability, which is conducive to the survival and growth of mycelial spores; the dosage is controlled at 0.5% to 2% of the total volume of the slurry, which can not only ensure the density of mycelial network formation, but also avoid excessive consumption of slurry resources.

[0043] Preferably, the spore capsules are based on bentonite, expanded perlite, or chitosan, absorbing spores of Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, or other high-efficiency mycelium 41. After production, they are dried at 60°C into granules with a diameter of preferably 2-4 mm. The spore capsules are incorporated into the slurry at a concentration of 0.5%-2% of the total volume. After grouting, the slurry is injected through the cavity of the ecological soil nail 2. The spore capsules are distributed throughout the seepage holes 222, the water-retention layer 32, and the interstices of the slope soil, forming an inoculation system with both diffusivity and activity control capabilities.

[0044] During the initial moist curing phase (7-14 days), spores activated by the nutrient solution gradually formed mycelium 41, which expanded longitudinally and transversely along the structural channels. Mycelium 41 preferentially grew within the guide grooves 221 of the ecological soil nails 2, then penetrated through the seepage holes 222, entering the ecological gaps 34 and the water-retaining layer 32 of the ecological panel 3. During its growth, the mycelium 41 formed an intertwined structure, forming a highly ductile biofiber network between soil particles and the structural interface, enhancing the structural integrity and the slope 1's shear and disturbance resistance. Mycelium 41 also secreted protein binders and metabolic products in certain areas, further enhancing interfacial adhesion and forming a microbial cementation zone, endowing the structure with a certain degree of self-healing ability and providing a foundation for ecological restoration.

[0045] In this embodiment, the ecological panels 3 and the ecological soil nails 2 always play a synergistic role in the ecological slope protection construction and subsequent plant growth process, and can adapt to the ecological changes in each stage and play a corresponding effect at different stages, as follows: During the laying stage of the ecological panel 3, the primary function of the ecological soil nail 2 is to fix the ecological panel 3. The soil nail head 21 in the ecological soil nail 2 is engaged with the socket 35 of the ecological panel 3 to ensure the stability of the panel and form a panel system for slope reinforcement; at the same time, the ecological soil nail 2 adopts a hollow structure, which provides a storage space for the grouting liquid containing mycelium spores, allowing the grouting liquid to enter the space inside the slope, creating conditions for subsequent mycelium growth.

[0046] During the early and middle stages of mycelial growth, the interior of the ecological soil nail 2 becomes a breeding ground for mycelium, and the mycelial network gradually expands within the nail 2. Because the nail 2 is vertical, the mycelium inside can grow vertically until it passes through the seepage holes 222, establishing a close connection with the soil near the nail 2 in the longitudinal direction. This strengthens the bond between the nail and the soil, thereby improving the slope's shear resistance.

[0047] As the mycelium enters the middle and late stages of growth and reproduction, the nutrients in the grouting fluid gradually deplete, and the eco-soil nails 2 and eco-panel 3 begin to gradually degrade, providing continuous nutrients for the mycelium and supporting the continued growth of the mycelial network. At the same time, the plants planted on eco-panel 3 absorb the nutrients within the panel, promoting their own growth.

[0048] Finally, when the ecological soil nails 2 and ecological panels 3 are completely degraded, the interior of the slope 1 is mainly composed of mycelium networks and plant roots, forming a stable ecological slope protection system, achieving long-term stability and ecological restoration of the slope.

[0049] The method adopted in this embodiment is different from the traditional slope reinforcement in that, in the traditional ecological slope protection, the frame or anchor rod used to fix the ecological module always exists on or inside the slope after being driven into the slope, which is ultimately polluting to the environment. However, in the later stage of the ecological slope protection of this application, both the ecological soil nails 2 and the ecological panels 3 will be completely dissolved, realizing the concept of pure ecological slope protection.

[0050] Based on the description, the present invention provides a construction method for a mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure, comprising the following steps: a. Clean and shape the surface of slope 1, locate points, and make marks; The point positioning includes the following steps: Divide the slope into several grids using slaked lime. Take the retaining wall at the lower edge of the slope as the bottom edge, and the first row of grids, the second row of grids, and so on towards the upper edge of the slope. In each row of grids, the center point of the grid is marked with quicklime at a distance of one grid, and the marks in two adjacent rows of grids are staggered.

[0051] b. Insert the ecological soil nail 2 into the slope according to the mark; c. Lay the ecological panels 3 on the slope 1 in sequence, with the edges of the structural layers of two adjacent ecological panels touching each other, leaving two ecological gaps between the structural layers of the adjacent ecological panels, and engage one of the ecological panels 3 with the soil nail head 21 of the ecological soil nail 2 to form a panel system; d. Prepare the grouting liquid 4 and add the spore bag particles to the inside of the ecological soil nail 2. Fill it multiple times, wait for 5-10 minutes after each filling, and fill it again after the grouting liquid poured in the previous time has fallen, so as to ensure that the grouting liquid fully seeps into the soil around the ecological soil nail 2, providing an excellent environment for the growth of fungi; e. Sowing plant seeds in the sowing holes 312 of the ecological panel 3 and performing surface maintenance; f. The mycelium 41 is activated and grows in the structure, completing the structural winding connection and forming an ecological reinforcement system.

[0052] The above technical solution integrates the processes of soil nailing, panel attachment, grouting and inoculation, and seeding and curing, achieving a spatiotemporal synergy between mechanical anchoring, biological reinforcement, and vegetation restoration. Within the closed system, mycelium preferentially grows along the soil nail-panel interface, initially forming a rigid skeleton. As plant roots develop and mycelial metabolites accumulate, this gradually evolves into a rigid-flexible biomimetic support system, significantly improving the durability of Slope 1 under complex conditions such as dry-wet cycles and freeze-thaw cycles. Example

[0053] Before actual construction, slope 1 undergoes foundation preparation, including removal of loose soil, weeds, and rocks to ensure a stable fit between the components and the slope. Then, according to the construction drawings, the positions of the ecological soil nails 2 are determined. Optimally, the horizontal spacing is 600-800mm, and the vertical spacing is 800-1000mm, arranged in a plum blossom pattern to create a staggered anchoring system.

[0054] After the points are arranged, the ecological soil nails 2 are inserted into the slope at a downward angle of 20° to 30°. The insertion depth is preferably 1.5 m, and the soil nail heads 21 are exposed on the surface of the slope 1 .

[0055] Subsequently, the ecological panels 3 are assembled piece by piece along the slope from bottom to top, snapping some or all of the panels 3 into the soil nail heads 21 of the ecological soil nails 2. Each panel is inserted into the soil nail insert through the back holes 35 to a depth of 30-40 mm. After assembly, a continuous slope cover layer is formed, while ecological gaps 34 are retained for subsequent biosystem construction.

[0056] Eco-panel 3 employs a three-layer structure consisting, from top to bottom, of a structural layer 31, a water-retention layer 32, and a breathable layer 33. Structural layer 31 is made of plant fiber-reinforced polylactic acid, 10-15 mm thick, providing rigidity and support. Water-retention layer 32 is a 15-20 mm thick mixture of bentonite and expanded perlite, storing water and maintaining an environment for mycelial growth. Breathable layer 33 is a 1-3 mm thick biodegradable non-woven fabric that regulates moisture, allows for ventilation, and prevents slurry backflow.

[0057] The ecological panel 3 is provided with a plurality of sowing holes 312 with a hole diameter of 10 to 30 mm, which are arranged in the middle or corner area of the upper surface of the panel to facilitate sowing grass seeds; the drainage holes 313 are arranged at the lower edge of the four sides of the ecological panel 3 and penetrate the three-layer structure to guide the excess water in the water retention layer 32 to flow into the surface of the slope or the external air channel; the ecological gap 34 is arranged between adjacent panels with a width of 20 to 50 mm, which is conducive to the lateral growth and extension of the mycelium 41 and the intersection with the plant root system.

[0058] After the structure is assembled, grouting with mycelium is performed. When preparing the grouting fluid 4, yeast extract, glucose solution, or trehalose solution is selected as the culture nutrient medium. After mixing them in appropriate proportions, spore capsule particles are added. The spore capsules are spherical particles with a diameter of 2 to 4 mm, made of bentonite, perlite, or chitosan, and have spores of Pleurotus ostreatus or Ganoderma lucidum adsorbed on their surface. The spore capsules are added in an amount of 0.5% to 2% of the total volume of the grouting fluid 4.

[0059] A low-pressure grouting pump is used to inject the grouting liquid 4 from the top of the ecological soil nail 2 into the hollow cavity thereof, and diffuses through the grouting holes 211 to the water-retaining layer 32 and the ecological gap 34 of the ecological panel 3, thereby achieving uniform distribution of the spores inside the structural system.

[0060] After grouting, local herb or shrub seeds are sown in the seeding holes 312 of the eco-panel 3, using 2-5g of seeds per hole. The holes are then sealed with a permeable covering material and then moistened for curing. During curing, the eco-panel 3 is sprayed with water daily to maintain humidity inside, ensuring activation of the spore capsule and growth of the mycelium 41.

[0061] See attached Figure 6 After activation, mycelium 41 preferentially grows along the internal guide grooves 221 of the eco-soil nails 2, then penetrates the grouting holes 211 and enters the water-retaining layer 32 and ecological gaps 34 of the eco-panel 3, forming a continuous, entangled network structure. Mycelium 41 interweaves with the component interfaces and soil voids, enhancing structural integrity and providing flexible, synergistic reinforcement.

[0062] The internal structure of the spore bag includes a porous matrix and a spore adsorption layer. The outer layer has water absorption and slow-release capabilities. After injection, the spores can be released in stages, providing long-term support for subsequent mycelium growth.

[0063] The drainage holes 313 at the bottom edge of the ecological panel 3 form a water drainage channel connecting the water-retaining layer 32 and the external slope. After rain or during a wet period, the excess water in the water-retaining layer 32 can be introduced into the slope surface, effectively preventing the mycelium 41 from suffocating and the plant roots from rotting due to excessive moisture, thereby maintaining the ventilation and microecological balance within the system.

[0064] While embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations may be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, and that the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure, characterized by: It comprises a plurality of ecological soil nails arranged on the slope, wherein the ecological soil nails comprise a soil nail head located outside the slope, one end of the soil nail head is provided with a hollow shell extending to the inside of the slope, a grouting hole connected to the hollow shell is opened on the soil nail head, and a plurality of leakage holes are opened on the surface of the hollow shell; a plurality of ecological panels are provided on the inclined surface of the slope, and the ecological panels are clamped with the soil nail head on one side close to the slope, and the interior of the ecological soil nail is filled with grouting liquid containing mycelium spores.

2. The mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure according to claim 1 is characterized by: The ecological soil nails are die-casted from a sawdust-PLA composite material or a mycelium composite material.

3. The mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The ecological soil nail has a length of not less than 1.5 m, an outer diameter of 40-80 mm, and a wall thickness of the hollow shell of 0.8-1.5 cm.

4. The mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inner wall of the hollow shell is provided with a plurality of vertically extending guide grooves, the width of the guide grooves is 3-5 mm, a plurality of leakage holes are evenly distributed on each guide groove, and the distance between two vertically adjacent leakage holes is 80-100 mm.

5. The mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The ecological panel comprises a structural layer, a water-retaining layer and a breathable layer from top to bottom, and the structural layer, the water-retaining layer and the breathable layer form an integrated structure.

6. The mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure according to claim 4, characterized in that: The structural layer is a plant fiber reinforced polylactic acid board with a thickness of 10 to 15 mm, the water-retaining layer is a mixed layer of bentonite and expanded perlite with a thickness of 15 to 20 mm, the water-retaining layer is doped with spore bags, and the air-permeable layer is a degradable non-woven fabric layer with a thickness of 1 to 3 mm.

7. The mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure according to claim 4, characterized in that: The surface of the structural layer is provided with a plurality of sowing holes and drainage holes penetrating the breathable layer, the side wall of the water-retaining layer is provided with an ecological gap, the side of the breathable layer facing the slope is provided with a plug hole adapted to the soil nail head, the plug hole extends to the structural layer, and a grouting hole connected to the plug hole is provided at the center position of the outer side of the structural layer.

8. The mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The grouting liquid is composed of a culture liquid and spore capsule particles. The culture liquid is one or more of yeast extract, glucose solution or trehalose solution. The spore capsule particles are mycelial spores encapsulated in a mixture of one or more of bentonite, perlite and chitosan materials with a diameter of 2 to 4 mm. The mycelial spores are added in an amount of 0.5% to 2% of the total volume of the grouting liquid.

9. A construction method for reinforcing an ecological slope protection structure with a mycelium network, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: a. Clean and shape the slope surface, locate points and make marks; b. Insert the ecological soil nails into the slope according to the markings; c. Lay the ecological panels on the slope in sequence. When laying, the edges of the structural layers of two adjacent ecological panels touch each other, leaving two ecological gaps between the structural layers of the adjacent ecological panels. Let a part of the ecological panels be close to the socket on the side of the soil layer and engage with the soil nail head of the ecological soil nail to form a panel system. d. Prepare grouting liquid and add spore bag particles and inject it into the ecological soil nail. Pour it multiple times, wait 5-10 minutes after each filling, and wait until the grouting liquid poured in the previous time falls and fill it again; e. Sow plant seeds in the sowing holes of the ecological panel and carry out surface maintenance.

10. The construction method of a mycelium network reinforced ecological slope protection structure according to claim 9, characterized in that: The point positioning method includes the following steps: Divide the slope into several grids using slaked lime. Take the retaining wall at the lower edge of the slope as the bottom edge, and the first row of grids, the second row of grids, and so on towards the upper edge of the slope. In each row of grids, the center point of the grid is marked with quicklime at a distance of one grid, and the marks in two adjacent rows of grids are staggered.

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