Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring

Abstract

The invention discloses a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring, and aims to solve the problem of slow imaging speed in the traditional Mueller matrix polarization imaging technology. The device comprises a light source module, a polarization state generation module, a sample module, a polarization state analysis module, a photoelectric detection module, a synchronous monitoring module and an upper computer module. Polarization modulation elements of the polarization state generation module and the polarization state analysis module are set to be in continuous modulation, the photoelectric detection module is set to be in continuous collection, and the polarization state of the polarization modulation elements and the collection state of the photoelectric detection module are monitored in a high-precision mode through the synchronous monitoring module. And a complete Mueller matrix image of the tested sample is calculated on the upper computer module. High-speed dynamic polarization imaging is achieved through continuous polarization state modulation, high spatial resolution and high measurement precision are achieved, and the device is suitable for real-time polarization observation of biomedicine, materials, industrial detection and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the field of polarization optical measurement, in particular to a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states. Background Art

[0002] Mueller matrix polarization imaging fully analyzes the interaction between objects and polarized light, providing imaging results of all polarization characteristics such as depolarization, birefringence, and dichroism, and can obtain rich physical, chemical, and structural information beyond traditional intensity or spectral imaging. Therefore, Mueller matrix polarization imaging technology has shown great application potential in many fields such as biomedicine, atmospheric remote sensing, and industrial detection. However, Mueller matrix polarization imaging technology faces a core bottleneck in practical applications: severely insufficient imaging speed and difficulty in dynamic imaging. Traditional methods rely on the timing modulation of mechanically rotating polarization elements or liquid crystal tunable phase retarders. They need to reach a specific polarization state position and stay there, and then change the polarization state multiple times and collect corresponding images to fully solve the 16 Mueller matrix elements. This change process is significantly time-consuming, usually requiring several seconds or even tens of seconds to complete a single-frame complete Mueller matrix measurement, which cannot meet the needs of dynamic measurement. At the same time, there is a lot of idle time during the polarization state switching process, and the modulation process is not fully utilized, resulting in low overall measurement efficiency.

[0003] In recent years, snapshot techniques have been developed. These techniques, based on polarization gratings or optical metasurfaces, sacrifice spatial resolution in exchange for calculating the Mueller matrix with a single exposure, ultimately achieving snapshot-type Mueller matrix polarization imaging. However, snapshot techniques generally suffer from low spatial resolution, high processing costs, and complex structures, hindering widespread application.

[0004] It can be seen from this that there is an urgent need for a Mueller matrix polarization imaging technology with high measurement speed, which can quickly obtain Mueller matrix imaging results with high measurement accuracy and high spatial resolution. It is suitable for scenarios such as biomedical diagnosis, material characterization, and industrial defect detection that require real-time dynamic acquisition and analysis of the comprehensive polarization characteristics of objects. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention aims to provide a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous polarization state monitoring. This device can effectively overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies and achieve dynamic measurement with high measurement speed, high spatial resolution, and high measurement accuracy using Mueller matrix polarization imaging.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states. The specific technical solution for achieving the objectives of the present invention is: A Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous polarization state monitoring includes a light source module, a polarization state generator (PSG) module, a sample module, a polarization state analysis module (PSG), a photoelectric detection module, a synchronous monitoring module, and a host computer module. The light source module, polarization state generating module, sample module, polarization state analyzing module and photoelectric detecting module are sequentially arranged along the light path direction; The light source module is provided with a white light source, a color filter component, and a collimator lens in sequence along the optical path, generating a light beam with a specific wavelength within the range of 200 to 2000 nm as the incident light for the polarization state generating module, and the incident light is collimated and has a uniform light intensity distribution; or a monochromatic light source and a collimator lens are provided in sequence along the optical path to generate the incident light; The polarization state generating module is provided with a first polarizer and a first polarization modulation component in sequence along the optical path direction; the first polarization modulation component contains one or more polarization modulation elements to achieve periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the incident light; the polarization modulation element is configured to be continuously modulated without staying in a specific polarization state, and an electrical signal synchronized with the change of the polarization state over time is output to the synchronization monitoring module; The sample module is provided with a focusing lens, a sample stage and an objective lens in sequence along the optical path direction, the sample to be measured is placed on the sample stage, the incident light after polarization modulation is guided by the focusing lens to focus on the sample to be measured on the sample stage, the objective lens collects the outgoing light generated by the sample to be measured and guides it to the polarization state analysis module; or a beam splitter, an objective lens and a sample stage are provided in sequence along the optical path direction, the sample to be measured is placed on the sample stage, the incident light after polarization modulation is guided by the beam splitter to focus on the sample to be measured on the sample stage, the objective lens collects the outgoing light generated by the sample to be measured and guides it to the polarization state analysis module; The polarization state analysis module is provided with a second polarization modulation component and a second polarizer in sequence along the optical path; the second polarization modulation component contains one or more polarization modulation elements to achieve periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the outgoing light; the polarization modulation element is configured to be continuously modulated without staying in a specific polarization state, and an electrical signal synchronized with the change of the polarization state over time is output to the synchronization monitoring module; The photoelectric detection module is provided with an imaging mirror and an area array image sensor in sequence along the optical path, which photoelectrically converts the polarization-modulated output light into signal image data and transmits it to the host computer module; the area array image sensor is configured to continuously collect data and output an electrical signal synchronized with the photoelectric conversion time of the signal image data to the synchronous monitoring module; The synchronous monitoring module monitors the synchronous electrical signals of the polarization state generating module, the polarization state analyzing module and the photoelectric detection module, records the timestamps of the respective synchronous electrical signals on the same time axis, and transmits the monitoring data to the host computer module; The host computer module is used to receive signal image data from the photoelectric detection module and monitoring data from the synchronous monitoring module, and to take data results of n (n ≥ 16) different polarization modulation states of the first polarization modulation component and the second polarization modulation component as a group. A measurement equation group is established based on Mueller matrix theory to calculate the spatial distribution of 16 Mueller matrix elements of the measured sample. Subsequently, a group of Mueller matrix polarization images is calculated every n acquisitions to achieve Mueller matrix polarization imaging based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states.

[0007] Furthermore, the white light source in the light source module includes a thermal radiation light source, a gas discharge light source, a solid-state light source and a laser-driven white light source; The color filter component obtains the light beam with a specific wavelength within the range of 200-2000 nm through a spectroscopic element or an optical filter element; The monochromatic light source includes a laser with a specific wavelength within the range of 200-2000 nm, a light emitting diode, a gas discharge line lamp and a hollow cathode lamp.

[0008] Furthermore, specific categories of the polarization modulation elements in the first polarization modulation component and the second polarization modulation component include wave plates mounted on rotating motors, liquid crystal tunable phase delay devices, photoelastic modulators, electro-optical modulators, and acousto-optic modulators; The polarization modulation elements used in the first polarization modulation component and the second polarization modulation component are of independent types, allowing the polarization modulation elements of the same or different types to be used in combination.

[0009] Furthermore, the detection mode of the sample module for the sample to be tested includes transmission, reflection and collinear reflection; When the sample module is configured for transmission detection, the optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing lens coincides with the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens, so as to detect the transmission polarization characteristics of the sample being tested; When the sample module is configured for reflective detection, the optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing lens and the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens intersect at the sample to be tested, thereby detecting the reflective polarization characteristics of the sample to be tested; When the sample module is set to collinear reflection detection, the incident light is guided by the beam splitter and focused on the sample to be tested by the objective lens. The outgoing light returns along the original path, and the collinear incident light and outgoing light are separated at the beam splitter. The outgoing light is guided to the polarization state analysis module for detecting the collinear reflection polarization characteristics of the sample to be tested.

[0010] Furthermore, the area array image sensor in the photoelectric detection module collects high frame rate signal images, realizes single exposure and collects the polarization-modulated output light within a single polarization modulation cycle of the first polarization modulation component and the second polarization modulation component.

[0011] Furthermore, the synchronization monitoring module includes devices for monitoring the synchronization electrical signals, including a data acquisition card, a field programmable gate array, an oscilloscope, and an analog-to-digital converter.

[0012] Furthermore, the data results collected under the n different polarization modulation states are taken as a group to establish a corresponding measurement equation group, wherein the number of equations in the measurement equation group used to calculate the measured sample is equal to the number of times n that data is collected under the different polarization modulation states; the number of different polarization modulation states n≥16, that is, the number of equations in the measurement equation group is ≥16.

[0013] Furthermore, the imaging speed of the Mueller matrix polarization imaging system depends on the modulation period of the polarization modulation elements in the first and second polarization modulation components, the acquisition frame rate of the area array image sensor, and the number of different polarization modulation states used to calculate the Mueller matrix elements. Under optimized parameters, Mueller matrix polarization imaging can achieve a high measurement speed of ≥50 fps.

[0014] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are: 1) The present invention relates to a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states. The polarization modulation element is modulated continuously without reaching a specific state, reducing idle time. The device is matched with a high-frame-rate area array image sensor, making full use of polarization state modulation. The measurement speed is extremely fast and is suitable for dynamic and real-time observation of samples.

[0015] 2) The present invention is based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states, has few restrictions on modulation elements, and the high spatial resolution of imaging can reach the maximum value of wide-field imaging solutions; it also has high-precision polarization state monitoring, avoids mechanical positioning errors, and improves the measurement accuracy of the Mueller matrix.

[0016] 3) The polarization modulation element in the present invention is compatible with low-cost rotating motors. The system structure is simple and universal, and it can quickly form images at a low cost, providing a technical foundation for the popularization and application of Mueller matrix polarization imaging. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to Example 1 of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the host computer module receiving data and calculating the Mueller matrix polarization imaging results; Figure 3 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to embodiment 2 of the present invention; Figure 4 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to Example 4 of the present invention; Figure 5 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to Example 5 of the present invention; Figure 6 3 is a structural diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to Example 6 of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The following will illustrate the implementation methods of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the implementation methods involved in this specification are not exhaustive and do not represent the only implementation methods of the present invention. The following corresponding embodiments are only for the purpose of clearly illustrating the invention content of the patent of this invention and are not intended to limit its implementation methods. For ordinary technicians in this field, different forms of changes and modifications can be made on the basis of the description of these embodiments. Any obvious changes or modifications that belong to the technical concept and invention content of the present invention are also within the scope of protection of the present invention. Example

[0019] A schematic structural diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to embodiment 1 of the present invention is shown in FIG. Figure 1 As shown, the device has the light source module 100, polarization state generation module 200, sample module 300, polarization state analysis module 400, photoelectric detection module 500, synchronization monitoring module 600 and host computer module 700 described in the invention content, and their functions.

[0020] like Figure 1 As shown, a light source module 100 , a polarization state generating module 200 , a sample module 300 , a polarization state analyzing module 400 and a photoelectric detecting module 500 are sequentially arranged along the light path direction.

[0021] Light source module 100 comprises, in order, a white light source 101, a color filter 102, and a collimator 103. White light source 101 utilizes a xenon lamp, a gas discharge light source, to provide broad-spectrum white light. Color filter 102 utilizes a monochromator based on a spectroscopic element to extract a specific wavelength of light from white light source 101 within the range of 200-2000 nm as subsequent incident light. This incident light is collimated and uniformly distributed through collimator 103.

[0022] The polarization state generation module 200 comprises a first polarizer 201 and a first polarization modulation component 202, arranged sequentially along the optical path. The first polarization modulation component 202 comprises a first photoelastic modulator and a second photoelastic modulator, arranged sequentially along the optical path, to achieve periodic polarization modulation of the incident light's polarization state, with a modulation frequency ranging from 10 kHz to 100 kHz. The first and second photoelastic modulators are configured for continuous modulation, without requiring them to remain in a specific polarization state. They also output electrical signals that change over time in sync with the incident light's polarization state and are then sent to the synchronization monitoring module 600.

[0023] In this embodiment, the sample module 300 is configured for transmission detection. Along the optical path, the focusing lens 301, sample stage 302, and objective lens 303 are arranged in this order. The sample 3 to be tested is placed on the sample stage. Polarization-modulated incident light is guided by the focusing lens 301 and focused onto the sample 3 to be tested on the sample stage 302. The objective lens 303 collects the outgoing light generated by the sample 3 and directs it to the polarization state analysis module 400. The optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing lens 301 coincides with the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens 303, which is used to detect the transmission polarization characteristics of the sample 3 to be tested.

[0024] The polarization state analysis module 400 comprises a second polarization modulation component 401 and a second polarizer 402, arranged sequentially along the optical path. The second polarization modulation component 401 comprises a third photoelastic modulator and a fourth photoelastic modulator, arranged sequentially along the optical path, to achieve periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the outgoing light, with a modulation frequency ranging from 10 kHz to 100 kHz. The third and fourth photoelastic modulators are configured for continuous modulation, without requiring them to remain in a specific polarization state. They also output an electrical signal that changes synchronously with the polarization state of the outgoing light and is sent to the synchronization monitoring module 600.

[0025] In the photoelectric detection module 500, the imaging mirror 501 and the area array image sensor 502 are arranged along the optical path. The area array image sensor 502 is located in the focal plane of the imaging mirror 501, achieving clear, high-spatial-resolution imaging of the outgoing optical signal. To accommodate the rapid modulation of the photoelastic modulator in this embodiment, the area array image sensor 502 utilizes an ultra-fast CMOS camera with a frame rate exceeding 1000 fps. This frame rate matches the modulation frequency of the first polarization modulation component 202 and the second polarization modulation component 401. This ultra-fast CMOS camera is configured for continuous acquisition and outputs an electrical signal synchronized with the acquisition of a single frame of image data to the synchronization monitoring module 600.

[0026] The synchronization monitoring module 600 uses a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) development board to monitor the polarization state synchronization signals of the four photoelastic modulators in the first polarization modulation component 202 and the second polarization modulation component 401, as well as the acquisition synchronization signals from the area array image sensor 502. It records the timestamps of each synchronization signal on the same timeline and transmits the monitoring data to the host computer module 700. To accommodate the rapid modulation of the photoelastic modulators in this embodiment, the FPGA development board is used to record the synchronization signals at a sampling rate greater than 100 MHz.

[0027] The host computer module 700 receives data from the area array image sensor 502 and the synchronous monitoring module 600, receives the data and calculates the Mueller matrix polarization imaging result. Figure 2 As shown in the figure, a set of measurement equations is established for data collected in n (n ≥ 16) different modulation states. The host computer module 700 calculates the spatial distribution of the 16 Mueller matrix elements of the sample 3 under test, thus achieving Mueller matrix polarization imaging based on synchronous polarization state monitoring. Based on Mueller matrix theory, the number of different modulation states n ≥ 16 used to calculate the spatial distribution of the 16 Mueller matrix elements of the sample 3 under test is used.

[0028] During Mueller matrix polarization imaging in this embodiment, the four photoelastic modulators in the polarization state generation module 200 and the polarization state analysis module 400 are set to continuous modulation. The ultra-fast CMOS camera in the photodetection module 500 is set to continuously capture images of the outgoing light signal at the highest frame rate. The synchronous monitoring module 600 accurately monitors the polarization state of the photoelastic modulators and the acquisition status of the ultra-fast CMOS camera during the modulation process. The host computer module 700 constructs a set of n (n ≥ 16) acquisitions of different modulation states and calculates the spatial distribution of the 16 Mueller matrix elements corresponding to each set of measurements. Subsequently, a set of Mueller matrix polarization images is calculated for each n acquisitions.

[0029] The imaging speed of Mueller matrix polarization imaging depends on the modulation frequency of the photoelastic modulator, the acquisition frame rate of the area array image sensor 502, and the number of different modulation states of the Mueller matrix elements. Based on the photoelastic modulator and an ultrafast CMOS camera, it is expected that the imaging speed of Mueller matrix polarization imaging can reach ≥50 fps.

[0030] Due to the photoelastic modulator's characteristics of no electric rotating parts and high-precision modulation, in addition to the advantages of high-speed dynamic imaging of Mueller matrix polarization imaging, this embodiment also has high measurement accuracy of Mueller matrix elements. Example

[0031] A schematic structural diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to embodiment 2 of the present invention is shown in FIG. Figure 3 This embodiment is basically the same as the embodiment 1, and the polarization state generating module 200, sample module 300, polarization state analyzing module 400, photoelectric detection module 500, synchronous monitoring module 600 and host computer module 700 used are the same, and only the light source module 100 is modified and adjusted.

[0032] Specifically, if Figure 3 As shown, the optical path of the polarized light source module 100 includes a monochromatic light source 104 and a collimator 103. Monochromatic light source 104 utilizes a light-emitting diode (LED) with a specific wavelength in the range of 200 to 2000 nm. The connection between monochromatic light source 104 and collimator 103 includes both spatial optical and optical fiber connections, resulting in collimated and uniformly distributed light output.

[0033] Different from the first embodiment, the monochromatic light source 104 does not have the wavelength adjustment capability and is suitable for Mueller matrix polarization imaging with a fixed wavelength. Example

[0034] The structure of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states in Example 3 of the present invention is basically consistent with that in Example 1. The light source module 100, sample module 300, photoelectric detection module 500, synchronous monitoring module 600 and host computer module 700 used are the same, and only the polarization state generation module 200 and the polarization state analysis module 400 are modified and adjusted.

[0035] Specifically, if Figure 1As shown, the photoelastic modulator in the polarization state generation module 200 or the polarization state analysis module 400 is replaced with a liquid crystal tunable phase retarder with a modulation frequency in the range of 100 Hz to 10 kHz. One or two photoelastic modulators in a single module can be replaced to achieve mixed polarization modulation using the photoelastic modulator and the liquid crystal tunable phase retarder. Alternatively, both modules can be replaced simultaneously to achieve polarization state modulation using only the liquid crystal tunable phase retarder. The liquid crystal tunable phase retarder has an electrical signal output that is synchronized with the time-varying polarization state of the retarder. The polarization modulation elements are all configured for continuous modulation, without having to remain in a specific polarization state.

[0036] Different from Example 1, the liquid crystal tunable phase retarder without electric rotating parts has lower cost, high delay uniformity in the range of clear aperture, and wide applicable wavelength range. Example

[0037] A schematic structural diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to embodiment 4 of the present invention is shown in FIG. Figure 4 The structure of this embodiment is basically the same as that of embodiment 1, and the light source module 100, sample module 300, photoelectric detection module 500, synchronous monitoring module 600 and host computer module 700 used are the same, and only the polarization state generating module 200 and the polarization state analyzing module 400 are modified and adjusted.

[0038] Specifically, if Figure 4 As shown, in the polarization state generation module 200, the first polarization modulation component 202 comprises a first wave plate, a fast-rotating motor, and an optical rotary encoder. The first wave plate is mounted on the fast-rotating motor to achieve periodic polarization modulation of the incident light's polarization state. During polarization modulation, the fast-rotating motor rotates continuously, achieving continuous modulation without requiring a fixed polarization state. The optical rotary encoder converts the rotational position information into an electrical signal, which is output as the electrical signal of the first polarization modulation component 202, synchronized with the temporal changes in the incident light's polarization state.

[0039] In the polarization state analysis module 400, the second polarization modulation component 401 consists of a second wave plate, a fast-rotating motor, and an optical rotary encoder. The second wave plate is mounted on another fast-rotating motor to achieve periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the outgoing light. During polarization modulation, the fast-rotating motor rotates continuously, achieving continuous modulation without requiring a fixed polarization state. This modulation frequency differs from that of the first polarization modulation component 202. Similarly, the optical rotary encoder converts the rotational position information into an electrical signal, which is output as the electrical signal of the second polarization modulation component 401, synchronized with the temporal changes in the polarization state of the outgoing light.

[0040] Different from Example 1, the fast rotating motor is combined with the optical rotary encoder, which greatly reduces the cost of the polarization modulation element and ensures the imaging speed of Mueller matrix polarization imaging. Example

[0041] The structural diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization state in this embodiment 5 is shown in FIG. Figure 5 This embodiment is basically the same as the embodiment 1, and uses the same light source module 100, polarization state generating module 200, polarization state analyzing module 400, photoelectric detection module 500, synchronous monitoring module 600 and host computer module 700. Only the detection method of the sample 3 under test of the sample module 300 is modified and adjusted.

[0042] Specifically, if Figure 5 As shown, in this embodiment, the sample module 300 is configured for reflective detection. Along the optical path are, in order, a focusing lens 301, a sample stage 302, and an objective lens 303. The sample 3 to be tested is placed on the sample stage. Polarization-modulated incident light is guided by the focusing lens 301 and focused onto the sample 3 to be tested on the sample stage 302. The objective lens 303 collects the outgoing light generated by the sample 3 and directs it to the polarization state analysis module 400. The optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing lens 301 and the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens 303 intersect at the sample 3 to be tested. The sample module 300 is configured for reflective detection, and the angle between the incident and outgoing light is adjustable within a range of 0 to 180°, enabling reflective polarization property detection at various angles.

[0043] Different from the first embodiment, the present embodiment is used to detect the reflection polarization characteristics of the sample 3 under test. Example

[0044] The structural diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization state in this embodiment 6 is shown in FIG. Figure 6 This embodiment is basically the same as the embodiment 1, and uses the same light source module 100, polarization state generating module 200, polarization state analyzing module 400, photoelectric detection module 500, synchronous monitoring module 600, and host computer module 700. Only the components used in the sample module 300 and the detection method of the sample 3 under test are modified and adjusted.

[0045] Specifically, if Figure 6As shown, in this embodiment, sample module 300 is configured for collinear reflective detection. Along the optical path, polarization-modulated incident light is guided by beam splitter 304 and focused by objective lens 303 onto sample 3 under test on sample stage 302. Objective lens 303 collects the outgoing light generated by sample 3 under test, which is then reflected by beam splitter 304 and directed to subsequent modules. After the incident light is focused on sample 3 under test, the outgoing light returns along the original path, with beam splitter 304 separating the collinear incident and outgoing light.

[0046] Different from the first embodiment, the present embodiment is used to detect the collinear reflection polarization characteristics of the sample 3 under test.

[0047] The above embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that various modifications and variations are possible. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, or improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention are intended to be within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states, characterized in that: It comprises a light source module (100), a polarization state generating module (200), a sample module (300), a polarization state analyzing module (400), a photoelectric detecting module (500), a synchronous monitoring module (600) and a host computer module (700); The light source module (100), polarization state generation module (200), sample module (300), polarization state analysis module (400) and photoelectric detection module (500) are arranged in sequence along the light path direction; The light source module (100) is provided with a white light source (101), a color filter component (102), and a collimator (103) in sequence along the light path direction, generating a light beam with a wavelength within the range of 200 to 2000 nm as incident light for the polarization state generating module (200); or a monochromatic light source (104) and a collimator (103) are provided in sequence along the light path direction, generating the incident light; The polarization state generating module (200) is provided with a first polarizer (201) and a first polarization modulation component (202) in sequence along the optical path; the first polarization modulation component (202) contains one or more polarization modulation elements to achieve periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the incident light; the polarization modulation element is configured to be continuously modulated, and an electrical signal synchronized with the change of the polarization state over time is output to the synchronization monitoring module (600); The sample module (300) is provided with a focusing lens (301), a sample stage (302) and an objective lens (303) in sequence along the light path direction, the sample to be tested (3) is placed on the sample stage (302), the incident light after polarization modulation is guided by the focusing lens (301) to be focused on the sample to be tested (3) on the sample stage (302), the objective lens (303) collects the outgoing light generated by the sample to be tested (3) and guides it to the polarization state analysis module (400); or a beam splitter (304), an objective lens (303) and a sample stage (302) are provided in sequence along the light path direction, the sample to be tested (3) is placed on the sample stage (302), the incident light after polarization modulation is guided by the beam splitter (304) to be focused by the objective lens (303) on the sample to be tested (3) on the sample stage (302), the objective lens (303) collects the outgoing light generated by the sample to be tested (3) and guides it to the polarization state analysis module (400); The polarization state analysis module (400) is provided with a second polarization modulation component (401) and a second polarizer (402) in sequence along the optical path; the second polarization modulation component (401) contains one or more polarization modulation elements to achieve periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the output light; the polarization modulation element is configured to be continuously modulated, and an electrical signal synchronized with the change of the polarization state over time is output to the synchronization monitoring module (600); The photoelectric detection module (500) is provided with an imaging mirror (501) and a surface array image sensor (502) in sequence along the optical path, and photoelectrically converts the polarization-modulated output light into signal image data, and transmits the converted signal image data to the host computer module (700); the surface array image sensor (502) is configured to continuously collect data, and outputs an electrical signal synchronized with the photoelectric conversion time of the signal image data to the synchronous monitoring module (600); The synchronous monitoring module (600) monitors the synchronous electrical signals of the polarization state generating module (200), the polarization state analyzing module (400), and the photoelectric detecting module (500), records the timestamps of the respective synchronous electrical signals on the same time axis, and transmits the monitoring data to the host computer module (700); The host computer module (700) is used to receive the signal image data of the photoelectric detection module (500) and the monitoring data of the synchronous monitoring module (600); the data results of the first polarization modulation component (202) and the second polarization modulation component (401) under n different polarization modulation states are taken as a group, and a measurement equation group is established according to the Mueller matrix theory to calculate the spatial distribution of 16 Mueller matrix elements of the measured sample (3); and a group of Mueller matrix polarization imaging is subsequently calculated every n times of acquisition to realize Mueller matrix polarization imaging based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states; wherein n≥16.

2. The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to claim 1, characterized in that: The white light source (101) in the light source module (100) includes a thermal radiation light source, a gas discharge light source, a solid-state light source, and a laser-driven white light source; The color filter component (102) obtains the light beam with a specific wavelength within the range of 200-2000 nm through a light splitting element or an optical filtering element; The monochromatic light source (104) includes a laser with a specific wavelength in the range of 200-2000 nm, a light emitting diode, a gas discharge line lamp and a hollow cathode lamp.

3. The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to claim 1, characterized in that: Specific categories of the polarization modulation elements in the first polarization modulation component (202) and the second polarization modulation component (401) include wave plates mounted on rotating motors, liquid crystal tunable phase delay devices, photoelastic modulators, electro-optic modulators, and acousto-optic modulators; The polarization modulation elements used in the first polarization modulation component (202) and the second polarization modulation component (401) are of independent types, allowing the polarization modulation elements of the same or different types to be used in combination.

4. The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to claim 1, characterized in that: The detection mode of the sample module (300) for the sample (3) under test includes transmission mode, reflection mode and collinear reflection mode; When the sample module (300) is configured for transmission detection, the optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing lens (301) coincides with the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens (303), thereby detecting the transmission polarization characteristics of the sample (3) being tested; When the sample module (300) is configured for reflective detection, the optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing lens (301) and the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens (303) intersect at the sample to be tested (3), thereby detecting the reflective polarization characteristics of the sample to be tested (3); When the sample module (300) is configured for collinear reflection detection, the incident light is guided by the beam splitter (304) and focused on the sample (3) to be tested by the objective lens (303), and the outgoing light returns along the original path. The collinear incident light and the outgoing light are separated at the beam splitter (304), and the outgoing light is guided to the polarization state analysis module (400) for detecting the collinear reflection polarization characteristics of the sample (3) to be tested.

5. The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to claim 1, characterized in that: The surface array image sensor (502) in the photoelectric detection module (500) collects high frame rate signal images, realizes single exposure and collects the polarization-modulated output light within a single polarization modulation cycle of the first polarization modulation component (202) and the second polarization modulation component (401).

6. The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to claim 1, characterized in that: The synchronous monitoring module (600), wherein the components for monitoring the synchronous electrical signal include a data acquisition card, a field programmable gate array, an oscilloscope, and an analog-to-digital converter.

7. The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to claim 1, characterized in that: The data results collected under the n different polarization modulation states are taken as a group to establish a corresponding measurement equation group, where n≥16, that is, the number of equations in the measurement equation group is ≥16.

8. The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of polarization states according to claim 1, characterized in that: The imaging speed of the Mueller matrix polarization imaging depends on the modulation period of the polarization modulation elements in the first polarization modulation component (202) and the second polarization modulation component (401), the acquisition frame rate of the surface array image sensor (502), and the number of different polarization modulation states used to calculate the Mueller matrix elements.

Images