Fuel cell stack purging test device and purging test method

Abstract

The invention relates to a fuel cell stack purging test device and a purging test method.The fuel cell stack purging test device comprises a test tool, an air path nitrogen supply pipeline, a hydrogen path nitrogen supply pipeline and a nitrogen supply header pipeline, the test tool comprises an upper end plate and a lower end plate, and a bipolar plate is clamped between the upper end plate and the lower end plate; the upper end plate and the lower end plate are transparent plates so that the water vapor state in a bipolar plate flow channel can be observed, the free tail end of the nitrogen supply main pipeline is connected with a nitrogen source, a heater and a pressure reducing valve are arranged on the nitrogen supply main pipeline, one end of the air path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected with the nitrogen supply main pipeline, and the other end of the air path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected with the nitrogen supply main pipeline. One end of the air path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected with a nitrogen supply main pipeline, the other end of the air path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected with an air inlet of a test tool, one end of the hydrogen path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected with a nitrogen supply main pipeline, and the other end of the hydrogen path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected with a hydrogen inlet of the test tool, so that frequent stack disassembly in the prior art is avoided, an electric stack is protected, and the test efficiency is improved. And the purging test efficiency is improved.

Description

Technical field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of fuel cells, and in particular to a fuel cell stack purge test device and a purge test method. [Background Technology]

[0002] In low-temperature environments, water inside the fuel cell stack may freeze, causing damage to key components such as MEA, diffusion media, bipolar plates, and sealing gaskets. To prevent the fuel cell stack from freezing in low-temperature environments, protect key components from damage, and avoid ice blocking the reaction channels in low-temperature environments, the stack needs to be purged during shutdown. To confirm the purge gas flow, temperature, and pressure, the current fuel cell testing scheme usually adopts a short stack test scheme, that is, after assembling the short stack, the purge gas volume, temperature, and pressure are continuously adjusted on the test bench, and then the stack is disassembled to observe whether there is liquid water inside the bipolar plate flow channel. If liquid water is present, the stack needs to be reassembled and the purge conditions need to be changed. If no liquid water is present, the short stack needs to be placed in an environmental chamber to freeze and then its performance tested to determine whether there is still water causing freezing.

[0003] This test scheme in the prior art requires the use of a specific stack test bench during the test process. The specific stack test bench is used to adjust the gas flow and monitor the temperature and pressure of the gas inlet and outlet. However, the specific stack test bench cannot directly observe the water vapor state inside the bipolar plate flow channel. Therefore, the stack needs to be frequently disassembled during the test to observe the water vapor state inside the bipolar plate flow channel. The disadvantages of frequent disassembly are that it can easily damage the stack sealing structure, causing hydrogen leakage. In addition, if the operation is improper or the protection is insufficient during the disassembly and assembly process, it may directly contact the high-voltage components and cause electric shock injuries. In addition, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) and the catalyst layer are susceptible to mechanical stress during the disassembly and assembly process, resulting in membrane thinning, cracking or catalytic layer delamination, increasing contact resistance and reducing output performance. Frequent disassembly and assembly may also aggravate the uneven distribution of gas inside the stack, induce local voltage reversal, accelerate the oxidation migration of the platinum catalyst and corrosion of the carbon carrier.

[0004] Therefore, it is necessary to provide a fuel cell stack purge test device and a purge test method that solve the above technical problems. [Summary of the invention]

[0005] In order to solve the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell stack purge test device and a purge test method that can avoid frequent stack disassembly.

[0006] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: a fuel cell stack purge test device, comprising: a test tool, an air path nitrogen supply pipeline, a hydrogen path nitrogen supply pipeline and a nitrogen supply main pipeline, the test tool comprising an upper end plate and a lower end plate, the upper end plate and the lower end plate are connected by a plurality of fixing parts, the bipolar plate is clamped between the upper end plate and the lower end plate, the upper end plate and the lower end plate are both transparent plates to observe the water vapor state inside the bipolar plate flow channel, the upper end plate is provided with a hydrogen inlet, a hydrogen outlet, an air inlet and an air outlet, the position of the hydrogen inlet corresponds to the anode inlet position of the bipolar plate, the position of the hydrogen outlet corresponds to the anode outlet position of the bipolar plate, the position of the air inlet corresponds to the cathode inlet position of the bipolar plate, the position of the air outlet corresponds to the cathode outlet position of the bipolar plate, the hydrogen inlet is provided with a hydrogen inlet pressure sensor, a hydrogen inlet temperature sensor and a hydrogen inlet flowmeter, the hydrogen outlet is provided with a hydrogen outlet pressure sensor, the air inlet An air inlet pressure sensor, an air inlet temperature sensor and an air inlet flowmeter are provided at the mouth of the test tool. An air outlet pressure sensor is provided at the air outlet. The free end of the nitrogen supply main pipeline is connected to the nitrogen gas source. A heater and a pressure reducing valve are provided on the nitrogen supply main pipeline. One end of the air path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected to the nitrogen supply main pipeline. The other end of the air path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected to the air inlet of the test tool. An air path flow control valve is provided on the air path nitrogen supply pipeline. One end of the hydrogen path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected to the nitrogen supply main pipeline. The other end of the hydrogen path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected to the hydrogen inlet of the test tool. A hydrogen path flow control valve is provided on the hydrogen path nitrogen supply pipeline. The hydrogen inlet pressure sensor, hydrogen inlet temperature sensor, hydrogen inlet flowmeter, hydrogen outlet pressure sensor, air inlet pressure sensor, air inlet temperature sensor, air inlet flowmeter, air outlet pressure sensor, heater, pressure reducing valve, air path flow control valve and hydrogen path flow control valve are respectively connected to the controller.

[0007] Preferably, the fuel cell stack purge test device in the present invention is further configured as follows: the controller is a PLC controller.

[0008] Preferably, the fuel cell stack purge test device of the present invention is further configured such that: after the bipolar plate is installed, the upper end plate and the lower end plate are sealed by the sealing ring provided with the bipolar plate.

[0009] Preferably, the fuel cell stack purge test device in the present invention is further configured such that: the upper end plate and the lower end plate are both transparent PC plates.

[0010] Preferably, the fuel cell stack purge test device in the present invention is further configured as follows: the heater is a PTC heater.

[0011] Preferably, the fuel cell stack purge test device in the present invention is further configured as follows: the hydrogen inlet, hydrogen outlet, air inlet and air outlet are all threaded hole structures, and the nominal diameter of the threaded holes is 4 to 6 mm.

[0012] Preferably, the fuel cell stack purge test device in the present invention is further configured as follows: the nitrogen gas source is a nitrogen gas bottle.

[0013] Preferably, the fuel cell stack purge test device in the present invention is further configured as follows: the fixing members are bolts and nuts.

[0014] Preferably, a fuel cell stack purge test device in the present invention is further configured such that: the upper end plate is tightly fitted to the upper surface of the bipolar plate, and the lower end plate is tightly fitted to the lower surface of the bipolar plate.

[0015] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, another technical solution adopted by the present invention is: a method for performing a purge test on a fuel cell stack, comprising the following steps: A. first, introducing humidified nitrogen into the hydrogen inlet and air inlet of the test tooling to simulate the state of the humidified gas inside the bipolar plate. The humidified nitrogen will condense inside the bipolar plate flow channel to form liquid water, and then stop introducing the humidified nitrogen; B. then introducing dry nitrogen into the hydrogen inlet and air inlet of the test tooling, that is, turning on the nitrogen source, and the nitrogen enters the hydrogen inlet and air inlet of the test tooling respectively through the nitrogen supply main pipeline, the air nitrogen supply pipeline and the hydrogen nitrogen supply pipeline, and then passes through the hydrogen path and air path of the bipolar plate and is finally discharged from the hydrogen outlet and air outlet of the test tooling; C. observing the water vapor state of the internal flow channel of the bipolar plate through the transparent upper end plate and lower end plate, and continuously adjusting the gas supply conditions according to the water vapor state. The specific adjustment method is: passing By reading the corresponding parameters of each sensor and feeding them back to the controller, the controller controls the flow control valve, heater and pressure reducing valve accordingly, so that the influence of each gas supply condition on the purge result can be intuitively obtained, and the optimal purge gas supply condition can be obtained. Among them, the hydrogen inlet pressure sensor, the air inlet pressure sensor and the pressure reducing valve are associated and controlled by the controller, the hydrogen inlet temperature sensor, the air inlet temperature sensor and the heater are associated and controlled by the controller, the hydrogen inlet flow meter and the hydrogen path flow control valve are associated and controlled by the controller, and the air inlet flow meter and the air path flow control valve are associated and controlled by the controller. The difference in readings between the hydrogen inlet pressure sensor and the hydrogen outlet pressure sensor is the current pressure loss of the gas inside the bipolar plate anode, and the difference in readings between the air inlet pressure sensor and the air outlet pressure sensor is the current pressure loss of the gas inside the bipolar plate cathode.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the fuel cell stack purge test device of the present invention clamps the bipolar plate by setting two transparent end plates, thereby simulating the contact between the bipolar plate and the MEA inside the stack, and the water vapor state in the internal flow channel of the bipolar plate can be clearly observed, avoiding the frequent disassembly of the stack in the prior art, protecting the stack, and improving the efficiency of the purge test. The operator observes the water vapor state inside the bipolar plate and reads the relevant sensor parameters for real-time adjustment. By continuously adjusting the external gas supply conditions, the operator can more accurately and intuitively understand the impact of each condition on the internal water vapor, which is conducive to more efficiently obtaining the optimal purge conditions. By adopting the fuel cell stack purge test device of the present invention, there is no need to operate through a professional test bench, thus greatly saving the test cost. By adopting the test method of the present invention, not only can the working conditions of the bipolar plate during normal operation be simulated, but also nitrogen is used to replace the hydrogen in the traditional test, thereby greatly improving the test accuracy while also improving the safety factor of the test.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0017] Figure 1 It is a structural schematic diagram of the fuel cell stack purge test device in the present invention.

[0018] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the test tooling in the present invention.

[0019] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the top view of the test tooling in the present invention.

[0020] Figure 4 For the Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure along line AA.

[0021] Figure 5 For the Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure along line BB.

[0022] Figures 1 to 5In: 1. Test fixture, 10. Upper end plate, 100. Hydrogen inlet, 1000. Hydrogen inlet pressure sensor, 1001. Hydrogen inlet temperature sensor, 1002. Hydrogen inlet flowmeter, 101. Hydrogen outlet, 1010. Hydrogen outlet pressure sensor, 102. Air inlet, 1020. Air inlet pressure sensor, 1021. Air inlet temperature sensor, 1022. Air inlet flowmeter, 103. Air outlet, 1030. Air outlet pressure sensor, 11. Lower end plate, 12. Fixings, 2. Air line nitrogen supply pipeline, 20. Air line flow control valve, 3. Hydrogen line nitrogen supply pipeline, 30. Hydrogen line flow control valve, 4. Nitrogen supply main pipeline, 40. Heater, 41. Pressure reducing valve, 5. Bipolar plate, 50. Anode inlet, 51. Anode outlet, 52. Cathode inlet, 53. Cathode outlet, 6. Nitrogen source. [Specific implementation method]

[0023] The fuel cell stack purge test device and the purge test method of the present invention are further described in detail below through specific embodiments.

[0024] Ginseng Figures 1 to 5 As shown, a fuel cell stack purge test device includes: a test fixture 1, an air path nitrogen supply pipeline 2, a hydrogen path nitrogen supply pipeline 3, and a nitrogen supply main pipeline 4. The test fixture 1 includes an upper end plate 10 and a lower end plate 11. The upper end plate 10 and the lower end plate 11 are connected by a plurality of fixings 12. The bipolar plate 5 is clamped between the upper end plate 10 and the lower end plate 11. After the bipolar plate 5 is installed, the upper end plate 10 and the lower end plate 11 are sealed by the sealing ring provided with the bipolar plate 5. The upper end plate 10 is tightly fitted with the upper surface of the bipolar plate 5, and the lower end plate 11 is tightly fitted with the lower surface of the bipolar plate 5, thereby simulating the contact between the bipolar plate 5 and the MEA inside the stack. In this embodiment, the fixings 12 are bolts and nuts. The upper end plate 10 and the lower end plate 11 are both transparent plates to facilitate observation of the water vapor state inside the flow channel of the bipolar plate 5 . In this embodiment, the upper end plate 10 and the lower end plate 11 are both transparent PC plates.

[0025] The upper end plate 10 is provided with a hydrogen inlet 100, a hydrogen outlet 101, an air inlet 102 and an air outlet 103. The hydrogen inlet 100, the hydrogen outlet 101, the air inlet 102 and the air outlet 103 are all threaded hole structures, and the nominal diameter of the threaded hole is 4 to 6 mm. The advantages of this design are: one is that it facilitates the connection of pipelines. In addition, since the inlet and outlet on the upper end plate 10 are designed to be smaller, and the inlet and outlet on the bipolar plate 5 are larger, the test fixture 1 can match bipolar plates 5 of various specifications. The position of the hydrogen inlet 100 on the upper end plate 10 corresponds to the position of the anode inlet 50 of the bipolar plate 5, the position of the hydrogen outlet 101 on the upper end plate 10 corresponds to the position of the anode outlet 51 of the bipolar plate 5, the position of the air inlet 102 on the upper end plate 10 corresponds to the position of the cathode inlet 52 of the bipolar plate 5, the position of the air outlet 103 on the upper end plate 10 corresponds to the position of the cathode outlet 53 of the bipolar plate 5, and the hydrogen inlet 100 is provided with a hydrogen inlet pressure sensor 1000, a hydrogen outlet pressure sensor 1001 and a hydrogen outlet pressure sensor 1002. The main nitrogen supply line 4 is provided with a nitrogen gas source 6. In this embodiment, the nitrogen gas source 6 is a nitrogen cylinder. The main nitrogen supply line 4 is provided with a heater 40 and a pressure reducing valve 41. In this embodiment, the heater 40 is a PTC heater.One end of the air nitrogen supply pipeline 2 is connected to the nitrogen supply main pipeline 4, and the other end of the air nitrogen supply pipeline 2 is connected to the air inlet 102 of the test tool 1. The air nitrogen supply pipeline 2 is provided with an air flow control valve 20. One end of the hydrogen nitrogen supply pipeline 3 is connected to the nitrogen supply main pipeline 4, and the other end of the hydrogen nitrogen supply pipeline 3 is connected to the hydrogen inlet 100 of the test tool 1. The hydrogen nitrogen supply pipeline 3 is provided with a hydrogen flow control valve 30. The hydrogen inlet pressure sensor 1000 and the hydrogen inlet temperature sensor 1 001, hydrogen inlet flowmeter 1002, hydrogen outlet pressure sensor 1010, air inlet pressure sensor 1020, air inlet temperature sensor 1021, air inlet flowmeter 1022, air outlet pressure sensor 1030, heater 40, pressure reducing valve 41, air path flow control valve 20, and hydrogen path flow control valve 30 are respectively connected to a controller (not shown). The controller may include a microprocessor (MCU), which may include a central processing unit (CPU), a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a timing module, a digital-to-analog converter (A / D converter), and multiple input / output ports. Of course, the controller may also use other forms of integrated circuits, such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or a field programmable gate array (FPGA). In this embodiment, the controller is a PLC controller.

[0026] A method for performing a purge test on a fuel cell stack comprises the following steps: A. first, introducing humidified nitrogen into the hydrogen inlet 100 and the air inlet 102 of the test tool 1 to simulate the state of the humidified gas inside the bipolar plate 5. The humidified nitrogen will condense into liquid water inside the flow channel of the bipolar plate 5, and then stop introducing the humidified nitrogen (it should be noted here that the humidified nitrogen does not come from the nitrogen bottle, but is additionally introduced by the operator); B. then introducing dry nitrogen into the hydrogen inlet 100 and the air inlet 102 of the test tool 1. Dry nitrogen, that is, open the nitrogen source 6 (i.e., nitrogen cylinder), and the nitrogen enters the hydrogen inlet 100 and the air inlet 102 of the test fixture 1 through the nitrogen supply main pipeline 4, the air nitrogen supply pipeline 2, and the hydrogen nitrogen supply pipeline 3, and then passes through the hydrogen path and air path of the bipolar plate 5 and is finally discharged from the hydrogen outlet 101 and the air outlet 103 of the test fixture 1; C. Observe the water vapor state of the internal flow channel of the bipolar plate 5 through the transparent upper end plate 10 and the lower end plate 11, and continuously adjust the gas supply conditions according to the water vapor state. The specific adjustment method The formula is: By reading the corresponding parameters of each sensor and feeding them back to the controller, the controller controls by correspondingly adjusting the flow control valve, heater and pressure reducing valve, so that the influence of each gas supply condition on the purge result can be intuitively obtained, and then the optimal purge gas supply condition is obtained, wherein the hydrogen inlet pressure sensor 1000, the air inlet pressure sensor 1020 and the pressure reducing valve 41 are associated and controlled by the controller, the hydrogen inlet temperature sensor 1001, the air inlet temperature sensor 1021 and the heater 40 are associated and controlled by the controller, the hydrogen inlet flowmeter 1002 and the hydrogen path flow control valve 30 are associated and controlled by the controller, and the air inlet flowmeter 1022 and the air path flow control valve 20 are associated and controlled by the controller. The difference between the readings of the hydrogen inlet pressure sensor 1000 and the hydrogen outlet pressure sensor 1010 is the current gas pressure loss inside the anode of the bipolar plate 5, and the difference between the readings of the air inlet pressure sensor 1020 and the air outlet pressure sensor 1030 is the current gas pressure loss inside the cathode of the bipolar plate 5.

[0027] In summary, the fuel cell stack purge test device of the present invention supports the bipolar plate by setting two transparent end plates, so as to simulate the contact between the bipolar plate and the MEA inside the stack. The water vapor state in the internal flow channel of the bipolar plate can be clearly observed, avoiding the frequent disassembly of the stack in the prior art, protecting the stack, and improving the efficiency of the purge test. The operator observes the water vapor state inside the bipolar plate and reads the relevant sensor parameters for real-time adjustment. By continuously adjusting the external gas supply conditions, the influence of each condition on the internal water vapor can be understood more accurately and intuitively, which is conducive to more efficient determination of the optimal purge conditions. After adopting the fuel cell stack purge test device of the present invention, there is no need to operate through a professional test bench, thus greatly saving the test cost. By adopting the test method of the present invention, not only can the working conditions of the bipolar plate during normal operation be simulated, but also nitrogen is used to replace the hydrogen in the traditional test, thereby greatly improving the test accuracy while also improving the safety factor of the test.

[0028] The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and effects of the present invention, as well as some embodiments of its application, and are not intended to limit the present invention. It should be noted that a person skilled in the art can make several modifications and improvements without departing from the inventive concept of the present invention, and these modifications and improvements all fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A fuel cell stack purge test device, characterized by: include: Test tooling, air nitrogen supply pipeline, hydrogen nitrogen supply pipeline and nitrogen supply main pipeline, the test tooling includes an upper end plate and a lower end plate, the upper end plate and the lower end plate are connected by a number of fixings, the bipolar plate is clamped between the upper end plate and the lower end plate, the upper end plate and the lower end plate are transparent plates to observe the water vapor state inside the bipolar plate flow channel, the upper end plate is provided with a hydrogen inlet, a hydrogen outlet, an air inlet and an air outlet, the position of the hydrogen inlet corresponds to the anode inlet position of the bipolar plate, the position of the hydrogen outlet corresponds to the anode outlet position of the bipolar plate, the position of the air inlet corresponds to the cathode inlet position of the bipolar plate, the position of the air outlet corresponds to the cathode outlet position of the bipolar plate, the hydrogen inlet is provided with a hydrogen inlet pressure sensor, a hydrogen inlet temperature sensor and a hydrogen inlet flowmeter, the hydrogen outlet is provided with a hydrogen outlet pressure sensor, the air inlet is provided with an air inlet pressure sensor, an air inlet temperature sensor, and a hydrogen inlet flowmeter. A temperature sensor and an air inlet flowmeter are provided at the air outlet, an air outlet pressure sensor is provided at the air outlet, the free end of the nitrogen supply main pipeline is connected to the nitrogen gas source, a heater and a pressure reducing valve are provided on the nitrogen supply main pipeline, one end of the air path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected to the nitrogen supply main pipeline, and the other end of the air path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected to the air inlet of the test tooling, an air path flow control valve is provided on the air path nitrogen supply pipeline, one end of the hydrogen path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected to the nitrogen supply main pipeline, and the other end of the hydrogen path nitrogen supply pipeline is connected to the hydrogen inlet of the test tooling, a hydrogen path flow control valve is provided on the hydrogen path nitrogen supply pipeline, the hydrogen inlet pressure sensor, the hydrogen inlet temperature sensor, the hydrogen inlet flowmeter, the hydrogen outlet pressure sensor, the air inlet pressure sensor, the air inlet temperature sensor, the air inlet flowmeter, the air outlet pressure sensor, the heater, the pressure reducing valve, the air path flow control valve, and the hydrogen path flow control valve are respectively connected to the controller.

2. A fuel cell stack purge test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The controller is a PLC controller.

3. A fuel cell stack purge test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: After the bipolar plate is installed, the upper end plate and the lower end plate are sealed by the sealing ring provided with the bipolar plate.

4. A fuel cell stack purge test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper end plate and the lower end plate are both transparent PC plates.

5. The fuel cell stack purge test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The heater is a PTC heater.

6. A fuel cell stack purge test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hydrogen inlet, hydrogen outlet, air inlet and air outlet are all threaded hole structures, and the nominal diameter of the threaded holes is 4 to 6 mm.

7. A fuel cell stack purge test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The nitrogen gas source is a nitrogen cylinder.

8. The fuel cell stack purge test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fixing parts are bolts and nuts.

9. The fuel cell stack purge test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper end plate is tightly fitted to the upper surface of the bipolar plate, and the lower end plate is tightly fitted to the lower surface of the bipolar plate.

10. A method for performing a purge test on a fuel cell stack using the test device described in any one of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: The steps include: A. First, introduce humidified nitrogen into the hydrogen and air inlets of the test fixture to simulate the state of humidified gas inside the bipolar plates. The humidified nitrogen will condense into liquid water inside the bipolar plate flow channels. Then stop introducing humidified nitrogen. B. Then, dry nitrogen is introduced into the hydrogen inlet and air inlet of the test fixture. That is, the nitrogen source is turned on. The nitrogen enters the hydrogen inlet and air inlet of the test fixture through the main nitrogen supply pipeline, the air nitrogen supply pipeline, and the hydrogen nitrogen supply pipeline, and then passes through the hydrogen path and air path of the bipolar plate and is finally discharged from the hydrogen outlet and air outlet of the test fixture; C. The water vapor state in the flow channel inside the bipolar plate is observed through the transparent upper and lower end plates, and the gas supply conditions are continuously adjusted according to the water vapor state. The specific adjustment method is: by reading the corresponding parameters of each sensor and feeding them back to the controller, the controller controls by correspondingly adjusting the flow control valve, heater and pressure reducing valve, so that the impact of each gas supply condition on the purge result can be intuitively obtained, and then the optimal purge gas supply conditions are obtained. Among them, the hydrogen inlet pressure sensor, the air inlet pressure sensor and the pressure reducing valve are associated and controlled by the controller, the hydrogen inlet temperature sensor, the air inlet temperature sensor and the heater are associated and controlled by the controller, the hydrogen inlet flow meter and the hydrogen path flow control valve are associated and controlled by the controller, and the air inlet flow meter and the air path flow control valve are associated and controlled by the controller. The difference between the readings of the hydrogen inlet pressure sensor and the hydrogen outlet pressure sensor is the current gas pressure loss inside the bipolar plate anode, and the difference between the readings of the air inlet pressure sensor and the air outlet pressure sensor is the current gas pressure loss inside the bipolar plate cathode.

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