Method for suggesting feed energy of poultry feed

Abstract

The invention relates to a computer-implemented method for suggesting a feed energy level of a poultry feed, comprising the steps of: a) receiving, requesting and / or providing data from an input / output device of a user; b) determining the actual energy E required by the poultry; c) determining a relationship between the feed energy level ECD in step a) and the actual required energy Erequired for poultry in step b); d) for the gender of the poultry in the step a) and a certain day of the feeding stage, determining that the energy reduction amount E is reduced; and e) sending the determined energy reduction amount E reduction to the input / output device of step a).

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a computer-implemented method for suggesting a dietary energy level for a poultry diet, and a system for suggesting a dietary energy level for a poultry diet.

[0002] Providing birds with a balanced diet at the lowest cost while producing eggs and meat that meet user needs and fetch a premium to maximize profits, while also meeting environmental and animal welfare requirements, is a challenge for all involved in poultry production. Commercial feed producers and farmers have faced this challenge for years, striving to reduce feed costs without compromising bird productivity. This is a significant concern because feed is the highest variable cost in poultry production, accounting for at least 70% of total production costs. Energy is already the most expensive nutrient when formulating poultry diets, and this situation is unlikely to change given the intense competition for available energy sources from human food. This means that energy-rich feed ingredients for poultry production are becoming scarce and expensive.

[0003] Published patent application US2018 / 0350010 A1 discloses a method and system for simulating livestock growth within an adaptive framework. The adaptive framework processes input data related to livestock growth using a collection of one or more models and an artificial intelligence layer configured to select the most appropriate or primary model based on environmental, physiological, locational, and temporal variables in the input data to optimize, predict, and recommend livestock feeding operations. The adaptive framework also optimizes workflows by pen and producer based on historical performance, sex, breed, and producer management practices.

[0004] Published patent application US2021 / 0241880 A1 discloses a computer-implemented method for determining and / or evaluating the impact of processing on the energy value of feed ingredients and / or feed, wherein processing condition indicators of the feed ingredients and / or feed are determined and a corrected energy value of the feed ingredients and / or feed is determined.

[0005] Published patent application WO 2022 / 204656 A1 discloses various methods for determining animal feed formulations. In some embodiments, a system can acquire data that provides characteristics of a population of animals located at a particular location. Using a target growth plan and the characteristics of the animal population, the system can determine a target growth plan for the animal population, as the model predicts nutrient requirements based on the estimated nitrogenous energy requirements of tissue growth. The system can determine a feed formulation that can be produced from a combination of animal feed components to meet the nutrient requirements of tissue growth. The system can generate a data output of a feed formulation for the animal population, the data output indicating the determined feed formulation that can be produced from the combination of animal feed components.

[0006] Published patent application WO 2022 / 238351 A1 discloses a precision feed formulation. It also relates to a computer-implemented method for predicting the effect of corn quality in animal feed on the animal's feed conversion efficiency. It also relates to the use of the model to improve feed conversion efficiency.

[0007] Published patent application US2007 / 0026493 A1 discloses a system for generating optimized values ​​for variable inputs of an animal production system. The system includes a simulator engine configured to receive a plurality of animal information inputs and generate performance predictions. At least one of the animal information inputs is designated as a variable input, and at least one of the animal information inputs includes animal genotype information. The system also includes an enterprise management engine configured to generate an optimized value for the at least one variable input, wherein the optimized value is configured to optimize animal production based on the animal genotype information.

[0008] Feed intake and feed efficiency in poultry are at least partially regulated by ME levels. Fast-growing animals, such as broilers, pigs, and laying hens, require large amounts of energy to grow muscle tissue. Cellular energy in all animals is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The amount of ATP in cells is tightly regulated and available only for short periods of time, reflecting this high energy demand.

[0009] Creatine (CREA) plays a key role in the energy balance of muscle cells. The "phosphocreatine / CREA" system acts as a buffer, ensuring the continuous availability of ATP molecules. Creatine phosphate (PCREA) is a dynamic storage form of energy-rich phosphate, ensuring a steady supply of ATP / ADP in cells.

[0010] Guanidine acetate (GAA) is a stable and widely available feed supplement primarily used to improve energy efficiency. It is efficiently converted to CREA in the body. CREA and its phosphorylated form, PCREA, play crucial roles in cellular energy metabolism. Although all vertebrates can naturally synthesize CREA (Daly MM. (1985) Guanidinoacetatemethyltransferase activity in tissues and cultured cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1; 236(2): 576-84. doi: 10.1016 / 0003-9861(85)90661-7. PMID: 3970526; Stead, L., M., KP Au, RL Jacobs, ML Bronson, and ET Brosnan (2001) “Methylation Demand and Homocysteine ​​Metabolism: Effects of Dietary Provision of Creatine and Guanidinoacetate.” American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 281:1095–1100.doi:10.1152 / ajpendo.2001.281.5.E1095; Komoto, J., Y. Takata, T. Yamada, K. Konishi, H. Ogawa, T. Gomi, M. Fuioka, and F. Takusagawa (2003) “Monoclinic Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase and Gadolinium Ion-binding Characteristics.” Acta Crystallographia D 59:1589–1596.doi:10.1107 / S0907444903014719), but its endogenous synthesis may not be sufficient to support the extraordinary growth rates achieved by modern poultry genetics. Today, poultry diets are mainly composed of plant-derived ingredients, mainly corn and soybean meal. CREA is only present in feed ingredients of animal origin, whereas plant-based ingredients do not contain any CREA metabolites (Krueger, K., K. Damme, and A. Lemme (2010) “Bessere Mast mit CreAmino.” DGS Magazin 26 / 2010, 10-14).

[0011] GAA, a direct precursor of CREA, has attracted attention as a feed additive due to its high thermal stability (Vranes, M., S. Ostojic, A. Tot, S. Papovic, and S. Gadzuric (2017) "Experimental and Computational Study of GAA Self-aggregation in Aqueous Solution." Food Chemistry 237:53–57. doi:10.1016 / j.foodchem.2017.05.088). GAA has high bioavailability (EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) 2009). "Safety and Efficiency of Guanidino Acetic Acid as a Feed Additive for Chickens for Fattening." The EFSA Journal 988:1–30; Tossenberger, J., M. Rademacher, K. Nemeth, V. Halas, and A. Lemme. 2016. "Digestibility and Metabolism of Dietary Guanidino Acetic Acid Fed to Broilers." Poultry Science 95:2058–2067. doi:10.3382 / ps / pew083) and its cost-effectiveness in many feed compositions. As a result, GAA has been officially registered as an animal feed additive by regulatory agencies in the United States and Europe (FDA Federal Register 81, November 30, 2016; EUR-Lex, L270 / 4, October 5, 2016).

[0012] When GAA is supplemented in broiler diets, muscle CREA increases asymptotically, reaching up to 29%, compared to unsupplemented diets. Within the EU permitted GAA supplementation range (EFSA 2009), supplementation of 0.6g / kg to 1.2g / kg increases muscle CREA by 14% to 21% (see Figure 1). CREA levels in unsupplemented broilers have been reported to range from 3986 mg / kg to 4789 mg / kg breast meat (Lemme, A., J. Ringel, H. S. Rostagno, and M. S. Redshaw (2007) “Supplemental Guanidine Acetic Acid Improved Feed Conversion, Weight Gain and Breast Meat Yield in Male and Female Broilers.” Proceedings of the 16th European Poultry Nutrition Symposium, Strasbourg, France, 335-338; Ringel, J., A. Lemme, A. Knox, J. Mc Nab, and M. S. Redshaw (2007) “Effects of Graded Levels of Creatine and Guanidine Acetic Acid in Vegetable Based Dietson Performance and Biochemical Parameters in Muscle Tissue.” Proceedings of the 16th European Poultry Nutrition Symposium, Strasbourg, France, 387-390. doi:10.1016 / j.ejpb.2007.03.018; Majdeddin, M., A. Golian, H. Kermanshahi, S. de Smet, and J. Michiels (2018) “Guanidinoacetic Acid Supplementation in Broiler Chickens Fed on Corn-soybean Diets Affects Performance in the Finisher Period and Energy Metabolites in Breast Muscle Independent of Diet Nutrient Density.” British Poultry Science 59:443-451. doi:10.1080 / 00071668.2018.1476678; Tossenberger, J., M. Rademacher, K. Nemeth, V. Halas, and A.Lemme.2016.“Digestibility and Metabolism of DietaryGuanidino Acetic Acid Fed to Broilers.”Poultry Science 95:2058–2067.doi:10.3382 / ps / pew083)。.

[0013] The effects of GAA on broiler performance and metabolism are particularly well understood. GAA has positive effects on feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weight gain (BWG), and breast meat yield in broilers (McBreairty LE, Robinson JL, Furlong K.R., Brunton JA, Bertolo RF (2015) Guanidinoacetate Is More Effective than Creatine at Enhancing Tissue Creatine Stores while Consequently Limiting Methionine Availability in Yucatan Miniature Pigs. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0131563. https: / / doi.org / 10.1371 / journal.pone.0131563; De Groote, AA (2015) “Efficacy of Dietary Guanidinoacetic Acid in Broiler Chicks.” Master Degree. Urbana IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana-Champaign;M.Majdeddin,U.Braun,A.Lemme,A.Golian,H.Kermanshahi,S.De Smet,J.Michiels(2020)< <Guanidinoacetic acid supplementation improves feed conversion in broilerssubjected to heat stress associated with muscle creatine loading and argininesparing.> >Poultry Science, Volume 99, Issue 9, 2020, Pages 4442-4453, ISSN 0032-5791, https: / / doi.org / 10.1016 / j.psj.2020.05.023; Zhang B, Liu N, He Z, Song P, HaoM, Xie Y, Li J, Liu R and Sun Z (2021) "Guanidino-Acetic Acid: AScarce Substance in Biomass That Can Regulate Postmortem Meat Glycolysis of Broilers Subjected to Pre-slaughter Transportation." Front.Bioeng.Biotechnol.8:631194.doi:10.3389 / fbioe.2020.631194; Khajali et al., World'sPoultry Science Journal, 2020). .

[0014] The most consistent effect of GAA supplementation was seen on FCR. The FCR data from the available trials can be converted to a relative scale, where the unsupplemented control treatment is always set to 100% (see Figure 2). With one exception, GAA supplementation improved FCR in a dose-dependent and fairly linear manner. Based on linear regression, the improvement in FCR ranged from 4.5 to 8.8 points for GAA doses between 0.6 g / kg and 1.2 g / kg. The variation across these 32 data sets was reasonable (R 2 =0.56). Despite attempts to normalize the data using relative scales, this variation can be explained by differences in experimental setup (F. Khajali, A. Lemme & M. Rademacher Heilshorn (2020) "Guanidinoacetic acid as a feed supplement for poultry." World's Poultry Science Journal, DOI: 10.1080 / 00439339.2020.1716651).

[0015] Although the trend for FCR was clear, the meta-analysis results for BWG and breast meat yield were inconsistent. 2The results were only 0.28 and 0.33, respectively. However, the regression slope was positive, indicating that GAA had a positive effect, rather than no effect or negative effect, with increasing supplementation rate (F. Khajali, A. Lemme & M. Rademacher Heilshorn (2020) "Guanidinoacetic acid as a feed supplement for poultry." World's Poultry Science Journal, DOI: 10.1080 / 00439339.2020.1716651).

[0016] Furthermore, in addition to its effects on performance when used on an unsupplemented diet, some reports indicate that supplementation with GAA can reduce the ARG requirement of broiler chickens (Dilger, RN, K. Bryant-Angeloni, RL Payne, A. Lemme, and CM Parsons (2013) “Dietary Guanidinoacetic Acid Is an Efficacious Replacement for Arginine for Young Chicks.” Poultry Science 92:171177. doi:10.3382 / ps.2012-02425; De Groote, AA, N. Braun, and RN Dilger (2018) “Efficacy of Guanidinoacetic Acid on Growth and Muscle Energy Metabolism in Broiler Chicks Receiving Arginine-deficient Diets.” Poultry Science 97:890–900.doi:10.3382 / ps / pex378; Michiels, J., L. Maertens, J. Buyse, A. Lemme, M. Rademacher, NA Dierick, and S. de Smet (2012) “Supplementation of Guanidinoacetic Acid to Broiler Diets: Effects on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Energy Metabolism." Poultry Science 91:402–412.doi:10.3382 / ps.2011-01585; Ahmadipour, B., F. Khajali, and M. Sharifi (2018c) "Effect of Guanidinoacetic AcidSupplementation on Growth Performance and Gut Morphology in BroilerChickens." Poultry Science Journal 6:1924; Ahmadipour, B., M. Sharifi, and F.Khajali (2018b) "Pulmonary Hypertensive Response of Broiler Chickens to Arginine and Guanidinoacetic Acid under High-altitude Hypoxia." ActaVeterinaria Hungrica66:114124; Ahmadipour, B., S. Naeini, M. Sharifi, and F. Khajali (2018a) "Growth Performance and Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Responses ofBroiler Chickens to Guanidinoacetic Acid Supplementation under HypobaricHypoxia." Journal of Poultry Science 55:6064.doi:10.2141 / jpsa.0170044)). .

[0017] This has practical implications in poultry nutrition because birds do not have a functional urea cycle and are completely dependent on dietary ARGs (Khajali, F. and RF Wideman (2010) “Dietary Arginine: Metabolic, Environmental, Immunological, and Physiological Interrelationships.” World's Poultry Science Journal 66:751766. doi:10.1017 / S0043933910000711). While common corn-soybean meal diets generally meet recommended ARG levels, there are some reports suggesting that in certain circumstances, such as high altitude (Khajali and Wideman, 2010) and heat stress (Brake, J., and D. Balnave. 1995. “Essentiality of Arginine in Broilers during Hot Weather.” Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting of the Biokyowa Amino Acid Council, St Louis, Mo, October 3-5), broilers may need to be supplemented with ARG in crystalline form.

[0018] From the biochemical pathway for GAA formation in the kidney, one molecule of ARG and one molecule of glycine (GLY) are required to form one molecule of GAA, while one molecule of ornithine is released. This means that 1.49 g of ARG (MW = 174.2 g / mol) and 0.64 g of GLY (MW = 75.1 g / mol) are required to form 1 g of GAA (MW = 117.1 g), indicating a theoretical ARG-sparing capacity of GGA of 149%. Several studies have been conducted in which ARG was supplemented with or without GAA to estimate the ARG-sparing activity of GAA. Overall, these feeding studies have shown that the ARG-saving potential of GAA ranges from 77% to 149% (F. Khajali, A. Lemme & M. Rademacher Heilshorn (2020) "Guanidinoacetic acid as a feed supplement for poultry." World's Poultry Science Journal, DOI: 10.1080 / 00439339.2020.1716651). Dilger et al. (2013) found that in the absence of GAA, 3.8 g / kg of supplemental L-arginine was required in a diet severely deficient in ARG, while only 2.1 g / kg of L-ARG was needed to achieve a given feed conversion ratio when GAA was supplemented at 1.2 g / kg. Therefore, 1.2 g / kg of GAA compensated for 1.7 g / kg of L-ARG, indicating a replacement efficiency of 142%, close to the theoretical value of 149%. However, when the amount of ARG exceeds the requirements of broiler chickens, no further ARG savings can be achieved, but there will still be an impact on production performance, which is attributed to the improvement of energy metabolism.

[0019] As mentioned above, GAA in the diet increases muscle CREA concentration, thereby improving energy metabolism in muscle tissue (Lemme, A., C. Elwert, R. Gobbi, and M. Rademacher (2011) "Application of the GuanidinoAcetic Acid as Creatine Source in Broilers Fed Diets with or without Fish Meal." Proceedings of the 18th European Poultry Nutrition Symposium, Turkey, 453–455. doi:10.1177 / 1753193411434038). It is expected that GAA, as a precursor of CREA, would affect energy efficiency, and experiments in poultry have confirmed this expectation.

[0020] This finding is supported by the fact that reducing dietary energy content and supplementing the diet with GAA can restore broiler performance (Malins et al., 2017; Mousavi SN, Afsar A., ​​Lotfollahian H. (2013) Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation to broiler diets with varying energy contents, Journal of Applied Poultry Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2013, pp. 47-54, ISSN 1056-6171, https: / / doi.org / 10.3382 / japr.2012-00575; Heger, J., J. Zelenka, V. Machander, C. Cruz, M. Lestak, and D. Hampel. (2014) “Effects of Guanidinoacetic Acid Supplementation to Broiler Diets with Varying Energy Content.” Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62:477–485.doi:10.11118 / actaun201462030477; Abudabos, AM, F. Saleh, A. Lemme, and HAHZakaria (2014) “The Relationship between Guanidino Acetic Acid and Metabolisable Energy Level of Diets on Performance of Broiler Chickens.” Italian Journal of Animal Science 13:548–556.doi:10.4081 / ijas.2014.3269).

[0021] Numerous reports have demonstrated that supplementing broiler chicken diets with GAA has positive effects on production performance, as well as dietary optimization (e.g., ARG- and energy-saving). However, the magnitude of these effects varies depending on the supplementation rate, broiler age, ARG- and energy levels in the broiler diet, and the performance level of the broiler flock. Furthermore, the profitability of GAA use varies with the significant fluctuations in broiler prices and feed costs.

[0022] Therefore, due to the complex and variable factors that influence the effectiveness of GAA supplementation, there is a high risk that GAA is not used optimally in broiler diets. Commercial feed manufacturers and farmers, integrators and farmers all strive to maximize their return on investment when using feed additives such as GAA in diets.

[0023] Therefore, there remains a need for a method to recommend energy- and ARG-levels in poultry diets to commercial feed manufacturers, growers, integrators, and growers.

[0024] The study found that this issue can be addressed by considering different ways to efficiently use GAA in broiler production. The first step is to consider how much energy GAA can save at different stages of broiler production, or in other words, to determine the maximum energy-saving potential of GAA at different stages of broiler production. Based on the results, it is recommended to minimize the energy content of the feed.

[0025] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a computer-implemented method for recommending dietary energy levels for poultry diets, comprising the following steps:

[0026] a) receiving, requesting and / or providing data from a user's input / output device, wherein the data includes one or more of the following: poultry and poultry gender, feed energy level E CD 、GAA supplementation rateGAA supplementation rate (GAA suppl.rate ) and a day during the rearing period;

[0027] b) Determine the actual energy requirement E for poultry 所需 (E required ), which comprises the following steps:

[0028] b1) extracting one or more matrices from the database, wherein the one or more matrices contain: for each sex of poultry and each day in each feeding stage, the actual energy required by the poultry E 所需 , body weight BW, weight gain BWG, cumulative feed intake and daily feed intake;

[0029] b2) For the poultry sex and rearing stage mentioned in step a), read the actual energy required E from the matrix of step b1) 所需 ;

[0030] c) Determining the energy level E of the diet in step a) CD The actual energy required by poultry in step b2) is E 所需 The relationship between them:

[0031] When the energy level of the diet in step a) is E CDGreater than E in step b2) 所需 When the threshold value is reached, the method proceeds to step d) to determine the energy reduction amount E 降低 (E reduction );

[0032] or

[0033] When the energy level of the diet in step a) is E CD Lower than or equal to E in step b2) 所需 When the threshold is reached, the energy is reduced by E 降低 is set to 0, and the method proceeds to step e);

[0034] d) determining the energy reduction E for the poultry sex and the day of the rearing period in step a) 降低 , which includes the following steps:

[0035] d1) For a day in the feeding period in step a), read the body weight BW from the matrix in step b1) d and cumulative feed intake (CFI) d , and for the day before the certain day, from the moment of step b1)

[0036] Read weight BW in the array d-1 and cumulative feed intake (CFI) d-1 ;

[0037] d2) By calculating the BW in step d1) d With BW d-1 The weight gain BWG is calculated by the difference between the two values ​​and the CFI in step d1). d With CFI d-1 The difference between the two values ​​is used to calculate the daily feed intake FI;

[0038] d3) Calculating the energy efficiency ratio (EER) of a certain day during the feeding period in step a) by the following formula:

[0039]

[0040] in:

[0041] BWG is the weight gain in step d2);

[0042] FI is the daily feed intake in step d2);

[0043] E CD is the energy level of the diet in step a);

[0044] d4) Calculate the recommended energy E using the following formula 建议 (E recommended ):

[0045] E 建议=BWG×100×1000 / EER×FI

[0046] in:

[0047] BWG is the weight gain in step d2);

[0048] FI is the daily feed intake in step d2);

[0049] EER is the energy efficiency ratio in step d3);

[0050] d5) For the poultry sex and rearing stage in step a), the energy level E of the diet in step a) is calculated. CD and E in step d4) 建议 The difference between 降低 ;as well as

[0051] e) reducing the energy determined in step c) or d5) by an amount E 降低 Sent to the input / output device of step a).

[0052] Preferably, in step b2) E 所需 The threshold value is E 所需 85% to 95% range, or in the E 所需 The 85% to 90% range.

[0053] The method of the present invention is primarily intended as a decision support tool when optimizing the effects of GAA supplementation in broiler production. A unique feature of the method is its evaluation of relevant information from the client's operations, namely, phase length, performance level, dietary energy, and ARG levels. It predicts the potential for GAA to save energy and ARGs in broiler diets and predicts additional performance improvements. It helps determine the optimal energy and ARG levels for broiler diets at each stage of production.

[0054] Studies have found that the energy-saving recommendations for GAA are not identical across all rearing stages. On the contrary, the savings were found to be smaller for young birds than for older birds. However, for older birds, GAA was observed to save more energy in finisher diets. These observations suggest that setting different energy values ​​for different rearing stages is an optimal approach. Therefore, the method of the present invention takes into account specific data for each day within each rearing stage or specific data for each rearing stage, where appropriate.

[0055] In trials using GAA to compensate for reduced energy, the energy reduction level and GAA supplementation rate were not always the same. In most trials, the standard diet was reduced in energy by 50 kcal / kg feed and supplemented with 0.06% GAA to maintain bird performance. This equates to an energy saving of 83.333 kcal / kg GAA. However, considering all 20 identified independent trials using GAA to compensate for reduced energy, the energy savings tested ranged widely, from 41.667 kcal / kg to 568.333 kcal / kg. Overall, these trials indicate that GAA can compensate for more than 83.333 kcal / kg. It is expected that an energy saving of 163.889 kcal / kg GAA would maintain bird body weight gain, with a small improvement in feed fertility rating (FCR). Regarding FCR, even an energy saving of 197.222 kcal / kg GAA was found to maintain performance.

[0056] Preferably, the day of the feeding period in step a) is the last day of the feeding period.

[0057] This has the advantage that the final day gives the length of the feeding phase.

[0058] In one embodiment of the method of the present invention, the data received, requested and / or provided in step a) also include the dietary ARG level Arg CD , and step b2) further comprises reading the standard ileal digestible ARG requirement (Arg) from the matrix of step b1) for the sex and feeding stage of the poultry in step a). requirement ).

[0059] In addition to its effects on production performance when used in unsupplemented diets, some reports have shown that supplementation with GAA can reduce the ARG requirement of broilers.

[0060] ARG is an essential amino acid that, in addition to being a building block of proteins, has multiple functions in metabolism. These functions include serving as a precursor of endogenous nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that acts through the intracellular second messenger cGMP ( et al., 1996). ARG is also a precursor of GAA in metabolism (ARG + GLY = GAA) and is an important substrate for de novo GAA synthesis. However, when the concentrations of ornithine (from GAA production) and CREA reach a certain level, there is a negative feedback mechanism that downregulates arginine-glycine-amidinotransferase (AGAT) (Walker, 1979). This mechanism prevents excessive levels of CREA in muscle tissue and conserves ARG and GLY for metabolic processes other than GAA production. When GAA is supplemented in broiler diets, the concentration of CREA in metabolism increases and, as mentioned above, downregulates the AGAT enzyme, thereby conserving ARG (and GLY). In fact, DeGroot et al. (2018) reported that GAA supplementation increased circulating ARG levels in birds fed an ARG-deficient diet. Therefore, dietary ARG levels must be considered when using GAA in the diet.

[0061] ARG may be a limiting amino acid in diets low in crude protein, diets with low ARG components such as wheat, sorghum, or DDGS, or when ARG requirements are increased due to other factors such as high altitude, high temperature, and low temperature. In these situations, GAA has the potential to save ARG supplementation and the ARG-sparing effect of GAA may be considered.

[0062] From a molecular perspective, per kg Contains 960g GAA, which can save 1428g ARG (143% of GAA), or supplement 600g (576g GAA) can save 857g ARG (0.086% in the diet). Several experiments have been conducted to determine the magnitude of the ARG-sparing effect of GAA (Dilger et al., 2013; De Groot et al., 2018; De Groot et al., 2019; Lemme et al., 2018; Emami et al., 2017; Fosoul et al., 2019).

[0063] By comparing supplementation and non-supplementation The response curve of ARG titration was determined to be 77% of the minimum ARG saving effect, or 100% of the total ARG saving effect per kg. 770 g (Lemme et al., 2018). However, Dilger et al. (2013) used the same approach but tested diets severely deficient in ARG and reported an ARG-sparing effect of 143%, which is consistent with the stoichiometric calculations above. Therefore, Khajali et al. (2020) concluded in their review that the ARG-sparing capacity of GAA in chickens ranges from 77% to 149%. Khajali et al. (2020) also suggested that the ARG-sparing effect of GAA may not be reflected in growth performance or feed efficiency when the saved ARG is used for purposes other than muscle synthesis (e.g., immune response). Dao and Swick (2021) added that, as previously mentioned, the ARG-sparing effect of GAA may not be apparent when broilers are fed diets with sufficient ARG levels and under thermal comfort conditions. However, when the amount of ARG exceeds requirements, GAA does not save any ARG but still has an effect on production performance, which is attributed to improved energy metabolism.

[0064] In a preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises the following steps:

[0065] d6) Determine the ARG saving potential Arg 节省潜力 (Arg spar.pot. ), which comprises the following steps:

[0066] d6a) Calculate the ARG requirement percentage Arg using the following formula: 需求百分比 (Arg perc.requirement ):

[0067]

[0068] d6b) Determine the ARG saving potential Arg 节省潜力 ,in:

[0069] When Arg calculated in step d6a) 需求百分比 When the ARG saving potential is less than or equal to 73%, the ARG 节省潜力 Set to 143%;

[0070] When Arg calculated in step d6a) 需求百分比 When greater than 73% and less than 100%, the ARG saving potential Arg 节省潜力 between 143% and 77%, excluding endpoints;

[0071] or

[0072] When Arg calculated in step d6a) 需求百分比 When equal to or greater than 100%, the ARG saving potential Arg 节省潜力 Set to 77%;

[0073] and

[0074] d6c) converting the ARG saving potential Arg determined in step d6b) into 节省潜力 Sent to the input / output device of step a).

[0075] Preferably, the lower the ARG level relative to the ARG requirement, the greater the ARG saving potential Arg 节省潜力 The higher the ARG level, and / or the higher the ARG level relative to the ARG requirement, the greater the ARG-saving potential. 节省潜力 The lower.

[0076] Taking into account the varying degrees of ARG-sparing effect of GAA in the aforementioned trials (Dilger et al., 2013; De Groot et al., 2018; De Groot et al., 2019; Lemme et al., 2018; Emami et al., 2017; Fosoul et al., 2019), and the greater effect of GAA in diets with low ARG levels compared to diets with sufficient ARG levels, the present method suggests the following:

[0077] - If the ARG requirement is less than or equal to 73%, this method suggests that the ARG savings potential for GAA is 143% (results from Dilger et al., 2013).

[0078] - If the ARG requirement is greater than 73% and less than 100%, the method suggests the ARG savings potential of GAA based on the following formula:

[0079] Arg 节省潜力 [%] = 77 + 2.44 × ((Arg 需求 <100)×(100-Arg 需求 )

[0080] For example, when the ARG demand is 90%, the method suggests that the ARG saving potential of GAA is 101.4% (=77+2.44×(100−90)).

[0081] - If the ARG requirement is 100% or higher, the methodology suggests GAA’s ARG savings potential is 77%.

[0082] Before making any further predictions about ARG, the method of the present invention determines the amount of ARG required to achieve the standard ileal digestibility. 需求 Required ARG supplement amount Arg 补充 (Arg supplement ).

[0083] In another embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises the following steps:

[0084] d7) Determine the required amount of ARG to achieve standard ileal digestibility using the following formula: 需求 Required ARG supplement amount Arg 补充 :

[0085]

[0086] The ARG supplement amount Arg determined in this way is used 补充 , GAA acid supplement rate GAA 补充率 , and the potential for ARG saving when necessary 节省潜力 The method of the present invention can save the potential of ARG after GAA supplementation. 补充GAA后的节省潜力 (Arg spar.pot.with suppl.GAA ) to make predictions.

[0087] In a further preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises the following steps:

[0088] d8) Determine the ARG sparing potential after GAA supplementation 补充GAA后的节省潜力 ,in:

[0089] When Arg determined in step d7) 补充 When it is lower than 0, Arg 补充GAA后的节省潜力 Set to 0;

[0090] or

[0091] When Arg determined in step d7) 补充 Equal to or greater than GAA 补充率 When Arg is calculated by the following formula 补充GAA后的节省潜力 :

[0092] Arg 补充GAA后的节省潜力 =Arg 节省潜力 ×GAA 补充率

[0093] in:

[0094] Arg 节省潜力 is the ARG saving potential in step d6b); and

[0095] GAA 补充率 is the GAA replenishment rate in step 1a).

[0096] Using the thus determined ARG sparing potential after GAA supplementation, Arg 补充GAA后的节省潜力 , ARG supplementation required to meet the standard ileal digestible ARG requirement Arg 补充 , the method next considers the ARG sparing potential Arg after GAA supplementation 补充GAA后的节省潜力 , predict the required ARG supplement amount Arg所需补充 (Arg supplement,required ).

[0097] In another preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises the following steps:

[0098] d9) Consider the potential for ARG sparing after GAA supplementation 补充GAA后的节省潜力 , determine the required amount of ARG supplement Arg 所需补充 ,in:

[0099] When Arg determined in step d7) 补充 When it is lower than 0, Arg 所需补充 Set to 0.

[0100] or

[0101] When Arg determined in step d7) 补充 When it is greater than 0, by calculating Arg in step d7) 补充 and Arg in step d8) 补充GAA后的节省潜力 The difference between the two is used to calculate Arg 所需补充 .

[0102] In one embodiment of the method of the present invention, the body weight BW and weight gain BWG are standard body weight BW and standard weight gain BWG for the poultry and the sex of the poultry in step a).

[0103] However, it is conceivable that the body weight BW and weight gain BWG, as well as the target body weight BW and target weight gain BWG, may not correspond to the expected body weight. The method of the present invention also takes this situation into account. In this case, the data received, requested and / or provided in step a) also includes the target body weight BW of the poultry on the slaughter day. 目标 (BW target ).

[0104] In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the data received, requested and / or provided in step a) also include the target weight BW of the poultry on the slaughter day. 目标 .

[0105] Target body weight (BW) of poultry on slaughter day 目标 If the weight BW or the standard weight BW is different, the difference must first be identified. Then, the parameters determined in any or all of steps d1) to d9) need to be adjusted according to the target weight BW of the poultry on the day of slaughter. 目标 Correction was made for the corresponding percentage difference between the two groups, body weight (BW).

[0106] In a preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention, the BW 目标 Is it the same or different from the standard weight BW of the poultry and the sex of the poultry mentioned in step a)?目标 Determine BW if it is different from the standard body weight BW 目标 The percentage difference between the body weight and the standard body weight BW is calculated, and the parameters determined in any one or all of steps d1) to d9) are corrected according to the percentage difference.

[0107] In one embodiment of the method of the invention, each day in the life cycle of each poultry is assigned to a rearing phase for that poultry.

[0108] In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the life cycle of each poultry is divided into separate rearing phases, each rearing phase having the same or different number of days.

[0109] Studies have shown that data relevant to predictions using the method of the present invention are not identical across all stages of a breeding cycle. Furthermore, studies have shown that some data relevant to predictions using the method of the present invention are not identical even on each day within a breeding cycle. Therefore, it is beneficial to group data that differ for each sex and each day within a breeding cycle into a single matrix 1, while grouping other data that differ only by sex of the poultry and each breeding cycle into a separate matrix.

[0110] The data on body weight (BW), weight gain (BWG), cumulative feed intake and daily feed intake are specific to each sex of the birds and for each day in each rearing phase. Therefore, these data are contained in the matrix M1.

[0111] In contrast, the actual energy requirement of poultry is E 所需 and standard ileal digestible ARG requirement Arg 需求 The data differ only for each sex and each stage of rearing of the birds. Therefore, these data are included in the matrix M2.

[0112] In another embodiment of the method according to the invention, for each sex of the poultry and for each day in each rearing period, body weight BW, weight gain BWG, cumulative feed intake and daily feed intake are contained in a matrix M1.

[0113] In a further embodiment of the method according to the invention, for each sex and each rearing stage of the poultry, the actual energy requirement E 所需 and standard ileal digestible ARG requirement Arg 需求 Contained in matrix M2.

[0114] In principle, the method of the present invention is not limited to a specific type of poultry. Therefore, the method can be used to recommend dietary levels for any conceivable type of poultry. In the context of the present invention, the term "poultry" as known to those skilled in the art refers to any domesticated bird raised for its intended use, in particular, domesticated birds raised by humans for their eggs, meat, or feathers.

[0115] In a further embodiment of the method according to the invention, the poultry is a broiler chicken, a turkey, a duck or a goose.

[0116] Another object of the present invention is to provide a system for recommending dietary energy levels in poultry diets, the system comprising a processing unit adapted to perform at least steps a) to e) of the method according to the invention and capable of accessing one or more databases in steps b1) and d1).

[0117] In one embodiment of the system according to the present invention, the processing unit further comprises one or more databases in steps b1) and d1).

[0118] In another embodiment of the system according to the invention, the processing unit forms a network with the one or more databases in steps b1) and d1).

[0119] Another object of the invention is a computer program product comprising instructions which, when said program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the invention.

[0120] Yet another object of the invention is a computer-readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the invention.

Claims

1. A computer-implemented method for recommending a dietary energy level for a poultry diet, comprising the steps of: a) receiving, requesting and / or providing data from a user's input / output device, wherein the data includes one or more of the following: poultry and poultry gender, feed energy level E CD , guanidine acetic acid (GAA) supplement rate GAA 补充率 and a certain day during the rearing phase; b) Determine the actual energy requirement E for poultry 所需 , which includes the following steps: b1) extracting one or more matrices from the database, wherein the one or more matrices contain: for each poultry sex and each day in each feeding stage, the actual energy required by the poultry E 所需 , body weight BW, weight gain BWG, cumulative feed intake and daily feed intake; b2) For the poultry sex and rearing stage mentioned in step a), read the actual energy required E from the matrix of step b1) 所需 ; c) Determining the energy level E of the diet in step a) CD The actual energy required by poultry in step b2) is E 所需 The relationship between them: When the energy level of the diet in step a) is E CD Greater than E in step b2) 所需 When the threshold value is reached, the method proceeds to step d) to determine the energy reduction amount E 降低 ; or When the energy level of the diet in step a) is E CD Lower than or equal to E in step b2) 所需 When the threshold is reached, the energy is reduced by E 降低 is set to 0, and the method proceeds to step e); d) determining the energy reduction E for the poultry sex and the day of the rearing period in step a) 降低 , which includes the following steps: d1) For a certain day of the feeding period in step a), read the body weight BW from the matrix in step b1) d and cumulative feed intake (CFI) d , and for the day before the certain day, read the weight BW from the matrix of step b1) d-1 and cumulative feed intake (CFI) d-1 ; d2) By calculating the BW in step d1) d With BW d-1 The weight gain BWG is calculated by the difference between the two values ​​and the CFI in step d1). d With CFI d-1 The difference between the two values ​​is used to calculate the daily feed intake FI; d3) Calculating the energy efficiency ratio (EER) of a certain day during the feeding period in step a) by the following formula: in: BWG is the weight gain in step d2); FI is the daily feed intake in step d2); E CD is the energy level of the diet in step a); d4) Calculate the recommended energy E using the following formula 建议 : AND 建议 =BWG×100×1000 / EER×FI in: BWG is the weight gain in step d2); FI is the daily feed intake in step d2); EER is the energy efficiency ratio in step d3); d5) For the poultry sex and rearing stage in step a), the energy level E of the diet in step a) is calculated. CD and E in step d4) 建议 The difference between 降低 ;as well as e) reducing the energy determined in step c) or d5) by an amount E 降低 Sent to the input / output device of step a).

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the data received, requested and / or provided in step a) further comprises the dietary arginine (ARG) level Arg CD , and step b2) further comprises reading the standard ileal digestible ARG requirement Arg from the matrix of step b1) for the poultry sex and feeding stage in step a). 需求 .

3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the steps of: d6) Determine the ARG saving potential Arg 节省潜力 , which includes the following steps: d6a) Calculate the ARG requirement percentage Arg using the following formula: 需求百分比 : d6b) Determine the ARG saving potential Arg 节省潜力 ,in: When Arg calculated in step d6a) 需求百分比 When the ARG saving potential is less than or equal to 73%, the ARG 节省潜力 Set to 143%; When Arg calculated in step d6a) 需求百分比 When greater than 73% and less than 100%, the ARG saving potential Arg 节省潜力 between 143% and 77%, excluding endpoints; or When Arg calculated in step d6a) 需求百分比 When equal to or greater than 100%, the ARG saving potential Arg 节省潜力 Set to 77%; and d6c) converting the ARG saving potential Arg determined in step d6b) into 节省潜力 Sent to the input / output device of step a).

4. The method according to claim 2 or 3, further comprising the steps of: d7) Determine the required amount of ARG to achieve standard ileal digestibility using the following formula: 需求 Required ARG supplement amount Arg 补充 :

5. The method according to claim 4, further comprising the steps of: d8) Determine the ARG sparing potential after GAA supplementation 补充GAA后的节省潜力 ,in: When Arg determined in step d7) 补充 When it is lower than 0, Arg 补充GAA后的节省潜力 Set to 0; or When Arg determined in step d7) 补充 Equal to or greater than GAA 补充率 When Arg is calculated by the following formula 补充GAA后的节省潜力 : Angry 补充GAA后的节省潜力 =Angry 节省潜力 ×GAA 补充率 in: Arg 节省潜力 is the ARG saving potential in step d6b); and GAA 补充率 is the GAA replenishment rate in step a).

6. The method according to claim 5, further comprising the steps of: d9) Consider the potential for ARG sparing after GAA supplementation 补充GAA后的节省潜力 , determine the required amount of ARG supplement Arg 所需补充 ,in: When Arg determined in step d7) 补充 When it is lower than 0, Arg 所需补充 Set to 0; or When Arg determined in step d7) 补充 When it is greater than 0, by calculating Arg in step d7) 补充 and Arg in step d8) 补充GAA后的节省潜力 The difference between the two is used to calculate Arg 所需补充 .

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the body weight BW and weight gain BWG are standard body weight BW and standard weight gain BWG for the poultry and the sex of the poultry in step a).

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the data received, requested and / or provided in step a) further comprises a target weight BW of the poultry on the slaughter day. 目标 .

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the BW is checked 目标 Is it the same or different from the standard weight BW of the poultry and the sex of the poultry mentioned in step a)? 目标 Determine BW if it is different from the standard body weight BW 目标 The percentage difference between the body weight and the standard body weight BW is calculated, and the parameters determined in any one or all of steps d1) to d9) are corrected according to the percentage difference.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein each day in the life cycle of each poultry is assigned to a rearing stage for that poultry.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the life cycle of each poultry is divided into separate rearing stages, each rearing stage having the same or different number of days.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein for each sex of the poultry and for each day in each rearing phase, body weight BW, weight gain BWG, cumulative feed intake and daily feed intake are contained in a matrix M1.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein for each sex and each rearing stage of the poultry, the actual energy required by the poultry E 所需 and standard ileal digestible ARG requirement Arg 需求 Contained in matrix M2.

14. System for recommending dietary energy levels in poultry diets, comprising a processing unit adapted to perform at least steps a) to e) of the method according to claim 1 and having access to one or more databases in steps b1) and d1).

15. Computer program product comprising instructions which, when said program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to claim 1.

16. A computer-readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the method according to claim 1.

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