Waveform adaptation for joint RF sensing and communication

Abstract

Apparatus and methods for waveform adaptation in RF sensing are described. An apparatus is configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode. The wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform. The sensing pattern is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and the sensing waveform and the communication waveform are different. The apparatus is also configured to obtain an indication of switching to operate in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. The apparatus is also configured to switch to the other mode in accordance with the indication. Another device is configured to operate in the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode to provide an indication of mode switching and to switch to the other mode in accordance with the indication.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. non-provisional patent application serial number 18 / 178,441, filed on March 3, 2023, entitled “WAVEFORM ADAPTATION FOR RF SENSING,” which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly to wireless communications utilizing sensing. Background Art

[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide a variety of telecommunication services, such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.

[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate at a city, country, region, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of the continued mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with the Internet of Things (IoT)) and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). Certain aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. Further improvements to 5G NR technology are needed. In addition, these improvements may also be applicable to other multiple access technologies and telecommunication standards that employ these technologies. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of these aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects. This summary does not identify key or critical elements of all aspects, nor does it delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that will be presented later.

[0007] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method, computer-readable medium, and apparatus are provided. The apparatus is configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, wherein the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, wherein the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The apparatus is further configured to obtain an indication to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. The apparatus is further configured to switch to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication.

[0008] In this aspect, the method includes operating in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, wherein the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, wherein the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The method also includes obtaining an indication to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. The method also includes switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication.

[0009] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus is configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, wherein the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, wherein the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The apparatus is further configured to provide an indication to a user equipment (UE) to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. The apparatus is further configured to switch to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication.

[0010] In this aspect, the method includes operating in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, wherein the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, wherein the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The method also includes providing an indication to the UE to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. The method also includes switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication.

[0011] To achieve the foregoing and related ends, one or more aspects may include the features fully described below and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the accompanying drawings set forth in detail some illustrative features of one or more aspects. However, these features are indicative of only some of the various ways in which the principles of the various aspects may be employed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Figure 1 FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.

[0013] Figure 2A FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0014] Figure 2B FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of downlink (DL) channels within a subframe in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0015] Figure 2C FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0016] Figure 2D FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of uplink (UL) channels within a subframe in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0017] Figure 3 FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and user equipment (UE) in an access network.

[0018] Figure 4 FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of UE positioning based on reference signal measurements.

[0019] Figure 5 FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of waveform processing in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0020] Figure 6 FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of waveform processing in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0021] Figure 7 FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of Doppler scenarios for waveforms in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0022] Figure 8 FIG. 11 is a call flow diagram for wireless communications in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0023] Figure 9 FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptation information and factors including sensing an environment in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0024] Figure 10 FIG. 13 is a call flow diagram for wireless communications in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0025] Figure 11 FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0026] Figure 12 FIG. 15 is a flow diagram of a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.

[0027] Figure 13 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 14 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] Figure 15 are diagrams illustrating examples of hardware implementations for example apparatuses and / or network entities.

[0030] Figure 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] Wireless communication networks, such as 5G NR networks, can implement sensing measurements and operations for wireless devices. For example, the wireless communication network and / or wireless devices can utilize specific waveforms for communication and sensing. Using such waveforms can provide low cost, achieve flexibility, and allow for reuse of sensing waveforms for multiple purposes. For example, using a Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) waveform, a UE can achieve high-resolution sensing using a low-cost implementation, while the UE and / or base station can reuse the RADAR waveform for communication purposes, such as beam management.

[0032] However, from a communications perspective, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) offers a specific implementation with better spectral efficiency than other waveforms, while from a performance-to-cost perspective, analog RADAR waveforms offer higher resolution in radio frequency (RF) sensing. Within analog RADAR waveforms, waveform selection can also impact RF sensing performance. For example, RADAR waveform type / parameters can impact RF sensing performance in different use cases, operating scenarios, and / or sensing environments.

[0033] Various aspects generally relate to wireless communication systems and sensing operations for wireless devices. Some aspects more specifically relate to waveform adaptation for RF sensing. In one example, a UE can operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The UE can also obtain an indication to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, and can also switch to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. In another example, a base station can operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The base station can provide an indication to a UE to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, and can also switch to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. In various aspects, the communication waveform can be an OFDM waveform and the sensing waveform can be an analog RADAR waveform, and in some aspects, the OFDM waveform and / or the analog RADAR waveform can be used for communication and / or sensing operations.

[0034] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by switching between a communication mode and a sensing mode of operation, the described techniques can be used to provide more accurate and efficient sensing data for a target through an analog RADAR waveform, while also providing improved spectral efficiency over other waveforms by utilizing an OFDM waveform for communication. In some examples, by further adapting the communication and sensing waveforms, the described techniques can be used to improve the accuracy and efficiency of sensing and communication according to different implementations of the UE / base station, operating conditions of the UE / base station, and / or sensing environments associated with the UE / base station.

[0035] The detailed description set forth below, in connection with the appended drawings, is a description of various configurations and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein can be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring the concepts.

[0036] Several aspects of telecommunication systems are presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods are described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as "elements"). These elements can be implemented with electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends on the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0037] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements can be implemented as a "processing system" that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC), baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system can execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, or any combination of any of the foregoing. "Plurality" means two or more.

[0038] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, implementations, and / or use cases, the described functions can be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions can be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.

[0039] While aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein can be described in the context of 5G NR technology, aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein can be applicable to any suitable wireless communication system. For example, aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein can be applicable to Ultra-Mobility Technology (UMT), Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), and / or other suitable technologies. Although aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein can be described in the context of specific examples, alternative or different aspects, implementations, and / or use cases can be produced. The aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein can be implemented in any of a variety of platforms, devices, systems, form factors, and packaging arrangements. For example, aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein can be realized in integrated chip implementations and other non-module-component-based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled devices, etc.). Although some examples can or can not be specifically directed to use cases or applications, a wide range of applicability of described examples can result. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases can range from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations, and further to aggregate, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more techniques described herein. In some practical settings, devices incorporating aspects and features described can also include additional components and features to enable and practice claimed and described aspects. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes a variety of components, hardware, and software (e.g., hardware components including antennas, RF chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders / summers, etc.). Techniques described herein can be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregate or disaggregate components, end-user devices, etc. of varying sizes, shapes, and constitutions.

[0040] Deployments of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, can be arranged in a variety of ways with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system or network, a network node, network entity, mobility element of a network, radio access network (RAN) node, core network node, network element, or network equipment, such as a base station (BS) or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality (such as a Node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), a NR BS, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a transmission reception point (TRP), or a cell, etc.) can be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS, such as a Node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), a NR BS, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a transmission reception point (TRP), or a cell, etc. can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also referred to as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.

[0041] A disaggregated base station can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is distributed, physically or logically, between two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs). In some aspects, a CU can be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs can be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed in one or more other RAN nodes. The DUs can be implemented to be in communication with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU can be implemented as virtual units, a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0042] Base station operations or network designs can take into account the disaggregated nature of base station functionality. For example, a disaggregated base station can be used in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as network configurations initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also referred to as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Disaggregation can include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing functionality of at least one unit, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of a disaggregated base station or disaggregated RAN architecture can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0043] Figure 1 FIG. 1 is a diagram 100 illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network. The illustrated wireless communications system includes a disaggregated base station architecture. The disaggregated base station architecture can include one or more CUs 110 that can communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 120 through one or more disaggregated base station units, such as a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a non-RT RIC 115 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 105, or both. The CUs 110 can communicate with one or more DUs 130 via respective fronthaul links, such as an Fl interface. The DUs 130 can communicate with one or more RUs 140 via respective front-haul links. The RUs 140 can communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, a UE 104 can be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 140.

[0044] Each of the units (i.e., CU 110, DU 130, RU 140, and near-RT RIC 125, non-RT RIC 115, and SMO framework 105) can include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of these units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include wired interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals to one or more of the other units over a wired transmission medium. Additionally, the units can include wireless interfaces that can include receivers, transmitters, or transceivers (such as RF transceivers) configured to receive signals and / or transmit signals to one or more of the other units over a wireless transmission medium, or both.

[0045] In some aspects, CU 110 can host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by CU 110. CU 110 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., central unit-user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., central unit-control plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, CU 110 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, CU-UP units can communicate bi-directionally with CU-CP units via an interface, such as an El interface. CU 110 can be implemented to communicate with DU 130 as needed for network control and signaling.

[0046] DU 130 can correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling operation of one or more RUs 140. In some aspects, DU 130 can host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) according to a functional split, such as those defined by 3GPP. In some aspects, DU 130 can further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 130 or with control functions hosted by CU 110.

[0047] Lower layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 140. In some deployments, RUs 140 controlled by a DU 130 can correspond to logical nodes that host RF processing functions or low PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc.) or both based at least in part on a functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, RUs 140 can be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of communicating with the control and user planes of RUs 140 can be controlled by a corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable DUs 130 and CUs 110 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0048] The SMO framework 105 can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 105 can be configured to support deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which can be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an Ol interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 105 can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform, such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 190 to perform network element lifecycle management, such as to instantiate virtualized network elements, via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an 02 interface. Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 110, DUs 130, RUs 140, and near-RT RICs 125. In some implementations, the SMO framework 105 can communicate with hardware aspects of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 111, via an Ol interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO framework 105 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via an Ol interface. The SMO framework 105 can also include a non-RT RIC 115 configured to support functionality of the SMO framework 105.

[0049] The non-RT RIC 115 can be configured to include logical functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (Al) / machine learning (ML) (Al / ML) workflows including model training and updating, or policy-based steering of applications / features in the near-RT RIC 125. The non-RT RIC 115 can be coupled to, or communicate with, the near-RT RIC 125, such as via an Al interface. The near-RT RIC 125 can be configured to include logical functions that enable near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions via an interface, such as via an E2 interface, that connects one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, and an O-eNB with the near-RT RIC 125.

[0050] In some implementations, to generate Al / ML models to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 125, the non-RT RIC 115 can receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. Such information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 125 and can be received at the SMO framework 105 or the non-RT RIC 115 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 115 or the near-RT RIC 125 can be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 115 can monitor long-term trends and patterns of performance and employ Al / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO framework 105, such as via reconfiguration of Ol, or via creation of RAN management policies, such as Al policies.

[0051] At least one of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 can be referred to as a base station 102. Thus, the base station 102 can include one or more of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 (each component is indicated with a dashed line to represent that each component can or can not be included in the base station 102). The base station 102 provides wireless access to the core network 120 for the UEs 104. A base station 102 can include a macro cell (high power cellular base station) and / or a small cell (low power cellular base station). Small cells include femto cells, pico cells, and micro cells. A network that includes both small cells and macro cells can be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network can also include home evolved node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs), which can provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG). The communication links 120 between the RUs 140 and the UEs 104 can include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a RU 140 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a RU 140 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 can use multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 can be through one or more carriers. The base station 102 / UE 104 can use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz, 400 MHz, etc.) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) in some cases. The carriers can or can not be adjacent to each other. The allocation of carriers can be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or less carriers can be allocated for DL than for UL). The component carriers can include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier can be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier can be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell).

[0052] Certain UEs 104 can communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 can use the DL / UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 can use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH). D2D communication can be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi based on Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards, LTE, or NR.

[0053] The wireless communications system can also include a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with UEs 104 (also referred to as Wi-Fi stations (STAs)) via communication links 154, e.g., in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum or the like. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the UEs 104 / AP 150 can perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.

[0054] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided based on frequency / wavelength into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz). Despite a portion of FR1 being greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub- 6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar naming convention occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz - 300 GHz) which is designated as a “millimeter wave” band by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

[0055] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified operating bands for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz). Bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus can effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 to mid-band frequencies. Moreover, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operations beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR2-2 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), FR4 (71 GHz - 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). Each of these higher bands fall within the EHF band.

[0056] With the above in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, if the term “Sub-6 GHz” or the like is used herein, this can broadly represent frequencies that can be less than 6 GHz, can be within FR1, or can include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, if the term “millimeter wave” or the like is used herein, this can broadly represent frequencies that can include mid-band frequencies, can be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2, and / or FR5, or can be within the EHF band.

[0057] The base stations 102 and the UEs 104 can each include multiple antennas (such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays) to facilitate beamforming. The base stations 102 can transmit to UEs 104 in one or more transmit directions using beamforming. The UEs 104 can receive from the base stations 102 in one or more receive directions using beamforming. The UEs 104 can also transmit to the base stations 102 in one or more transmit directions using beamforming. The base stations 102 can receive from the UEs 104 in one or more receive directions using beamforming. The base station 102 / UE 104 can perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 102 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 102 can or can not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 can or can not be the same.

[0058] The base stations 102 can include and / or be referred to as gNBs, NodeBs, eNBs, access points, base transceiver stations, radio base stations, radio transceiver, transceiver functions, basic service sets (BSSs), extended service sets (ESSs), TRPs, network nodes, network entities, network equipment, or some other suitable terminology. The base stations 102 can be implemented as integrated access and backhaul (IAB) nodes, relay nodes, sidelink nodes, aggregated (monolithic) base stations with baseband units (BBUs) including CUs and DUs and RUs, or as disaggregated base stations including one or more of CUs, DUs, and / or RUs. Collections of base stations that can include disaggregated and / or aggregated base stations can be referred to as next generation (NG) RANs (NG-RANs).

[0059] The core network 120 can include an access and mobility management function (AMF) 161, a session management function (SMF) 162, a user plane function (UPF) 163, a unified data management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. The AMF 161 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 120. The AMF 161 supports registration management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. The SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. The UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. The UDM 164 supports generation of authentication and key agreement (AKA) credentials, user identification handling, access authorization, and subscription management. The one or more location servers 168 are illustrated as including a gateway mobile location center (GMLC) 165 and a location management function (LMF) 166. However, generally speaking, the one or more location servers 168 can include one or more location / determination servers, which can include one or more of a GMLC 165, an LMF 166, a position determination entity (PDE), a serving mobile location center (SMLC), a mobile positioning center (MPC), and the like. The GMLC 165 and the LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) to access UE positioning information. The LMF 166 receives measurements and assistance information from the NG-RAN and the UE 104 via the AMF 161 to compute a location of the UE 104. The NG-RAN can utilize one or more positioning methods to determine the location of the UE 104. Positioning the UE 104 can involve signal measurements, position estimation, and optional velocity calculations based on these measurements. The signal measurements can be made by the UE 104 and / or the base stations 102 serving the UE 104. The measured signals can be based on one or more of a satellite positioning system (SPS) 170 (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN), or other satellite positioning / location system), LTE signals, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, Terrestrial Beacon System (TBS), sensor-based information (e.g., barometric pressure sensors, motion sensors), NR Enhanced Cell ID (NR E-CID) methods, NR signals (e.g., multi-round trip time (multi-RTT), DL angle of departure (DL-AoD), DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), and UL angle of arrival (UL-AoA) positioning), and / or other systems / signals / sensors.

[0060] Examples of UEs 104 include cellular phones, smart phones, session initiation protocol (SIP) phones, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), satellite radios, global positioning systems, multimedia devices, video devices, digital audio players (e.g., MP3 players), cameras, game consoles, tablet computers, smart devices, wearable devices, vehicles, electric meters, pumps, large or small kitchen appliances, healthcare devices, implants, sensors / actuators, displays, or any other similar functional devices. Some of the UEs 104 can be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meters, gas pumps, toasters, vehicles, heart monitors, etc.). The UEs 104 can also be referred to as stations, mobile stations, subscriber stations, mobile units, subscriber units, wireless units, remote units, mobile devices, wireless devices, wireless communication devices, remote devices, mobile subscriber stations, access terminals, mobile terminals, wireless terminals, remote terminals, handheld devices, user agents, mobile clients, clients, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE can also apply to one or more accessory devices such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices can collectively or individually access a network.

[0061] Referring again to Figure 1In certain aspects, the UE 104 can have a waveform adaptation component 198 (“component 198”) that can be configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The component 198 can be further configured to obtain an indication to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. The component 198 can be further configured to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. The component 198 can be configured to select the sensing waveform based on at least one of a specific implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE. The component 198 can be configured to obtain adaptation information, where the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of a sensing environment, a sensing target characteristic, a hardware capability of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power emission for the UE, and where to select the sensing waveform, the component 198 can be configured to select the sensing waveform based on the adaptation information. In certain aspects, the base station 102 can have a waveform adaptation component 199 (“component 199”) that can be configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The component 199 can be further configured to provide an indication to the UE to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. The component 199 can be further configured to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. The component 199 can be configured to select the sensing waveform based on at least one of a specific implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE. The component 199 can be configured to provide adaptation information, where the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of a sensing environment, a sensing target characteristic, a hardware capability of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power emission for the UE, and where at least one adaptation factor includes at least one of a first distribution of a target parameter, a dynamic range of the target parameter, a clutter in the sensing environment, a power spectral density of the clutter, a second distribution or a dynamic range of a delay spread of the clutter, or a radio access technology (RAT), and where to select the sensing waveform, the component 199 can be configured to select the sensing waveform based on the adaptation information.That is, aspects provide for waveform adaptation for RF sensing, enabling switching between communication and sensing modes of operation to provide more accurate and efficient sensing data targeting analog RADAR waveforms, while also providing improved spectral efficiency over other waveforms by utilizing OFDM waveforms for communication, as well as providing additional adaptation of communication and sensing waveforms to improve accuracy and efficiency of sensing and communication according to different implementations of UEs / base stations, operating conditions of UEs / base stations, and / or sensing environments associated with UEs / base stations.

[0062] Figure 2A FIG. 200 is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2B FIG. 230 is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G NR subframe. Figure 2C FIG. 250 is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2D FIG. 280 is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure can be frequency-division duplexed (FDD) in which Figure 2A 、 Figure 2C In the examples provided, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, with subframe 4 configured with slot format 28 (with mostly DL), where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible to use between DL / UL, and subframe 3 configured with slot format 1 (with all UL). While subframes 3, 4 are shown with slot formats 1, 28, respectively, any particular subframe can be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0-61. Slot formats 0, 1 are all DL, all UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mix of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. UEs are configured with the slot format by a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically configured by DL control information (DCI) or semi-statically / statically configured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling). Note that the following description applies to 5G NR frame structures that are TDD as well.

[0063] Figures 2A to 2DA frame structure is illustrated, and aspects of the disclosure can be applicable to other wireless communication technologies that can have different frame structures and / or different channels. One frame (10 ms) can be divided into 10 equal sized subframes (1 ms). Each subframe can include one or more slots. A subframe can also include mini-slots, which can contain 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each slot can include 14 or 12 symbols depending on whether a cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For a normal CP, each slot can include 14 symbols, and for an extended CP, each slot can include 12 symbols. A symbol on the DL can be a CP-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbol. A symbol on the UL can be a CP-OFDM symbol (for high throughput scenarios) or a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbol (for power limited scenarios; limited to single stream transmission). The number of slots within a subframe is based on the CP and the numerology. The numerology defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1). The symbol length / duration can be scaled with 1 / SCS.

[0064]

[0065] Table 1: Numerology, SCS, and CP

[0066] For a normal CP (14 symbols / slot), different numerologies m0to 4allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. For an extended CP, numerology 2allows for 4 slots per subframe. Thus, for a normal CP and numerology m, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2 μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing can be equal to 2 μ * 15 kHz, where m is the numerology 0 to 4. Thus, the subcarrier spacing for numerology m = 0 is 15 kHz, and the subcarrier spacing for numerology m = 4 is 240 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. Figures 2A to 2D An example of a normal CP with 14 symbols per slot and numerology m = 2 with 4 slots per subframe is provided. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 ps. Within a frame collection, there can be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) that are frequency division multiplexed (see Figure 2B ). Each BWP can have a particular numerology and CP (normal or extended).

[0067] A resource grid can be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as a physical RB (PRB)) that extends 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0068] As Figure 2A illustrated, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE. The RS can include demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS can also include beam measurement RS (BRS), beam refinement RS (BRRS), and phase tracking RS (PT-RS).

[0069] Figure 2B An example of various DL channels are illustrated. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or multiple control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs), each CCE including six RE groups (REGs), each REG including 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH within one BWP can be referred to as a control resource set (CORESET). A UE is configured to monitor PDCCH search space (e.g., common search space, UE-specific search space) for PDCCH candidates with different DCI formats and different aggregation levels during PDCCH monitoring occasions on the CORESET. Additional BWPs can be located at greater and / or lower frequencies on the channel bandwidth. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) can be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE 104 to determine subframe / symbol timing and physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) can be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH), which carries a master information block (MIB) that provides system bandwidth and further system information can be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (also referred to as SS block (SSB)). The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN). The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information (such as system information blocks (SIBs)), and paging messages.

[0070] As Figure 2CSome of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE can transmit DM-RS for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The PUSCH DM-RS can be transmitted in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS can be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE can transmit a sounding reference signal (SRS). The SRS can be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS can have a comb- type structure, and a UE can transmit an SRS on one of the combs. The SRS can be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling for the UL.

[0071] Figure 2D Examples of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame are illustrated. The PUCCH can be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI), such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgment (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACKs and / or negative ACKs (NACKs)). The PUSCH carries data, and can additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR), a power headroom report (PHR), and / or UCI.

[0072] Figure 3is a block diagram of the base station 310 and the UE 350 communicating with each other over the access network. In the DL, Internet Protocol (IP) packets can be provided to a controller / processor 375. The controller / processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration associated with reporting of a measurement by the UE; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs), error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0073] The transmit (TX) processor 316 and the receive (RX) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, can include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 316 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols can then be split into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams if multiple spatial streams are

[0074] At the UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they can be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 310. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.

[0075] The controller / processor 359 can be associated with a memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The memory 360 can be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 190. The controller / processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

[0076] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 310, the controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0077] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 can be used by the TX processor 368 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 can be provided to different antenna 352 via separate transmitters 354. Each transmitter 354 can modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0078] The UL transmission is processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 350. Each receiver 318 receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 370.

[0079] The controller / processor 375 can be associated with a memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The memory 376 can be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 190. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

[0080] At least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359 can be configured to perform aspects of the component 198 in connection with Figure 1 At least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375 can be configured to perform aspects of the component 199 in connection with Figure 1

[0081] Figure 4 FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of UE positioning based on reference signal measurements. A UE 404 can transmit an UL-SRS 412 at a time T SRS_TX and receive a DL positioning reference signal (PRS) (DL-PRS) 410 at a time T PRS_RX A TRP 406 can receive the UL-SRS 412 at a time T SRS_RX and transmit the DL-PRS 410 at a time T PRS_TX The UE 404 can receive the DL-PRS 410 before transmitting the UL-SRS 412, or can transmit the UL-SRS 412 before receiving the DL-PRS 410. In both cases, a positioning server (e.g., location server 168) or the UE 404 can determine an RTT 414 based on ||T SRS_RX – T PRS_TX | | T SRS_TX – T PRS_RX Thus, multi-RTT positioning can utilize UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements (i.e., |T SRS_TX – T PRS_RX |) and DL-PRS reference signal received power (RSRP) (DL-PRS-RSRP) of downlink signals received from multiple TRPs 402, 406 and measured by the UE 404, and measured TRP Rx-Tx time difference measurements (i.e., |T SRS_RX – T PRS_TX |) and UL-SRS-RSRP of uplink signals transmitted from the UE 404 at multiple TRPs 402, 406. The UE 404 measures the UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements (and optionally the DL-PRS-RSRP of the received signals) using assistance data received from a positioning server, and the TRPs 402, 406 measure the gNB Rx-Tx time difference measurements (and optionally the UL-SRS-RSRP of the received signals) using assistance data received from the positioning server. These measurements can be used at the positioning server or the UE 404 to determine an RTT, which is used to estimate the location of the UE 404. Other methods for determining an RTT are possible, such as, for example, using DL-TDOA and / or UL-TDOA measurements.

[0082] ​DL-AoD positioning can utilize measured DL-PRS-RSRP of downlink signals received at the UE 404 from multiple TRPs 402, 406. The UE 404 measures the DL-PRS-RSRP of the received signals using assistance data received from a positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to position the UE 404 relative to the neighboring TRPs 402, 406.

[0083] DL-TDOA positioning can utilize the DL Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) (and optionally DL-PRS-RSRP) of downlink signals received at the UE 404 from multiple TRPs 402, 406. The UE 404 measures the DL RSTD (and optionally DL-PRS-RSRP) of the received signals using assistance data received from a positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to position the UE 404 relative to the neighboring TRPs 402, 406.

[0084] UL-TDOA positioning can utilize the UL Relative Time of Arrival (RTOA) (and optionally UL-SRS-RSRP) of uplink signals sent from the UE 404 at multiple TRPs 402, 406. The TRPs 402, 406 measure the UL-RTOA (and optionally UL-SRS-RSRP) of the received signals using assistance data received from a positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of the UE 404.

[0085] UL-AoA positioning can utilize the measured Angle of Arrival (A-AoA) and Zenith Angle of Arrival (Z-AoA) of uplink signals sent from the UE 404 at multiple TRPs 402, 406. The TRPs 402, 406 measure the A-AoA and Z-AoA of the received signals using assistance data received from a positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of the UE 404.

[0086] Additional positioning methods can be used to estimate the location of the UE 404, such as, for example, UE-side UL-AoD and / or DL-AoA. It should be noted that data / measurement from various techniques can be combined in various ways to increase accuracy, determine and / or enhance certainty, supplement / complement measurements, and / or replace / provide missing information.

[0087] RADAR waveforms can include, but are not limited to, continuous wave (CW) or analog waveforms and pulsed RADAR waveforms. CW waveforms can include frequency modulated CW (FMCW) waveforms (e.g., linear FMCW waveforms such as continuous wave CW linear frequency modulated (LMF) waveforms including sawtooth, triangle, etc.; non-linear FMCW waveforms such as sinusoid, multi-frequency, pseudo-random, etc.) and pulsed modulated CW (PMCW) waveforms. Pulsed RADAR can include pulse-to-pulse modulated waveforms (e.g., frequency agile, stepped frequency, etc.) and intra-pulse modulated waveforms with subsets of frequency modulation (e.g., linear / non-linear frequency modulation) and phase modulation (e.g., bi-phase / multi-phase).

[0088] Wireless communication networks and / or wireless devices can utilize certain waveforms for communication and sensing. Using such waveforms can provide low cost, implementation flexibility, and allow reuse of sensing waveforms for multiple purposes. For example, with RADAR waveforms, a UE can implement high resolution sensing with low cost implementation, while the UE and / or base station can reuse the RADAR waveforms for communication purposes, such as beam management. However, from a communication perspective, OFDM can provide an implementation for communication with better spectral efficiency than other waveforms, while from a performance cost ratio perspective, analog RADAR waveforms can provide higher resolution in RF sensing. Within analog RADAR waveforms, waveform selection can also impact RF sensing performance. For example, RADAR waveform type / parameters can impact RF sensing performance under different use cases, operating scenarios, and / or sensing environments.

[0089] The described aspects provide for waveform adaptation for RF sensing, enabling switching between operational communication and sensing modes to provide more accurate and efficient sensing data for targets through analog RADAR waveforms, including but not limited to linear FMCW waveforms, while also providing improved spectral efficiency over other waveforms by utilizing OFDM waveforms for communication, as well as providing additional adaptations for communication and sensing waveforms to improve the accuracy and efficiency of sensing and communication according to different implementations of UEs / base stations, operating conditions of UEs / base stations, and / or sensing environments associated with UEs / base stations. For example, aspects herein provide for a UE that can be configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The wireless communication mode can be an operational mode configured for data communication to be provided to a wireless communication network and / or other devices on and / or of the wireless communication network, and the communication waveform can be a waveform through which the data communication can be provided (e.g., OFDM). The sensing mode can be an operational mode configured for sensing of targets in an environment, and the sensing waveform can be a waveform through which the sensing of targets can be performed (e.g., RADAR). For the wireless communication mode, adaptations can be utilized in the context of joint communication and sensing (JCS) operation, and in the sensing mode, adaptations can be utilized in the context of waveform type, waveform characteristics, different waveform bands, etc. The UE can also be configured to obtain an indication to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, and switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. Additionally, aspects are applicable to 5G NR and can also be extended to 5G enhancements and 6G applications.

[0090] While various aspects can be described in the context of RADAR waveforms and FMCW waveforms for descriptive and illustrative purposes, aspects are not limited thereto and can be applicable to other types of resources and operations, as would be understood by one of skill in the relevant art with the benefit of this disclosure.

[0091] Now will be described Figure 5 , Figure 6 . Figure 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating examples of waveform processing in various aspects. Figure 6 is a diagram 600 illustrating examples of waveform processing in various aspects.

[0092] A linear FMCW waveform (also referred to as a wideband FMCW waveform) can be referred to as a complex sinusoid whose frequency increases linearly with time. Such a waveform can be characterized according to f t = f c + (B / T)*t, where fc is the carrier frequency, B is the signal bandwidth, and t is a time element in the set [0, T]. The plot 500 is described with respect to Figure 5 The plot 600 describes some "beating signal" aspects of the processing with respect to Figure 6 The plot 600 describes some "beating signal" aspects of the processing with respect to

[0093] At the receiver shown in the plot 500, the received signal can mix with the transmitted chirp, which can produce a complex sinusoid that can be referred to as a "beating signal." The process of obtaining the beating signal can be implemented in the RF domain by a mixer, which can be followed by a bandpass filter (e.g., a low pass filter (LPF)). The beating signal frequency can be described according to f b = f R + f D where f R = 2 * R * B / (T * c) is the range frequency, and f D = (2v / c) * f c is the Doppler frequency, where R is the target range, c is the speed of light, and v is the radial velocity.

[0094] As shown in the plot 600, the estimation of the beat frequency can be implemented in the digital domain by a two-dimensional (2-D) FFT, where (2 * Rmax / c) << T holds, and thus f R << B (where Rmax is the maximum detection range). Furthermore, f D << f R may hold, and thus the beat frequency can be much smaller than the signal bandwidth B. As a result, it follows that a low-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC) can be used to sample the beating signal, which can result in a low implementation cost (e.g., from 100s MHz to 10 or 10s MHz). The time during one period or "chirp" can be referred to as "fast time," while the time across multiple periods or chirps can be referred to as "slow time." In some use cases, f D may be considered constant within each chirp, and thus only by taking an FFT on the beating signal, the fast time can identify the range frequency f R and the range R of the corresponding target, where R = c * f R * T / 2B. In some cases, a second FFT operation on the slow time (e.g., assuming the range frequency f R is the same across the slow time) can obtain the Doppler of the target.

[0095] Figure 7is a diagram 700 illustrating examples of Doppler scenarios for waveforms in various aspects. A goodness of a given waveform can be based on its range and Doppler resolution, which can be analyzed in the context of the waveform’s ambiguity function. A RADAR ambiguity function can represent a modulus of the matched filter output described in diagram 700. The RADAR ambiguity function can describe the interference caused by a target’s range and / or Doppler shift when compared to a reference target of equal RADAR cross section (RCS). To maximize the difference in echoes (e.g., integrated squared error), the ambiguity function can be minimized.

[0096] Diagram 700 also illustrates example configurations of Doppler scenarios for waveforms utilized in target detection in a rich scattering / clutter environment: configuration 710 for a zero Doppler scenario, configuration 720 for a low Doppler scenario, and configuration 730 for a high Doppler scenario. Each example configuration is illustrated in the context of FMCW pulses 702, short CW pulses 704, and long CW pulses 706, and reverberation regions 708 associated with the ambiguous regions of the different example pulses.

[0097] In configuration 710 for a zero Doppler scenario and configuration 720 for a low Doppler scenario, e.g., where the target Doppler is zero or relatively small, FMCW pulses 702 have a smaller ambiguous region compared to long unmodulated CW pulses such as long CW pulses 706, and thus a lower interfering impact on the sensing operation. When the target Doppler is large as in configuration 730 for a high Doppler scenario, long unmodulated CW pulses such as long CW pulses 706 have a smaller ambiguous region compared to FMCW pulses 702 and short unmodulated CW pulses such as short CW pulses 704, and thus a lower interfering impact on the sensing operation.

[0098] Aspects herein enable multiple waveform options in the sensing operation that a UE and / or base station can select and switch to, e.g., to implement waveform adaptation based on different scenarios, and provide more robust sensing as one waveform option can not be able to accurately and / or efficiently handle all cases.

[0099] Figure 8is a call flow diagram 800 for wireless communication in various aspects. The call flow diagram 800 illustrates waveform adaptation for RF sensing by a UE (e.g., UE 802), which can communicate with and / or perform sensing operations with / without a network node (e.g., base station 804, such as a gNB or other type of base station, as illustrated). Aspects described with respect to the base station 804 can be performed by the base station in an aggregated form and / or by one or more components of the base station 804 in a disaggregated form. Additionally or alternatively, these aspects can be performed autonomously by the UE 802 in addition to and / or instead of operations of the base station 804.

[0100] In the illustrated aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to operate (at 806) in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode. The wireless communication mode can be associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and the sensing mode can be associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform (where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform in various aspects). For example, the UE 802 can be configured to operate (at 806) in the wireless communication mode to communicate with a network node (e.g., base station 804) via an OFDM waveform. In aspects, the OFDM waveform can be a cyclic prefix (CP) OFDM (CP-OFDM) waveform, a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and / or the like, and the CP-OFDM waveform can include a time gap after a CP portion thereof. Additionally, the UE 802 can be configured to operate (at 806) in the sensing mode to sense a target with (e.g., two-station sensing) or without (e.g., one-station sensing) the network node (e.g., base station 804) via an analog RADAR waveform as described herein (e.g., a linear FMCW waveform, a short CW waveform, a long CW waveform, and / or the like, such as those described above with respect to FIG. 1). Moreover, in some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to operate (at 806) in the wireless communication mode with the sensing waveform and / or in the sensing mode with the communication waveform. Figure 7

[0101] ​The UE 802 can be configured to obtain (at 808) an indication to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. For example, in one configuration, in some aspects, the UE 802 can autonomously and / or via user input determine (e.g., obtain at 808) to switch its mode of operation between communication and sensing. In other aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to receive (e.g., obtain at 808) the indication to switch from the base station 804 via signaling, such as RRC signaling, medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), DCI, and / or the like. In aspects, the indication obtained (at 808) to switch can be to switch from the wireless communication mode to the sensing mode, and the indication can include, but is not limited to, a channel associated with the switch, a sensing waveform type, sensing waveform type parameters, use of subsequent transmissions associated with the sensing waveform, and / or the like.

[0102] In aspects, as described herein, the UE 802 can be configured to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, the adaptation information can be information associated with adaptation of waveforms for RF sensing, and can include one or more adaptation factors corresponding to different characteristics of sensing nodes, sensing environments, wireless communication networks, and / or the like that affect the efficacy of various sensing waveforms. In aspects, the UE 802 can autonomously (e.g., dynamically) and / or via user input obtain the adaptation information, and / or can be configured to receive the adaptation information from the base station 804 via signaling, such as RRC signaling, medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), DCI, and / or the like, which can be dynamically performed. For example, the UE 802 can be configured to obtain the adaptation information based on adaptation factors associated with one or more of a sensing environment of the UE 802, a sensing target characteristic, a hardware capability of the UE 802, a power budget of the UE 802, a transmit power capability of the UE 802, a maximum power emission / adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of the UE 802, and / or the like. In aspects, the UE 802 can obtain / receive at least a portion of the adaptation information from the base station 804 (e.g., network node). In such aspects, the adaptation factors can include, but are not limited to, a first distribution of target parameters, a static / dynamic range of target parameters, clutter in a sensing environment, a power spectral density of the clutter (e.g., which can help waveform optimization to reduce ambiguous regions to reduce interference impact), a second distribution or static / dynamic range of delay spread of the clutter, activity of a RAT, and / or the like.

[0103] In aspects, as described herein, the UE 802 can be configured to select a communication and / or sensing waveform. This selection can be used for adaptation of the waveform, and can be performed according to different scenarios and / or based on adaptation information. For example, in aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform based on a specific implementation of the UE 802, an operating condition of the UE 802, or a sensing environment associated with the UE 802, among other examples. In some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select the sensing waveform as a CW LMF waveform based on a target Doppler that is less than or less than or equal to a Doppler threshold. In some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select the sensing waveform as a long unmodulated CW waveform based on a target Doppler that is greater than or greater than or equal to a Doppler threshold, where the Doppler threshold can be associated with and can be greater than a Doppler threshold of the CW LMF waveform and the short unmodulated CW waveform.

[0104] In aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform as a short pulsed waveform based on a monostatic sensing being performed or to be performed at the UE 802. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing, but does support monostatic sensing), a short pulsed waveform such as a short CW pulsed waveform can be selected for a sensing operation instead of a long CW pulsed waveform.

[0105] Additionally, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform from one or more different frequency bands. In some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform as a CW LMF waveform in a first frequency band having a first bandwidth or as a pulsed waveform in a second frequency band having a second bandwidth from one or more different frequency bands based on a cost-to-performance ratio (e.g., where the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth). For example, in a high frequency band with a large bandwidth, such as FR2, a linear FMCW waveform can be selected based on a high cost-to-performance ratio. As another example, in a lower frequency band with a low to moderate bandwidth, a pulsed radar waveform can be selected by reusing hardware for communication operations.

[0106] In some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform as a CW LMF waveform for an outdoor environment or as a pulsed waveform in an indoor environment (e.g., as a sensing environment). For example, for indoor use cases, the operating range can be small and the signal power to be utilized can be much lower than for outdoor use cases; thus, a pulsed radar waveform can be considered and selected. For outdoor use cases, the operating range can be large and the signal power for performance can be higher than for indoor use cases; thus, a linear FMCW waveform can be considered and selected. It should be noted that a linear FMCW waveform can be transmitted for a long duration and maintain high resolution, while a pulsed radar waveform can be transmitted for a short duration to achieve high resolution, and if used for long range sensing, this can result in much higher peak power.

[0107] The UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. For example, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the wireless communication mode (operating at 806) to the sensing mode based on the indication, and the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the sensing mode (operating at 806) to the wireless communication mode based on the indication. In aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) after a time gap, where the time gap is associated with and in addition to the CP duration and is associated with the transmit switch and / or the receive switch. For example, the UE 802 and / or the base station 804 can not be expected to perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during the switching gap. In other aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) during the CP duration and without a time gap. For example, the UE 802 and / or the base station 804 can be expected to perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform during or within the CP duration of the CP-OFDM or DFT-s-OFDM waveform, for example. In such cases, no gap can be included. For example, if the waveform switches from the RF sensing mode to the communication mode, the OFDM symbol following the CP can be acceptably impacted in terms of communication performance, and / or the impacted OFDM symbol can be specially treated in signal processing. Likewise, for such cases, the impact on RF sensing in terms of accuracy, performance, etc. can be acceptable.

[0108] The UE 802 can be configured to transmit or provide waveform switch information 812 to the base station 804, for example. In aspects, the waveform switch information 812 can be associated with any information related to the switching (at 810), and can indicate and / or include at least a portion of the information described above for the switched waveform, channel, waveform type and / or parameters, subsequent transmission, waveform adaptation, etc. In some aspects, the waveform switch information 812 can be transmitted / provided from the UE 802 to the base station 804 as a response or acknowledgement to receiving / obtaining (at 808) the indication to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, while in other aspects the waveform switch information 812 can be transmitted / provided as information.

[0109] Figure 9is a diagram 900 illustrating examples of adaptation information and factors that include sensing an environment, in various aspects. In aspects, the diagram 900 illustrates sensing an environment 930 and selecting a waveform / waveform adaptation based on at least one of the adaptation factors 916 for RF sensing by a UE (e.g., UE 902, which in some aspects can be an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 904) to sense (e.g., 903, 905, respectively) a target 906. That is, the UE 902 can select a sensing waveform based on the adaptation information and factors that include those associated with the sensing environment 930 in which the UE 902 can be located.

[0110] In aspects, a sensing environment can be an environment in which a sensing node resides and can be sensed by a sensing pattern of the sensing node. The sensing environment 930 can represent a rich scattering / cluttered environment, and can include, but is not limited to, a building 908 or equivalent structure (e.g., including an exterior structure for an outdoor environment, an interior space for an indoor environment (e.g., an indoor sensing environment 932), etc.), surface features 910 (e.g., road surfaces such as streets, sidewalks, bridges, signs / billboards, and / or other non-building infrastructure, trees, terrain, etc.), vehicles 912, people 914, etc. Due to the partial reflection of signals from associated transmitters (Tx) by portions of the sensing environment 930, a receiver (Rx) of the UE 902 (and / or UAV 904) can receive clutter (or echoes) during a sensing operation. For example, a transmitted sensing signal / waveform can reflect from the building 908, surface features 910, vehicles 912, people 914, etc., and the clutter from the reflection of the signal can impair or interfere with the signal in sensing and communication to varying degrees based on the RCS and reflectivity of non-target objects in the sensing environment. For example, a facade of the building 908 can include some materials that reflect the transmitted signal / waveform for sensing, such as concrete, brick, etc., and include other materials that can reflect a higher level of the transmitted signal / waveform for sensing, such as glass, metal, etc. Adaptation information for such adaptation factors 916 can be obtained or provided by the UE 902 (and / or UAV 904).

[0111] In aspects, the adaptation information can be provided by the base station 922 in the configuration 940 and received by the UE 902 (and / or UAV 904) as network-aided / adaptation information. In such aspects, the adaptation factors 916 on which the network-aided / adaptation information is based can include, but are not limited to, for example, a first distribution of target parameters in the sensing environment 930, a dynamic range of target parameters, clutter in the sensing environment, a power spectral density of the clutter, a second distribution or dynamic range of delay spread of the clutter, activity of a RAT, etc. The adaptation information can also indicate to the UE 902 (and / or UAV 904) that the sensing environment 930 is a rich scattering / cluttered environment.

[0112] In some aspects, the base station 922 can provide / send an indication 915 to the UE 902 to switch from a sensing mode to operating in a wireless communication mode or to switch from a wireless communication mode to operating in a sensing mode. Adaptation information based on adaptation factors 916 obtained by the UE 902 and / or provided by the base station 922 can be used by the UE 902 to make a waveform selection from among waveform configurations 918 and to make a mode switch as described herein. Additionally, the waveform selection and mode switch can be based on implementation and condition information 920, which can include, but is not limited to, an implementation of the UE 902, operating conditions of the UE 902, other aspects of a sensing environment 930 associated with the UE 902, a target Doppler that is less than or less than or equal to a Doppler threshold, a target Doppler that is greater than or greater than or equal to a Doppler threshold, support of single / dual station sensing operations by the UE 902, and / or the like.

[0113] Figure 10 is a call flow diagram 1000 for wireless communication in various aspects. The call flow diagram 1000 illustrates waveform adaptation for RF sensing by a base station (e.g., base station 1004, such as a gNB or other type of base station, by way of example, as shown) that can communicate with a UE (UE 1002) and / or perform sensing operations with / without the UE. Aspects described with respect to the base station 1004 can be performed by the base station in an aggregated form and / or by one or more components of the base station 1004 in a disaggregated form. Additionally or alternatively, these aspects can be performed autonomously by the UE 1002 in addition to and / or instead of operations of the base station 1004.

[0114] In the illustrated aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode (at 1006). The wireless communication mode can be associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and the sensing mode can be associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform (where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform in various aspects). For example, the base station 1004 can be configured to operate in a wireless communication mode (at 1006 of the base station 1004) to communicate with a UE (e.g., UE 1002) via an OFDM waveform. In aspects, the OFDM waveform can be a Cyclic Prefix (CP) OFDM (CP-OFDM) waveform, a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and / or the like, and the CP-OFDM waveform can include a time gap after a CP portion thereof. Additionally, the base station 1004 can be configured to operate in a sensing mode (at 1006) to communicate via an analog RADAR waveform (e.g., a linear FMCW waveform, a short CW waveform, a long CW waveform, and / or the like, such as described above with respect to FIG. 2) as described herein. In aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to operate in a wireless communication mode and a sensing mode (e.g., in a dual mode operation) and can switch between the wireless communication mode and the sensing mode based on a mode switch indication 1008 from the UE 1002 and / or based on a mode switch indication 1010 from a network entity (e.g., a base station, a core network entity, and / or the like). Figure 71006 ). In some aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to operate in a wireless communication mode using the sensing waveforms and / or in a sensing mode using the communication waveforms (at 1006).

[0115] The base station 1004 may be configured to provide / send an indication 1008 of switching to operate in the other mode of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. For example, the base station 1004 may be configured to provide / send the indication 1008 to the UE 1002 via signaling, such as RRC signaling, a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), a DCI, etc. In various aspects, the indication 1008 provided / sent of switching may be a switch from the wireless communication mode to the sensing mode, and the indication may include, but is not limited to, a channel associated with the switch, a sensing waveform type, sensing waveform type parameters, use of subsequent transmissions associated with the sensing waveform, etc.

[0116] In various aspects, as described herein, the base station 1004 can be configured to provide / send adaptation information. In various aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to provide / send adaptation information for the UE 1002 via dynamically executable signaling (such as RRC signaling, medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), DCI, etc.). For example, the base station 1004 can be configured to obtain and subsequently provide / send adaptation information based on adaptation factors associated with one or more of the following: a sensing environment of the UE 1002, sensing target characteristics, hardware capabilities of the UE 1002, a power budget of the UE 1002, a transmit power capability of the UE 1002, a maximum power transmit / adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of the UE 1002, a first distribution of target parameters, a static / dynamic range of the target parameters, clutter in the sensing environment, a power spectral density of the clutter (e.g., which can aid waveform optimization to reduce ambiguity to achieve lower interference impact), a second distribution or static / dynamic range of delay spread of the clutter, activity of the RAT, etc.

[0117] In aspects, as described herein, the base station 1004 can be configured to select a communication and / or sensing waveform. The selection can be for adaptation of the waveform, and can be performed according to different scenarios and / or based on adaptation information. For example, in aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to select a sensing waveform based on a specific implementation of the UE 1002, an operating condition of the UE 1002, or a sensing environment associated with the UE 1002, among other examples. In some aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to select the sensing waveform as a CW LMF waveform based on a target Doppler that is less than or less than or equal to a Doppler threshold. In some aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to select the sensing waveform as a long unmodulated CW waveform based on a target Doppler that is greater than or greater than or equal to a Doppler threshold, where the Doppler threshold can be associated with and can be greater than a Doppler threshold of the CW LMF waveform and the short unmodulated CW waveform.

[0118] In aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to select the sensing waveform as a short pulsed waveform based on a monostatic sensing being performed or to be performed at the UE 1002. For example, if the UE 1002 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing, but does support monostatic sensing), a short pulsed waveform such as a short CW pulsed waveform can be selected for the sensing operation instead of a long CW pulsed waveform.

[0119] Additionally, the base station 1004 can be configured to select the sensing waveform from one or more different frequency bands. In some aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to select the sensing waveform as a CW LMF waveform in a first frequency band having a first bandwidth or as a pulsed waveform in a second frequency band having a second bandwidth from one or more different frequency bands based on a cost-to-performance ratio (e.g., where the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth). For example, in a high frequency band with a large bandwidth, such as FR2, a linear FMCW waveform can be selected based on a high cost-to-performance ratio. As another example, in a lower frequency band with a low to moderate bandwidth, a pulsed radar waveform can be selected by reusing hardware for communication operations.

[0120] In some aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to select the sensing waveform as a CW LMF waveform for outdoor environments or as a pulsed waveform in indoor environments. For example, for indoor use cases, the operating range can be small and the signal power to be utilized can be much lower than for outdoor use cases; thus, a pulsed radar waveform can be considered and selected. For outdoor use cases, the operating range can be large and the signal power for performance can be higher than for indoor use cases; thus, a linear FMCW waveform can be considered and selected. It should be noted that a linear FMCW waveform can be transmitted for a long duration and maintain high resolution, while a pulsed radar waveform can be transmitted for a short duration to achieve high resolution, and if used for long range sensing, this can result in much higher peak power.

[0121] The base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. For example, the base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) to the sensing mode from the wireless communication mode (operating at 1006) based on the indication, and the base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) to the wireless communication mode from the sensing mode (operating at 1006) based on the indication. In aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) after a time gap, where the time gap is associated with and in addition to the CP duration and is associated with the transmit switch and / or the receive switch. For example, the UE 1002 and / or the base station 1004 can not be expected to perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during the switching gap. In other aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) during the CP duration and without a time gap. For example, the UE 1002 and / or the base station 1004 can be expected to perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform during or within the CP duration of the CP-OFDM or DFT-s-OFDM waveform, for example. In such cases, no gap can be included. For example, if the waveform switches from the RF sensing mode to the communication mode, the OFDM symbol after the CP can be acceptably impacted in terms of communication performance, and / or the impacted OFDM symbol can be specially treated in signal processing. Likewise, for such cases, the impact on the RF sensing in terms of accuracy, performance, etc. can be acceptable.

[0122] The base station 1004 can be configured to transmit or provide the waveform switch information 1012 to the UE 1002, for example. In aspects, the waveform switch information 1012 can be associated with any information related to the switch (at 1010), and can indicate and / or include at least a portion of the information described above for the switched waveform, channel, waveform type and / or parameters, subsequent transmissions, waveform adaptation, etc. In some aspects, the waveform switch information 1012 can be transmitted / provided from the base station 1004 to the UE 1002 as an acknowledgement of the indication 1008 to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode or the switch (at 1010) itself, while in other aspects the waveform switch information 1012 can be transmitted / provided as information.

[0123] Figure 11 FIG. 11 is a flow diagram 1100 of a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects. The method can be performed by a UE (e.g., the UEs 104, 404, 802, 902, 1002; the apparatus 1504). In some aspects, the method can include the aspects described in connection with the communication flow in FIG. 10, and / or Figure 8 the aspects and / or Figures 4 to 7 and the like. Figure 9 Aspects described in the detailed description include a method for operating a UE in a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode. The method provides waveform adaptation for RF sensing, enabling the UE to switch between the communication mode and the sensing mode of operation to provide more accurate and efficient sensing data for targets of interest by analog RADAR waveforms (including but not limited to linear FMCW waveforms), and also to provide improved spectral efficiency over other waveforms by communicating with OFDM waveforms, as well as providing additional adaptation of the communication and sensing waveforms to improve the accuracy and efficiency of sensing and communication.

[0124] At 1102, the UE operates in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. As an example, this operation can be performed at least in part by component 198. Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Examples are illustrated in which the UE 802 operates in this manner.

[0125] The UE 802 can be configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode (at 806). The wireless communication mode can be associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and the sensing mode can be associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform (where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform in aspects). For example, the UE 802 can be configured to operate in the wireless communication mode (at 806) to communicate with a network node (e.g., base station 804) via an OFDM waveform. In aspects, the OFDM waveform can be a Cyclic Prefix (CP) OFDM (CP-OFDM) waveform, a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and / or the like, and the CP-OFDM waveform can include a time gap after a CP portion thereof. Additionally, the UE 802 can be configured to operate in the sensing mode (at 806) to sense a target (e.g., a vehicle, a pedestrian, a building, and / or the like) via an analog RADAR waveform (e.g., a linear FMCW waveform, a CW LMF waveform, a short CW waveform, a long CW waveform (e.g., a CW LMF waveform), and / or the like) as described herein, with (e.g., a two-station sensing) or without (e.g., a one-station sensing) the network node (e.g., base station 804). Figure 7 As an example, the UE 802 can be configured to operate in the wireless communication mode (at 806) to communicate with the network node (e.g., base station 804) via a CP-OFDM waveform, and to operate in the sensing mode (at 806) to sense the target (e.g., a vehicle, a pedestrian, a building, and / or the like) via a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., a waveform of 702, 704, 706 of FIG. 7) with the network node (e.g., base station 804). Figure 7 As an example, the UE 802 can be configured to operate in the wireless communication mode (at 806) to communicate with the network node (e.g., base station 804) via a CP-OFDM waveform, and to operate in the sensing mode (at 806) to sense the target (e.g., a vehicle, a pedestrian, a building, and / or the like) via a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., a waveform of 702, 704, 706 of FIG. 7) with the network node (e.g., base station 804). Figure 9 As an example, the UE 802 can be configured to operate in the wireless communication mode (at 806) to communicate with the network node (e.g., base station 804) via a CP-OFDM waveform, and to operate in the sensing mode (at 806) to sense the target (e.g., a vehicle, a pedestrian, a building, and / or the like) via a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., a waveform of 702, 704, 706 of FIG. 7) with the network node (e.g., base station 804).

[0126] ​​At 1104, the UE obtains an indication to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. As an example, this obtaining can be performed at least in part by component 198. Figure 7 , Figure 8 , Figure 9 Examples are illustrated of the UE 802 obtaining an indication of a switch in operating mode.

[0127] The UE 802 can be configured to obtain (at 808) an indication to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode (e.g., at 808 in Figure 8 ; at 915 in Figure 9 . For example, in one configuration, in some aspects, the UE 802 can autonomously and / or via user input arrive at a determination (e.g., obtain at 808) to switch its operating mode between communication and sensing. In other aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to receive (e.g., obtain at 808) an indication (e.g., at 808 in Figure 8 ; at 915 in Figure 9 from the base station 804 via signaling such as RRC signaling, medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), DCI, and / or the like. In aspects, the obtained (at 808) indication of a switch (e.g., at 808 in Figure 8 ; at 915 in Figure 9 may be from the wireless communication mode to the sensing mode, and the indication (e.g., at 808 in Figure 8 ; at 915 in Figure 9 may include, but is not limited to, a channel associated with the switch, a sensing waveform type, a sensing waveform type parameter, use of a subsequent transmission associated with the sensing waveform, and / or the like.

[0128] The UE 802 can be configured to obtain adaptation information that can be based on adaptation factors (e.g., 916 in Figure 9 . In aspects, the UE 802 can autonomously (e.g., dynamically) and / or via user input obtain the adaptation information, and / or can be configured to receive the adaptation information from the base station 804 via signaling that can be performed dynamically such as RRC signaling, medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), DCI, and / or the like. For example, the UE 802 can be configured to obtain adaptation information based on one or more of an adaptation factor associated with a sensing environment (e.g., 930 in Figure 9 ), a sensing target (e.g., 906 in Figure 9 ), a hardware capability of the UE 802, a power budget of the UE 802, a transmit power capability of the UE 802, a maximum power emission / adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of the UE 802, and / or the like. Figure 9from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g.,

[0129] UE 802 can be configured to select a communication and / or sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 7 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 7 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 7 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 7 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g.,

[0130] In aspects, UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 from base station 804 (e.g., network node) to obtain adaptation information. In aspects, UE 802 can obtain adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g., Figure 7 a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g., Figure 9 a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g., Figure 9 a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g., Figure 7 a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g., Figure 7 a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g.,

[0131] Additionally, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 of 920) from one or more different frequency bands (e.g., Figure 9 of 918). In some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 of 920) from one or more different frequency bands (e.g., Figure 9 of 918) based on a cost-to-performance ratio. For example, the UE 802 can be configured to select a CW LMF waveform (e.g., Figure 7 of 702) in a first frequency band having a first bandwidth or a pulse waveform (e.g., Figure 7 of 704, 706) in a second frequency band having a second bandwidth (e.g., where the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth). For example, in a high frequency band with a large bandwidth, such as FR2, a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., Figure 9 of 702) can be selected based on a high cost-to-performance ratio (e.g., Figure 7 of 702). As another example, in a lower frequency band with a low to moderate bandwidth, a pulse radar waveform (e.g., Figure 7 of 704, 706) can be selected by reusing hardware for communication operations.

[0132] In some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 of 920) as a CW LMF waveform (e.g., Figure 7 of 702) for an outdoor environment or a pulse waveform (e.g., Figure 9 of 932) in an indoor environment (e.g., Figure 7 of 704, 706). For example, for indoor use cases, the operating range can be small and the signal power to be utilized can be much lower than for outdoor use cases; thus, a pulse radar waveform (e.g., Figure 7 of 704, 706) can be considered and selected. For outdoor use cases, the operating range can be large and the signal power for performance can be higher than for indoor use cases; thus, a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 linear FMCW waveform (e.g., 702 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a long duration and maintain high resolution, while a pulsed radar waveform (e.g., 704, 706 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a short duration to achieve high resolution, and if used for long range sensing, this can result in much higher peak power. Figure 7 linear FMCW waveform (e.g., 702 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a long duration and maintain high resolution, while a pulsed radar waveform (e.g., 704, 706 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a short duration to achieve high resolution, and if used for long range sensing, this can result in much higher peak power. Figure 7 linear FMCW waveform (e.g., 702 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a long duration and maintain high resolution, while a pulsed radar waveform (e.g., 704, 706 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a short duration to achieve high resolution, and if used for long range sensing, this can result in much higher peak power.

[0133] At 1106, the UE switches to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. As an example, this switching can be performed at least in part by component 198. Figure 8 Figure 9 Examples are illustrated in which the UE 802 performs such an operational mode switch.

[0134] The UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). For example, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the wireless communication mode (operating at 806) to the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9), and the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the sensing mode (operating at 806) to the wireless communication mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). In aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) after a time gap, where the time gap is associated with and in addition to a CP duration and is associated with the transmission switch and / or the reception switch (e.g., at 810). For example, it can not be expected that the UE 802 and / or the base station 804 perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during the switching gap. In other aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) during the CP duration and without a time gap. For example, it can be expected that the UE 802 and / or the base station 804 perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during the CP-OFDM or DFT-s-OFDM waveform (e.g., 702 in FIG. 7), for example. Figure 8 Figure 9 The UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). For example, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the wireless communication mode (operating at 806) to the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9), and the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the sensing mode (operating at 806) to the wireless communication mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). In aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) after a time gap, where the time gap is associated with and in addition to a CP duration and is associated with the transmission switch and / or the reception switch (e.g., at 810). For example, it can not be expected that the UE 802 and / or the base station 804 perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during the switching gap. In other aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) during the CP duration and without a time gap. For example, it can be expected that the UE 802 and / or the base station 804 perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during the CP-OFDM or DFT-s-OFDM waveform (e.g., 702 in FIG. 7), for example. Figure 8 Figure 9 The UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). For example, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the wireless communication mode (operating at 806) to the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9), and the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the sensing mode (operating at 806) to the wireless communication mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). In aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) after a time gap, where the time gap is associated with and in addition to a CP duration and is associated with the transmission switch and / or the reception switch (e.g., at 810). For example, it can not be expected that the UE 802 and / or the base station 804 perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during the switching gap. In other aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) during the CP duration and without a time gap. For example, it can be expected that the UE 802 and / or the base station 804 perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during the CP-OFDM or DFT-s-OFDM waveform (e.g., 702 in FIG. 7), for example. Figure 8 Figure 9 The UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). For example, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the wireless communication mode (operating at 806) to the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9), and the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the sensing mode (operating at 806) to the wireless communication mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). In aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) after a time gap, where the time gap is associated with and in addition to a CP duration and is associated with the transmission switch and / or the reception switch (e.g., at 810). For example, it can not be expected that the UE 802 and / or the base station 804 perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during the switching gap. In other aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) during the CP duration and without a time gap. For example, it can be expected that the UE 802 and / or the base station 804 perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during the CP-OFDM or DFT-s-OFDM waveform (e.g., 702 in FIG. 7), for example. Figure 9 ​​​​the CP duration or within the CP. In such cases, a gap can not be included. For example, if the waveform switches from an RF sensing mode to a communication mode, the OFDM symbol after the CP can be acceptably impacted in terms of communication performance, and / or the impacted OFDM symbol can be specially treated in signal processing. Likewise, for such cases, the impact on RF sensing in terms of accuracy, performance, etc. can be acceptable.

[0135] Finally, the UE 802 can be configured to transmit or provide waveform switching information 812, e.g., to the base station 804. In aspects, the waveform switching information 812 can be associated with any information related to the switching (at 810), and can indicate and / or include at least a portion of the information described above for switching waveforms, channels, waveform types and / or parameters, subsequent transmissions, waveform adaptation, etc. In some aspects, the waveform switching information 812 can be transmitted / provided from the UE 802 to the base station 804 as a response or acknowledgement to receiving / acquiring (at 808) the indication to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or sensing mode, while in other aspects the waveform switching information 812 can be transmitted / provided as information.

[0136] Figure 12 is a method of wireless communication in various aspects. The method can be performed by a UE (e.g., the UE 104, 404, 802, 902, 1002; the apparatus 1504). In some aspects, the method can include aspects described in connection with Figure 8 the communication flow in Figures 4 to 7 and Figure 9 described. The method provides for waveform adaptation for RF sensing, enabling the UE to switch between a communication mode and a sensing mode of operation to provide more accurate and efficient sensing data for targets by emulating a RADAR waveform (including but not limited to a linear FMCW waveform), and also to provide improved spectral efficiency over other waveforms by communicating with an OFDM waveform, as well as providing additional adaptation for the communication and sensing waveforms to improve accuracy and efficiency of sensing and communication.

[0137] At 1202, the UE operates in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. By way of example, this operation can be performed, at least in part, by the component 198. Figure 7 , Figure 8 , Figure 9 An example is illustrated in which the UE 802 operates in this manner.

[0138] The UE 802 may be configured to operate (at 806) in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode. The wireless communication mode may be associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and the sensing mode may be associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform (wherein the sensing waveform differs from the communication waveform in various aspects). For example, the UE 802 may be configured to operate (at 806) in the wireless communication mode to communicate with a network node (e.g., base station 804) via an OFDM waveform. In various aspects, the OFDM waveform may be a cyclic prefix (CP) OFDM (CP-OFDM) waveform, a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, etc., and the CP-OFDM waveform may include a time gap after its CP portion. Additionally, the UE 802 may be configured to operate (at 806) in the sensing mode to communicate with a network node (e.g., base station 804) via an analog RADAR waveform as described herein (e.g., Figure 7 702, 704, 706) (e.g., linear FMCW waveform, CW LMF waveform, short CW waveform, long CW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 702, 704, 706) etc.), sensing a target (e.g., with (e.g., dual-station sensing) or without (e.g., single-station sensing) a network node (e.g., base station 804) Figure 9

[0065] Furthermore, in some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to operate in a wireless communication mode utilizing a sensing waveform and / or in a sensing mode utilizing a communication waveform (at 806).

[0139] At 1204, the UE may obtain adaptation information, wherein the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of a sensing environment, a sensing target characteristic, a hardware capability of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power transmission for the UE. As an example, the obtaining may be performed at least in part by component 198. Figure 7 、 Figure 8 、 Figure 9 An example of UE 802 obtaining such adaptation information is illustrated.

[0140] UE 802 may be configured to obtain adaptation information that may be based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 916 in ). In various aspects, the UE 802 may obtain the adaptation information autonomously (e.g., dynamically) and / or via user input, and / or may be configured to receive the adaptation information from the base station 804 via dynamically executable signaling (such as RRC signaling, medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), DCI, etc.). For example, the UE 802 may be configured to receive the adaptation information based on the sensed environment of the UE 802 (e.g., Figure 9 930 in), sensing the target (e.g., Figure 9 Figure 9 Figure 9 Figure 9

[0141] At 1206, the UE obtains an indication to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. As an example, this obtaining can be performed at least in part by component 198. Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Examples are illustrated of the UE 802 obtaining an indication of a switch in operating mode.

[0142] The UE 802 can be configured to obtain (at 808) an indication to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). For example, in one configuration, in some aspects, the UE 802 can autonomously and / or via user input arrive at a determination (e.g., obtain at 808) to switch its operating mode between communication and sensing. In other aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to receive (e.g., obtain at 808) an indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9) from the base station 804 via signaling, such as RRC signaling, medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), DCI, etc. Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 8 Figure 9 ​​​​​​​​​​​​​The selection of the sensing waveform (e.g., 918 in FIG. 9) can include, but is not limited to, a channel associated with a handover, a sensing waveform type, a sensing waveform type parameter, usage of a subsequent transmission associated with the sensing waveform, and / or the like.

[0143] At 1208, the UE can select a sensing waveform based on at least one of a specific implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE. As an example, this selection can be performed, at least in part, by component 198. Figure 7 , Figure 8 , Figure 9 An example of the UE 802 selecting such a sensing waveform is illustrated.

[0144] The UE 802 can be configured to select a communication and / or sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918 in FIG. 9), which can be associated with a handover between a communication mode / sensing mode. This selection can be used for adaptation of the waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918 in FIG. 9), and can be performed according to different scenarios and / or based on adaptation information associated with adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 916 in FIG. 9). For example, in aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 920 in FIG. 9), an operating condition of the UE 802 (e.g., Figure 9 920 in FIG. 9), a sensing environment associated with the UE 802 (e.g., Figure 9 930 in FIG. 9), and / or the like. In some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918 in FIG. 9) based on a target Doppler that is less than or less than or equal to a Doppler threshold (e.g., Figure 9 920 in FIG. 9). In some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918 in FIG. 9) as a CW LMF waveform (e.g., Figure 7 702 in FIG. 9) based on a target Doppler that is greater than or greater than or equal to a Doppler threshold. In some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform as a long unmodulated CW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 706 in FIG. 9) based on a target Doppler that is greater than or greater than or equal to a Doppler threshold (e.g., Figure 9 920 in FIG. 9) can be associated with and can be greater than a Doppler threshold associated with a CW LMF waveform (e.g., Figure 7 702 in FIG. 9) and a short unmodulated CW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 704 in FIG. 9).

[0145] In aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 920 in FIG. 9) based on a monostatic sensing being performed or to be performed at the UE 802 (e.g., Figure 9a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g., Figure 7 a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g., Figure 9 a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g., Figure 9 a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g., Figure 7 a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g., Figure 7 a short pulse waveform (e.g., 704 of FIG. 18) is selected. For example, if the UE 802 does not support full duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support bistatic sensing (e.g.,

[0146] Additionally, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 of 920) from one or more different frequency bands (e.g., Figure 9 of 918). In some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 of 920) from one or more different frequency bands (e.g., Figure 9 of 918) based on a cost-to-performance ratio. For example, in a high frequency band (such as FR2) with a large bandwidth, a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 of 702) or a pulse waveform (e.g., Figure 7 of 704, 706) with a second bandwidth in a second frequency band (e.g., where the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth). For example, in a high frequency band (such as FR2) with a large bandwidth, a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., Figure 9 of 702) can be selected based on a high cost-to-performance ratio (e.g., Figure 7 of 702) can be selected based on a high cost-to-performance ratio (e.g., Figure 7 of 704, 706) can be selected by reusing hardware for communication operations.

[0147] In some aspects, the UE 802 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 of 920) as a CW LMF waveform (e.g., Figure 7 of 702) for an outdoor environment or a pulse waveform (e.g., Figure 9 of 932) for an indoor environment (e.g., Figure 7 of 704, 706). For example, for indoor use cases, the operating range can be small and the signal power to be utilized can be much lower than for outdoor use cases; thus, a pulse radar waveform (e.g., Figure 7 of 704, 706) can be considered and selected. For outdoor use cases, the operating range can be large and the signal power for performance can be higher than for indoor use cases; thus, a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 linear FMCW waveform (e.g., 702 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a long duration and maintain high resolution, while a pulsed radar waveform (e.g., 704, 706 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a short duration to achieve high resolution, and if used for long range sensing, this can result in much higher peak power. Figure 7 linear FMCW waveform (e.g., 702 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a long duration and maintain high resolution, while a pulsed radar waveform (e.g., 704, 706 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a short duration to achieve high resolution, and if used for long range sensing, this can result in much higher peak power. Figure 7 linear FMCW waveform (e.g., 702 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a long duration and maintain high resolution, while a pulsed radar waveform (e.g., 704, 706 in FIG. 7) can be transmitted for a short duration to achieve high resolution, and if used for long range sensing, this can result in much higher peak power.

[0148] At 1210, the UE switches to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. As an example, this switching can be performed at least in part by component 198. Figure 8 Figure 9 Examples are illustrated in which the UE 802 performs such an operational mode switch.

[0149] The UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). For example, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the wireless communication mode (operating at 806) to the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9), and the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the sensing mode (operating at 806) to the wireless communication mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). Figure 8 Figure 9 Examples are illustrated in which the UE 802 performs such an operational mode switch. Figure 8 Figure 9 The UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). For example, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the wireless communication mode (operating at 806) to the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9), and the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the sensing mode (operating at 806) to the wireless communication mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). Figure 8 Figure 9 The UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). For example, the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the wireless communication mode (operating at 806) to the sensing mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9), and the UE 802 can be configured to switch (at 810) from the sensing mode (operating at 806) to the wireless communication mode based on the indication (e.g., at 808 in FIG. 8; at 915 in FIG. 9). Figure 9 ​​​​the waveform switched to is performed or can process / receive during or within the CP duration of the 918). In such cases, a gap can not be included. For example, if the waveform is switched from an RF sensing mode to a communication mode, the OFDM symbol after the CP can be acceptably impacted in terms of communication performance, and / or the impacted OFDM symbol can be specially treated in signal processing. Likewise, for such cases, the impact on RF sensing in terms of accuracy, performance, etc. can be acceptable.

[0150] Finally, at 1212, the UE provides or sends waveform information to the network node. As an example, this switching can be performed at least in part by component 198. Figure 8 Examples are illustrated in which the UE 802 performs such waveform information providing / sending.

[0151] The UE 802 can be configured to send or provide waveform switching information 812, e.g., to the base station 804. In aspects, the waveform switching information 812 can be associated with any information related to the switching (at 810), and can indicate and / or include at least a portion of the information described above for switching waveforms, channels, waveform types and / or parameters, subsequent transmissions, waveform adaptation, etc. In some aspects, the waveform switching information 812 can be sent / provided from the UE 802 to the base station 804 as a response or acknowledgement to receiving / acquiring (at 808) the indication to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or sensing mode, while in other aspects the waveform switching information 812 can be sent / provided as information.

[0152] Figure 13 FIG. 13 is a flow diagram 1300 of a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects. The method can be performed by a base station (e.g., the base station 102, 804, 922, 1004; the network entity 1502, 1602). In some aspects, the method can include the aspects described in connection with Figure 8 the communication flow in FIG. 12, and / or Figures 4 to 7 as well as Figure 9 the aspects described in connection with FIG. 12. The method provides for waveform adaptation for RF sensing, enabling the base station to provide an indication of a switch and to switch between a communication mode and a sensing mode of operation to provide more accurate and efficient sensing data for targets by emulating a RADAR waveform, including but not limited to a linear FMCW waveform, and also to provide improved spectral efficiency over other waveforms by communicating with an OFDM waveform, as well as providing additional adaptation for the communication and sensing waveforms to improve accuracy and efficiency of sensing and communication.

[0153] At 1302, the base station operates in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. As an example, this operation can be performed at least in part by component 199. Figure 7 , Figure 9 , Figure 10 An example of the base station 1004 operating in this manner is illustrated.

[0154] The base station 1004 can be configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode (at 1006). The wireless communication mode can be associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and the sensing mode can be associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform (where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform in various respects). For example, the base station 1004 can be configured to operate in a wireless communication mode (at 1006) to communicate with a network node (e.g., base station 804) via an OFDM waveform. In aspects, the OFDM waveform can be a Cyclic Prefix (CP) OFDM (CP-OFDM) waveform, a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and / or the like, and the CP-OFDM waveform can include a time gap after a CP portion thereof. Additionally, the UE 802 can be configured to operate in a sensing mode (at 1006) to sense a target (e.g., a vehicle, a pedestrian, and / or the like) via an analog RADAR waveform (e.g., a linear FMCW waveform, a CW LMF waveform, a short CW waveform, a long CW waveform (e.g., 702, 704, 706 in FIG. 7), and / or the like) with (e.g., bistatic sensing) or without (e.g., monostatic sensing) a UE (e.g., UE 1002), as described herein. Figure 7 Figure 7 Figure 9 Further, in some aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to operate in the wireless communication mode with the sensing waveform and / or in the sensing mode with the communication waveform (at 1006).

[0155] At 1304, the base station provides an indication for the UE to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. As an example, this providing can be performed at least in part by component 199. Figure 7 , Figure 9 , Figure 10 An example of the base station 1004 obtaining an indication for a switch in operating mode is illustrated.

[0156] The base station 1004 can be configured to provide an indication 1008 for the UE to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode (e.g., 702, 704, 706 in FIG. 7). Figure 9 ​​915) in FIG. 9. For example, in one configuration, the base station 1004 can autonomously make a determination to switch its mode of operation between communication and sensing, in some aspects, and can be configured to provide / send an indication 1008 (e.g., Figure 9 915) in FIG. 9. In aspects, the provided / sent indication 1008 (e.g., Figure 9 915) to switch can be from a wireless communication mode to a sensing mode, and the indication 1008 (e.g., Figure 9 915) can include, but is not limited to, a channel associated with the switch, a sensing waveform type, a sensing waveform type parameter, a use of a subsequent transmission associated with the sensing waveform, etc.

[0157] The base station 1004 can be configured to obtain adaptation information that can be based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 916) in FIG. 9. In aspects, the base station 1004 can autonomously (e.g., dynamically) obtain adaptation information and / or can be configured to provide adaptation information for the UE 1002 via signaling (such as RRC signaling, medium access control (MAC) control elements (MAC-CEs), DCI, etc.) that can be dynamically performed. For example, the base station 1004 can be configured to provide / send adaptation information based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 916) in FIG. 9 associated with one or more of: a sensing environment of the UE 1002 (e.g., Figure 9 930 in FIG. 9), a sensing target characteristic (e.g., Figure 9 906 in FIG. 9), a hardware capability of the UE 1002, a power budget of the UE 1002, a transmit power capability of the UE 1002, a maximum power emission / adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of the UE 1002, a first distribution of a target parameter, a static / dynamic range of a target parameter, a clutter in a sensing environment, a power spectral density of a clutter (e.g., which can help waveform optimization to reduce a confusion region to obtain a lower interference impact), a second distribution or static / dynamic range of a delay spread of a clutter, an activity of a RAT, etc.

[0158] The base station 1004 can be configured to select a communication and / or sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918) in FIG. 9, which can be associated with a switch between a communication mode / sensing mode. The selection can be used for adaptation of the waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918) in FIG. 9, and can be performed according to different scenarios and / or based on adaptation information (e.g., Figure 9 916) in FIG. 9 associated with adaptation factors. For example, in aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to select a waveform based on a specific implementation of the UE 802 (e.g., Figure 9 920 in ), operating conditions of UE 1002 (e.g., Figure 9 920 in ), a sensed environment associated with the UE 1002 (e.g., Figure 9 930 in) etc. to select a sensing waveform (eg, Figure 9 918 in ). In some aspects, the base station 1004 may be configured to provide a threshold value based on a value less than or less than or equal to a Doppler threshold value (e.g., Figure 9 The target Doppler of 920) will sense the waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918) is selected as a CW LMF waveform (e.g., Figure 7 In some aspects, the UE 1002 may be configured to select the sensing waveform as a long unmodulated CW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 706 in ), where the Doppler threshold (e.g., Figure 9 920) can be combined with a CW LMF waveform (e.g., Figure 7 702 in ) and a short unmodulated CW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 The Doppler threshold of 704) is associated with and may be greater than the Doppler threshold.

[0159] In various aspects, the base station 1004 may be configured to detect the presence of a single-station sensor (e.g., Figure 9 920) will sense the waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918) is selected as a short pulse waveform (for example, Figure 7 For example, if UE 1002 does not support full-duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support dual-station sensing (e.g., Figure 9 920 in ), but supports single-station sensing (e.g., Figure 9 920)), a short pulse waveform (such as a short CW pulse waveform (e.g., Figure 7 704)) rather than a long CW pulse waveform (e.g., Figure 7 706) to perform sensing operations.

[0160] Additionally, the base station 1004 may be configured to receive signals from one or more different frequency bands (e.g., Figure 9 920) selects a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 In some aspects, the UE 1002 may be configured to select from one or more different frequency bands (e.g., Figure 9 920) will sense the waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918) is selected as a CW LMF waveform in a first frequency band having a first bandwidth (e.g., Figure 7in 702) or a pulsed waveform in a second frequency band (e.g., Figure 7 in 704, 706) (e.g., where the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth). For example, in a high frequency band with a large bandwidth (such as FR2), a linear FMCW waveform can be selected based on a high cost-to-performance ratio (e.g., Figure 9 in 920). As another example, in a lower frequency band with a low-to-moderate bandwidth, a pulsed radar waveform can be selected by reusing hardware for communication operations (e.g., Figure 7 in 702). As another example, in a lower frequency band with a low-to-moderate bandwidth, a pulsed radar waveform can be selected by reusing hardware for communication operations (e.g., Figure 7 in 704, 706).

[0161] In some aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to select a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 in 920) as a CW LMF waveform (e.g., Figure 7 in 702) for an outdoor environment or a pulsed waveform (e.g., Figure 9 in 932) in an indoor environment (e.g., Figure 7 in 704, 706). For example, for indoor use cases, the operating range can be small and the signal power to be utilized can be much lower than for outdoor use cases; thus, a pulsed radar waveform (e.g., Figure 7 in 704, 706) can be considered and selected. For outdoor use cases, the operating range can be large and the signal power for performance can be higher than for indoor use cases; thus, a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 in 702) can be considered and selected. It should be noted that a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 in 702) can be transmitted for a long duration and maintain high resolution, while a pulsed radar waveform (e.g., Figure 7 in 704, 706) can be transmitted for a short duration to achieve high resolution and, if used for long range sensing, this can result in much higher peak power.

[0162] At 1306, the base station switches based on the indication to switch to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. As an example, this switching can be performed at least in part by the component 199. Figure 8 、 Figure 9 An example is illustrated in which the base station 1004 performs such an operational mode switch.

[0163] The base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication to switch 1008 (e.g., Figure 9 in 915). For example, the base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication to switch 1008 (e.g., Figure 9915) from the wireless communication mode (operating at 1006) to the sensing mode (at 1010), and the base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) based on the indication 1008 (e.g., Figure 9 915) from the wireless communication mode (operating at 1006) to the sensing mode (at 1010), and the base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) based on the indication 1008 (e.g., Figure 9 915) from the wireless communication mode (operating at 1006) to the sensing mode (at 1010), and the base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) based on the indication 1008 (e.g.,

[0164] Finally, the base station 1004 can be configured to transmit or provide waveform switching information 1012 to the UE 1002, for example. In aspects, the waveform switching information 1012 can be associated with any information related to the switching (at 1010), and can indicate and / or include at least a portion of the information described above for switching waveforms, channels, waveform types and / or parameters, subsequent transmissions, waveform adaptation, etc. In some aspects, the waveform switching information 1012 can be transmitted / provided from the base station 1004 to the UE 1002 as an acknowledgement of the indication 1008 or the switching (at 1010) itself to operate in the other mode of wireless communication mode or sensing mode, while in other aspects, the waveform switching information 1012 can be transmitted / provided as information.

[0165] Figure 14 is a flow diagram 1400 of a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method can be performed by a base station (e.g., the base station 102, 804, 922, 1004; the network entity 1502, 1602). In some aspects, the method can include the aspects described in connection with Figure 8 the communication flow in Figures 4 to 7 and Figure 9 Aspects described in the detailed description include a method of operating a base station in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The method provides waveform adaptation for RF sensing, enabling the base station to provide an indication of a handover and to switch between a communication mode and a sensing mode of operation to provide more accurate and more efficient sensing data for targets of interest by emulating RADAR waveforms, including but not limited to linear FMCW waveforms, and to provide improved spectral efficiency over other waveforms by communicating with OFDM waveforms, as well as to provide additional adaptations for communication and sensing waveforms to improve accuracy and efficiency of sensing and communication.

[0166] At 1402, the base station operates in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. As an example, this operation can be performed, at least in part, by component 199. Figure 7 Figure 9 Figure 10 An example is illustrated in which the base station 1004 operates in this manner.

[0167] The base station 1004 can be configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode (at 1006). The wireless communication mode can be associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and the sensing mode can be associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform (where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform in various aspects). For example, the base station 1004 can be configured to operate in the wireless communication mode (at 1006) to communicate with a network node (e.g., base station 804) via an OFDM waveform. In aspects, the OFDM waveform can be a Cyclic Prefix (CP) OFDM (CP-OFDM) waveform, a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and / or the like, and the CP-OFDM waveform can include a time gap after a CP portion thereof. Additionally, the UE 802 can be configured to operate in the sensing mode (at 1006) to sense a target (e.g., a vehicle, a pedestrian, a building, and / or the like) via an analog RADAR waveform (e.g., a linear FMCW waveform, a CW LMF waveform, a short CW waveform, a long CW waveform (e.g., a long CW waveform as described in 702, 704, 706 of FIG. 7), and / or the like) with (e.g., a two-station sensing) or without (e.g., a one-station sensing) a UE (e.g., UE 1002). Figure 7 Figure 7 Figure 9

[0168] ​​​​​At 1404, the base station provides adaptation information for the UE, wherein the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of a sensing environment, a sensing target characteristic, a hardware capability of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power transmission for the UE, and / or wherein the at least one adaptation factor includes at least one of a first distribution of a target parameter, a dynamic range of the target parameter, clutter in the sensing environment, a power spectral density of the clutter, a second distribution or dynamic range of a delay spread of the clutter, or a RAT. As an example, the providing may be performed at least in part by component 199. Figure 7 、 Figure 9 、 Figure 10 An example in which the base station 1004 provides such adaptation information is illustrated.

[0169] The base station 1004 may be configured to obtain adaptation information that may be based on adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 916 in ). In various aspects, the base station 1004 may autonomously (e.g., dynamically) obtain the adaptation information and / or may be configured to provide the adaptation information for the UE 1002 via dynamically executable signaling (such as RRC signaling, medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), DCI, etc.). For example, the base station 1004 may be configured to provide the adaptation information based on adaptation factors associated with one or more of the following (e.g., Figure 9 916 in) to provide / send adaptation information: the sensing environment of UE 1002 (e.g., Figure 9 930 in), sensing target characteristics (e.g., Figure 9 906 in ), hardware capabilities of UE 1002, power budget of UE 1002, transmit power capability of UE 1002, maximum power transmission / adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of UE 1002, a first distribution of target parameters, static / dynamic ranges of target parameters, clutter in the sensing environment, power spectral density of clutter (e.g., which can help waveform optimization to reduce ambiguity areas to obtain lower interference impact), a second distribution or static / dynamic range of delay spread of clutter, activities of RATs, etc.

[0170] At 1406, the base station provides an indication to the UE to switch to operating in the other mode of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. As an example, the providing can be performed at least in part by component 199. Figure 7 、 Figure 9 、 Figure 10 An example is illustrated in which base station 1004 provides an indication for a switch in operating mode.

[0171] The base station 1004 may be configured to provide an indication 1008 (eg, Figure 9915 in). For example, in one configuration, the base station 1004 may autonomously make a determination to switch its operating mode between communication and sensing, and in some aspects may be configured to provide / send an indication 1008 (e.g., Figure 9 In various aspects, the provided / sent indication 1008 of the switch (e.g., Figure 9 915) may be switching from wireless communication mode to sensing mode, and indicating 1008 (e.g., Figure 9 915) may include but is not limited to a channel associated with the handover, a sensing waveform type, sensing waveform type parameters, use of subsequent transmissions associated with the sensing waveform, etc.

[0172] At 1408, the base station selects a sensing waveform based on at least one of a specific implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE. As an example, the selection can be performed at least in part by component 199. Figure 7 、 Figure 9 、 Figure 10 An example in which base station 1004 performs selection of such a waveform is illustrated.

[0173] The base station 1004 may be configured to select a communication and / or sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918 in ), which may be associated with switching between communication mode / sensing mode. This selection may be used for waveform adaptation (e.g., Figure 9 918 in ), and may be adapted according to different scenarios and / or based on adaptation information associated with adaptation factors (e.g., Figure 9 For example, in various aspects, the base station 1004 may be configured to perform the following operations based on the specific implementation of the UE 802 (e.g., Figure 9 920 in ), operating conditions of UE 1002 (e.g., Figure 9 920 in ), a sensed environment associated with the UE 1002 (e.g., Figure 9 930 in) etc. to select a sensing waveform (eg, Figure 9 918 in ). In some aspects, the base station 1004 may be configured to provide a threshold value based on a value less than or less than or equal to a Doppler threshold value (e.g., Figure 9 The target Doppler of 920) will sense the waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918) is selected as a CW LMF waveform (e.g., Figure 7 In some aspects, the UE 1002 may be configured to select the sensing waveform as a long unmodulated CW waveform (e.g., Figure 7706 in ), where the Doppler threshold (e.g., Figure 9 920) can be combined with a CW LMF waveform (e.g., Figure 7 702 in ) and a short unmodulated CW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 The Doppler threshold of 704) is associated with and may be greater than the Doppler threshold.

[0174] In various aspects, the base station 1004 may be configured to detect the presence of a single-station sensor (e.g., Figure 9 920) will sense the waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918) is selected as a short pulse waveform (for example, Figure 7 For example, if UE 1002 does not support full-duplex RF sensing (e.g., does not support dual-station sensing (e.g., Figure 9 920 in ), but supports single-station sensing (e.g., Figure 9 920)), a short pulse waveform (such as a short CW pulse waveform (e.g., Figure 7 704)) rather than a long CW pulse waveform (e.g., Figure 7 706) to perform sensing operations.

[0175] Additionally, the base station 1004 may be configured to receive signals from one or more different frequency bands (e.g., Figure 9 920) selects a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9 In some aspects, the UE 1002 may be configured to select from one or more different frequency bands (e.g., Figure 9 920) will sense the waveform (e.g., Figure 9 918) is selected as a CW LMF waveform in a first frequency band having a first bandwidth (e.g., Figure 7 702) or a pulse waveform in a second frequency band having a second bandwidth (e.g., Figure 7 704, 706 in (e.g., wherein the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth). For example, in a high frequency band with a large bandwidth (such as FR2), a high cost-performance ratio (e.g., Figure 9 920) to select a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 As another example, in lower frequency bands with low to medium bandwidth, a pulse radar waveform may be selected by reusing hardware for communication operations (e.g., Figure 7 704, 706).

[0176] In some aspects, the base station 1004 may be configured to transmit a sensing waveform (e.g., Figure 9920) is selected as a CW LMF waveform for outdoor environments (e.g., Figure 7 702) or for an indoor environment (e.g., Figure 9 932) in the pulse waveform (e.g., Figure 7 704, 706 in ). For example, for indoor use, the operating range may be smaller and the signal power to be utilized may be much lower than for outdoor use; therefore, a pulse radar waveform (e.g., Figure 7 For outdoor use, the operating range may be larger and the signal power of the performance may be higher than for indoor use; therefore, a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 702 in ). It should be noted that a linear FMCW waveform (e.g., Figure 7 702) can be sent for a long time and maintain high resolution, while pulse radar waveforms, for example, Figure 7 704, 706) can be sent for a short duration to achieve high resolution, and if used for remote sensing, this may result in much higher peak power.

[0177] At 1410, the base station switches to another mode of wireless communication mode or sensing mode based on the indication. As an example, the switching can be performed at least in part by component 199. Figure 8 、 Figure 9 An example of base station 1004 performing such an operation mode switch is illustrated.

[0178] The base station 1004 may be configured to provide a handover indication 1008 (eg, Figure 9 915 in the switching mode) switches (at 1010) to the other mode in the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. For example, the base station 1004 can be configured to switch based on the indication 1008 (e.g., Figure 9 915 in ) switches (at 1010) from the wireless communication mode (operated at 1006) to the sensing mode, and the base station 1004 can be configured to based on the indication 1008 (e.g., Figure 9from (operating at 1006) the sensing mode to (at 1010) the wireless communication mode. In aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) after a time gap, where the time gap is associated with and in addition to the CP duration and is associated with the transmit switch and / or the receive switch (e.g., at 1010). For example, the UE 1002 and / or the base station 1004 can not be expected to perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during the switch gap. In other aspects, the base station 1004 can be configured to switch (at 1010) during the CP duration and without a time gap. For example, the UE 802 and / or the base station 804 can be expected to perform or be able to handle / receive the switched-to waveform (e.g., for the Tx switch and / or the Rx switch) during or within the CP duration of 918 in FIG. 9. In such cases, no gap can be included. For example, if the waveform switches from the RF sensing mode to the communication mode, the OFDM symbol after the CP can be acceptably impacted in terms of communication performance, and / or the impacted OFDM symbol can be specially treated in signal processing. Also, for such cases, the impact on RF sensing in terms of accuracy, performance, etc. can be acceptable. Figure 9 Figure 9

[0179] Finally, at 1412, the base station provides or transmits waveform information to the UE. As an example, this providing / transmitting can be performed at least in part by component 199. Figure 7 Figure 9 Figure 10 Examples are illustrated in which the base station 1004 provides / transmits such waveform information.

[0180] The base station 1004 can be configured to transmit or provide the waveform switch information 1012 to the UE 1002, for example. In aspects, the waveform switch information 1012 can be associated with any information related to the switch (at 1010) and can indicate and / or include at least a portion of the information described above for the switched waveform, channel, waveform type and / or parameters, subsequent transmissions, waveform adaptation, etc. In some aspects, the waveform switch information 1012 can be transmitted / provided from the base station 1004 to the UE 1002 as an acknowledgement of the indication 1008 to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode or the switch (at 1010) itself, while in other aspects the waveform switch information 1012 can be transmitted / provided as information.

[0181] Figure 15 ​​is a diagram 1500 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 1504. The apparatus 1504 can be a UE, a component of a UE, or can implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the apparatus 1504 can include a cellular baseband processor 1524 (also referred to as a modem) coupled with one or more transceivers 1522 (e.g., cellular RF transceivers). The cellular baseband processor 1524 can include on-chip memory 1524'. In some aspects, the apparatus 1504 can further include one or more Subscriber Identity Modules (SIM) cards 1520, and an application processor 1506 coupled with a secure digital (SD) card 1508 and a screen 1510. The application processor 1506 can include on-chip memory 1506'. In some aspects, the apparatus 1504 can further include a Bluetooth module 1512, a WLAN module 1514, a SPS module 1516 (e.g., a GNSS module), one or more sensor modules 1518 (e.g., a barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; a motion sensor such as an inertial measurement unit (IMU), a gyroscope, and / or an accelerometer; a light detection and ranging (LIDAR), a radio detection and ranging (RADAR), a sound navigation and ranging (SONAR), a magnetometer, audio, and / or other technology for positioning), an additional memory module 1526, a power source 1530, and / or a camera 1532. The Bluetooth module 1512, the WLAN module 1514, and the SPS module 1516 can include on-chip transceivers (TRXs) (or in some cases, just receivers (RXs)). The Bluetooth module 1512, the WLAN module 1514, and the SPS module 1516 can include their own dedicated antennas and / or communicate using the antennas 1580. The cellular baseband processor 1524 communicates with the UE 104 and / or with a RU associated with the network entity 1502 via the one or more antennas 1580 through the transceiver 1522. The cellular baseband processor 1524 and the application processor 1506 can each include computer-readable media / memory 1524', 1506', respectively. The additional memory module 1526 can also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory 1524', 1506', 1526 can be non-transitory. The cellular baseband processor 1524 and the application processor 1506 each are responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable media / memory. The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor 1524 / application processor 1506, causes the cellular baseband processor 1524 / application processor 1506 to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable media / memory can also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the cellular baseband processor 1524 / application processor 1506 when executing software.The cellular baseband processor 1524 / application processor 1506 can be a component of the UE 350 and can include the memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 1504 can be a processor chip (modem and / or application) and only include the cellular baseband processor 1524 and / or the application processor 1506, while in another configuration, the apparatus 1504 can be the entire UE (e.g., see Figure 3 of the UE 350) and include additional modules of the apparatus 1504.

[0182] As described above, the component 198 can be configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The component 198 can be further configured to obtain an indication to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. The component 198 can be further configured to switch to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. The component 198 can be configured to select the sensing waveform based on at least one of an implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE. The component 198 can be configured to obtain adaptation information, where the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of a sensing environment, a sensing target characteristic, a hardware capability of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power emission for the UE, and where to select the sensing waveform, the component 198 can be configured to select the sensing waveform based on the adaptation information. The component 198 can be further configured to perform any of the aspects described in the flowcharts in any of Figures 11 to 14 the aspects described in the flowcharts in any of Figures 5 to 10Any of the aspects performed by the UE in any of the methods described herein. The component 198 can be within the cellular baseband processor 1524, the application processor 1506, or within both the cellular baseband processor 1524 and the application processor 1506. The component 198 can be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors specifically configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer- readable medium to be implemented by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. As shown, the apparatus 1504 can include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 1504 (and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1524 and / or the application processor 1506) can include means for operating in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. In one configuration, the apparatus 1504 (and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1524 and / or the application processor 1506) can include means for obtaining an indication to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. In one configuration, the apparatus 1504 (and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1524 and / or the application processor 1506) can include means for switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. In one configuration, the apparatus 1504 (and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1524 and / or the application processor 1506) can include means for selecting the sensing waveform based on at least one of a particular implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE. In one configuration, the apparatus 1504 (and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1524 and / or the application processor 1506) can include means for obtaining adaptation information, where the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of a sensing environment, a sensing target characteristic, a hardware capability of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power emission for the UE, and where the apparatus 1504 (and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1524 and / or the application processor 1506) can include means for selecting the sensing waveform based on the adaptation information. The means can be the component 198 of the apparatus 1504 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described above, the apparatus 1504 can include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. Accordingly, in one configuration, the means can be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.

[0183] Figure 16is a diagram 1600 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 1602. The network entity 1602 can be a BS, a component of a BS, or can implement BS functionality. The network entity 1602 can include at least one of a CU 1610, a DU 1630, or a RU 1640. For example, depending on the layer functionality handled by the component 199, the network entity 1602 can include the CU 1610; both the CU 1610 and the DU 1630; each of the CU 1610, the DU 1630, and the RU 1640; the DU 1630; both the DU 1630 and the RU 1640; or the RU 1640. The CU 1610 can include a CU processor 1612. The CU processor 1612 can include on-chip memory 1612'. In some aspects, the CU 1610 can also include an additional memory module 1614 and a communication interface 1618. The CU 1610 communicates with the DU 1630 over a backhaul link, such as an Fl interface. The DU 1630 can include a DU processor 1632. The DU processor 1632 can include on-chip memory 1632'. In some aspects, the DU 1630 can also include an additional memory module 1634 and a communication interface 1638. The DU 1630 communicates with the RU 1640 over a front-haul link. The RU 1640 can include a RU processor 1642. The RU processor 1642 can include on-chip memory 1642'. In some aspects, the RU 1640 can also include an additional memory module 1644, one or more transceivers 1646, antennas 1680, and a communication interface 1648. The RU 1640 communicates with the UE 104. The on-chip memories 1612', 1632', 1642' and the additional memory modules 1614, 1634, 1644 can each be considered a computer- readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory can be non-transitory. Each of the processors 1612, 1632, 1642 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor, causes the processor to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory can also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor when executing software.

[0184] As described above, the component 199 can be configured to operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The component 199 can be further configured to provide an indication to the UE to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. The component 199 can be further configured to switch to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. The component 199 can be configured to select the sensing waveform based on at least one of an implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE. The component 199 can be configured to provide adaptation information, where the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of a sensing environment, a sensing target characteristic, a hardware capability of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power emission for the UE, and where the at least one adaptation factor comprises at least one of a first distribution of a target parameter, a dynamic range of the target parameter, a clutter in the sensing environment, a power spectral density of the clutter, a second distribution or a dynamic range of a delay spread of the clutter, or a radio access technology (RAT), and where, to select the sensing waveform, the component 199 can be configured to select the sensing waveform based on the adaptation information. The component 199 can be further configured to perform any of the aspects described in the flowcharts in any of Figures 11 to 14 FIGS. 1-20, and / or by the Figures 5 to 10The base station performing any of the aspects in any of the preceding embodiments. The component 199 can be within one or more processors of one or more of the CU 1610, the DU 1630, and the RU 1640. The component 199 can be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer- readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. The network entity 1602 can include multiple components that are configured to perform various functions. In one configuration, the network entity 1602 can include means for operating in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. In this configuration, the network entity 1602 can include means for providing an indication to a UE to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode. In this configuration, the network entity 1602 can include means for switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. In one configuration, the network entity 1602 can include means for selecting a sensing waveform based on at least one of a specific implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE. In one configuration, the network entity 1602 can include means for providing adaptation information, where the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of a sensing environment, a sensing target characteristic, a hardware capability of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power emission for the UE, and where the at least one adaptation factor includes at least one of a first distribution of target parameters, a dynamic range of target parameters, a clutter in the sensing environment, a power spectral density of the clutter, a second distribution or a dynamic range of delay spread of the clutter, or a radio access technology (RAT), and where the network entity 1602 can include means for selecting a sensing waveform based on the adaptation information. The means can be the component 199 of the network entity 1602 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described above, the network entity 1602 can include the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375. Accordingly, in one configuration, the means can be the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and / or the controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.

[0185] Wireless communication networks and / or wireless devices can utilize certain waveforms for communication and sensing. Using such waveforms can provide low cost, enable flexibility, and allow reuse of sensing waveforms for multiple purposes. For example, with RADAR waveforms, a UE can utilize a low cost implementation to enable high resolution sensing, while the UE and / or base station can reuse the RADAR waveforms for communication purposes, such as beam management. However, from a communication perspective, OFDM can provide an implementation for communication with improved spectral efficiency over other waveforms, while from a performance cost ratio perspective, analog RADAR waveforms can provide higher resolution in RF sensing. Within analog RADAR waveforms, waveform selection can also impact RF sensing performance. For example, RADAR waveform type / parameters can impact RF sensing performance under different use cases, operating scenarios, and / or sensing environments.

[0186] Aspects described for sensing operations (e.g., waveform adaptation for RF sensing) enable wireless devices and base stations to implement improved sensing and communication. In one example, a UE can operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The UE can also obtain an indication to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, and can also switch to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. In another example, a base station can operate in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, where the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, where the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and where the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform. The base station can provide an indication to a UE to switch to operating in the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, and can also switch to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication. In various aspects, the communication waveform can be an OFDM waveform, and the sensing waveform can be an analog RADAR waveform, and in some aspects, the OFDM waveform and / or the analog RADAR waveform can be used for communication and / or sensing operations.

[0187] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by switching between a communication mode and a sensing mode of operation, the described techniques can be used to provide more accurate and efficient sensing data for a target by emulating a RADAR waveform, while also providing improved spectral efficiency over other waveforms by utilizing an OFDM waveform for communication. In some examples, by further adapting the communication and sensing waveforms, the described techniques can be used to improve the accuracy and efficiency of sensing and communication depending on different implementations of the UE / base station, operating conditions of the UE / base station, and / or sensing environments associated with the UE / base station.

[0188] It should be appreciated that a specific ordering of or hierarchy of the blocks in the disclosed processes / flow charts is merely illustrative. It should be appreciated that depending on the implementation, certain ordering or hierarchy of the blocks can be re-arranged based on design preferences. Moreover, some blocks can be combined or omitted. The attached method claims set forth in a sample order the elements of the various blocks without necessarily adhering to the specific order or hierarchy shown for the sake of clarity.

[0189] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein can be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not to be limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be given the full scope defined by the language of the claims. Unless otherwise defined, a reference to a singular element includes “one or more” thereof. The terms “if’ and “when” are not to be construed as requiring a direct temporal relationship or reaction. That is, the phrases “when,” “if,” and “while” are not intended to require a direct temporal relationship or immediate reaction to the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that the action will occur if the condition is met, without requiring a specific or immediate temporal limitation on the occurrence of the action. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least one of the group consisting of A, B, and C,” “one or more of the group consisting of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, and / or C or any combination thereof’ include number one (1), number two (2), number three (3), or a combination of A, B, and / or C, and permit a presence of at least one A, at least one B, at least one C, one A, two A’s, three A’s, zero A’s, one B, two B’s, three B’s, zero B’s, one C, two C’s, three C’s, zero C’s, or a combination of at least one of A, at least one of B, and at least one of C. A set shall be interpreted to include one or more elements. Thus, for a set of X, X includes one or more elements. If a first device receives data or sends data to a second device, the data can be received / sent directly between the first and second devices, or indirectly through a set of devices between the first and second devices. A device configured to “output” data (such as a transmission, signal, or message) may, for example, send the data with a transceiver, or can transfer the data to a device that sends the data. A device configured to “obtain” data (such as a transmission, signal, or message) may, for example, receive the data with a transceiver, or can obtain the data from a device that receives the data. Information stored in a memory includes instructions and / or data. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims.Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly identified as being "dedicated to the public." The words "module," "mechanism," "element," "device," and the like do not require that a discrete component must be present. Rather, such terms can refer to a methodological process that may or can not be associated with one or more physical devices or structures. As used herein, the term "exemplary" is used merely for

[0190] As used herein, the phrase "based on" is not meant to be limiting and should not be interpreted in terms of "based only on" or "based solely on." Rather, the phrase "based on" should be interpreted as "based, at least in part, on" and "based, at least in part, on a set of conditions or factors."

[0191] The following aspects are merely exemplary and can be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein without limitation.

[0192] Aspect 1 is a method of wireless communication at a UE, the method comprising: operating in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, wherein the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, wherein the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform; obtaining an indication to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode; and switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication.

[0193] Aspect 2 is the method of Aspect 1, wherein the communication waveform is an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is an analog radio detection and ranging (RADAR) waveform.

[0194] Aspect 3 is the method of Aspect 2, wherein switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode comprises switching from one of the OFDM waveform or the analog RADAR waveform to the other of the OFDM waveform or the analog RADAR waveform.

[0195] Aspect 4 is the method of any of aspects 1 through 3, wherein switching to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode comprises switching from the wireless communication mode to the sensing mode, and wherein obtaining the indication of the switch comprises obtaining the indication of the switch via at least one of radio resource control (RRC) signaling, downlink control information (DCI), or a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), wherein the indication of the switch comprises at least one of a channel, a sensing waveform type, a sensing waveform type parameter, or a use of a subsequent transmission associated with the sensing waveform associated with the switch.

[0196] Aspect 5 is the method of any of aspects 1 through 3, wherein switching to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode comprises switching from the sensing mode to the wireless communication mode, and wherein obtaining the indication of the switch comprises obtaining the indication of the switch via at least one of radio resource control (RRC) signaling, downlink control information (DCI), or a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), wherein the indication of the switch comprises at least one of a channel, a communication waveform type, a communication waveform type parameter, or a use of a subsequent transmission associated with the communication waveform associated with the switch.

[0197] Aspect 6 is the method of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein switching to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode comprises at least one of: switching to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode after a time gap, wherein the time gap is associated with and in addition to a cyclic prefix (CP) duration and is associated with at least one of a transmission switch or a reception switch; or switching to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode during the CP duration and without the time gap.

[0198] Aspect 7 is the method of any of aspects 1 through 6, further comprising selecting the sensing waveform based on at least one of a specific implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE.

[0199] Aspect 8 is the method of aspect 7, wherein selecting the sensing waveform comprises selecting the sensing waveform to be a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform based on a target Doppler that is less than or less than or equal to a Doppler threshold.

[0200] Aspect 9 is the method of aspect 7, wherein selecting the sensing waveform comprises selecting the sensing waveform to be a long unmodulated continuous wave (CW) waveform based on a target Doppler being greater than or greater than or equal to a Doppler threshold.

[0201] Aspect 10 is the method of aspect 9, wherein the Doppler threshold is associated with a CW linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform and a short unmodulated CW waveform and is greater than the CW linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform and the short unmodulated CW waveform.

[0202] Aspect 11 is the method of aspect 7, wherein selecting the sensing waveform comprises selecting the sensing waveform to be a short pulsed waveform based on monostatic sensing at the UE.

[0203] Aspect 12 is the method of aspect 7, wherein selecting the sensing waveform comprises selecting the sensing waveform from one or more different frequency bands.

[0204] Aspect 13 is the method of aspect 12, wherein selecting the sensing waveform comprises selecting the sensing waveform to be a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform in a first frequency band having a first bandwidth or to be a pulsed waveform in a second frequency band having a second bandwidth from one or more different frequency bands based on a cost-to-performance ratio, wherein the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth.

[0205] Aspect 14 is the method of aspect 7, wherein selecting the sensing waveform comprises selecting the sensing waveform to be a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform for an outdoor environment or to be a pulsed waveform in an indoor environment.

[0206] Aspect 15 is the method of any of aspects 7 through 14, further comprising obtaining adaptation information, wherein the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of the sensing environment, a sensing target characteristic, a hardware capability of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power emission for the UE; wherein selecting the sensing waveform comprises selecting the sensing waveform based on the adaptation information.

[0207] Aspect 16 is the method of aspect 15, wherein obtaining the adaptation information comprises receiving at least a portion of the adaptation information from a network node, wherein the at least one adaptation factor comprises at least one of a first distribution of a target parameter, a dynamic range of the target parameter, a clutter in the sensing environment, a power spectral density of the clutter, a second distribution or a dynamic range of a delay spread of the clutter, or a radio access technology (RAT).

[0208] Aspect 17 is a method of wireless communication at a network node, the method comprising: operating in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, wherein the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, wherein the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform; providing an indication to a user equipment (UE) to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode; and switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode based on the indication.

[0209] Aspect 18 is the method of aspect 17, wherein the communication waveform is an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is an analog radio detection and ranging (RADAR) waveform.

[0210] Aspect 19 is the method of aspect 18, wherein switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode comprises switching from one of the OFDM waveform or the analog RADAR waveform to the other of the OFDM waveform or the analog RADAR waveform.

[0211] Aspect 20 is the method of any of aspects 17 through 19, wherein switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode comprises switching from the wireless communication mode to the sensing mode, and wherein providing the indication of the switch comprises providing the indication of the switch via at least one of radio resource control (RRC) signaling, downlink control information (DCI), or a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), wherein the indication of the switch comprises at least one of a channel, a sensing waveform type, a sensing waveform type parameter, or a use of a subsequent transmission associated with the sensing waveform associated with the switch.

[0212] Aspect 21 is the method of any of aspects 17 through 19, wherein switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode comprises switching from the sensing mode to the wireless communication mode, and wherein providing the indication of the switch comprises providing the indication of the switch via at least one of radio resource control (RRC) signaling, downlink control information (DCI), or a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), wherein the indication of the switch comprises at least one of a channel, a communication waveform type, a communication waveform type parameter, or a use of a subsequent transmission associated with the communication waveform associated with the switch.

[0213] Aspect 22 is the method of any one of aspects 17 through 21, wherein switching to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode comprises at least one of: switching to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode after a time gap, wherein the time gap is associated with and in addition to a cyclic prefix (CP) duration and is associated with at least one of a transmission switch or a reception switch; or switching to the other one of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode during the CP duration and without the time gap.

[0214] Aspect 23 is the method of any one of aspects 17 through 22, the method further comprising: selecting the sensing waveform based on at least one of a specific implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE.

[0215] Aspect 24 is the method of aspect 23, wherein selecting the sensing waveform comprises at least one of: selecting the sensing waveform as a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform based on a target Doppler being less than or less than or equal to a first Doppler threshold; or selecting the sensing waveform as a long unmodulated CW waveform based on the target Doppler being greater than or greater than or equal to a second Doppler threshold.

[0216] Aspect 25 is the method of aspect 24, wherein the second Doppler threshold is associated with and greater than a CW LMF waveform and a short unmodulated CW waveform.

[0217] Aspect 26 is the method of aspect 23, wherein selecting the sensing waveform comprises at least one of: selecting the sensing waveform as a short pulse waveform based on two- station sensing at the UE; selecting the sensing waveform from one or more different frequency bands; or selecting the sensing waveform as a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform in a first frequency band having a first bandwidth or as a pulse waveform in a second frequency band having a second bandwidth based on a cost-to-performance ratio, wherein the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth.

[0218] Aspect 27 is the method of aspect 23, wherein selecting the sensing waveform comprises selecting the sensing waveform as a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform for an outdoor environment or as a pulse waveform in an indoor environment.

[0219] Aspect 28 is the method of any of aspects 23 through 27, further comprising providing adaptation information, wherein the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of the sensing environment, a sensing target characteristic, a hardware capability of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power emission for the UE, and wherein the at least one adaptation factor comprises at least one of a first distribution of a target parameter, a dynamic range of the target parameter, a clutter in the sensing environment, a power spectral density of the clutter, a second distribution or dynamic range of a delay spread of the clutter, or a radio access technology (RAT); wherein selecting the sensing waveform comprises selecting the sensing waveform based on the adaptation information.

[0220] Aspect 29 is an apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising means for implementing any of aspects 1 through 16.

[0221] Aspect 30 is a computer-readable medium (for example, a non-transitory computer- readable medium) storing computer executable code, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to implement any of aspects 1 through 16.

[0222] Aspect 31 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a network node. The apparatus comprises a memory and at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to implement any of aspects 1 through 16 based at least in part on information stored in the memory.

[0223] Aspect 32 is the apparatus of aspect 31, further comprising at least one of a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor.

[0224] Aspect 33 is an apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising means for implementing any of aspects 17 through 28.

[0225] Aspect 34 is a computer-readable medium (for example, a non-transitory computer- readable medium) storing computer executable code, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to implement any of aspects 17 through 28.

[0226] Aspect 35 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a network node. The apparatus comprises a memory and at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to implement any of aspects 17 through 28 based at least in part on information stored in the memory.

[0227] Aspect 36 is the apparatus of Aspect 35, further comprising at least one of a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor.

Claims

1. An apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising: Memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the memory, configured to: operating in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, wherein the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, wherein the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform; obtaining an indication to switch to operating in another of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode; as well as Switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode is performed based on the indication.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the communication waveform is an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is an analog radio detection and ranging (RADAR) waveform.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein to switch to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, the at least one processor is configured to switch from one of the OFDM waveform or the analog RADAR waveform to the other of the OFDM waveform or the analog RADAR waveform.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein to switch to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, the at least one processor is configured to switch from the wireless communication mode to the sensing mode, and wherein to obtain the indication of the handover, the at least one processor is configured to obtain the indication of the handover via at least one of radio resource control (RRC) signaling, downlink control information (DCI), or a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), wherein the indication of the handover comprises at least one of a channel associated with the handover, a sensing waveform type, a sensing waveform type parameter, or usage of a subsequent transmission associated with the sensing waveform.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein to switch to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, the at least one processor is configured to switch from the sensing mode to the wireless communication mode, and Wherein, to obtain the indication of the handover, the at least one processor is configured to obtain the indication of the handover via at least one of radio resource control (RRC) signaling, downlink control information (DCI), or medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), wherein the indication of the handover includes at least one of a channel associated with the handover, a communication waveform type, a communication waveform type parameter, or use of a subsequent transmission associated with the communication waveform.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein to switch to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, the at least one processor is configured to at least one of: switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode after a time gap associated with and supplementary to a cyclic prefix (CP) duration and associated with at least one of a transmit switch or a receive switch; or During the CP duration and without the time gap, switching is performed to the other mode of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: The sensing waveform is selected based on at least one of a specific implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein to select the sensing waveform, the at least one processor is configured to select the sensing waveform as a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform based on a target Doppler being less than or less than or equal to a Doppler threshold.

9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein to select the sensing waveform, the at least one processor is configured to select the sensing waveform as a long unmodulated continuous wave (CW) waveform based on a target Doppler being greater than or greater than or equal to a Doppler threshold.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the Doppler threshold is associated with and greater than a CW linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform and a short unmodulated CW waveform.

11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein to select the sensing waveform, the at least one processor is configured to select the sensing waveform as a short pulse waveform based on bistatic sensing at the UE. 12 . The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein to select the sensing waveform, the at least one processor is configured to select the sensing waveform from one or more different frequency bands.

13. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein, to select the sensing waveform, the at least one processor is configured to select the sensing waveform as a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform in a first frequency band having a first bandwidth or as a pulse waveform in a second frequency band having a second bandwidth from one or more different frequency bands based on a cost-performance ratio, wherein the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth.

14. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein to select the sensing waveform, the at least one processor is configured to select the sensing waveform as a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform for an outdoor environment or as a pulse waveform in an indoor environment.

15. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: obtaining adaptation information, wherein the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of the sensing environment, sensing target characteristics, hardware capabilities of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power transmission for the UE; To select the sensing waveform, the at least one processor is configured to select the sensing waveform based on the adaptation information.

16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein to obtain the adaptation information, the at least one processor is configured to receive at least a portion of the adaptation information from a network node, wherein the at least one adaptation factor comprises at least one of a first distribution of a target parameter, a dynamic range of the target parameter, clutter in the sensing environment, a power spectral density of the clutter, a second distribution or a dynamic range of a delay spread of the clutter, or a radio access technology (RAT).

17. An apparatus for wireless communication at a network node, the apparatus comprising: Memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the memory, configured to: operating in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, wherein the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, wherein the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform; providing an indication to a user equipment (UE) to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode; as well as Switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode is performed based on the indication.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the communication waveform is an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is an analog radio detection and ranging (RADAR) waveform.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein to switch to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, the at least one processor is configured to switch from one of the OFDM waveform or the analog RADAR waveform to the other of the OFDM waveform or the analog RADAR waveform.

20. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein to switch to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, the at least one processor is configured to switch from the wireless communication mode to the sensing mode, and wherein to provide the indication of the handover, the at least one processor is configured to provide the indication of the handover via at least one of radio resource control (RRC) signaling, downlink control information (DCI), or a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), wherein the indication of the handover comprises at least one of a channel associated with the handover, a sensing waveform type, a sensing waveform type parameter, or usage of a subsequent transmission associated with the sensing waveform.

21. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein to switch to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, the at least one processor is configured to switch from the sensing mode to the wireless communication mode, and Wherein, to provide the indication of the handover, the at least one processor is configured to provide the indication of the handover via at least one of radio resource control (RRC) signaling, downlink control information (DCI), or medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), wherein the indication of the handover includes at least one of a channel associated with the handover, a communication waveform type, a communication waveform type parameter, or use of a subsequent transmission associated with the communication waveform.

22. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein to switch to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode, the at least one processor is configured to at least one of: switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode after a time gap associated with and supplementary to a cyclic prefix (CP) duration and associated with at least one of a transmit switch or a receive switch; or During the CP duration and without the time gap, switching is performed to the other mode of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode.

23. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: The sensing waveform is selected based on at least one of a specific implementation of the UE, an operating condition of the UE, or a sensing environment associated with the UE.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein to select the sensing signal, the at least one processor is configured to do at least one of the following: selecting the sensing waveform to be a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform based on the target Doppler being less than or less than or equal to a first Doppler threshold; or The sensing waveform is selected as a long unmodulated CW waveform based on the target Doppler being greater than or greater than or equal to a second Doppler threshold.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the second Doppler threshold is associated with and is greater than a CW LMF waveform and a short unmodulated CW waveform.

26. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein to select the sensing signal, the at least one processor is configured to do at least one of the following: selecting the sensing waveform as a short pulse waveform based on single-station sensing at the UE; selecting the sensing waveform from one or more different frequency bands; or The sensing waveform is selected from the one or more different frequency bands as a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform in a first frequency band having a first bandwidth or as a pulse waveform in a second frequency band having a second bandwidth based on a cost-performance ratio, wherein the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth.

27. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein to select the sensing waveform, the at least one processor is configured to select the sensing waveform as a continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LMF) waveform for an outdoor environment or as a pulse waveform in an indoor environment.

28. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: providing adaptation information, wherein the adaptation information is based on at least one adaptation factor associated with one or more of the sensing environment, sensing target characteristics, hardware capabilities of the UE, a power budget of the UE, a transmit power capability of the UE, or a maximum power transmission for the UE, and wherein the at least one adaptation factor comprises at least one of a first distribution of a target parameter, a dynamic range of the target parameter, clutter in the sensing environment, a power spectral density of the clutter, a second distribution or a dynamic range of a delay spread of the clutter, or a radio access technology (RAT); To select the sensing waveform, the at least one processor is configured to select the sensing waveform based on the adaptation information.

29. A method of wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: operating in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, wherein the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, wherein the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform; obtaining an indication to switch to operating in another of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode; as well as Switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode is performed based on the indication.

30. A method of wireless communication at a network node, the method comprising: operating in one of a wireless communication mode or a sensing mode, wherein the wireless communication mode is associated with at least one of a communication waveform or a sensing waveform, wherein the sensing mode is associated with at least one of the communication waveform or the sensing waveform, and wherein the sensing waveform is different from the communication waveform; providing an indication to a user equipment (UE) to switch to operating in the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode; as well as Switching to the other of the wireless communication mode or the sensing mode is performed based on the indication.

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