A soil and water conservation dynamic monitoring method and system based on multi-source remote sensing data

Abstract

The application belongs to the field of water and soil monitoring, and relates to a water and soil conservation dynamic monitoring method and system based on multi-source remote sensing data, which comprises the following steps: determining a water and soil conservation monitoring range based on a water and soil loss prevention and control range and a prevention and control influence range in a prevention and control process; dividing the water and soil conservation monitoring range based on prevention and control content and prevention and control disturbance to obtain a plurality of water and soil conservation monitoring areas of different monitoring levels; performing preliminary observation on the water and soil conservation monitoring range to obtain preliminary water and soil loss data; dividing each water and soil conservation monitoring area into a plurality of monitoring blocks based on the preliminary water and soil loss data of each water and soil conservation monitoring area; and fusing and splicing the preliminary water and soil loss data, fixed monitoring data and mobile monitoring data based on the similarity of the fixed monitoring data and the preliminary water and soil loss data and the change amount of the fixed monitoring data to obtain water and soil conservation dynamic monitoring data of the water and soil conservation monitoring range. The application provides a more accurate, efficient and intelligent solution for water and soil conservation monitoring.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of soil and water conservation monitoring, and specifically discloses a method and system for dynamic monitoring of soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data. Background Technology

[0002] With industrial development, accelerated urbanization, and intensified agricultural pollution, environmental pollution problems in soil, water, and air are becoming increasingly severe. The migration and transformation processes of pollutants are complex, posing a continuous threat to ecosystems and human health. Existing pollution monitoring methods mainly rely on regular manual sampling and analysis, single-point fixed sensor monitoring, and satellite remote sensing macroscopic scanning. However, existing technologies have shortcomings such as incomplete monitoring range, unreasonable resource allocation, imbalance between data accuracy and efficiency, and insufficient dynamism.

[0003] In view of this, the present invention provides a method and system for dynamic monitoring of soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data, which overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art and provides a more accurate, efficient and intelligent solution for soil and water conservation monitoring, and can effectively support scientific prevention and management decisions on soil erosion. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for dynamic monitoring of soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data, comprising: determining the soil and water conservation monitoring range based on the scope of soil and water loss prevention and control and the scope of its impact during the prevention and control process; dividing the soil and water conservation monitoring range into multiple monitoring levels based on the prevention and control content and the disturbance caused by prevention and control; conducting preliminary observations of the soil and water conservation monitoring range to obtain preliminary soil loss data; dividing each soil and water conservation monitoring area into multiple monitoring blocks based on the preliminary soil loss data of each monitoring area; the monitoring blocks include coverage monitoring blocks and erosion monitoring blocks; and fusing and splicing the preliminary soil loss data, fixed monitoring data and mobile monitoring data based on the similarity between fixed monitoring data and preliminary soil loss data and the amount of change in fixed monitoring data to obtain dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation within the monitoring range.

[0005] Furthermore, obtaining dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation within the monitoring scope includes: determining the first similarity between preliminary soil erosion data and current fixed monitoring data for each monitoring block; fusing preliminary soil erosion data and current fixed monitoring data for a region block with a first similarity greater than or equal to a first similarity threshold, and using the fused data as the first dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation of that region block; for a region block with a first similarity less than the first similarity threshold, determining the second similarity between the current fixed monitoring data sequence for the current monitoring period and the historical fixed monitoring data sequence for the previous monitoring period; fusing the current fixed monitoring data and dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation of a region block with a second similarity greater than or equal to a second similarity threshold, and using the fused data as the second dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation of that region block; for a region block with a second similarity less than the second similarity threshold, determining mobile monitoring points and obtaining current mobile monitoring data based on the mobile monitoring points; fusing the current fixed monitoring data and current mobile monitoring data, and using the fused data as the third dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation of that region block; and splicing the dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation of multiple regions block to obtain dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation within the monitoring scope.

[0006] Furthermore, determining the mobile monitoring points includes: for areas with a second similarity less than a second similarity threshold, outputting the spatial distribution of erosion modulus through a distributed hydrological model; identifying error-sensitive areas by combining vegetation cover and topographic slope from preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data; determining the spatial variation coefficient of error-sensitive areas based on the spatial distribution of erosion modulus in these areas, and selecting error-sensitive areas with spatial variation coefficients greater than a preset variation coefficient threshold as the range for selecting mobile monitoring points; and setting up multiple mobile monitoring points within the selected range.

[0007] Furthermore, multiple mobile monitoring points are set within the selected range of mobile monitoring points, including data points with a first similarity value less than the selection threshold, landform turning points, and vegetation boundary points as mobile monitoring points.

[0008] Furthermore, the calculation of the first similarity includes: based on the fixed monitoring data, unifying the preliminary soil erosion data to the same coordinate system to obtain preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data; based on the spatial resolution of the preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data, performing interpolation or aggregation processing on the fixed monitoring data to generate raster surface data; inputting the raster surface data into the TOPKAPI model to drive the model to simulate hydrological processes and soil erosion to obtain fixed soil and water conservation monitoring data; determining the matching index between the preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data and the fixed soil and water conservation monitoring data; and determining the first similarity value based on the matching index.

[0009] Furthermore, the formula for calculating the first similarity value is:

[0010]

[0011] Where S represents the similarity value; ω1 and ω2 represent the first and second weights, respectively; NSE represents the value at the data point; NSE min and NSE max represents the minimum and maximum values ​​at the data points, respectively; SSIM represents the structural similarity index at the data points.

[0012] Furthermore, the calculation of the second similarity includes: processing the current fixed monitoring data sequence and the historical fixed monitoring data sequence respectively, and inputting the processed fixed monitoring data sequence and the historical fixed monitoring data sequence into the distributed hydrological model to drive the model to simulate hydrological processes and soil erosion, thereby obtaining the current fixed dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation and the historical fixed dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation; determining the matching index between the current fixed dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation and the historical fixed dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation; and determining the second similarity value based on the matching index.

[0013] Furthermore, the fusion process yields the third dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation, including: fusing historical mobile monitoring data at fixed monitoring points with current fixed monitoring data to obtain current mobile monitoring data at fixed monitoring points; using the current mobile monitoring data at fixed monitoring points and the current mobile monitoring data at mobile monitoring points as a mobile monitoring data set for multiple ground observation points; and inputting the mobile monitoring data set into a distributed hydrological model to drive the model to simulate hydrological processes and soil erosion, thereby obtaining the third dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation.

[0014] Furthermore, the preliminary soil erosion data includes remote sensing image data and / or geographic information system data.

[0015] This invention also provides a dynamic monitoring system for soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data, including a monitoring range determination module, a monitoring area division module, a first data acquisition module, a monitoring block division module, and a second data acquisition module. The monitoring range determination module determines the soil and water conservation monitoring range based on the soil and water loss prevention and control scope and the scope of impact during the prevention and control process. The monitoring area division module divides the soil and water conservation monitoring range based on the prevention and control content and the prevention and control disturbance, obtaining soil and water conservation monitoring areas at multiple monitoring levels. The first data acquisition module performs preliminary observations of the soil and water conservation monitoring range to obtain preliminary soil erosion data. The monitoring block division module divides each soil and water conservation monitoring area into multiple monitoring blocks based on the preliminary soil erosion data of each monitoring area; the monitoring blocks include cover monitoring blocks and erosion monitoring blocks. The second data acquisition module fuses and splices the preliminary soil erosion data, fixed monitoring data, and mobile monitoring data based on the similarity between fixed monitoring data and preliminary soil erosion data, as well as the change in fixed monitoring data, to obtain dynamic monitoring data of the soil and water conservation monitoring range.

[0016] The present invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:

[0017] This invention takes into account the indirect impacts of the implementation of prevention and control measures. By clearly defining the scope of prevention and control and the scope of its impact, it covers the direct and indirect impact areas throughout the entire lifecycle from planning to maintenance, making subsequent monitoring more comprehensive and avoiding omissions.

[0018] This invention divides the monitoring area into multiple levels and clarifies the importance of each level. Subsequently, a similarity threshold can be set according to the importance of the monitoring area, so that monitoring resources can be tilted towards high-priority areas, thereby reducing costs and increasing efficiency.

[0019] This invention employs a layered fusion mechanism: for areas with high similarity between preliminary observation data (e.g., remote sensing data) and fixed monitoring data, the two datasets are directly fused to quickly obtain basic information; when the similarity is low, historical data is first used for verification to reduce invalid field monitoring; if this is still insufficient, mobile monitoring points are scientifically deployed to supplement field data. This layered fusion leverages the wide coverage advantage of remote sensing while compensating for insufficient remote sensing accuracy through fixed / mobile monitoring, and avoids blind field monitoring, significantly improving monitoring efficiency while ensuring data accuracy.

[0020] This invention further divides the monitoring area into cover monitoring blocks and erosion monitoring blocks, and refines this division to the monitoring block level based on data such as vegetation, erosion, and topography. This refined division allows for targeted monitoring of different types of monitoring blocks (e.g., erosion monitoring blocks focus on changes in erosion intensity, while cover monitoring blocks focus on vegetation restoration), improving data granularity and analytical accuracy.

[0021] This invention continuously integrates fixed monitoring data (updated in real time), mobile monitoring data (supplemented as needed), and remote sensing data (updated periodically) to form dynamic monitoring data, which can reflect the changing trends of indicators such as vegetation cover and erosion degree in real time. This dynamism enables managers to promptly identify problems (such as the sudden occurrence of severe erosion in a certain area) and quickly adjust prevention and control measures, improving the response speed and decision-making accuracy of soil and water conservation.

[0022] This invention selects mobile monitoring points based on indicators such as error-sensitive areas (e.g., steep slopes, sparsely vegetated areas) and spatial variation coefficients (dispersion of erosion modulus), ensuring that the points cover high-risk, high-error areas, while eliminating redundant points through distance thresholds. This reduces invalid monitoring, lowers data errors, and improves the representativeness of ground observation data. Attached Figure Description

[0023] Figure 1 An exemplary flowchart of a dynamic monitoring method for soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data provided by the present invention;

[0024] Figure 2 A physical diagram of the probe setting provided by the present invention;

[0025] Figure 3 The remote sensing image used in this invention;

[0026] Figure 4 This is an exemplary module diagram of a dynamic monitoring system for soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data provided by the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0027] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. The components of the embodiments of the present invention described and shown in the accompanying drawings can generally be arranged and designed in various different configurations.

[0028] Figure 1 This is an exemplary flowchart of a dynamic monitoring method for soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data provided by the present invention. Figure 1 As shown, the dynamic monitoring method for soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data includes the following:

[0029] Based on the scope of soil and water conservation control and the scope of its impact during the control process, the scope of soil and water conservation monitoring is determined. The control process includes the planning period, construction period, and maintenance period. The scope of its impact can refer to the spatial range that directly or indirectly affects the surface, ecology, and hydrology after the implementation of soil and water conservation control measures. The implementation of control measures may generate control disturbances, which can refer to new damage or changes to the ground caused by measures implemented to control soil erosion. For example, in levee reinforcement projects, the scope of its impact due to control disturbances can include areas where the levee soil is exposed due to excavation and areas where surrounding vegetation is damaged by sand and gravel transportation during the replacement process. Another example is the control method of altering the runoff direction of terraced fields; the scope of its impact can include the downstream valley area of ​​the runoff. The scope of responsibility for soil and water conservation control refers to the planned scope of responsibility before dynamic monitoring of soil and water conservation is conducted. The scope of soil and water conservation monitoring can refer to the area of ​​soil and water conservation that requires continuous monitoring. The total scope formed by the scope of soil and water conservation control and the scope of its impact is defined as the scope of soil and water conservation monitoring.

[0030] Based on the content and disturbance of soil and water conservation, the monitoring scope is divided into multiple monitoring levels. The content of soil and water conservation can include prevention and control plans, objectives, and methods. The monitoring level reflects the importance of the monitoring area. There can be multiple monitoring levels. For example, monitoring levels can include Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Level 1 can be the highest level of importance; Level 2 can be the next most important; and Level 3 can be the lowest. The target area within the prevention and control objectives can be designated as the Level 1 soil and water conservation monitoring area and assigned Level 1; the disturbed area can be designated as the Level 2 soil and water conservation monitoring area and assigned Level 2; and the area within the soil and water conservation monitoring scope other than the above two types of areas can be designated as the Level 3 soil and water conservation monitoring area and assigned Level 3. Taking dike projects as an example, the area where the dike construction section is located can be designated as the first soil and water conservation monitoring area; the soil-exposed area caused by the construction of the dike and the surrounding vegetation-damaged area can be designated as the second soil and water conservation monitoring area; and the area in the soil and water conservation monitoring area of ​​the dike project other than the area where the dike construction section is located, the soil-exposed area, and the surrounding vegetation-damaged area can be designated as the third soil and water conservation monitoring area.

[0031] Preliminary observations are conducted within the soil and water conservation monitoring area to obtain preliminary soil erosion data. Preliminary observations can refer to observations of the soil and water conservation monitoring area using remote sensing technology and / or geographic information systems. Preliminary soil erosion data can refer to data related to soil and water conservation information obtained through preliminary observations of the monitoring area. For example, preliminary soil erosion data may include information such as surface vegetation type, vegetation cover, vegetation extent, erosion type, erosion extent, erosion degree, slope length, slope width, and slope gradient. In some embodiments, the preliminary observation results can be processed using various feasible methods to obtain more preliminary soil erosion data. For example, image processing of remote sensing images can yield information such as vegetation cover maps, erosion maps, and soil erosion trends. Remote sensing images, such as... Figure 3 As shown.

[0032] Based on preliminary soil erosion data for each soil and water conservation monitoring area, each monitoring area is divided into multiple monitoring blocks; these blocks include cover monitoring blocks and erosion monitoring blocks. In some embodiments, the vegetation enclosure area or erosion enclosure area of ​​each soil and water conservation monitoring area can be divided into cover monitoring blocks and erosion monitoring blocks, respectively; multiple levels of cover monitoring blocks and erosion monitoring blocks can be obtained based on multiple levels of cover and erosion. Areas with vegetation cover greater than 0.4, such as shrubland and grassland, can be defined as forest and grassland areas. Forest land with canopy closure greater than 0.2, such as arbor forest land, can be defined as forest and grassland areas.

[0033] Based on the similarity between fixed monitoring data and preliminary soil erosion data, as well as the amount of change in fixed monitoring data, preliminary soil erosion data, fixed monitoring data, and mobile monitoring data are merged and spliced ​​together to obtain dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation within the monitoring scope.

[0034] Equipment for dynamic monitoring of soil and water conservation can be categorized into fixed monitoring equipment and mobile monitoring equipment. Fixed monitoring equipment refers to devices that are permanently stationed at a specific location to continuously acquire soil and water monitoring data. Examples include sounding rods, depth gauges, automatic sediment samplers, soil moisture sensors, soil erosion needles, soil compaction meters, and vegetation cover monitoring stakes. Fixed monitoring equipment can be installed in suitable locations after construction is completed. Various feasible methods can be used to install fixed monitoring equipment in appropriate locations, including but not limited to stratified deployment based on scale theory, using GIS and remote sensing technologies to identify high-risk areas and deploying equipment in those areas, and / or uniform deployment. Mobile monitoring equipment refers to equipment that needs to be moved to monitoring points for soil and water monitoring. Examples include image acquisition devices, laser rangefinders, slope meters, vegetation cover meters, soil evapotranspiration meters, and soil particle size analyzers. Fixed monitoring data refers to various monitoring data related to soil erosion acquired by fixed monitoring equipment. Examples include rainfall, wind direction, wind speed, soil erosion status, soil moisture, and river sediment content. Similarly, mobile monitoring data refers to monitoring data acquired by mobile monitoring equipment. For example, mobile monitoring data may include soil and water image data, soil erosion, slope, slope shape, vegetation cover, soil moisture evaporation, soil infiltration, and soil particle composition. Dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation can refer to various data related to soil and water conservation within the monitoring scope. For example, dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation may include the overall degree of soil erosion control, soil loss control ratio, spoil protection rate, topsoil protection rate, forest and grassland vegetation restoration rate, and forest and grassland coverage rate. Fixed monitoring points for acquiring fixed monitoring data can be deployed during construction completion, based on the characteristics of the project. For example, for embankment projects, at least five monitoring points can be deployed: three in the embankment project area, one in the drainage channel project area, and one in the construction site area. Monitoring points are deployed in areas prone to soil erosion within each zone, with each monitoring point being specifically targeted and covering the entire prevention and control zone. Monitoring points also need to be retained in green areas during the natural recovery period, focusing on monitoring vegetation recovery.

[0035] In some embodiments, obtaining dynamic monitoring data on soil and water conservation within the monitoring area includes:

[0036] Determine the first similarity between the preliminary soil and water loss data and the current fixed monitoring data for each monitoring block; merge the preliminary soil and water loss data and the current fixed monitoring data of the area block whose first similarity is greater than or equal to the first similarity threshold, and use the merged data as the first dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation of that area block.

[0037] The first similarity refers to the similarity between preliminary soil erosion data and fixed monitoring data. The first similarity threshold is used to determine the accuracy of the preliminary soil erosion data. When the similarity is greater than or equal to the first similarity threshold, it indicates that the error between the preliminary soil erosion data and the current fixed monitoring data is small, and it can reflect the soil erosion situation in the area. Therefore, the preliminary soil erosion data can be used as the monitoring data for this area in this monitoring. When the similarity is less than the first similarity threshold, it indicates that the error in the preliminary soil erosion data is large, and it cannot accurately reflect the soil erosion situation in the area. Field measurements are needed to obtain more accurate soil and water conservation monitoring data. The first dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation refers to the monitoring data related to soil and water conservation obtained by integrating the current preliminary soil erosion data and the fixed monitoring data. By integrating the data from the preliminary monitoring data with the fixed monitoring data, more complete monitoring data for the area can be obtained, making the first dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation more accurately reflect the soil erosion situation in the area. For example, when the similarity between fixed monitoring data and preliminary soil erosion data is high enough, the preliminary soil erosion data can be integrated into the fixed monitoring data to obtain more soil and water monitoring data, such as vegetation cover, slope, and slope length.

[0038] In some embodiments, calculating the first similarity includes:

[0039] Based on fixed monitoring data, preliminary soil erosion data are unified into the same coordinate system to obtain preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data; the preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data includes information such as vegetation index and DEM.

[0040] Based on the spatial resolution of preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data, interpolation or aggregation processing is performed on fixed monitoring data to generate raster surface data.

[0041] The raster surface data is input into the TOPKAPI (Tsinghua University Parallel Kinematic Approach, Distributed Hydrological Model) model to drive the model to simulate hydrological processes and soil erosion, thereby obtaining fixed soil and water conservation monitoring data.

[0042] The matching indices for preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data and fixed soil and water conservation monitoring data were determined; the matching indices included the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) and the structural similarity index (SSIM).

[0043] The first similarity value is determined based on matching metrics. Taking the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) and structural similarity index (SSIM) as examples, the formula for calculating the first similarity value is:

[0044]

[0045] Where S represents the similarity value, with a similarity closer to 1 indicating a higher similarity value, and the value ranges from [0,1]; ω1 and ω2 represent the first and second weights, respectively, and their values ​​can be determined according to actual needs; NSE represents the value at the data point; NSE min and NSE max represents the minimum and maximum values ​​at the data points, respectively; SSIM represents the structural similarity index at the data points.

[0046] In some embodiments, for common information at data points, the preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data and the fixed soil and water conservation monitoring data at the data point can be weighted and summed, and the weighted sum result can be used as the first dynamic soil and water conservation monitoring data. For non-common information, soil and water conservation monitoring data containing the common information can be used as the first soil and water conservation monitoring data for that data point. Common information refers to information that is present in both preliminary and fixed soil and water conservation monitoring data. For example, soil erosion. Non-common information refers to information possessed by either the preliminary or fixed soil and water conservation monitoring data. For example, surface reflectance.

[0047] For regions with a first similarity less than a first similarity threshold, the second similarity between the current fixed monitoring data sequence of the current monitoring period and the historical fixed monitoring data sequence of the previous monitoring period is determined. The current fixed monitoring data of regions with a second similarity greater than or equal to the second similarity threshold is then fused with the soil and water conservation dynamic monitoring data of the previous mobile monitoring period, and the fused data is used as the second soil and water conservation dynamic monitoring data for that region. The moment when each piece of soil and water conservation dynamic monitoring data is acquired can be considered a time node, and the time between two time nodes can be considered a time period. The time period in which the current time point is located can be considered the current monitoring time period. Monitoring time periods immediately adjacent to the current monitoring time period can be considered the previous monitoring time period. Since fixed monitoring equipment continuously monitors soil and water, multiple fixed monitoring data are allowed within each monitoring time period. The current fixed monitoring data sequence refers to the data sequence composed of fixed monitoring data from multiple time points acquired within the current monitoring time period in chronological order, while the historical fixed monitoring data sequence refers to fixed monitoring data from multiple time points acquired within historical monitoring time periods (e.g., the previous monitoring time period).

[0048] In some embodiments, the current fixed monitoring data sequence and the historical fixed monitoring data sequence can be processed separately, and the processed fixed monitoring data sequence and the historical fixed monitoring data sequence can be input into the TOPKAPI model to drive the model to simulate hydrological processes and soil erosion, thereby obtaining the current fixed soil and water conservation dynamic monitoring data and the historical fixed soil and water conservation dynamic monitoring data. A second similarity value between the current fixed soil and water conservation dynamic monitoring data and the historical fixed soil and water conservation dynamic monitoring data is calculated using a method similar to that used to calculate the first similarity value.

[0049] In some embodiments, the current fixed soil and water conservation dynamic monitoring data and the soil and water conservation dynamic monitoring data of the previous monitoring period are fused in a manner similar to the fusion of the first soil and water conservation dynamic monitoring data.

[0050] For regions with a second similarity less than the second similarity threshold, determine the location of mobile monitoring points and obtain current mobile monitoring data based on the mobile observation points; merge the current fixed monitoring data and the current mobile monitoring data, and use the merged data as the third dynamic water and soil conservation monitoring data for the region.

[0051] In some embodiments, fusing current fixed monitoring data and current mobile monitoring data can be achieved by: fusing historical mobile monitoring data (e.g., previous mobile monitoring data) at the fixed monitoring point with the current fixed monitoring data (e.g., using historical monitoring data not present in the current fixed monitoring data as the current monitoring data, and using monitoring data present in the current fixed monitoring data as the current monitoring data, instead of using historical monitoring data), to obtain the current mobile monitoring data for the fixed monitoring point; combining the current mobile monitoring data of the fixed monitoring point with the current mobile monitoring data of the mobile monitoring point as a mobile monitoring data set for multiple ground observation points; inputting the mobile monitoring data set into the TOPKAPI model to drive the model to simulate hydrological processes and soil erosion, thereby obtaining third dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation. The multiple ground observation points include fixed monitoring points and mobile monitoring points. When the distance between a fixed monitoring point and a mobile monitoring point is less than a minimum distance threshold, the fixed monitoring point is discarded and recorded.

[0052] Dynamic monitoring data on soil and water conservation from multiple regional blocks were spliced ​​to obtain dynamic monitoring data for the entire monitoring area. This data can be a splicing of first, second, and / or third dynamic monitoring data. The soil erosion area in the dynamic monitoring data is shown in Table 1. For key areas of soil erosion control in the Tibet Autonomous Region, the erosion type is mainly mild hydraulic erosion, accompanied by a small amount of wind erosion. The erosion intensity types include mild erosion, moderate erosion, strong erosion, extremely strong erosion, and severe erosion. After prevention and control measures and continuous soil and water monitoring in the project area, the original soil erosion modulus in the project area decreased from 14270 / km². 2 • a decreased to 1100 t / km during the vegetation recovery period 2 •a Until the permissible soil erosion intensity reaches 500 t / km 2 •a. The project achieved a soil loss control ratio of 1.0, meeting the prevention and control target of 1.0. The comprehensive management project can restore vegetation to an area of ​​3.5 hectares. 2 During the implementation of soil and water conservation measures in the project area, the actual vegetation restoration area was 3.44 hm². 2 The restoration rate of forest and grassland vegetation in the project area reached 98.29%, achieving the prevention and control target of 90% as designed in the plan.

[0053] Table 1: Area of ​​Soil and Water Loss

[0054]

[0055] In some embodiments, determining the location of motion monitoring points includes:

[0056] For regions with a second similarity score less than the second similarity threshold, the TOPKAPI model outputs the spatial distribution of erosion modulus. The spatial distribution of erosion modulus refers to the distribution and characteristics of soil erosion modulus across spatial locations within a specific time period and geographical region.

[0057] By combining preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data on vegetation cover and topographic slope, error-sensitive areas are identified. Error-sensitive areas refer to spatial regions where geographical features significantly amplify errors in soil and water data collection, and have a prominent impact on the reliability of soil and water parameters. Error-sensitive areas can include steep-slope farmland and sparsely vegetated areas.

[0058] Based on the spatial distribution of erosion modulus in error-sensitive areas, the spatial coefficient of variation for these areas is determined. Areas with a spatial coefficient of variation exceeding a preset threshold are then selected as the range for mobile monitoring points. The spatial coefficient of variation is a statistical indicator used to measure the dispersion of spatial data. It is calculated by multiplying the standard deviation of the erosion modulus by the mean of the erosion modulus and then by 100%.

[0059] Multiple mobile monitoring points are set within the selected area. In some embodiments, data points with a first similarity value less than a selection threshold, topographic inflection points, and vegetation boundary points can be used as mobile monitoring points. When the first similarity value is less than the selection threshold, it indicates that the difference between the preliminary soil erosion data and the fixed monitoring data at that point is too large, and the point needs to be selected as a mobile monitoring point to obtain more accurate monitoring data. When the first similarity value is greater than or equal to the selection threshold, it indicates that it is unnecessary to set up a mobile monitoring point at that location. For example, topographic inflection points can include slopes. Taking a slope as an example, mobile observation points can be determined along the slope's extension direction, and each mobile observation point can be arranged at intervals of 2-3 meters. If necessary, new fixed monitoring points can be established, for example, by setting up new measurement areas on the slope, such as... Figure 2 As shown, a 3m×3m slope was selected for the installation of measuring rods, with 12 measuring rods installed. The straight-line distance between each measuring rod was 100cm. The area was surrounded by red rope and marked with signs. The original scale of each measuring rod was recorded during installation, and the change value of each measuring rod was obtained periodically to calculate the amount of soil erosion.

[0060] Figure 4 This is an exemplary block diagram of a dynamic monitoring system for soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data, provided by the present invention. Figure 4 As shown, the dynamic monitoring system for soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data includes a monitoring range determination module, a monitoring area division module, a first data acquisition module, a monitoring block division module, and a second data acquisition module.

[0061] The monitoring scope determination module is used to determine the soil and water conservation monitoring scope based on the scope of soil and water loss prevention and control and the scope of its impact during the prevention and control process. For more information on the monitoring scope determination module, please see [link to module description]. Figure 1 And its related descriptions.

[0062] The monitoring area delineation module is used to divide the soil and water conservation monitoring area based on the prevention and control content and the disturbance caused, resulting in soil and water conservation monitoring areas at multiple monitoring levels. For more information on the monitoring area delineation module, please refer to [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 1 And its related descriptions.

[0063] The first data acquisition module is used to conduct preliminary observations within the soil and water conservation monitoring area to obtain preliminary soil erosion data. For more information about the first data acquisition module, please refer to [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 1 And its related descriptions.

[0064] The monitoring block division module is used to divide each soil and water conservation monitoring area into multiple monitoring blocks based on preliminary soil erosion data; these monitoring blocks include cover monitoring blocks and erosion monitoring blocks. For more information on the monitoring block division module, please refer to [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 1 And its related descriptions.

[0065] The second data acquisition module is used to fuse and stitch together preliminary soil erosion data, fixed monitoring data, and mobile monitoring data based on the similarity between fixed monitoring data and preliminary soil erosion data, as well as the change in fixed monitoring data, to obtain dynamic soil and water conservation monitoring data for the monitoring area. For more information on the second data acquisition module, please refer to [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 1 And its related descriptions.

[0066] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for dynamic monitoring of soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data, characterized in that, include: Based on the scope of soil and water conservation and the scope of its impact during the prevention and control process, the scope of soil and water conservation monitoring is determined. Based on the content of prevention and control and the disturbance to be prevented, the scope of soil and water conservation monitoring is divided into multiple monitoring levels of soil and water conservation monitoring areas. Preliminary observations were conducted within the soil and water conservation monitoring area to obtain preliminary soil erosion data; the preliminary soil erosion data included remote sensing image data and / or geographic information system data. Based on preliminary soil erosion data for each soil and water conservation monitoring area, each monitoring area is divided into multiple monitoring blocks; the monitoring blocks include cover monitoring blocks and erosion monitoring blocks. Based on the similarity between fixed monitoring data and preliminary soil erosion data, as well as the change in fixed monitoring data, preliminary soil erosion data, fixed monitoring data, and mobile monitoring data are merged and spliced ​​to obtain dynamic soil and water conservation monitoring data for the monitoring area. Fixed monitoring data refers to various monitoring data related to soil erosion acquired by fixed monitoring equipment, which refers to equipment that is fixed at a certain location and continuously acquires soil and water monitoring data. Mobile monitoring data refers to monitoring data acquired by mobile monitoring equipment, which refers to equipment that needs to be moved to the monitoring point for soil and water monitoring. The obtained dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation within the monitoring area includes: Determine the first similarity between the preliminary soil and water loss data of each monitoring block and the current fixed monitoring data; merge the preliminary soil and water loss data and the current fixed monitoring data of the monitoring blocks whose first similarity is greater than or equal to the first similarity threshold, and use the merged data as the first dynamic soil and water conservation monitoring data of the monitoring block; For monitoring blocks with a first similarity less than a first similarity threshold, determine the second similarity between the current fixed monitoring data sequence of the current monitoring period and the historical fixed monitoring data sequence of the previous monitoring period; merge the current fixed monitoring data of monitoring blocks with a second similarity greater than or equal to the second similarity threshold and the water and soil conservation dynamic monitoring data of the previous monitoring period, and use the merged data as the second water and soil conservation dynamic monitoring data of the monitoring block; For monitoring blocks with a second similarity less than the second similarity threshold, determine the location of the mobile monitoring point and obtain the current mobile monitoring data based on the location of the mobile monitoring point; merge the current fixed monitoring data and the current mobile monitoring data, and use the merged data as the third dynamic water and soil conservation monitoring data for the monitoring block; By splicing together the dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation from multiple monitoring blocks, dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation within the monitoring scope can be obtained. Calculating the first similarity includes: Based on fixed monitoring data, preliminary soil and water loss data are unified into the same coordinate system to obtain preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data; Based on the spatial resolution of preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data, interpolation or aggregation processing is performed on fixed monitoring data to generate raster surface data. The grid surface data is input into the TOPKAPI model to drive the model to simulate hydrological processes and soil erosion, thereby obtaining fixed soil and water conservation monitoring data. Determine the matching index between preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data and fixed soil and water conservation monitoring data; and determine the first similarity value based on the matching index.

2. The method for dynamic monitoring of soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data according to claim 1, characterized in that, The determination of the location of the mobile monitoring point includes: For monitoring blocks with a second similarity less than the second similarity threshold, the spatial distribution of erosion modulus is output through a distributed hydrological model. By combining preliminary soil and water conservation monitoring data on vegetation cover and topographic slope, error-sensitive areas are identified. Based on the spatial distribution of the erosion modulus in the error-sensitive area, the spatial variation coefficient of the error-sensitive area is determined, and the error-sensitive area with a spatial variation coefficient greater than the preset variation coefficient threshold is used as the selection range of mobile monitoring points. Multiple mobile monitoring points are set up within the selected range of mobile monitoring points.

3. The method for dynamic monitoring of soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data according to claim 2, characterized in that, Setting multiple mobile monitoring points within the selected range includes: using data points with a first similarity value less than the selection threshold, landform turning points, and vegetation boundary points as mobile monitoring points.

4. The method for dynamic monitoring of soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data according to claim 1, characterized in that, Calculating the second similarity includes: The current fixed monitoring data sequence and the historical fixed monitoring data sequence are processed separately, and the processed fixed monitoring data sequence and the historical fixed monitoring data sequence are input into the distributed hydrological model to drive the model to simulate hydrological processes and soil erosion, thereby obtaining the current fixed dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation and the historical fixed dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation. Determine the matching index between the current fixed dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation and the historical fixed dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation; and determine the second similarity value based on the matching index.

5. The method for dynamic monitoring of soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fusion yields the third set of dynamic monitoring data for soil and water conservation, including: By fusing historical mobile monitoring data at fixed monitoring points with current fixed monitoring data, the current mobile monitoring data at the fixed monitoring points can be obtained. The current mobile monitoring data of fixed monitoring points and the current mobile monitoring data of mobile monitoring points are used as a mobile monitoring data group for multiple ground observation points; The mobile monitoring data set is input into the distributed hydrological model, which drives the model to simulate hydrological processes and soil erosion, thus obtaining the third dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation.

6. A dynamic monitoring system for soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data, applied to the dynamic monitoring method for soil and water conservation based on multi-source remote sensing data as described in any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, It includes a monitoring range determination module, a monitoring area division module, a first data acquisition module, a monitoring block division module, and a second data acquisition module; The monitoring range determination module is used to determine the soil and water conservation monitoring range based on the soil and water loss prevention and control range and the scope of the impact of prevention and control during the prevention and control process. The monitoring area division module is used to divide the soil and water conservation monitoring range based on the prevention and control content and the prevention and control disturbance, so as to obtain soil and water conservation monitoring areas with multiple monitoring levels. The first data acquisition module is used to conduct preliminary observations of the soil and water conservation monitoring area and obtain preliminary soil erosion data; The monitoring block division module is used to divide each soil and water conservation monitoring area into multiple monitoring blocks based on the preliminary soil erosion data of each monitoring area; the monitoring blocks include cover monitoring blocks and erosion monitoring blocks; The second data acquisition module is used to fuse and splice the preliminary soil erosion data, fixed monitoring data, and mobile monitoring data based on the similarity between fixed monitoring data and preliminary soil erosion data, as well as the amount of change in fixed monitoring data, to obtain dynamic monitoring data of soil and water conservation within the soil and water conservation monitoring range.

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