Determining mode of operation in initial access in SBFD system

Abstract

A WTRU may detect one or more synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) from a cell. The WTRU may receive configuration information. The configuration information may include an indication of a cross-link interference (CLI) threshold. The WTRU may determine a CLI associated with the cell. Determining a CLI threshold associated with the cell may be based on the configuration information. The WTRU may compare the determined CLI to the CLI threshold value. The WTRU may select one or more resources, e.g., based on a comparison of the determined CLI to the CLI threshold. The one or more resources may be associated with transmitting a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble. The WTRU may transmit the PRACH preamble, for example, using one or more selected resources.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 484,796, filed February 14, 2023, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0002] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) can transmit or receive physical channels or reference signals based on at least one spatial domain filter. The term beam can be used to refer to a spatial domain filter. A WTRU can transmit physical channels or signals using the same spatial domain filter used to receive reference signal (RS) (such as Channel State Information (CS) RS (CSI-RS)) or synchronization signal (SS) blocks. The WTRU transmission can be referred to as the target, and the received RS or SS block can be referred to as the reference and / or source. In this context, the WTRU can be described as transmitting a target physical channel or signal based on a spatial relationship with a reference to such an RS or SS block.

[0003] The WTRU can transmit a first physical channel or signal based on the same spatial domain filter used to transmit the second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions can be referred to as the target and / or reference (or source), respectively. In this case, the WTRU can be described as transmitting the first (target) physical channel or signal based on a spatial relationship with a reference to the second (reference) physical channel or signal.

[0004] Spatial relationships can be implicit, configured by Radio Resource Control (RRC), or signaled by Media Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) or Downlink Control Information (DCI). For example, a WTRU can implicitly transmit the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) and the demodulated RS (DM-RS) of the PUSCH based on the same spatial domain filter as the Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), indicated by an SRS Resource Indicator (SRI) in the DCI or configured by RRC. In another example, spatial relationships can be configured by RRC for the SRI or signaled by the MAC CE for the PUCCH. This spatial relationship can also be referred to as beam indication.

[0005] The WTRU can receive a first (target) downlink channel or signal based on the same spatial domain filters or spatial reception parameters as the second (reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, this association can exist between a physical channel (such as a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) or Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) and its corresponding DM-RS. At least when the first and second signals are reference signals, this association can exist between corresponding antenna ports when the WTRU is configured with Quasi-Co-location (QCL) assumption type D. This association can be configured as a Transmit Configuration Indicator (TCI) state. The association between the CSI-RS or SS block and the DM-RS can be indicated to the WTRU by indexing the set of TCI states configured by the RRC and / or signaled by the MAC CE. This indication can be additionally or alternatively referred to as beam indication. Summary of the Invention

[0006] A Wireless Transmit / Receive Unit (WTRU) can receive configuration. For example, the WTRU can receive configuration information. The configuration information may indicate (e.g., include) a threshold and / or one or more configured resources. The WTRU can measure cross-link interference (CLI), for example, associated with the one or more configured resources. For example, the WTRU can measure CLI based on the configuration information. The WTRU can determine that the CLI associated with the one or more configured resources is less than a threshold. The WTRU can determine to use Subband Non-Overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD) operation. For example, the WTRU can determine to use SBFD operation for cell access. SBFD operation may include: selecting resources from a subband of an SBFD symbol. The WTRU can compare (e.g., the measured CLI) with a threshold. The WTRU can determine an operating mode. The operating mode may be based on a comparison of CLI with a threshold. The operating mode may be one or more of Subband Non-Overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD) or non-SBFD. The WTRU can detect one or more Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs). For example, the WTRU can detect one or more Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) from the cell. In another example, the WTRU can detect one or more Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) from the cell during initial access. The WTRU can transmit a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) preamble. For example, the WTRU can transmit the PRACH preamble based on the operating mode. The WTRU can use selected resources to send (e.g., transmit) the PRACH preamble. In some examples, if the CLI is less than a threshold, the WTRU can determine that the operating mode is SBFD. In other examples, if the CLI exceeds the threshold, the WTRU can determine that the operating mode is non-SBFD.

[0007] The WTRU can detect one or more Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) from a cell. The WTRU can receive configuration information. This configuration information may include an indication of a Cross-Link Interference (CLI) threshold. The WTRU can determine the CLI associated with the cell. For example, the WTRU can determine the CLI associated with the cell based on the configuration information. The WTRU can compare the determined CLI (e.g., a CLI measurement result) with a CLI threshold. The WTRU can select one or more resources, for example, based on the comparison of the determined CLI measurement result with the CLI threshold. These one or more resources may be associated with transmitting a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) preamble. The WTRU can transmit the PRACH preamble, for example, using these one or more selected resources.

[0008] The WTRU can determine the active operating mode used for cell access, for example, based on a comparison of determined CLI measurements with a CLI threshold. For instance, when the determined CLI measurement is less than the CLI threshold, the WTRU can determine that the active operating mode includes Subband Non-overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD) operation. The WTRU can select one or more resources from one or more time slots and / or one or more uplink (UL) subbands of SBFD symbols from a set of allowed resources, for example, when the active operating mode includes SBFD operation. The CLI can be determined by measuring one or more SSBs from the cell. The determined CLI measurement may include measurements of the CLI Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) over a predetermined time period. The WTRU can also determine the CLI by measuring one or more reference signals indicated by configuration information.

[0009] The WTRU can monitor the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), indicating a Random Access Response (RAR) at appropriate times in one or more time slots and / or one or more downlink (DL) subbands of SBFD symbols within the set of permitted resources. The WTRU can determine whether the cell supports SBFD operation. Configuration information may include indications for measuring the CLI associated with the cell.

[0010] The WTRU can detect one or more Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs), for example, from one or more cells. The WTRU can determine whether the one or more cells support Subband Non-overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD). The WTRU can receive configuration information. The configuration information may include indications of thresholds and / or indications for measuring Cross-Link Interference (CLI) associated with the one or more cells. The thresholds may be associated with one or more of the CLI and / or Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). The WTRU can determine the CLI measurement associated with each of the one or more cells, for example, based on the configuration information. The WTRU can select one or more SSBs, for example, based on the determined CLI measurement and / or one or more of the RSRP.

[0011] The WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on the determined CLI measurement results and RSRP, for example, based on one or more of the determined CLI measurement results and / or RSRP. The WTRU may also select one or more SSBs based on at least one of the lowest determined CLI measurement result or the highest RSRP, for example, based on one or more of the determined CLI measurement results and / or RSRP.

[0012] The WTRU can compare a threshold with a determined CLI measurement and / or determine, based on that comparison, whether to include a cell associated with one or more SSBs in the candidate cell list, for example, when the threshold is associated with the CLI. The WTRU can also determine to include a cell associated with one or more SSBs in the candidate cell list, for example, if the determined CLI measurement is less than the threshold. The WTRU can also determine not to include a cell associated with one or more SSBs in the candidate cell list, for example, if the determined CLI measurement is greater than or equal to the threshold.

[0013] The WTRU can classify one or more cells based on at least one of the determined CLI measurements and / or the determined RSRP. The WTRU can select the cell with the highest classification. The WTRU can determine the operating mode as SBFD, for example, if the cell with the highest classification supports SBFD. The WTRU can determine the operating mode as non-SBFD, for example, if the cell with the highest classification does not support SBFD. The WTRU can send Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmissions, for example, to the cell with the highest classification.

[0014] The WTRU can select a cell and the associated Synchronization Signal Block (SSB), for example, based on Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurements. The WTRU can receive configuration information. This configuration information may include a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Cross-Link Interference (CLI) threshold and / or one or more time and frequency resources. The WTRU can determine the CLI (e.g., CLI measurements), for example, by using one or more time and frequency resources. The WTRU can compare the determined CLI measurement with the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine the active operating mode, for example, based on the comparison of the determined CLI measurement with the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine the active mode as Subband Non-overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD), for example, if the determined CLI measurement is less than the PRACH CLI threshold.

[0015] Configuration information may include a first indication of one or more first resources for SBFD active modes and / or a second indication of one or more second resources for non-SBFD modes. The WTRU may transmit PRACH messages to the base station, for example, using the one or more first resources. The PRACH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU may use the one or more first resources to transmit a preamble (e.g., a PRACH preamble) to the base station, for example, before transmitting the PRACH message. The preamble may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. For example, the preamble may be an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU may use the one or more second resources to transmit PRACH messages to the base station. The WTRU may use the one or more second resources to transmit a preamble to the base station.

[0016] The WTRU can transmit Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) messages, for example, using one or more secondary resources. The PUSCH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU may determine the activity mode as non-SBFD, for example, if the determined CLI measurement result is greater than or equal to the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may use one or more resources for non-SBFD mode to transmit PRACH messages. The WTRU may determine one or more resources for non-SBFD mode, for example, based on indications in the configuration information.

[0017] The WTRU can select a cell and / or the Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) associated with that cell, for example, based on Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurements. The WTRU can send Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) messages, for example, using at least one of one or more first resources for SBFD active mode and / or one or more second resources for non-SBFD mode. The PRACH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU can receive Random Access Responses (RARs). RAR responses may include Downlink Control Information (DCI) and / or an indication that SBFD has been rejected. The WTRU can determine whether to disable the cell for SBFD operation.

[0018] The WTRU can determine whether to disable the cell for SBFD operation within a predetermined time period, for example, if the cell is disabled for SBFD operation. The WTRU can determine whether to connect to the cell for non-SBFD operation. The WTRU can select a second cell and / or transmit a PRACH preamble to the second cell based on information received in the RAR, for example, if the cell includes the first cell.

[0019] The RAR may include a Random Access Preamble Identifier (RAPID). The WTRU can use this identifier to determine whether to deny the cell for SBFD operation based on the RAPID not matching its index. The DCI may include a Denied Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RJ-RNTI). The DCI may include an indication of a second cell for the transmission of a PRACH preamble, such as if the cell includes the first cell. The DCI may include a threshold for Cross-Link Interference (SLI) measurements. The WTRU can compare the threshold with the CLI measurements. Based on this comparison, the WTRU can determine whether to transmit a second PRACH message to the second cell, such as if the PRACH message includes the first PRACH message.

[0020] The WTRU can receive configuration information. This configuration information may include one or more of the following: an indication of a Cross-Link Interference (CLI) threshold, a time period associated with Subband Non-Overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD) prohibition, and / or an indication of one or more resources. The WTRU can transmit messages to the cell. These messages may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU can receive rejection messages. These rejection messages may include an indication to prohibit the cell for SBFD operation. The WTRU can determine the start prohibition period based on the time period associated with the SBFD prohibition.

[0021] The WTRU can classify cells, for example, based on at least one and / or Cross-Link Interference (CLI) measurement during a prohibited period. The WTRU can determine the CLI measurement result, for example, when the prohibited period has expired. The WTRU can determine whether to include a cell associated with one or more SSBs in the SBFD candidate cell list, for example, if the measured CLI is less than a CLI threshold. The WTRU can measure one or more of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) and / or Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ). The WTRU can classify cells based on at least one of the measured RSRP or the measured RSRQ.

[0022] The WTRU can select a first and / or second cell based on a ranking, such as if the cell includes the first cell. The WTRU can transmit Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) messages to the first and / or second cell. The WTRU can determine that a cell will not be considered an SBFD candidate cell for at least the prohibited period. The WTRU can determine that a cell will be considered an SBFD candidate cell after the prohibited period has expired. The WTRU can determine that a cell is considered an SBFD candidate cell based on a CLI measurement result being less than a CLI threshold. Attached Figure Description

[0023] Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0024] Figure 1B The illustration shows a device that can be used according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used in a communication system.

[0025] Figure 1C The illustration shows a device that can be used according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) used in a communication system.

[0026] Figure 1D The illustration shows a device that can be used according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of a further example RAN and a further example CN used within the communication system.

[0027] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating an example process for determining resources for a PRACH preamble.

[0028] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example process for selecting one or more SSBs.

[0029] Figure 4This is a diagram illustrating an example of subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD).

[0030] Figure 5 This is a diagram illustrating an example of SBFD operation in a Synchronization Symbol Block (SSB) symbol for an SSB burst.

[0031] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating an example of SBFD operation in a downlink-only (DL) symbol for an SSB burst.

[0032] Figure 7 This is a diagram illustrating an example process for determining the activity operation mode.

[0033] Figure 8 This is a diagram illustrating an example process for determining the start of the prohibition period.

[0034] Figure 9 This is a diagram illustrating an example procedure for determining a cell to be prohibited from SBFD operation. Detailed Implementation

[0035] Figure 1A This diagram illustrates an example communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content (such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcasting, etc.) to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-Tail Unique Word DFT Extended OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), etc.

[0036] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. Although it will be appreciated, the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d can be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. As an example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain scenarios), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as WTRUs.

[0037] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. As an example, base stations 114a and 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), Node-B, eNode B, home node B, home eNode B, gNB, NR NodeB, site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, etc. Although base stations 114a and 114b are depicted as single elements, it will be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0038] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a specific geographic area for a radio service, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, and multiple transceivers may be used for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0039] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, millimeter wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0040] More specifically, as noted above, communication system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 / 113, and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA can include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA can include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0041] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which can use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish air interface 116.

[0042] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as NR radio access, which can use a new radio (NR) to establish an air interface 116.

[0043] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example, using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Therefore, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0044] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement the following radio technologies, such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., WiMAX), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSMEDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0045] Figure 1ABase station 114b can be, for example, a wireless router, a home node B, a home eNode B, or an access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a commercial area, home, vehicle, campus, industrial facility, air corridor (e.g., for drone use), road, etc. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not be required to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0046] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data may have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Although... Figure 1A Although not shown, it will be understood that RAN104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which can utilize NR radio technology, CN106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0047] CN 106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0048] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that can use cellular-based radio technology and a base station 114b that can use IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0049] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating example WTRU 102. (Example:) Figure 1B As shown, WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138, etc. It will be appreciated that WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the above-described elements while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0050] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmitting / receiving element 122. Although... Figure 1B The processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it will be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 can be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0051] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and optical signals. It will be appreciated that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0052] Although the transmitting / receiving element 122 is in Figure 1B While depicted as a single element, WTRU 102 may include any number of transmitting / receiving elements 122. More specifically, WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include two or more transmitting / receiving elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals via air interface 116.

[0053] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As noted above, WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capability. Thus, for example, transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs (such as NR and IEEE 802.11).

[0054] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 can be coupled to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit), and can receive user input data from them. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Additionally, the processor 118 can access information from any type of suitable memory (such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132), and store data in that memory. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, etc. In other embodiments, processor 118 may access information from memory that is not physically located on WTRU 102 (such as on a server or home computer (not shown)) and store data in that memory.

[0055] The processor 118 can receive power from the power supply 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control the power going to other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 can be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0056] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be understood that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method, while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0057] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripherals 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or videos), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, Bluetooth® modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, etc. Peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors, geolocation sensors, altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0058] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio, for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference via signal processing performed via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio, for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0059] Figure 1C The diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 104 can employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0060] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c, although it will be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Therefore, eNode-B 160a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0061] Each of the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, and user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

[0062] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of CN 106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0063] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can act as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, activating / deactivating bearers, and selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0064] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0065] SGW 164 can be connected to PGW 166, which can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c with access to a packet-switched network (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0066] CN 106 facilitates communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a circuit-switched network (such as PSTN 108) to facilitate communication between WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c and conventional terrestrial line communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server), which acts as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0067] Despite WTRU in Figures 1A to 1D While described as a wireless terminal, it is envisioned that, in some representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0068] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0069] In an Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode, a WLAN may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS destined for a STA can be delivered to the STA via the AP. Traffic from a STA to a destination outside the BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP, for example, where a source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic can be sent between source and destination STAs (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link setup (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an access point (AP), and STAs within or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to as a "self-organizing" communication mode in this document.

[0070] When using 802.11ac infrastructure operation mode or a similar operation mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel can be of fixed width (e.g., a bandwidth of 20 MHz) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish connections with the AP. In some representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, STAs including the AP (e.g., each STA) can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, that STA can back off. A STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time within a given BSS.

[0071] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20MHz channels to form a 40MHz wide channel.

[0072] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support channels with widths of 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz, and / or 160MHz. 40MHz and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20MHz channels. A 160MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20MHz channels or by combining two non-consecutive 80MHz channels (which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration). For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, data is transmitted via a segment resolver that divides the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed separately on each stream. The streams can be mapped onto two 80MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0073] Operating modes below 1 GHz are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to representative embodiments, 802.11ah can support instrument-type control / machine-type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with a lifespan exceeding a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0074] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STA that supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the 802.11ah example, for STAs that support (e.g., only support) the 1MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices), the primary channel can be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example because an STA (which only supports the 1MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available band may be considered busy, even if most of the band is still idle and could be available.

[0075] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is from 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. Depending on the country code, the total available bandwidth for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz.

[0076] Figure 1D The diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 113 and CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 113 may also communicate with CN 115.

[0077] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, although it will be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Therefore, gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers can be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers can be on licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement Cooperative Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive cooperative transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0078] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable digitization. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary depending on different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes of various or scalable lengths or transmission time intervals (TTIs) (e.g., including different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or absolute times of varying durations).

[0079] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed frequency bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, and simultaneously communicate with / connect to another RAN (such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can act as mobility anchors for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to serve WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0080] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0081] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0082] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can act as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMF183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. Network slices can be used by AMF 182a and 182b to customize CN support for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the service types utilized by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be built for different use cases, such as services that rely on Ultra Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) access, services that rely on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, and services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0083] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b, and configure traffic routing through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRU IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0084] UPF 184a and 184b can connect to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N3 interface. These gNBs can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as the Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184a and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

[0085] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can connect to local data networks (DNs) 185a and 185b via the N3 interface to UPFs 184a and 184b and the N6 interface between UPFs 184a and 184b and DNs 185a and 185b.

[0086] Given Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D The corresponding descriptions may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown) to perform one or more of the functions described herein with respect to one or more of the following: WTRU102a-d, base station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-ab, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or one or more other devices described herein. An emulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0087] Simulation devices can be designed to perform tests on one or more other devices in a laboratory environment and / or a carrier network environment. For example, the one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all of their functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all of their functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or can use over-the-air wireless communication to perform tests.

[0088] The one or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation devices can be used in test scenarios in a test laboratory and / or in non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication networks to perform testing on one or more components. The one or more simulation devices can be test rigs. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0089] The WTRU can receive configuration. For example, the WTRU can receive configuration information. The configuration information may indicate (e.g., include) a threshold and / or one or more configured resources. The WTRU can measure cross-link interference (CLI), which may be associated with, for example, the one or more configured resources. The WTRU can measure CLI based on the configuration information. The WTRU can determine that the CLI associated with the one or more configured resources is less than a threshold. The WTRU can determine to use Subband Non-Overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD) operation. For example, the WTRU can determine to use SBFD operation for cell access. SBFD operation may include: selecting resources from a subband of an SBFD symbol. The WTRU can compare (e.g., the measured CLI) with a threshold. The WTRU can determine an operating mode. The operating mode may be based on a comparison of CLI with a threshold. The operating mode may be one or more of Subband Non-Overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD) or non-SBFD. The WTRU can detect one or more Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs). For example, the WTRU can detect one or more Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) from a cell. The WTRU can detect one or more Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) from the cell during initial access. The WTRU can transmit a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) preamble. For example, the WTRU can transmit the PRACH preamble based on the operating mode. The operating mode can be the active operating mode. The WTRU can send (e.g., transmit) the PRACH preamble, for example, using selected resources. The WTRU can determine that the operating mode is SBFD, for example, if CLI is less than a threshold. The WTRU can determine that the operating mode is not SBFD, for example, if CLI exceeds a threshold.

[0090] Figure 2This diagram illustrates an example process 200 for determining resources for a PRACH preamble. At 202, the WTRU may detect one or more Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs). For example, the WTRU may detect one or more SSBs from a cell. At 204, the WTRU may receive configuration information. The configuration information may indicate (e.g., include) thresholds. For example, the configuration information may include an indication of a Cross-Link Interference (CLI) threshold. The WTRU may measure Cross-Link Interference (CLI). Additionally or alternatively, the configuration information may include an indication for measuring the CLI associated with the cell. At 206, the WTRU may determine the CLI associated with the cell. For example, the WTRU may measure the CLI for the one or more SSBs. The WTRU may determine (e.g., measure) the CLI for the one or more SSBs (e.g., CLI measurement results) based on the configuration. The CLI (e.g., CLI measurement results) may be determined by measuring the one or more SSBs from the cell. The determined CLI may include the measurement results of the CLI Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) over a predetermined time period. WTRU can determine CLI by measuring one or more reference signals indicated by configuration information.

[0091] The WTRU can select one or more SSBs. For example, the WTRU can select one or more SSBs based on the measured CLI. At 208, the WTRU can compare the determined CLI measurement result with a CLI threshold. The WTRU can compare the (e.g., measured) CLI of the one or more selected SSBs with the threshold. The WTRU can classify the one or more SSBs. For example, the WTRU can classify the one or more SSBs based on the comparison of CLI with the threshold. The WTRU can determine the operating mode. The operating mode can be based on the comparison of CLI with the threshold. The WTRU can determine the active operating mode for cell access, for example, based on the comparison of the determined CLI measurement result with the CLI threshold. The operating mode can be one or more of subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) or non-SBFD. The WTRU can detect the one or more SSBs (e.g., from the cell) during initial access. For example, when the determined CLI measurement result is less than the CLI threshold, the WTRU can determine that the active operating mode includes subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) operation.

[0092] At 210, the WTRU can select one or more resources. The WTRU can select one or more resources from one or more time slots and / or one or more uplink (UL) subbands of SBFD symbols from the set of allowed resources, for example, when the active operating mode includes SBFD operation. The one or more resources can be associated with transmitting a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) preamble. At 212, the WTRU can transmit the PRACH preamble, for example, using the one or more selected resources. For example, the WTRU can transmit the PRACH preamble based on a tier. In some examples, if the CLI is less than a threshold, the WTRU can determine that the operating mode is SBFD. In other examples, if the CLI exceeds a threshold, the WTRU can determine that the operating mode is non-SBFD.

[0093] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example procedure 300 for selecting one or more SSBs. The WTRU can select a cell. At 302, the WTRU can detect one or more Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs), for example, from one or more cells. For example, the WTRU can select a cell and associate a Synchronization Signal Block (SSB), for example, with that cell. At 304, the WTRU can determine whether the one or more cells support Subband Non-overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD) operation.

[0094] At 306, the WTRU can receive configuration information. The configuration information may include indications of thresholds and / or indications for measuring cross-link interference (CLI) associated with the one or more cells. Additionally or alternatively, the thresholds may be associated with one or more of CLI and / or Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). The configuration may indicate (e.g., include) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) cross-link interference (CLI) thresholds and / or one or more resources.

[0095] At 308, the WTRU can determine the CLI (e.g., CLI measurement result) associated with each of the one or more cells, for example, based on configuration information. The WTRU can measure the CLI, for example, associated with the one or more resources. The WTRU can compare (e.g., the measured CLI) with a PRACH CLI threshold. At 310, the WTRU can select one or more SSBs, for example, based on one or more of the determined CLI measurement results and / or RSRP. The WTRU can select the one or more SSBs based on the determined CLI measurement results and RSRP, for example, based on one or more of the determined CLI measurement results and / or RSRP. The WTRU can select the one or more SSBs based on one or more of the SSBs having at least the lowest determined CLI measurement result or the highest RSRP, for example, based on one or more of the determined CLI measurement results and / or RSRP.

[0096] The WTRU can compare a threshold with a determined CLI measurement and / or determine, based on that comparison, whether to include a cell associated with one or more SSBs in the candidate cell list, for example, when the threshold is associated with the CLI. The WTRU can also determine to include a cell associated with one or more SSBs in the candidate cell list, for example, if the determined CLI measurement is less than the threshold. The WTRU can also determine not to include a cell associated with one or more SSBs in the candidate cell list, for example, if the determined CLI measurement is greater than or equal to the threshold.

[0097] The WTRU can classify one or more cells based on at least one of the determined CLI measurements and / or the determined RSRP. The WTRU can select the cell with the highest classification. The WTRU can determine the operating mode as SBFD, for example, if the cell with the highest classification supports SBFD. The WTRU can determine the operating mode as non-SBFD, for example, if the cell with the highest classification does not support SBFD. The WTRU can send Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmissions, for example, to the cell with the highest classification.

[0098] The WTRU can determine the Random Access (RA) type. For example, the WTRU can determine the RA type based on a comparison of the CLI with a PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can transmit a preamble to the selected cell, for example, based on the determined RA type. The preamble can be a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) preamble. The WTRU can determine the RA type in two steps. For example, if the CLI is less than the threshold, the WTRU can determine the RA type in two steps. The WTRU can determine the RA type in four steps. For example, if the CLI exceeds the threshold, the WTRU can determine the RA type in four steps. Additionally or alternatively, if the Reference Received Power (RSRP) exceeds the RSRP threshold, the WTRU can determine the RA type in two steps. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can determine the RA type in four steps by determining that the Reference Received Power (RSRP) is less than the RSRP threshold. The WTRU can determine the operating mode. The operating mode can be based on a comparison of the CLI with a PRACH CLI threshold. The operating mode can be one or more of Subband Non-overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD) or non-SBFD.

[0099] The WTRU can select a cell. The WTRU can transmit a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), for example, using one or more resources. The WTRU can transmit a PRACH preamble. For example, the WTRU can transmit a PRACH (e.g., a preamble) to the cell. The WTRU can detect Downlink Control Information (DCI). The DCI can be associated with a Random Access Response (RAR), for example, from the cell. The WTRU can receive the RAR. The RAR can indicate (e.g., include) an operating mode. The operating mode can be one or more of Subband Non-overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD) or non-SBFD. The WTRU can receive the RAR within a RAR time window. The RAR can indicate (e.g., include) that the operating mode is SBFD. The WTRU can transmit connection messages to the cell, for example, if the RAR indicates that the operating mode is SBFD. The RAR can indicate (e.g., include) that the operating mode is non-SBFD. The WTRU can transmit connection messages to the cell, for example, if the RAR indicates that the operating mode is non-SBFD. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can add the cell to the list of cells prohibited from SBFD. For example, if the RAR indicates that the operating mode is non-SBFD, the WTRU can add the cell to the list of cells prohibited from SBFD operation. The WTRU can transmit a preamble (e.g., a PRACH preamble) to the second cell. For example, if the RAR indicates that the operating mode is non-SBFD, the WTRU can transmit a preamble (e.g., a PRACH preamble) to the second cell.

[0100] The WTRU can receive Subband Non-Overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD) prohibition periods. The WTRU can receive Cross-Link Interference (CLI) thresholds. CLI thresholds can be associated with SBFD prohibition periods. The WTRU can transmit SBFD messages. For example, the WTRU can transmit SBFD messages to a cell. The WTRU can receive response messages, such as from a cell. Response messages can be based on and / or in response to SBFD messages. Additionally or alternatively, response messages can indicate prohibition of the cell from SBFD operation. The WTRU can perform cell classification. For example, the WTRU can perform cell classification based on SBFD prohibition periods and / or CLI measurements. The WTRU can determine whether to select the cell or a second cell. For example, the WTRU can determine the selection of the cell and / or a second cell based on cell classification. The WTRU can measure Cross-Link Interference (CLI). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can compare the CLI with a threshold (e.g., a CLI threshold). The WTRU can determine whether a cell is an SBFD candidate. For example, if the CLI is less than a threshold (e.g., a CLI threshold), the WTRU can determine that the cell is an SBFD candidate. When an SBFD prohibition period expires (e.g., triggered by the expiration), the WTRU can measure the CLI. The WTRU can transmit Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) (e.g., preamble) messages. For example, the WTRU can transmit PRACH (e.g., preamble) messages to the (e.g., first) and / or second cells. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can transmit PRACH (e.g., preamble) messages to the first and / or second cells based on cell hierarchy. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can send (e.g., transmit) PRACH (e.g., preamble) messages according to SBFD operations.

[0101] Duplex operation can improve traditional Time Division Duplex (TDD) operation, for example by enhancing uplink (UL) coverage, improving capacity, reducing latency, or one or more of these improvements. TDD can be based on splitting the time domain between the uplink and downlink. Full-duplex and / or Subband Non-overlapping Full-duplex (SBFD) can be implemented at the gNB, for example within the traditional TDD band. Figure 4 Example SBFD operation 400 is described.

[0102] In TDD, the transmission of the Synchronization Signal (SS) / Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) block (SSB) may be possible in downlink (DL) symbols (e.g., DL only). The Radio Transmit / Receive Unit (WTRU) may not expect to schedule uplink (UL) signals in SSB symbols. In, for example, Subband Non-overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD) operation, if SSB symbols are not used from SBFD operation, this may affect and / or degrade SBFD performance. Figure 5Example SBFD operation 500 is described in an SSB symbol for an SSB burst. Figure 6 Example SBFD operation 600 in DL-only symbols for SSB bursts is described.

[0103] During, for example, cell selection (reselection), the WTRU may undergo one or more (e.g., all) initial access procedures (e.g., 4- or 2-step Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)). The WTRU may measure cross-link interference (CLI) and / or determine that a connection is impossible, for example, due to (e.g., based on) CLI. For example, the WTRU may measure cross-link interference (CLI) and / or determine that a connection is impossible due to CLI after switching to Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection mode. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may undergo cell reselection and / or handover procedures, which may, for example, increase latency and / or cause ping-pong effects.

[0104] A WTRU can transmit and / or receive physical channels and / or reference signals. For example, a WTRU can transmit and / or receive physical channels and / or reference signals based on at least one spatial domain filter. The term beam can be used herein to refer to a spatial domain filter. A WTRU can transmit physical channels and / or signals, for example, using the same spatial domain filter used to receive reference signals (RS) (e.g., Channel State Information-Reference Signal (CSI-RS)) and / or SS blocks. The WTRU transmission herein can be referred to as the target. The received RS and / or SS blocks can be referred to as the reference and / or source. The WTRU can transmit the target physical channel and / or signal based on the spatial relationship with a reference to such RS and / or SS blocks.

[0105] The WTRU can transmit a first physical channel and / or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used to transmit the second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions can be referred to as the target and the reference and / or source, respectively. The WTRU can transmit the first (e.g., target) physical channel or signal based on the spatial relationship with a reference to the second (e.g., reference) physical channel or signal.

[0106] Spatial relationships can be implicit, configured by the RRC, and / or signaled by the MAC CE and / or DCI. For example, the WTRU can implicitly transmit PUSCH and / or PUSCH DM-RS based on the same spatial domain filter as the SRI indicated in the DCI and / or the SRS configured by the RRC. Spatial relationships can be configured by the RRC for the SRS Resource Indicator (SRI) and / or signaled by the Media Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) for the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). Spatial relationships may also be referred to herein as beam indications.

[0107] The WTRU can receive a first (e.g., target) downlink channel and / or signal based on the same spatial domain filters and / or spatial reception parameters as the second (e.g., reference) downlink channel and / or signal. The WTRU can monitor the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), for example, indicating a Random Access Response (RAR) at the opportune moment in one or more time slots and / or one or more downlink (DL) subbands of SBFD symbols within the set of permitted resources. The WTRU can determine whether the cell supports SBFD operation.

[0108] Correlation can exist between physical channels (e.g., PDCCH and / or PDSCH) and corresponding demodulation reference signals (DM-RS). For example, correlation can exist between corresponding antenna ports when the WTRU is configured with Quasi-Co-location (QCL) assumption type D. Additionally or alternatively, correlation can exist between corresponding antenna ports when the WTRU is configured with Quasi-Co-location (QCL) assumption type D, at least when the first and / or second signals are reference signals. Correlation can be configured as Transmit Configuration Indicator (TCI) states. The WTRU can be indicated in the correlation between the CSI-RS or SS block and the DM-RS, for example, by indexing the set of TCI states configured by the RRC and / or signaled by the MAC CE. The indication may also be referred to herein as beam indication.

[0109] As described herein, transmit and receive points (TRPs) can be used interchangeably with one or more of transmit points (TPs), receive points (RPs), radio remote heads (RRHs), distributed antennas (DAs), base stations (BSs), sectors (e.g., of the BS), and / or cells (e.g., the geographic cell area served by the BS). In this document, multiple transmit and receive points (multiple TRPs) can be used interchangeably with one or more of MTRPs, M-TRPs, and / or multiple TRPs.

[0110] In this document, the terms subband and / or subfrequency band may be used to refer to frequency domain resources and / or may be characterized by at least one of the following: a set of resource blocks (RBs); a set of resource block sets (RB sets); when a carrier has an intra-cell guard band; a set of interleaved resource blocks; a bandwidth portion or a portion thereof; a carrier or a portion thereof. A subband may be characterized by the number of starting RBs and / or RBs, for example, for the set of adjacent RBs within a bandwidth portion. A subband may additionally or alternatively include the value of a frequency domain resource allocation field and / or a bandwidth portion index.

[0111] In this document, the term XDD may be used to refer to subband-mode duplexing (e.g., UL and / or DL ​​are used per subband) and / or may be characterized by at least one of the following: cross-duplexing (e.g., frequency division duplexing (FDD) in subband mode within a TDD band); subband non-overlapping full-duplexing (SBFD); subband-based full-duplexing (e.g., full-duplexing on / mixed as both UL and DL on a symbol / time slot, but UL or DL ​​is used per subband on a symbol / time slot); frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) of DL / UL transmissions within a TDD spectrum; subband non-overlapping full-duplexing (e.g., non-overlapping subband full-duplexing); full-duplexing other than full-duplexing at the same frequency (e.g., spectrum sharing and / or subband mode overlap); and / or advanced duplexing methods (e.g., other than (pure) TDD or FDD).

[0112] In this document, the term dynamic (e.g., and / or flexible) TDD can refer to a TDD system / cell. A TCC system / cell can dynamically and / or flexibly change / adjust / switch communication directions (e.g., downlink, uplink, sidelink, etc.) at time (e.g., slots, symbols, subframes, etc.). Component carriers (CCs) or bandwidth portions (BWPs) can include a type (e.g., a single) of “D,” “U,” and “F” on a symbol / slot, as in systems employing dynamic / flexible TDD. The type can be based on an indication made by Group Common (GC)-DCI (e.g., format 2_0). GC-DCI can include a Slot Format Indicator (SFI) and / or based on tdd-UL-DL-config-common / private configuration. A first gNB (e.g., cell and / or TRP) (e.g., employing dynamic / flexible TDD) can transmit downlink signals to a first WTRU. A first gNB (e.g., cell, TRP) employing dynamic / flexible TDD can transmit downlink signals to a first WTRU at a given time / slot / symbol. The WTRU can communicate / associate with the first gNB based on the first SFI and / or tdd-UL-DL-config. The SFI and / or tdd-UL-DL-config can be configured / indicated by the first gNB and / or the second gNB (e.g., cell, TRP), for example, using dynamic / flexible TDD. The first gNB and / or the second gNB can receive uplink signals transmitted from the second WTRU, and the second WTRU communicates / associates with the second gNB based on the second SFI and / or tdd-UL-DL-config configured / indicated by the second gNB. The first WTRU can determine that uplink signal reception is interfering with downlink signal reception. Interference caused by uplink signals can refer to WTRU-WTRU cross-layer interference (CLI).

[0113] The WTRU can report a subset of Channel State Information (CSI) components. CSI components may correspond to one or more of the following: CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), SSB Resource Indicator (SSBRI), indication of the panel received at the WTRU (e.g., panel identity or group identity), measurement results obtained from the SSB (e.g., L1-RSRP, L1-SINR), and / or CSI-RS (e.g., cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR) and / or other channel state information (e.g., rank indicator (RI), channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), layer index (LI), etc.).

[0114] The WTRU can receive Synchronization Signal / Physical Broadcast Channel (SS / PBCH) blocks. An SS / PBCH block (SSB) can include one or more of the Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), and Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH). The WTRU can monitor, receive, and / or attempt to decode the SSB, for example, during one or more of the following: initial access, initial synchronization, Radio Link Monitoring (RLM), cell search, cell handover, etc. The WTRU can measure and / or report Channel State Information (CSI). For each connectivity mode, CSI can include or be configured with one or more of the following: CSI reporting configuration; CSI-RS resource set; and / or non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. CSI report configuration may include one or more of the following: the number of CSI reports (e.g., Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Rank Indicator (RI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), Layer Indicator (LI), etc.), CSI report type (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, periodic), CSI report codebook configuration (e.g., Type I, Type II, Type II port selection, etc.), and / or CSI report frequency. The CSI-RS resource set may include one or more CSI resource settings. CSI resource settings may include one or more of the following: NZP-CSI-RS resources for channel measurements; NZP-CSI-RS resources for interference measurements; and / or CSI-IM resources for interference measurements. NZP CSI-RS resources may include one or more of the following: NZP CSI-RS resource ID; periodicity and offset; QCL information and TCI status; and / or resource mapping (e.g., number of ports, density, CDM type, etc.).

[0115] A WTRU may indicate, identify, and / or be configured with one or more reference signals. A WTRU may monitor, receive, and / or measure one or more parameters, for example, based on the corresponding reference signal. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of parameters that may be included in the measurement results of one or more reference signals. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included. For example, parameters may include one or more of the following: SS reference signal received power (SS-RSRP); CSI-RSRP; SS signal-to-noise and-interference ratio (SS-SINR); CSI-SINR; Received signal strength indicator (RSSI); Cross-layer interference received signal strength indicator (CLI-RSSI); Probe reference signal RSRP (SRS-RSRP); Secondary synchronization signal reference signal received quality (SS-RSRQ); and / or CSI reference signal received quality (CSI-RSRQ).

[0116] The SS reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) can be measured, for example, based on a synchronization signal (e.g., the demodulated reference signal (DMRS) in the PBCH and / or SSS). SS-RSRP can comprise a linear average of the power contributions of the reference element (RE) carrying the corresponding synchronization signal. Power scaling for the reference signal can be utilized when measuring, for example, RSRP. Measurements can be made based on a CSI reference signal in addition to the synchronization signal, or alternatively, based on the CSI reference signal for the synchronization signal, for example, if SS-RSRP is used for L1-RSRP.

[0117] CSI-RSRP can be measured, for example, based on a linear average of the power contribution of resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding CSI-RS. CSI-RSRP measurement results can be configured within the measurement resource for the configured CSI-RS timing.

[0118] The SS signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SS-SINR) can be measured based on a synchronization signal (e.g., PBCH and / or DMRS in the SSS). SS-SINR can comprise a linear average of the power contributions of resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding synchronization signal divided by a linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. Noise and / or interference power measurements can be made based on resources configured by higher layers, for example, if SS-SINR is used for L1-SINR.

[0119] CSI-SINR can be measured based on a linear average of the power contributions of resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding CSI-RS divided by a linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. Noise and / or interference power measurements can be made based on resources configured at higher layers, such as if CSI-SINR is used for L1-SINR. In some examples (e.g., otherwise), noise and interference power can be measured based on resources carrying the corresponding CSI-RS.

[0120] Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) can be measured, for example, as an average of the total power contribution across the configured OFDM symbols and / or bandwidth. The power contribution can be received from different resources. For example, the power contribution can be received from one or more of cooperating channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.

[0121] Cross-Layer Interference Received Signal Strength Indicator (CLI-RSSI) can be measured, for example, as an average of the total power contribution across configured OFDM symbols based on configured time and / or frequency resources. The power contribution can be received from different resources. For example, the power contribution can be received from one or more of cross-layer interference, cooperating channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.

[0122] The detection reference signal RSRP (SRS-RSRP) can be measured based on the linear average of the power contribution of the resource element (RE) carrying the corresponding SRS.

[0123] The secondary synchronization signal reference signal reception quality (SS-RSRQ) can be measured, for example, based on measurements of reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) and / or received signal strength (RSSI). SS-RSRQ can be calculated as N × the ratio of SS-RSRP to the NR carrier RSSI. N can be determined based on the number of resource blocks within the corresponding NR carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. Additionally or alternatively, the measurements to be used in the numerator and / or denominator can be located on the same set of resource blocks.

[0124] CSI reference signal received quality (CSI-RSRQ) can be measured, for example, based on measurements of reference signal received power (CSI-RSRP) and / or received signal strength (RSSI). SS-RSRQ can be calculated as N × the ratio of CSI-RSRP to CSIRSSI. N can be determined based on the number of resource blocks within the corresponding CSI-RSSI measurement bandwidth. Additionally or alternatively, the measurements used in the numerator and denominator can be on the same set of resource blocks.

[0125] The characteristics of granting and / or assignment may include one or more of the following: frequency allocation; time allocation aspects (e.g., duration); priority; modulation and coding scheme; transport block size; number of spatial layers; number of transport blocks; TCI status, CRI and / or SRI; number of repetitions; whether the repetition scheme is type A or type B; whether the granting is configured granting type 1, type 2, or dynamic granting; whether the assignment is dynamic assignment or semi-persistent scheduling (e.g., configuration) assignment; configuration grant index or semi-persistent assignment index; configuration periodicity of granting or assignment; channel access priority class (CAPC); and / or any parameters in the DCI, provided by the MAC and / or by the RRC for scheduling granting or assignment.

[0126] Indications made by the DCI may include one or more of the following: explicit indications by the DCI field and / or by the RNTI used to mask or scramble the CRC of the DCI; implicit indications by characteristics including, but not limited to, one or more of the following: DCI format, DCI size, kernel set or search space, aggregation level, and the first resource element (e.g., the index of the first control channel element) of the received DCI. The mapping between characteristics and values ​​may be signaled by RRC and / or MAC. Receiving and / or monitoring the DCI using and / or employing the RNTI may additionally or alternatively imply that the CRC of the DCI is masked and / or scrambled using the RNTI.

[0127] In this document, the signal may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: sounding reference signal (SRS); channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS); demodulation reference signal (DM-RS); phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS); and / or synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0128] In this document, the channel may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH); Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH); Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH); Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH); Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), etc.

[0129] In this document, downlink reception can be used interchangeably with Rx timing, PDCCH, PDSCH, and / or SSB reception. Uplink transmission can be used interchangeably with Tx timing, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, and / or SRS transmission. RS can be used interchangeably with one or more of RS resources, RS resource sets, RS ports, and / or RS port groups. RS can be used interchangeably with one or more of SSB, CSI-RS, SRS, and / or DM-RS. Timing, slots, symbols, and subframes can be used interchangeably. UL-only and / or DL-only Tx / Rx timings can be used interchangeably with traditional TDD UL or traditional TDD DL, respectively. Traditional TDD UL / DL Tx / Rx timings may include cases where SBFD is not configured and / or where SBFD is disabled. In this document, the term Energy Per Resource Element (EPRE) may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: Received Signal Power, Received Signal Energy, Received Signal Strength, SSB EPRE, CSI EPRE, RSRP, RSSI, SINR, RSRQ, SS-RSRP, SS-RSSI, SS-SINR, SS-RSRQ, CSI-RSRP, CSI-RSSI, CSI-SINR, CSI-RSRQ, etc.

[0130] Consider cell selection (reselection) for cells operating with SBFD and / or non-SBFD operating modes, wherein, for example, cells operating with SBFD may be prioritized compared to cells operating with non-SBFD. The systems and methods disclosed herein can be used for cell selection (reselection), such as prioritization with one or more other operating modes. These one or more other operating modes may include one or more of a first operating mode compared to cells operating with a second operating mode, cells operating with a third operating mode, etc. In this document, the terms SBFD operation and non-SBFD operation may be used interchangeably with the first operating mode and the second operating mode, respectively.

[0131] In this document, the term CLI may be used interchangeably with interference. The terms SSB, SS / PBCH block, PSS, SSS, PBCH, and / or MIB may be used interchangeably. The term non-SBFD may be used interchangeably with operation without SBFD, TDD, and / or conventional TDD. The systems and methods disclosed herein may relate to potential victim WTRUs. The systems and methods disclosed herein may target one or more of potentially aggressive WTRUs, WTRUs aware of SBFD, and / or WTRUs with SBFD capability.

[0132] The WTRU can be configured with one or more types of time slots within its bandwidth. A first type of time slot can be used and / or determined for a first direction (e.g., downlink). A second type of time slot can be used and / or determined for a second direction (e.g., uplink). A third type of time slot can have a first set of frequency resources within the bandwidth for the first direction and / or a second set of frequency resources within the bandwidth for the second direction. In this document, bandwidth and one or more of bandwidth portions (BWP), carriers, subbands, and / or system bandwidth can be used interchangeably. The first type of time slot (e.g., a time slot for the first direction) can be referred to as a downlink time slot. The second type of time slot (e.g., a time slot for the second direction) can be referred to as an uplink time slot. The third type of time slot can be referred to as a subband (non-overlapping) full-duplex (SBFD) time slot. The group of frequency resources for the first direction can be referred to as one or more of downlink subbands, downlink frequency resources, and / or downlink RBs. Groups of frequency resources for the second direction can be referred to as uplink subbands, uplink frequency resources, and / or uplink RBs.

[0133] In one example, a (SBFD-enabled) WTRU may receive and / or be configured with one or more SBFD UL and / or DL ​​subbands in one or more DL / UL / flexible TDD times (e.g., symbols, slots, frames, etc.). The WTRU may be configured with one or more resource allocations for the SBFD subbands. For example, the SBFD configuration may include a flag signal (e.g., enable / disable). A first value (e.g., zero (0)) may indicate a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD configuration), and / or a second value (e.g., a (1)) may indicate a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD operation). The operating mode (e.g., SBFD relative to non-SBFD) may be indicated via one or more of MIB, SIB, semi-static (e.g., via RRC), dynamic (e.g., via MAC-CE, DCI), etc. The WTRU may receive time resources (e.g., one or more symbols, slots, etc.) for which a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) may be defined, for example, in one or more BWPs, subbands, component carriers (CCs), cells, etc. The WTRU can receive (e.g., active and / or linked) frequency resources within a BWP (e.g., a subband / BWP comprising one or more PRBs), for which a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) can be configured. Time slots (e.g., time slots, symbols) can be indicated based on one or more of periodic, semi-permanent, and / or aperiodic configurations. Time slots can be indicated via bitmap configuration.

[0134] In one example, the WTRU can be configured with a DL TDD configuration for one or more Rx opportunities, including BWPs and / or component carriers (CCs) (e.g., via tdd-UL-DL-config-common / dedicated configuration, slot format indicator (SFI), etc.). One or more of the configured frequency resources (e.g., subbands, PRBs, and / or BWPs) can be configured for transmissions in UL channels and / or Tx opportunities, for example, if a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) is configured. In another example, the WTRU can be configured with a UL TDD configuration for one or more Tx opportunities, including BWPs and / or component carriers (CCs) (e.g., via tdd-UL-DL-config-common / dedicated configuration, slot format indicator (SFI), etc.). One or more of the configured frequency resources (e.g., subbands, PRBs, and / or BWPs) can be configured for DL ​​channels and / or Rx opportunities, for example, if a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) is configured.

[0135] In another example, the WTRU can be configured with DL, UL, and / or flexible TDD configurations for component carriers (CC) and / or BWPs for one or more Rx / Tx timings (e.g., via tdd-UL-DL-config-common / dedicated configuration, slot format indicator (SFI), etc.). One or more of the configured frequency resources (e.g., subbands, PRBs, and / or BWPs) can be configured for a first operating mode (e.g., based on configured UL transmit or DL ​​receive), for example if the first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) is configured. The duplex mode for the first operating mode (e.g., SBFD configuration (UL / DL)) can be indicated via a flag indication. A first value (e.g., zero (0)) can indicate the first mode (e.g., UL duplex mode), and / or a second value (e.g., a (1)) can indicate the second mode (e.g., DL duplex mode). The duplex mode configuration and / or flags for the first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) can be configured as part of an operating mode configuration, for example, a semi-static (e.g., via RRC) or dynamic (e.g., via DCI, MAC-CE) configuration. The duplex mode configuration and / or flags for the first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) can also be configured as part of a resource allocation configuration for Tx / Rx timing.

[0136] The WTRU can be configured, determined, and / or indicated to perform a measurement of the Cross-Link Interference (CLI) Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) over a given time period. A given time period may include one or more time slots, OFDM symbols, resource blocks (RBs), and / or resource elements (REs). For example, a CLI-RSSI that can be measured over a given time / frequency resource may be referred to as L1-CLI-RSSI, short-term CLI-RSSI, aperiodic CLI-RSSI, etc. In this document, CLI-RSSI, L1-CLI-RSSI, and / or RSSI may be used interchangeably.

[0137] One or more RSSI types can be used. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can be configured to perform one or more RSSI types. A first RSSI type can be based on measurements over a long period (e.g., more than one time slot), and / or, the measurement can be reported via higher-level signaling (e.g., RRC, MAC). A second RSSI type can be based on measurements over a short period (e.g., one time slot, within a time slot, or one or more OFDM symbols within a time slot), and / or, the measurement can be reported via L1 signaling (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, RACH, SRS). RSSI can be used interchangeably with RSRP, RSRQ, and / or SINR.

[0138] A WTRU can be configured with a set of time / frequency resources, for example, to measure L1-CLI-RSSI. The time / frequency resources for L1-CLI-RSSI measurement results can be referred to as CLI-RSSI measurement resources (CRMR). CRMR can be a resource configured, determined, and / or defined using one or more of the following: a set of mute REs in downlink resources (e.g., PDSCH); a set of REs not scheduled or used for the WTRU measuring CRMR; the set of REs may be located in an RB that can be configured or determined as a guard band (or guard RB); one or more reference signals (e.g., DMRS, SRS, sidechain CSI-RS, etc.); a second set of DMRS REs within a second CDM group (e.g., within a scheduled downlink resource / RB of the PDSCH), and / or located within a scheduled resource (e.g., a scheduled PDSCH RB). Mute REs may be rate-matched around downlink reception and / or uplink transmission and / or punctured for downlink reception and / or uplink transmission. The set of silent REs can have the same pattern (e.g., same time / frequency location) in each RB. The set of silent REs can have different patterns based on RB location. For example, a first pattern can be used for RBs located at the edge of the scheduled RB, and a second pattern can be used for RBs located at the center of the scheduled RB. The first and second patterns can have different numbers of silent REs. Silent REs can exist in the form of zero-power resources (e.g., CSI-RS and / or ZP-CSI-RS). Guard bands and / or guard RBs can be located between uplink and downlink resources. WTRUs can skip receiving and / or transmitting signals in guard bands. WTRUs can receive DCIs, which can, for example, schedule PDSCHs. DCIs can additionally or alternatively indicate a first set of DMRS REs, for example, corresponding to a first CDM group to be used for receiving PDSCHs. DCIs can schedule PDSCHs. DCIs and / or WTRUs can indicate a first set of DMRS REs corresponding to the first CDM group, for example, based on the indicated (e.g., DMRS) antenna port field of the DCI. A WTRU can determine that a second set of DMRS REs within a second CDM group (other than the first CDM group) can be used as a CRMR (e.g., within a scheduled PDSCH), for example, in response to receiving a DCI. CRMRs can be configured (e.g., publicly) for a set of WTRUs (e.g., neighboring WTRUs). For example, a gNB can configure CRMRs for a group of WTRUs. A group of WTRUs can share one or more of the following: a group ID for receiving DCIs (e.g., group RNTI); a region ID; and / or WTRUs paired for sidechain unicast (or multicast) transmissions.The area ID can be determined based on the geographic location of the WTRU (e.g., GNSS). L1-CL1-RSSI measurement results (e.g., including CRMR resources) can be considered as part of the CSI report quantity and / or configured as part of the CSI reporting settings.

[0139] The WTRU can be configured, determined, and / or instructed to perform incremental CLI-RSSI. The incremental CLI-RSSI can be based on a first CLI-RSSI measurement at a first time / frequency location and / or a second CLI-RSSI measurement at a second time / frequency location. The incremental CLI-RSSI (delta-CLI-RSSI) can be the difference between the first CLI-RSSI (e.g., CLI-RSSI1) and the second CLI-RSSI (e.g., CLI-RSSI2). For example, delta-CLI-RSSI = CLI-RSSI1 – CLI-RSSI2 (or delta-CLI-RSSI = CLI-RSSI2 – CLI-RSSI1, etc.). The first CLI-RSSI can be measured based on CRMR resources located at the edge of the scheduled RB. The second CLI-RSSI can be measured based on CRMR resources located in the middle of the scheduled RB. The WTRU can be configured with a first CRMR resource for the first CLI-RSSI measurement result and / or a second CRMR resource for the second CLI-RSSI measurement result. WTRU can determine information relevant to reporting CLI measurement results, such as when the measured delta-CLI-RSSI is higher than a threshold. A CLI report can be triggered based on a delta-CLI-RSSI measurement result exceeding a threshold. The threshold can be predetermined and / or configured.

[0140] The WTRU can be configured and / or determined to measure CLI-RSSI at the per-subband level. For example, subbands can be configured and / or predefined, and / or the WTRU can perform CLI-RSSI measurements in each subband. The subband size can be determined based on the number of scheduled RBs (e.g., for PDSCH). The WTRU can report CLI-RSSI measurement results for one or more (e.g., all) subbands; and / or the WTRU can report a subset of CLI-RSSI. The subset can be determined based on one or more criteria (e.g., CLI-RSSI values ​​above a threshold, subband location (e.g., the edge of a scheduled RB), and / or subband index).

[0141] The WTRU can determine the bandwidth (e.g., wideband or subband) for beam measurement / reporting based on one or more conditions. For example, these conditions may include time unit type (e.g., SBFD or non-SBFD) and / or the presence of CLI-RSSI measurement results. The WTRU may report wideband CRI (e.g., wideband beam index) in non-SBFD time units (e.g., symbols, time slots, etc.), and / or the WTRU may report subband CRI (e.g., subband beam index) in SBFD time units. The bandwidth for beam measurement / reporting can be determined based on whether CLI-RSSI is measured in the same time slot.

[0142] A WTRU can be instructed to perform CLI-RSSI measurements at a specific frequency location. The specific frequency location can be within a scheduled RB (or an unscheduled RB). Additionally or alternatively, the specific frequency location can be included in one or more subbands, RBs, and / or REs. The indication can be within a DCI that triggers, for example, a CLI-RSSI measurement (e.g., an aperiodic CLI-RSSI measurement). The specific frequency location can be indicated based on the CRMR resource frequency location. One or more CRMR resources can be configured, and / or each CRMR resource can be positioned within a specific frequency location based on the configuration. The WTRU can be instructed to perform measurements on the CRMR resource indicated in the DCI.

[0143] The WTRU can receive the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH). The PBCH can be part of an SS / PBCH block (SSB). The PBCH can carry system information. The PBCH may include and / or carry a Master Information Block (MIB). The term MIB can be associated with (e.g., to indicate) the content, information, payload, and / or bits carried by the PBCH. PBCH and MIB are used interchangeably herein. The WTRU can use information in the MIB on time and / or frequency resources to locate one or more System Information Blocks (SIBs). The WTRU can use information in the MIB on time and / or frequency resources to locate one or more SIBs, for example, when an SS / PBCH block is detected and / or received. The term SIB can be associated with (e.g., to indicate) content, information, payload, and / or bits. In one example, one or more cell selection (reselection) parameters can be broadcast in an SIB (e.g., SIB1, SIB2, SIB3, etc.). The WTRU can detect and / or receive from serving and / or newly detected cells.

[0144] The WTRU can perform cell selection with or without stored cell information. Cell information may include frequency and / or cell parameters. A cell may include (e.g., defined as) one or more uplink component carriers (CCs) and / or a combination of one or more downlink component carriers. The WTRU may have already (e.g., previously) stored information related to one or more cells, such as based on previously received measurement control information elements and / or from previously detected cells. The WTRU may utilize stored cell information for cell selection, for example, if the WTRU has already stored cell information.

[0145] The WTRU can perform initial cell selection. For example, the WTRU can perform initial cell selection if stored information is unavailable and / or if a cell search based on stored information yields no results (e.g., if the WTRU lacks prior knowledge of cell parameters). For example, the WTRU may not have knowledge of which RF channels are NR frequencies. The WTRU can scan and / or monitor one or more RF channels. These one or more RF channels can come from a set of RF channels (e.g., based on synchronization grating frequencies), such as in the NR band. The WTRU can scan and / or monitor one or more RF channels to find suitable cells. For example, a synchronization grating can indicate the frequency location of a synchronization block (e.g., an SS / PBCH block). Synchronization blocks can be used by the WTRU, for example, to acquire data for the system when there is no explicit signaling indicating the location of a synchronization block. The WTRU can search to find an SS / PBCH block corresponding to one or more cells on each frequency channel and / or grating. The WTRU can select the strongest cell, for example, based on one or more of RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc., measured against the detected SS / PBCH block.

[0146] In this document, the term "parameter being evaluated" may be used interchangeably with "RSRP being evaluated," "RSRQ being evaluated," etc. The term "evaluated" can be interpreted as adjusted, measured, calculated, compensated, expanded, defined, determined, identified, etc. A WTRU may determine the parameter being evaluated based on one or more measurements. For example, a WTRU may determine the parameter being evaluated based on one or more measurements and / or (e.g., together with) one or more compensation and / or expansion parameters (e.g., (pre)configured and / or indicated parameters). A WTRU may use one or more compensation and / or expansion parameters to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and / or division of one or more measurements, for example, to determine the corresponding parameter being evaluated.

[0147] The WTRU can select a cell (e.g., a suitable cell) as a serving cell, for example, when a suitable cell is found. The WTRU can use one or more criteria to select a candidate cell as a suitable cell. The WTRU can determine the criteria based on one or more evaluated parameters. The WTRU can determine the evaluated parameters based on one or more of the measured parameters, compensation values, scaling rules, etc. The WTRU can determine compensation values ​​and / or scaling rules based on one or more configured and / or indicated offsets, parameters, and / or configured values. The WTRU can be configured to and / or determine one or more of the following: measure cell reception level values; measure cell quality values; minimum required measurement Rx level and / or quality level in the cell; compensation value; evaluate cell selection (reselection) Rx level values; and / or evaluate cell selection (reselection) quality values.

[0148] The WTRU can be configured to and / or determine measurement cell receive level values. For example, the WTRU can measure one or more of the following: Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Signal-to-Noise and Interference Ratio (SINR), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), etc., for example, for one or more SS / PBCH blocks, reference signals, and / or channels. The WTRU can be configured to and / or determine measurement cell quality values. For example, the WTRU can measure one or more of the following: Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), for one or more SS / PBCH blocks, reference signals, and / or channels. The WTRU can be configured to and / or determine the minimum required measurement RX level and / or quality level in the cell. For example, the WTRU can receive, determine, and / or be configured with one or more parameters and / or offset values ​​to determine the minimum required Rx level (e.g., in dBm) and / or minimum required quality level (e.g., dB) in the corresponding cell. The WTRU can be configured to and / or determine compensation values. The WTRU can receive, determine, and / or be configured with one or more parameters, offsets, and / or scaling values ​​that can be used upon receiving an indication and / or determined by the WTRU based on one or more operating modes, thresholds, etc. The WTRU can be configured to determine and / or evaluate the cell selection (reselection) Rx level value. For example, the WTRU can measure, evaluate, and / or calculate the reception level value (e.g., in dB) based on one or more measured parameters and / or compensation and / or scaling values.

[0149] WTRU can be based on a measured cell reception level value (e.g., Q). rxlevmeas Minimum requirement to measure Rx level (e.g., Q) rxlevmin and / or Q rxlevminoffset ), compensation parameters (e.g., P) compensation ), one or more temporary offset values ​​(e.g., Qoffest)temp One or more of these can be used to calculate the evaluation cell selection (reselection) Rx level value (e.g., Srxlev) (e.g., Srxlev = Q). rxlevmeas –(Q rxlevmin + Q rxlevminoffset )–P compensation –Qoffest temp The WTRU can select a corresponding cell as one of the suitable candidate cells, for example, if the evaluated cell selection (reselection) Rx level value is higher than a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., for cell selection, Srxlev > 0; or for intra-frequency and inter-frequency cell reselection, Srxlev > SintraSearchP or Srxlev > SnonIntraSearchP respectively; etc.). The WTRU can be configured to evaluate and / or determine the evaluated cell selection (reselection) quality value. For example, the WTRU can measure, evaluate, and / or calculate the reception quality value (e.g., in dB) based on one or more measured parameters and / or compensation and / or scaling values. The WTRU can also measure the cell quality value (e.g., Q...). qualmeas Minimum required quality level (e.g., Q) qualmin and / or Q qualminoffset ), one or more temporary offset values ​​(e.g., Qoffest) temp One or more of these can be used to calculate the evaluation cell selection (reselection) quality value (e.g., Squal) (e.g., Squal = Q). qualmeas –(Q qualmin + Q qualminoffset –Qoffest temp WTRU can select the corresponding cell as one of the suitable candidate cells, for example, if the evaluated cell selection (reselection) quality value is higher than the (pre)configured threshold (e.g., Squal>0; or for intra-frequency and inter-frequency cell reselection, Squal>SintraSearchQ or Squal>SnonIntraSearchQ respectively; etc.).

[0150] The WTRU can receive and / or be configured with one or more of the following: compensation and / or scaling parameters, values, settings, and / or rules, for example, as criteria for cell selection (reselection) (e.g., via implicit and / or explicit indications). Explicit indications can be via one or more of the following: Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB1, SIB2, SIB3, SIB4, etc.) in the corresponding SS / PBCH block, semi-static configuration (e.g., via RRC), dynamic indications (e.g., via MAC-CE and / or DCI), etc. The WTRU can determine the use of one or more compensation and / or scaling rules based on implicit indications, for example, by comparing one or more parameters with corresponding thresholds.

[0151] The WTRU can perform cell classification for one or more (e.g., all) cells (e.g., serving and neighboring cells). The WTRU can perform cell classification for one or more (e.g., all) cells (e.g., serving and neighboring cells) that the WTRU has determined to be suitable candidate cells based on cell selection criteria, such as when measuring and / or calculating evaluation received power and / or evaluation quality values. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can determine cell classification based on an R-value calculated using the average RSRP result. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of parameters that can be included in cell classification calculations and measurements. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included. One or more of the following may be applicable: R s = Q meas,s +Q hyst –Qoffset temp R n = Q meas,n +Qoffset–Qoffset temp Rs and Rn can correspond to the serving cell and the neighboring cell, respectively. Q hyst This can represent the mobility aspects of the WTRU. Qoffset can be configured with different values, for example, for intra-frequency and inter-frequency cell selection (reselection). meas This may include (for example) the number of measurement RSRPs used in cell selection (reselection).

[0152] The WTRU can reselect new candidate cells, for example, if a new cell has a higher R value than the serving cell during a (pre)configured time interval. The WTRU can determine the Energy Per Resource Element (EPRE) of the downlink SS / PBCH block. For example, the WTRU can determine the downlink SS / PBCH block EPRE based on the received SS / PBCH downlink transmit power. The WTRU can receive, determine, identify, and / or be provided with SS / PBCH downlink transmit power (e.g., from the gNB) (e.g., via the parameter ss-PBCH-BlockPower provided by a higher layer). The downlink transmit power for the secondary synchronization signal (SSS) can include (e.g., defined as) a linear average of the power contributions (e.g., in [W]) of one or more (e.g., all) resource elements carrying the SSS within the operating system bandwidth.

[0153] Figure 7This diagram illustrates an example process 700 for determining an active operating mode. The WTRU can determine the operating mode, for example, during initial access. The WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can detect one or more SSBs from the cell (e.g., during initial access). At 702, the WTRU can select the cell and the synchronization signal block (SSB) associated with that cell, for example, based on a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurement. The WTRU can determine whether the cell supports SBFD operation (e.g., based on broadcast messages such as MIB, SIB1, SIB2, etc.). For example, the WTRU can mark an indication for enabling SBFD operation. For example, the WTRU can receive time and frequency resources for SBFD operation (e.g., via broadcast messages, MIB, SIB, etc.) (e.g., DL subband, UL subband, time pattern, periodicity, time unit, such as symbol, time slot, etc.).

[0154] At 704, the WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., via broadcast messages, MIB, SIB, etc.), such as measuring CLI (e.g., reference signals, time and frequency resources, etc. for measuring CLI-RSSI), and / or its indication thresholds (e.g., CLI thresholds). The configuration information may include a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Cross-Link Interference (CLI) threshold and / or one or more time and frequency resources. The configuration information may include a first indication of one or more first resources for SBFD active operating modes and / or a second indication of one or more second resources for non-SBFD operating modes. The WTRU may measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on the configured resources and / or compare it with the configured thresholds. The configured thresholds may include PRACH CLI thresholds. At 706, the WTRU may determine the CLI associated with the cell (e.g., CLI measurement results), for example, using one or more time and frequency resources. For example, the WTRU may determine the CLI associated with the cell (e.g., CLI measurement results) based on the configuration information.

[0155] At 708, the WTRU can compare the determined CLI (e.g., measurement result) with a PRACH CLI threshold. At 710, the WTRU can determine the active operating mode, for example, based on the comparison of the determined CLI measurement result with the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine the active operating mode as SBFD operation for cell access (e.g., the WTRU can receive / transmit DL / UL in the configured DL / UL subband in the time resource corresponding to the SBFD operation, such as for PRACH transmission and / or RAR reception). At 712, the WTRU can determine the active operating mode as Subband Non-overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD), for example, if the determined CLI measurement result is less than the PRACH CLI threshold.

[0156] The WTRU can transmit PRACH messages to the base station, for example, using one or more first resources. The PRACH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. Additionally or alternatively, the PRACH message may include an indication that the WTRU's active operating mode is SBFD. The WTRU can use one or more first resources to transmit a preamble (e.g., a PRACH preamble) to the base station, for example, before transmitting the PRACH message. The preamble may indicate whether the WTRU supports SBFD. The preamble may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. For example, the preamble may be an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. Additionally or alternatively, the preamble may include an indication that the WTRU's active operating mode is SBFD. The WTRU can use one or more second resources to transmit PRACH messages to the base station. The WTRU can use one or more second resources to transmit a preamble to the base station.

[0157] The WTRU can transmit Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) messages, for example, using one or more second messages. The PUSCH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. Additionally or alternatively, the PUSCH message may include an indication that the WTRU's active operating mode is SBFD. The WTRU may determine the active mode to be non-SBFD, for example, if the determined CLI measurement result is greater than or equal to a PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may use one or more resources for non-SBFD active operating modes to transmit PRACH messages. The WTRU may determine one or more resources for non-SBFD active operating modes, for example, based on indications in configuration information.

[0158] The WTRU may include resources in the UL subband of time slots and / or SBFD symbols from a set of permitted resources (e.g., a set of permitted RACH timings), such as when the WTRU selects resources for transmitting a PRACH preamble. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may select resources for transmitting a PRACH preamble based on the determination that the active operating mode is SBFD. The WTRU may monitor timings in the DL subband of SBFD symbols and / or time slots. For example, based on the determination that the active operating mode is SBFD, when the WTRU monitors the PDCCH indicating a RAR, the WTRU may monitor timings in the DL subband of SBFD symbols and / or time slots.

[0159] The WTRU can determine the active operating mode as non-SBFD operation and / or configure non-SBFD (traditional) for cell access (e.g., the WTRU can receive / transmit DL / UL in the configured TDD DL / UL time unit, such as for PRACH transmission and / or for RAR reception), for example, if CLI is above a threshold. For example, based on the determination that the active operating mode is non-SBFD, when the WTRU selects resources for transmitting the PRACH preamble, the WTRU can include resources in the UL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols and / or slots) from the set of allowed resources it can select from (e.g., the set of allowed RACH timings) (e.g., based on TDD configuration). The WTRU can monitor timings in the DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols and / or slots) (e.g., based on TDD configuration). For example, based on the determination of the active operating mode as non-SBFD, when the WTRU monitors the PDCCH indicating the RAR, the WTRU can monitor at the appropriate time in the monitoring DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols and / or slots) (e.g., based on TDD configuration). The WTRU can use the determined resources to transmit (e.g., send) the PRACH preamble, for example, based on the active operating mode.

[0160] The WTRU can determine the operating mode during initial access. The WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can detect one or more SSBs from the cell (e.g., during initial access). The WTRU can determine whether the cell supports SBFD operation (e.g., based on broadcast messages such as MIB, SIB1, SIB2, etc.). The WTRU can receive configuration information (e.g., via broadcast messages, MIB, SIB, etc.). The configuration information may include indications for measuring CLI (e.g., reference signals, time and frequency resources, etc., for measuring CLI-RSSI). Additionally or alternatively, the configuration information may include thresholds (e.g., CLI thresholds). The WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on configured resources and / or compare it to configured thresholds. The WTRU can determine the active operating mode as SBFD operation for accessing the cell (e.g., the WTRU can receive / transmit DL / UL in the configured DL / UL subband in the time resources corresponding to the SBFD operation, such as for PRACH transmission and / or RAR reception), for example, if (e.g., the determined CLI) is below a threshold. The WTRU can determine the active operating mode as non-SBFD operation and / or configure non-SBFD (traditional) for accessing the cell (e.g., the WTRU can receive / transmit DL / UL in the configured TDD DL / UL time unit, such as transmit for PRACH and / or receive for RAR), for example if (e.g., the determined CLI is above a threshold).

[0161] The WTRU can use resources determined based on the active operating mode to transmit (e.g., send) a PRACH preamble. The WTRU can determine whether the cell supports SBFD operation (e.g., based on broadcast messages such as MIB, SIB1, SIB2, etc.). For example, the WTRU can mark indications for enabling SBFD operation. For example, the WTRU can receive time and / or frequency resources for SBFD operation (e.g., via broadcast messages, MIB, SIB, etc.) (e.g., DL subband, UL subband, time pattern, periodicity, time unit, such as symbol, time slot, etc.). If, for example, the CLI is below a threshold, the WTRU can determine the active operating mode as SBFD operation for cell access (e.g., the WTRU can receive / transmit DL / UL in the configured DL / UL subband in the time resources corresponding to the SBFD operation, such as for PRACH transmission and / or RAR reception). For example, based on the determination of the active operating mode being SBFD, when the WTRU selects resources for transmitting the PRACH preamble, the WTRU may include resources in the UL subband of SBFD symbols and / or slots from the set of allowed resources it can select from (e.g., the set of allowed RACH timings). For example, based on the determination of the active operating mode being SBFD, when the WTRU monitors the PDCCH indicating RAR, the WTRU may monitor timings in the DL subband of SBFD symbols and / or slots. If the CLI is higher than a threshold, the WTRU may determine the active operating mode as non-SBFD operation and / or determine to configure non-SBFD (traditional) for cell access (e.g., the WTRU may receive / transmit DL / UL in the configured TDD DL / UL time unit, such as for PRACH transmission and / or for RAR reception). For example, based on the determination that the active operating mode is non-SBFD, when the WTRU selects resources for transmitting the PRACH preamble, the WTRU may include resources from the set of allowed resources (e.g., the set of allowed RACH timings) that it can select from, such as UL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols and / or slots) (e.g., based on TDD configuration). Based on the determination that, for example, the active operating mode is non-SBFD, when the WTRU monitors the PDCCH indicating the RAR, the WTRU may monitor timings in DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols and / or slots) (e.g., based on TDD configuration).

[0162] The WTRU can determine and / or receive configuration and / or indications for active operating modes (e.g., from the gNB). Indications for operating modes can be based on implicit and / or explicit indications. Active operating modes can include SBFD operation or non-SBFD operation.

[0163] In, for example, SBFD operation, the WTRU can receive one or more configurations on the time resources (e.g., symbols, time slots, subframes, time units, etc.) where the SBFD is configured. The WTRU can receive transmit directions (e.g., DL and / or UL) in one or more frequency resources (e.g., subbands, RBs, BWPs, etc.) within the configured SBFD time unit. The WTRU can be configured with one or more UL and / or DL ​​subbands within the SBFD time unit.

[0164] A WTRU (e.g., configured with one or more SBFD time units) can be configured, scheduled, and / or indicated using one or more DL receive and / or UL transmit configurations within a configured SBFD symbol. These one or more DL receive and / or UL transmit configurations can include: UL transmit within a UL subband; DL receive within a DL subband; UL transmit outside a UL subband (e.g., within a DL subband); and / or DL ​​receive outside a DL subband (e.g., within a UL subband). A WTRU (e.g., configured with one or more SBFD time units) can be configured, scheduled, and / or indicated using UL transmit within a UL subband. For example, a WTRU can be scheduled to transmit UL messages within a UL subband in an SBFD symbol. A WTRU (e.g., configured with one or more SBFD time units) can be configured, scheduled, and / or indicated using DL receive within a DL subband. A WTRU can monitor one or more DL messages (e.g., PDCCH) within a configured DL subband in an SBFD symbol. The WTRU can be configured and / or scheduled to receive one or more DL messages (e.g., PDSCH, CSI-RS, PT-RS, TRS, etc.) within the DL subband of an SBFD symbol. UL transmissions outside the UL subband (e.g., within the DL subband) can be used to configure, schedule, and / or indicate the WTRU (e.g., which is configured with one or more SBFD time units). For example, the WTRU can be scheduled to transmit UL messages outside the UL subband of an SBFD symbol. DL reception outside the DL subband (e.g., within the UL subband) can be used to configure, schedule, and / or indicate the WTRU (e.g., which is configured with one or more SBFD time units). For example, the WTRU can monitor to detect one or more DL messages (e.g., PDCCH) within the UL subband of an SBFD symbol. The WTRU can be scheduled and / or configured to receive one or more DL messages (e.g., PDSCH, CSI-RS, PT-RS, TRS, etc.) outside the DL subband and / or within the UL subband.

[0165] The WTRU can monitor or be scheduled and / or configured to receive one or more DL messages in a configured SBFD time unit, such as during non-SBFD operation. The WTRU can monitor or be scheduled and / or configured to receive one or more DL messages in a TDD DL and / or TDD flexible time unit. The WTRU can be scheduled and / or configured to transmit one or more UL messages in a configured SBFD time unit. The WTRU can be scheduled and / or configured to transmit one or more UL messages in a TDD UL and / or TDD flexible time unit.

[0166] The WTRU can operate as in conventional TDD operations. For example, the WTRU can receive one or more configurations on time resources. UL, DL, and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, time units, etc.) can be configured, for example, in non-SBFD operations. One or more DL receive or UL transmit configurations can be used to configure, schedule, and / or indicate the WTRU configured for non-SBFD operations. These one or more DL receive or UL transmit configurations can include UL transmits in TDD UL and / or TDD flexible time units and / or DL ​​receive in TDD DL and / or flexible time units. WTRUs configured for non-SBFD operations can be configured, scheduled, or indicated using TDD UL and / or TDD flexible time units. For example, the WTRU can be scheduled to transmit UL messages within UL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, etc.). The WTRU configured for non-SBFD operation can be configured, scheduled, or instructed to receive DL messages in TDD DL and / or flexible time units: for example, the WTRU can monitor one or more DL messages (e.g., PDCCH) in TDD DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, etc.). The WTRU can be configured and / or scheduled to receive one or more DL messages (e.g., PDSCH, CSI-RS, PT-RS, TRS, etc.) in TDD DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, etc.). The WTRU can determine not to transmit UL messages in TDD DL time units (e.g., the WTRU may not expect to be configured to transmit UL messages in TDD DL time units), for example, in non-SBFD operation. The WTRU can determine not to monitor and / or receive DL messages in TDD UL time units (e.g., the WTRU may not expect to be configured to receive or monitor DL ​​messages in TDD UL time units).

[0167] In SBFD or non-SBFD operation, examples of DL reception and / or UL transmission may include one or more of the following: monitoring to detect CORESET#0, CSS, SIB1, SIB2, etc.; monitoring PDCCH, CSI-RS, PT-RS, TRS and / or other DL reference signals; receiving scheduled and / or configured DL messages (e.g., PDSCH); transmitting PRACH, Msg3, MsgA, PUCCH, PUSCH, SRS and / or other UL messages and / or (one or more) reference signals; and so on.

[0168] The WTRU can determine the operating mode, such as during initial access with SBFD operation. The WTRU can configure the operating mode, such as during initial access. The WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can receive and / or detect the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) from the cell (e.g., during initial access). The PBCH can carry system information. The PBCH may include and / or carry a Master Information Block (MIB). The term MIB can be used to refer to the content, information, payload, and / or bits carried by the PBCH. PBCH and MIB may be used interchangeably herein. The PBCH may be part of an SS / PBCH block (SSB). The PBCH may include one or more information bits, for example, to detect CORESET#0 and / or the Common Search Space (CSS) to (monitor) find the First System Information Block (SIB) (e.g., SIB1). SIB1 may include information content for monitoring and / or detecting other SIBs.

[0169] A synchronization grating can indicate the frequency location of a synchronization block (e.g., an SSB). The frequency location of the SSB can be used by the WTRU for system acquisition (e.g., when there is no explicit signaling for the location of the synchronization block). In this document, the frequency grating may be referred to as a channel grating and / or a synchronization grating. Operating band, physical carrier, physical carrier band, and / or system band can be used interchangeably.

[0170] The WTRU can receive indications from the cell (e.g., marking indications) (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) indicating whether the cell is operating in a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) and / or a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD and / or conventional TDD operation). The WTRU can determine the operating mode in the cell based on one or more of implicit and / or explicit indications. The WTRU can also determine the operating mode in the cell based on implicit indications (e.g., synchronization gratings). For example, the WTRU can implicitly determine the cell's operating mode based on the synchronization grating corresponding to a received and / or detected SSB. One or more sets of synchronization gratings can be used, defined, configured, and / or determined, and / or each of the synchronization grating sets can be a subset of the channel gratings. A set of synchronization gratings can be mutually exclusive with another set of synchronization gratings. The WTRU can determine that the cell is operating in a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation), for example, if the synchronization grating corresponding to the received and / or detected SSB is in the first set of synchronization gratings. The WTRU can determine that the cell is operating in a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD operation), for example, if the synchronization grating corresponding to the received and / or detected SSB is in a second synchronization grating set, etc. The WTRU can determine the operating mode in the cell based on explicit indications (e.g., MIBs). For example, the WTRU can receive explicit indications in the MIB that indicate the operating mode for the cell.

[0171] The WTRU can receive explicit indications in SIB1, such as those indicating the operating mode for a cell. The WTRU can (e.g., blindly) detect CORESET#0 and / or Type0-PDCCH CSS, for example, based on different interpretations of MIB parameters for different operating modes. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can (e.g., blindly) detect CORESET#0 and / or Type0-PDCCH CSS when explicit signaling for the operating mode is absent or cannot be decoded from the MIB. The WTRU can determine the operating mode (e.g., blindly) as non-SBFD and / or attempt to detect CORESET#0 and Type0-PDCCH CSS based on received MIB parameters (e.g., in TDD DL or flexible time units). Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU can determine the operating mode (e.g., blindly) as SBFD and / or attempt to detect CORESET#0 and Type0-PDCCH CSS based on received MIB parameters (e.g., in TDD DL, UL, and / or flexible time units).

[0172] The WTRU can receive configurations (e.g., via SIB) from the cell indicating time units and / or frequency resources (e.g., subbands, RBs, BWPs, etc.). A first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) can be applied. The WTRU can receive configurations (e.g., via SIB) from the cell. The configurations can indicate the direction of UL / DL transmission and / or reception in the configured frequency resources. Indications can include one or more of the following: time units; UL and DL subbands; time patterns; and / or periodicity. For example, the WTRU can be configured with time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, etc.) where a first operating mode is configured (e.g., SBFD operation). The WTRU can be configured with time units for TDD operation (e.g., TDD DL, TDD UL, and / or TDD flexible time units). UL and DL subbands can be indicated. For example, the WTRU can be configured with frequency resources (e.g., subbands, RBs, BWPs, etc.) for UL transmission and / or DL ​​reception in configured time units (e.g., SBFD symbols, slots, etc.) with a first operating mode. Time patterns can be indicated. For example, a WTRU can be configured with one or more time patterns for configuring time units for an application of a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation). Periodicity can be indicated. For example, a WTRU can be configured with time periods for configuring a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) to be repeated over time resources. Configuration and configuration information can be used interchangeably in this document.

[0173] The WTRU can perform and / or receive one or more CLI measurements, for example, during initial access. The WTRU (e.g., during initial access) can receive (e.g., via broadcast messages, MIB, SIB, etc.) one or more configurations on one or more reference signals and / or time and frequency resources to measure CLIs (e.g., in detected cells) (e.g., as described herein). The WTRU can be (pre)configured with or receive one or more CLI thresholds (e.g., from cells).

[0174] The WTRU can determine (e.g., identify, be configured, or be indicated) one or more measurement resources for CLI measurements (e.g., for deriving / reporting L1 / L2 CLI-RSSI). These measurement resources may be associated with a cell (e.g., TRP, CC, gNB, node, transmitter, and / or receiver). These measurement resources may include one or more of the following: one or more zero-power (ZP) (e.g., ZP CSI-RS) resources; one or more SS / PBCH blocks; measurements of received power for a received reference signal (e.g., SSB-RSRP); and / or one or more predefined or preconfigured time, frequency, spatial, sequence domain resources, and / or reference signals.

[0175] The one or more measurement resources may include one or more zero-power (ZP) (e.g., ZP CRI-RS) resources. The one or more ZP resources may be explicit signals identified from the MIB, SIB, etc., and / or transmitted and / or broadcast from the cell. The one or more measurement resources may include one or more SS / PBCH blocks. For example, the WTRU may measure and use one or more parameters based on the received SSB used to calculate CLI power and / or strength (e.g., CLI-RSSI). For example, in addition to measuring received signal strength and / or power (e.g., SSB-RSSI), or alternatively for measuring received signal strength and / or power (e.g., SSB-RSSI), the WTRU may also use the measurement results to derive and / or estimate the received power of a reference signal and / or channel (e.g., SSB-RSRP) to calculate the received interference strength (e.g., CLI RSSI). The one or more measurement resources may include measurements of the received power for the received reference signal (e.g., SSB-RSRP). The SSB-RSRP may include (e.g., considered as) the expected received power. Received signal strength (e.g., SSB-RSSI) may include (e.g., considered as) the total received signal strength. Additionally or alternatively, SSB-RSSI may include desired signal power and / or interference (e.g., both). Interference intensity may be estimated based on measured SSB-RSRP and / or SSB-RSSI for the respective SSB.

[0176] The WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., in a cell), for example, based on a configured reference signal and configured time and frequency resources. The WTRU can compare the measured CLI to a configured CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine that the measured CLI is (e.g., equal to) or less than the configured CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine (e.g., active) operating mode (e.g., in a detected cell) as a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD), for example, based on the measured CLI (e.g., equal to or less than the configured CLI threshold). The WTRU can use, select, and / or determine DL and / or UL resources (e.g., as described herein) based on resources configured for the SBFD operating mode.

[0177] The WTRU can select resources for transmitting the PRACH preamble. For example, the WTRU can select resources for transmitting the PRACH preamble based on the configured UL subband in the SBFD symbol. Alternatively or alternatively, the WTRU can select resources for transmitting the PRACH preamble based on determining that the active operating mode is SBFD. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU can select resources for transmitting the PRACH preamble based on a set of resources (e.g., a set of allowed RACH timings). The set of resources may include resources from which the WTRU is allowed to select.

[0178] The WTRU can select the resources (e.g., the indicator RAR) for monitoring the PDCCH. For example, the WTRU can select the resources for monitoring the PDCCH based on determining that the active operating mode is SBFD. The WTRU can monitor the resources in the DL subband within the SBFD symbol. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU can select the resources for monitoring the PDCCH based on a set of resources (e.g., a set of permitted PDCCH timings). The set of resources may include the resources that the WTRU is allowed to monitor.

[0179] The WTRU can determine that the measured CLI is equal to and / or higher than a configured CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine (e.g., active) operating mode (e.g., in a detected cell) as a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD). The WTRU can use, select, and / or determine DL and / or UL resources, for example, based on resources configured for TDD (e.g., legacy) operation (e.g., based on configured DL, UL, or flexible time units, symbols, time slots, etc.).

[0180] The WTRU can select resources for transmitting the PRACH preamble based on the configured UL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols, time slots, subframes, etc.) (e.g., based on TDD configuration). Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU can select resources for transmitting the PRACH preamble based on the configured UL and / or flexible time units, based on determining that the active operating mode is non-SBFD. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU can select resources for transmitting the PRACH preamble based on a set of resources (e.g., a set of allowed RACH timings). The set of resources may include resources from which the WTRU is allowed to select.

[0181] The WTRU can select one or more resources (e.g., indicating RAR) for monitoring the PDCCH, such as based on configured DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, etc.) (e.g., based on TDD configuration). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can select resources for monitoring the PDCCH based on determining that the active operating mode is non-SBFD. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU can use, select, and / or determine resources for monitoring the PDCCH based on a set of resources (e.g., a set of allowed PDCCH timings). The set of resources may include resources from which the WTRU is allowed to select. The WTRU can connect to the detected cell by sending a PRACH preamble, for example, using the selected resources based on the determined operating mode.

[0182] A WTRU can select one or more candidate cells based on one or more CLI levels. A WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can detect one or more SSBs from a cell (e.g., during cell search). Cells can include (e.g., are) candidate cells for cell selection (reselection) (based on cell hierarchy specifications, such as RSRP>threshold1, RSRQ>threshold2, etc.). The WTRU can determine whether a cell supports SBFD (e.g., based on received and / or configured tag indications, time and / or frequency resources allocated to SBFD, etc., via MIB, SIB, etc.). The WTRU can receive SBFD information from cells and / or serving cells on which the WTRU already resides. The WTRU can receive configurations (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) and / or one or more thresholds (e.g., RSRP, CLI thresholds) for measuring CLI in SBFD resources for at least one of the detected SSBs. The WTRU can measure CLI based on the configuration (e.g., CLI-RSSI).

[0183] The WTRU can select one or more SSBs (e.g., the best SSB) from the detected SSBs. The WTRU can select the one or more SSBs based on one or more of the following: the measured RSRP and / or the measured CLI (e.g., a combination of the measured RSRP and the measured CLI); the measured CLI (e.g., the lowest CLI); and / or the measured RSRP (e.g., the highest RSRP). The WTRU can select one or more SSBs (e.g., the best SSB) from the detected SSBs based on the measured RSRP and / or the measured CLI (e.g., a combination of the measured RSRP and the measured CLI). The measured RSRP and / or the measured CLI can include one or more of the following: an SSB with the highest RSRP and / or the lowest CLI; one or more SSBs with RSRP above the RSRP threshold and / or CLI below the CLI threshold; and / or one or more SSBs with the highest RSRP and / or one or more SSBs with RSRP above the RSRP threshold among those with CLI below the CLI threshold. The WTRU can select one or more SSBs (e.g., the best SSB) from the detected SSBs, for example, based on the measured CLI (e.g., the lowest CLI). The WTRU can also select one or more SSBs (e.g., the best SSB) from the detected SSBs based on the measured RSRP (highest RSRP).

[0184] The WTRU can compare the measured CLI for one or more selected (e.g., optimal) SSBs (e.g., SSB beams) (e.g., for a cell) with a CLI threshold (e.g., the same or different from the CLI threshold used for SSB selection). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can determine whether to include a cell in a list of candidate cells to be used in cell classification for SBFD operations, for example, if the measured CLI of one or more of the selected SSBs (e.g., at least one SSB) is below a CLI threshold. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can determine whether to exclude a cell from SBFD operations (e.g., for a given duration), for example, if the measured CLI of each of the one or more selected SSBs is above a CLI threshold. The WTRU can measure and / or determine conditionally prohibited cells for SBFD operations, as described herein.

[0185] The WTRU can perform cell classification (e.g., based on measured and / or evaluated RSRP, RSRQ, number of beams, etc.) for candidate cells (e.g., jointly or separately for SBFD and / or non-SBFD cells). The WTRU can select the cell with the highest classification to camp on, for example, based on cell selection configuration and / or priority configuration. The WTRU can determine the active operating mode as SBFD, for example if the selected cell supports SBFD operation (e.g., supports or uses DL / UL subbands in an SBFD time unit). The WTRU can determine the active operating mode as non-SBFD, for example if the selected cell operates in a non-SBFD operating mode (e.g., the time unit may be used only for DL ​​and UL). The WTRU can transmit (e.g., send) PRACH to the selected cell (e.g., using resources determined based on the active operating mode).

[0186] A WTRU can select one or more candidate cells based on CLI levels. A WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can detect one or more SSBs from a cell (e.g., during cell search). Cells can include (e.g., are) candidate cells for cell selection (reselection) (e.g., based on cell hierarchy specifications, such as RSRP>threshold1, RSRQ>threshold2, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can determine whether a cell supports SBFD (e.g., based on received and / or configured tag indications, time and / or frequency resources allocated to SBFD, etc., via MIB, SIB, etc.). For example, the WTRU can receive SBFD information from cells and / or serving cells on which the WTRU is already camped.

[0187] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive one or more configurations (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) and / or one or more thresholds (e.g., RSRP, CLI threshold) for measuring CLI in SBFD resources for at least one of the detected SSBs. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may measure CLI based on the configuration (e.g., CLI-RSSI). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may select one or more SSBs from the detected SSBs (e.g., best SSB) based on one or more of the following: the measured CLI (e.g., lowest CLI); the measured RSRP (e.g., highest RSRP) (e.g., fallback); and / or the measured RSRP and / or the measured CLI (e.g., a combination of measured RSRP and measured CLI). For example, the measured RSRP and / or the measured CLI (e.g., a combination of the measured RSRP and the measured CLI) may include one or more of the following: an SSB with the highest RSRP and / or the lowest CLI; one or more SSBs with RSRP above the RSRP threshold and / or CLI below the CLI threshold; and / or one or more SSBs with the highest RSRP and / or one or more SSBs with the lowest CLI among SSBs with CLI below the CLI threshold.

[0188] The WTRU can compare the measured CLI of one or more selected (e.g., optimal) SSBs (e.g., SSB beams) for a cell with a CLI threshold (e.g., the same or different from the CLI threshold used for SSB selection). The WTRU can determine whether the measured CLI of one of the one or more selected SSBs (e.g., at least one SSB) is below the CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine whether to include the cell in the list of candidate cells to be used in cell registration for SBFD operations. The WTRU can determine whether the measured CLI of each of the one or more selected SSBs is above the CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine whether to exclude the cell from SBFD operations (e.g., for a given duration). For example, the WTRU can measure and / or detect conditionally prohibited cells for SBFD operations, as described herein.

[0189] Figure 8This diagram illustrates an example procedure 800 for determining the start of the prohibition period. At 802, the WTRU may receive configuration information. The configuration information may include one or more of the following: an indication of a cross-link interference (CLI) threshold, a time period associated with prohibiting subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD), and / or an indication of one or more resources. At 804, the WTRU may transmit a message to the cell. The message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. At 806, the WTRU may receive a rejection message. The rejection message may include an indication to prohibit the cell from SBFD operation. At 808, the WTRU may determine the start of the prohibition period based on the time period associated with prohibiting SBFD.

[0190] The WTRU can perform cell classification for candidate cells (e.g., jointly or separately for SBFD and / or non-SBFD cells) based on measured and / or evaluated RSRP, RSRQ, number of beams, etc. For example, the WTRU can classify cells based on at least one of the measured RSRP or the measured RSRQ. The WTRU can measure one or more of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) and / or Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ). The WTRU can classify cells, for example, based on at least one of forbidden time periods and / or Cross-Link Interference (CLI) measurements. The WTRU can determine CLI measurements, for example, when a forbidden time period has expired. The WTRU can determine whether to include cells associated with the one or more SSBs in the SBFD candidate cell list, for example, if the measured CLI is less than a CLI threshold.

[0191] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may select the cell with the highest priority to camp on, for example, based on cell selection configuration and priority configuration. The WTRU may determine the active operating mode as SBFD, for example, if the selected cell supports SBFD operation (e.g., supports or uses DL / UL subbands in an SBFD time unit). The WTRU may determine the active operating mode as non-SBFD, for example, if the selected cell operates in a non-SBFD operating mode (e.g., the time unit may be used only for one of DL and UL). The WTRU may select a first and / or second cell based on priority, for example, if the cell includes the first cell. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may transmit (e.g., send) PRACH to the selected cell, for example, to the first and / or second cell (e.g., using resources determined based on the active operating mode).

[0192] The WTRU can perform cell search based on SBFD operations and / or CLI measurement results. The WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can detect one or more SS / PBCH blocks (SSBs) from a cell (e.g., during cell search). A cell can be a candidate cell for cell selection (reselection). A candidate cell can be a valid cell, for example, based on one or more of RSRP, RSRQ, and / or cell hierarchy configurations (e.g., as described herein). A candidate cell can be a valid cell where, for example, the measured and / or evaluated RSRP may be higher than a corresponding (pre)configured threshold. A candidate cell can be a valid cell where, for example, the measured and / or evaluated RSRQ may be higher than a corresponding (pre)configured threshold. The WTRU can determine that a cell will not be considered an SBFD candidate cell for at least the prohibited period. The WTRU can determine that a cell will be considered an SBFD candidate cell after the prohibited period has expired. The WTRU can determine that a cell will be considered an SBFD candidate cell based on CLI measurement results being less than a CLI threshold.

[0193] The WTRU can determine, detect, decode, and / or receive one or more indications (e.g., information content) corresponding to a detected SSB of the cell (e.g., from the serving cell or a cell to which the WTRU is already camped, e.g., via MIB, SIB, explicit messages, etc.). For example, the WTRU can determine (e.g., based on decoding the information content) that the cell supports SBFD operation and / or operates in conjunction with SBFD operation (e.g., via tag indication). The WTRU can receive cell-related configurations (e.g., from the serving cell or a cell to which the WTRU is already camped, e.g., via MIB, SIB, explicit messages, etc.), such as indications of time units and frequency resources (e.g., subbands, RBs, BWPs, etc.). A first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) can be applied. The WTRU can receive configurations. The configurations can indicate the direction of UL / DL transmission and / or reception in the configured frequency resources.

[0194] The WTRU can measure interference (e.g., CLI) against a cell, for example, based on one or more received configurations. The WTRU can receive one or more indications (e.g., by information content) that the WTRU has determined, detected, decoded, and / or received for a detected SSB against a cell (e.g., from the serving cell or the cell to which the WTRU is already camped) (e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.). In addition to one or more reference signals (e.g., zero-power and / or non-zero-power RS), time, and / or frequency resources used for measuring CLI, or alternatively for them, the indications may also include the cell ID and / or component carrier (CC) against which the CLI is measured. The WTRU can receive one or more thresholds (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, CLI, etc.). The WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on the received configuration.

[0195] The WTRU can perform candidate SSB measurements and / or selection. The WTRU can select one or more SSBs (e.g., the best SSB) from the detected SSBs in the cell. For example, the WTRU can select one or more SSBs based on one or more of the following: measured RSRP and measured CLI (e.g., a combination of measured RSRP and measured CLI); measured CLI; and / or measured RSRP and / or RSRQ (e.g., backoff). The WTRU can select one or more SSBs based on measured RSRP and measured CLI (e.g., a combination of measured RSRP and measured CLI). The WTRU can select the SSB with the highest measured and / or evaluated RSRP and / or RSRQ, for example, where the measured and / or evaluated CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) may have the lowest value. The WTRU can select one or more SSBs for which the measured and / or evaluated RSRP and / or RSRQ are above a corresponding threshold, where, for example, the measured and / or evaluated CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) may be below a corresponding threshold. For example, the WTRU can select one or more SSBs for which the measured and / or evaluated RSRP and / or RSRQ are the highest and the measured and / or evaluated CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) is below a corresponding threshold. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU can select one or more SSBs for which the measured and / or evaluated CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) is the lowest and the measured and / or evaluated RSRP and / or RSRQ are above a corresponding threshold. The WTRU can select one or more SSBs based on the measured CLI. For example, the WTRU can select the SSB with the lowest measured and / or evaluated CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). WTRU can select one or more SSBs based on the measured RSRP and / or RSRQ (e.g., backoff). For example, WTRU can select the SSB with the highest measured and / or evaluated RSRP and / or RSRQ.

[0196] The WTRU can select an operating mode for candidate cells. The WTRU can compare the measured and / or evaluated CLI for one or more of the selected (e.g., optimal) SSBs (e.g., SSB beams) to a configured CLI threshold. The configured CLI threshold may be the same as or different from the CLI threshold used for SSB measurement and / or selection of candidate SSBs. The WTRU can determine that the measured CLI of an SSB (e.g., at least one SSB) from the one or more selected SSBs in the cell is below the configured CLI threshold. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can determine whether to include the cell in a list of candidate cells to be used in cell classification for SBFD operation (e.g., based on the determination that the measured CLI of an SSB (e.g., at least one SSB) from the one or more selected SSBs in the cell is below the configured CLI threshold).

[0197] The WTRU may determine that the measured CLI of an SSB (e.g., at least one SSB) from one or more selected SSBs in the cell is higher than a configured CLI threshold. The WTRU may determine not to include the cell in the candidate cell list for use in cell classification for SBFD operation, for example, for a determined and / or configured duration (e.g., as described herein). The WTRU may determine not to include the cell in the candidate cell list for use in cell classification for SBFD operation, for example, based on the measured CLI of an SSB (e.g., at least one SSB) from one or more selected SSBs in the cell being lower than a configured CLI threshold. The WTRU may determine to include the cell in the candidate cell list for use in cell classification for SBFD operation, for example, for a determined and / or configured duration.

[0198] A WTRU can determine at least two candidate cell lists (e.g., a first list of cells with SBFD operation and a second list of cells without SBFD operation). The WTRU can determine at least two candidate cell lists (e.g., a first list of cells with SBFD operation and a second list of cells without SBFD operation) for example, to implement and / or enforce cell classification and cell selection (reselection). The WTRU can perform cell classification separately for different candidate cell lists (e.g., each list). The WTRU can determine one or more top-ranked cells in a first list (e.g., cells with SBFD operation), one or more top-ranked cells in a second list (e.g., cells without SBFD operation), and so on. For example, when performing separate cell classification, the WTRU can determine one or more top-ranked cells in a first list (e.g., cells with SBFD operation), one or more top-ranked cells in a second list (e.g., cells without SBFD operation), and so on. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU can perform cell classification jointly (e.g., in a single list) for cells with different operating modes. A WTRU can identify one or more top-level cells with a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation), one or more top-level cells with a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD operation), and so on. For example, when performing cell classification, a WTRU can identify one or more top-level cells with a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation), one or more top-level cells with a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD operation), and so on.

[0199] A WTRU can select cells (e.g., suitable and / or strongest cells) for cell selection (reselection). A WTRU can also select cells (e.g., suitable and / or strongest cells) for cell selection (reselection) based on common optimization and / or selection of cells with different operating modes (e.g., with or without SBFD operation). A WTRU can select suitable cells based on one or more of the following: measured and / or evaluated parameters; cells with the highest cell classification (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, CLI, etc.); and / or configured and / or determined priorities (e.g., SBFD operation with a higher priority than operation without SBFD).

[0200] The WTRU may determine the active operating mode as SBFD (e.g., as described herein). The WTRU may determine the active operating mode as SBFD (e.g., as described herein), for example if the selected cell supports SBFD operation. The WTRU may determine the active operating mode as non-SBFD. The WTRU may determine the operating mode as non-SBFD, for example if the selected cell operates in a non-SBFD operating mode. The WTRU may send a PRACH preamble to the selected cell, for example based on the determined operating mode (e.g., using resources determined based on the determined active operating mode).

[0201] The WTRU can choose 2-step or 4-step random access (RA) and / or SBFD support, for example, based on RA. The WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can select a cell and / or the SSB of that cell. The WTRU can determine to transmit (e.g., send) a PRACH to the selected cell (e.g., associated with the selected SSB). The WTRU can receive one or more configurations (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) having, for example, a PRACH CLI threshold for measuring CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI), one or more reference signals, and one or more time and / or frequency resources. The WTRU can use (one or more) reference signals and / or (one or more) resources to measure the CLI and / or compare it to the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine whether a 2-step RA is appropriate, for example, if the measured CLI is below the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can use (e.g., the RSRP of the SSS of the selected SSB) and / or CLI (e.g., both) to determine a 2-step or 4-step RA. When RSRP is above the RSRP threshold and / or CLI is below the PRACH CLI threshold, the WTRU may determine to use a 2-step RA. For example, the WTRU may use (e.g., the RSRP of the SSS of the selected SSB) and / or CLI (e.g., both) to determine a 2-step or 4-step RA. When RSRP is below the RSRP threshold and / or CLI is above the PRACH CLI threshold (above the PRACH CLI threshold), the WTRU may determine to use a 4-step RA. The WTRU may perform one or more of the following: transmit a preamble to the cell, monitor the PDCCH indicating that a UL-authorized RAR will be provided, and / or transmit (e.g., send) a message in the PUSCH based on the UL authorization. The WTRU may perform one or more of the following: transmit a preamble to the cell, monitor the PDCCH indicating that a UL-authorized RAR will be provided, and transmit (e.g., send) a message in the PUSCH based on the UL authorization, for example, when the WTRU determines to use a 4-step RA. The WTRU may perform one or more of the following: transmitting a MsgA preamble and / or a PUSCH carrying a message to the cell, and / or monitoring a PDCCH indicating a MsgB including at least one of RAR and contention resolution information. The WTRU may also perform one or more of the following: transmitting a MsgA preamble and / or a PUSCH carrying a message to the cell, and / or monitoring a PDCCH indicating a MsgB including at least one of RAR and contention resolution information, for example when the WTRU determines to use a 2-step RA.

[0202] The WTRU can indicate the active operating mode, such as based on PRACH transmission. The WTRU can select the cell and / or SSB (e.g., based on at least RSRP measurements). The WTRU can be configured with (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) PRACH CLI thresholds and / or one or more reference signals and time and frequency resources, for example, to measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). The WTRU can be configured with a first PRACH CLI threshold for determining a 2-step RA or a 4-step RA, and / or a second PRACH CLI threshold for determining whether to use and / or indicate support for SBFD or non-SBFD modes, for example, when the PRACH CLI threshold is used to determine whether to use a 2-step RA or a 4-step RA. The thresholds can be the same or different, and / or one threshold can be used for both determinations. The WTRU can receive configuration information (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). The configuration information can indicate resources in time and / or frequency, for example, for one or more random access opportunities (ROs). Configuration information can indicate resources (e.g., ROs) that can be used when the activity mode is SBFD and / or resources (e.g., ROs) that can be used when the activity mode is non-SBFD (e.g., ROs) (e.g., a first index to a first table or list of parameters for SBFD and a second index to a second table or list of parameters for non-SBFD, used to determine ROs). WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) and / or compare the measured CLI to a PRACH CLI threshold. For example, WTRU can measure CLI based on resources configured for CLI measurement results and / or compare the measured CLI to a PRACH CLI threshold.

[0203] The WTRU can determine the active operating mode as SBFD and issue a PRACH, for example, if the CLI is below the PRACH CLI threshold. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can issue a PRACH using ROs that are configured to be used in SBFD mode (e.g., ROs based on a first table or list) from the ROs. For example, the use of an RO indicated for SBFD can implicitly indicate to the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD operation. The WTRU can issue a preamble in the RO, where the preamble indicates to the gNB (e.g., from a set of indications) that the WTRU supports SBFD operation. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can issue a PRACH using ROs that are configured to be used in non-SBFD mode (e.g., ROs based on a second table or list), for example, when the first available SBFD RO is later than the first available non-SBFD RO (e.g., more than a threshold amount of time or time unit later than the first available non-SBFD RO). For example, the WTRU can issue a preamble in the RO, where the preamble indicates to the gNB (e.g., from a set of indications) that the WTRU supports SBFD operation. For example, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following: transmit a preamble in the RO (e.g., without notifying the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD), monitor the RAR (e.g., based on non-SBFD operation), and indicate its support for SBFD separately from the preamble transmission (e.g., in a Msg3 or PUSCH transmitted based on a UL authorization in the RAR or another UL authorization). The WTRU may transmit a MsgA and / or PUSCH including a PRACH preamble, for example, for a 2-step RA. The WTRU may include its indication of SBFD support in the PUSCH portion of the MsgA. The WTRU may determine the active operating mode as non-SBFD and / or transmit the PRACH using an RO from the RO that is configured to be used in non-SBFD mode (e.g., an RO based on a second table or list), for example, when the CLI is above the PRACH CLI threshold.

[0204] The WTRU can receive, identify, and / or be configured with one or more PRACH transmission aspects for residing on a cell with SBFD. The WTRU can receive, identify, and / or be configured with temporal resource allocations for consecutive ROs, such as based on the higher-layer parameter prach-ConfigurationIndex and / or by msgA-PRACH-ConfigurationIndex (e.g., if configured). These parameters can identify PRACH configuration indices corresponding to a table including random access parameters. One or more parameters can be derived from the table. These parameters may include a preamble format that can identify one of the possible formats. Possible formats may include one or more of the following: A1, A2, A3, B1, A1 / B1, A2 / B2, A3 / B3, B4, C0, C2, and / or preamble formats that can identify one or more of the corresponding cyclic prefix (CP) duration, sequence portion duration, and / or guard duration (e.g., if applicable). Additionally or alternatively, the one or more parameters may include: a frame number and / or a slot number, which may indicate the frame and / or PRACH slot within the corresponding frame that can be used for PRACH transmission. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more parameters may include: a start symbol, which may determine the symbol level index corresponding to the start position of the first RO transmission within the PRACH slot. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more parameters may include: the number of PRACH slots within a 60 kHz slot, which is associated with (e.g., defined) the number of PRACH slots within a reference PRACH slot (e.g., for higher SCS such as 120 kHz, 480 kHz, 960 kHz, the 60 kHz PRACH slot is considered the reference slot). Additionally or alternatively, the one or more parameters may include: the number of time-domain PRACH opportunities within a PRACH slot ( N t RA,slot This can be associated with (e.g., defined) the number of consecutive ROs located within the PRACH time slot in the time domain. Additionally or alternatively, this one or more parameters may include: the PRACH duration, which may correspond to a leading format that implies the number of sequence portions within an RO.

[0205] The WTRU can receive frequency domain resource allocations for ROs based on one or more higher-level parameters. These higher-level parameters may include: msg1-FrequencyStart and / or msgA-RO-FrequencyStart (e.g., if configured), which may indicate, for example, the offset of the lowest PRACH transmit timing in the frequency domain relative to PRB 0. Additionally or alternatively, higher-level parameters may include: msg1-FDM and / or msgA-RO-FDM (e.g., if configured), which may indicate, for example, the number of PRACH transmit timings in a time-domain RO with FDM. The WTRU can receive, identify, and / or configure the number of ROs in the frequency domain (M) with each time-domain PRACH timing based on one or more of the higher-level parameters msg1-FDM, msg1-FDM-16, or msgA-RO-FDM (if configured), where msg1-FDM = {1, 2, 4, 8}. The WTRU can number the PRACH frequency resources n. RA ={0,1,...,M-1}, for example, starting from the lowest frequency in ascending order in the initial uplink BWP (e.g., during initial access) or active uplink BWP (e.g., otherwise). The WTRU can receive the association and / or mapping between SS / PBCH block indices and PRACH transmission timings, for example, based on one or more higher-layer parameters ssb-perRACH-OccasionAndCB-PreamblesPerSSB = {1 / 8,1 / 4,1 / 2,1,2,4,8,16}. In addition to, or alternatively to, the number of preambles per SS / PBCH block index per PRACH timing, this one or more parameters may also indicate the number of SS / PBCH block indices associated with the PRACH transmission timing.

[0206] The WTRU can choose between a 2-step or 4-step RA. The WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can select a cell and / or the SSB of that cell. The WTRU can determine to transmit (e.g., send) a PRACH to the selected cell associated with the selected SSB. The WTRU can receive one or more of the following configurations (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) having a PRACH CLI threshold for measuring CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI), one or more reference signals, and / or time and / or frequency resources. The WTRU can use one or more reference signals and / or one or more resources to measure the CLI and / or compare it to the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can perform one or more of the following: transmit a preamble to the cell, monitor a PDCCH indicating that a UL-authorized RAR will be provided, and / or transmit a message in the PUSCH based on UL authorization. WTRU may perform one or more of the following: transmit a MsgA including a preamble and a PUSCH carrying the message to the cell, and / or monitor a PDCCH including at least a RAR and may include contention resolution information in a MsgB.

[0207] WTRU can determine to use a 2-step RA, for example, when the measured CLI is less than the PRACH CLI threshold. WTRU can determine to use a 2-step RA, for example, if the measured CLI is less than the PRACH CLI threshold. For example, WTRU can use RSRP (e.g., of the SSS of the selected SSB) and / or CLI (e.g., both) to determine a 2-step or 4-step RA. WTRU can determine to use a 2-step RA when RSRP is above the RSRP threshold and / or CLI is below the PRACH CLI threshold. For example, WTRU can use RSRP (e.g., of the SSS of the selected SSB) and / or CLI (e.g., both) to determine a 2-step or 4-step RA. WTRU can determine to use a 4-step RA, for example, when RSRP is below the RSRP threshold or CLI is above the PRACH CLI threshold (e.g., above the PRACH CLI threshold). For example, when the WTRU determines to use a 4-step RA, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following: transmit a preamble to the cell, monitor the PDCCH indicating that it will provide a UL-authorized RAR, and / or transmit a message in the PUSCH based on the UL authorization. In other examples, when the WTRU determines to use a 2-step RA, the WTRU may transmit a MsgA including a preamble and a PUSCH carrying the message to the cell, and / or monitor the PDCCH indicating that it includes at least a RAR and / or may include a MsgB that may include contention resolution information.

[0208] The WTRU can indicate the active operating mode based on PRACH transmission. The WTRU can select the cell and / or SSB (e.g., based on at least RSRP measurement results). The WTRU can be configured (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) with one or more of the following: a PRACH CLI threshold for measuring CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI), one or more reference signals, and / or time and / or frequency resources. The WTRU can receive configuration information (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). The configuration information can indicate resources in time and / or frequency for one or more Random Access Hours (ROs). The WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on resources configured for CLI measurement results, and / or compare the measured CLI with the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine the active operating mode as SBFD and / or transmit PRACH. The WTRU can determine the active operating mode as non-SBFD and / or transmit PRACH, for example, using ROs from ROs that are configured for non-SBFD modes (e.g., ROs based on a second table or list). The WTRU can be configured (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) to have one or more of the following: a PRACH CLI threshold for measuring CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI), one or more reference signals, and / or time and / or frequency resources. The WTRU can be configured with a first PRACH CLI threshold for determining whether a 2-step RA or a 4-step RA is used, and / or a second PRACH CLI threshold can be used to determine whether support for SBFD or non-SBFD modes is used, for example, when the PRACH CLI threshold is used to determine whether a 2-step RA or a 4-step RA is used. The thresholds can be the same or different, and / or one threshold can be used for both determinations.

[0209] The WTRU can receive configuration information (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). The configuration information can indicate resources in time and / or frequency for one or more random access opportunities (ROs). For example, the configuration information can indicate resources (e.g., ROs) that can be used when the active mode is SBFD and / or resources (e.g., ROs) that can be used when the active mode is non-SBFD (e.g., ROs) (e.g., a first index of a first table or list of parameters for SBFD and a second index of a second table or list of parameters for non-SBFD, used to determine the ROs). The WTRU can determine the active operating mode as SBFD and / or transmit PRACH, for example, if the CLI is below the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can transmit PRACH using ROs that can be used in the SBFD mode based on the configuration from the ROs (e.g., ROs based on the first table or list). ROs indicated for use in SBFD (e.g., the use of ROs) can (e.g., implicitly) indicate to the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD operation. The WTRU can transmit a preamble in the RO. The preamble can indicate to the gNB (e.g., from a set of indications) that the WTRU supports SBFD operation. WTRU can use ROs from ROs that are configured to be used in non-SBFD modes (e.g., ROs based on a second table or list) to emit PRACH, for example when the first available SBFD RO is later than the first available non-SBFD RO (e.g., more than a threshold amount of time or time unit later than the first available non-SBFD RO).

[0210] The WTRU can transmit a preamble in the RO. The preamble can indicate to the gNB (e.g., from a set of indications) that the WTRU supports SBFD operation. The WTRU can perform one or more of the following: transmit a preamble in the RO (e.g., without informing the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD), monitor the RAR (e.g., based on non-SBFD operation), and / or indicate its support for SBFD, e.g., separately from the preamble transmission (e.g., in a Msg3 or PUSCH transmitted based on a UL authorization in the RAR or another UL authorization). The WTRU can transmit a MsgA including a PRACH preamble and / or a PUSCH, e.g., for a 2-step RA. The WTRU can include its indication of SBFD support in the PUSCH of the MsgA (e.g., in part). The WTRU can determine the active operating mode as non-SBFD, and / or transmit the PRACH using an RO from the RO that is configured to be used for non-SBFD modes (e.g., an RO based on a second table or list), e.g., if the CLI is above the PRACH CLI threshold.

[0211] The WTRU can choose between a 2-step or 4-step RA. The WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can select a cell (e.g., as the suitable cell) (e.g., during the initial access and / or cell selection (reselection) process). The WTRU can select an SSB (e.g., an SSB beam) as the best SSB in the cell. The WTRU can transmit a PRACH preamble to the selected cell, which may, for example, be associated with the selected SSB.

[0212] The WTRU can receive a first PRACH CLI threshold and / or one or more configurations (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.), such as on one or more reference signals and / or time and frequency resources used to measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). The WTRU can use (one or more) of the configured reference signals and / or time and frequency resources to measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). The WTRU can compare the measured CLI with the configured first PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine that the measured CLI is less than the configured first PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine to use two-step random access (RA) if, for example, the WTRU determines that the measured CLI is less than the configured first PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can use one or more measured parameters (e.g., RSRP (e.g., SS-RSRP) and / or CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) etc.) to determine the random access technique based on two-step RA. For example, the WTRU can determine the random access technique based on RSRP and CLI and / or based on RSRP. If the measured RSRP is above the corresponding RSRP threshold and / or the measured CLI is below the PRACH CLI threshold, then WTRU can determine to use a 2-step RA.

[0213] The WTRU can determine that the measured CLI exceeds a configured first PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine to use a 4-step random access (RA), for example, if the WTRU determines that the measured CLI exceeds a configured first PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can use one or more measured parameters (e.g., RSRP (e.g., SS-RSRP), CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI), etc.) to determine the random access technique as a 4-step RA. For example, the WTRU can determine the random access technique based on RSRP and CLI and / or based on RSRP (e.g., fallback). The WTRU can determine to use a 4-step RA, for example, if the measured RSRP is below the corresponding RSRP threshold and / or the measured CLI is above the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine to use a 4-step RA, for example, if the measured RSRP is below the corresponding RSRP threshold.

[0214] The WTRU may transmit the configured, selected, and / or determined PRACH preamble to the cell. The WTRU may transmit the configured, selected, and / or determined PRACH preamble to the cell, for example, if the WTRU determines to use a 4-step RA. The WTRU may monitor DL ​​messages (e.g., PDCCH) (e.g., indication RAR messages), for example, after transmitting the PRACH preamble. DL messages may provide UL authorization, for example, after transmitting the PRACH preamble. The WTRU may transmit UL messages and / or indications (e.g., in PUSCH), for example, based on UL authorization.

[0215] The WTRU may transmit a MsgA, which may include, for example, a configured, selected, and / or determined PRACH preamble. The WTRU may transmit a PUSCH carrying the message to the cell. The WTRU may transmit a MsgA, which may include a configured, selected, and / or determined PRACH preamble, and a PUSCH carrying the message to the cell, for example, if the WTRU determines to use a 2-step RA. The WTRU may monitor DL ​​messages (e.g., PDCCH) (e.g., indicating MsgB), for example, after transmitting MsgA. DL messages may include (e.g., at least) RAR and / or may include contention resolution information.

[0216] The WTRU can indicate the active operating mode based on PRACH transmissions. The WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can select a cell (e.g., as the suitable cell) (e.g., during initial access and / or cell selection (reselection) procedures). The WTRU can select an SSB (e.g., an SSB beam) as the best SSB in the cell. The WTRU can transmit a PRACH preamble to the selected cell, which may be associated, for example, with the selected SSB.

[0217] The WTRU can receive PRACH CLI thresholds on one or more reference signals and / or time and / or frequency resources used for measuring CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI), and one or more configurations (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). The WTRU can be configured with a first PRACH CLI threshold, for example, to determine whether a 2-step RA or a 4-step RA is used. The WTRU can be configured with a second PRACH CLI threshold. The second PRACH threshold can be used to determine the active operating mode of PRACH transmission in a selected cell within a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) and / or a second operating mode (e.g., no SBFD).

[0218] A WTRU that has selected SBFD as the operating mode in the selected cell can choose and / or determine to transmit a PRACH preamble in the configured SBFD resources (e.g., via SIB1) (e.g., in the UL subband within the SBFD symbol) and / or in time units without SBFD operation (e.g., in UL and / or flexible symbols, time slots, etc.). A second PRACH CLI threshold can represent the existing CLI in the UL subband of the SBFD symbol in the selected cell. For example, if the measured CLI is higher than the threshold, this implies that the CLI level is already above acceptable levels; and the gNB may not want to increase the CLI by transmitting (e.g., another) PRACH in the UL subband within the SBFD symbol. The first and second thresholds can be the same or different, and / or one threshold can be used for both determinations.

[0219] The WTRU can receive configuration information (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). The configuration information can indicate resources in time and / or frequency, for example, for one or more random access opportunities (ROs). The configuration information can indicate resources (e.g., ROs), which may be used, for example, when the active operating mode is SBFD. The configuration information can additionally or alternatively indicate resources (e.g., ROs), which may be used, for example, when the active operating mode is not SBFD.

[0220] The configuration may include indexes to first and / or second tables and / or lists of parameters. The WTRU can use these indexes to locate RO launch resources from the first table and / or first list of parameters (e.g., SBFD resources), for example, if the WTRU determines that the active operating mode is SBFD. The WTRU can determine that the active operating mode is non-SBFD. The WTRU can use the configured indexes to locate RO launch resources from the second table and / or second list of parameters (e.g., non-SBFD resources). The time and frequency configurations in the first and / or second tables and / or lists of parameters may be (pre)configured. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may determine values ​​corresponding to the second and / or first tables and / or lists of parameters based on the first and / or second tables or lists of parameters and / or based on (pre)configured rules, respectively. The WTRU may determine time and / or frequency resources for the second and / or first tables or lists of parameters, for example, by using one or more offset values ​​in time and / or frequency relative to the first and / or second tables or lists of parameters, respectively.

[0221] The WTRU can use one or more configured reference signals and / or time and frequency resources to measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). The WTRU can compare the measured CLI to a configured second PRACH CLI threshold. In some examples, the WTRU can determine that the measured CLI is less than the second PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine the active operating mode in the cell as SBFD operation, for example, if the WTRU determines that the measured CLI is less than the second PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine whether to transmit a PRACH preamble in the configured time and / or frequency resources for the RA, for example, based on configured indexes of the first and / or second tables or lists of parameters for the RA. The WTRU can determine to transmit a PRACH preamble based on configured indexes of the first and / or lists of parameters and / or based on configured indexes of the second and / or lists of parameters.

[0222] The WTRU may (e.g., using) be configured with a first table or list of parameters, an index (e.g., an index). The WTRU may use an RO from a RO that can be used for SBFD mode and / or SBFD resources (e.g., UL subbands in SBFD symbols) to transmit a selected and / or configured PRACH preamble, e.g., based on configuration (e.g., based on the first table or list of parameters of the RO). The WTRU may (e.g., implicitly) indicate the operating mode as a first mode (e.g., SBFD), e.g., by transmitting a PRACH preamble in resources configured for SBFD transmission (e.g., UL subbands in SBFD symbols). The gNB may determine that the WTRU supports SBFD and / or is SBFD capable. The gNB may additionally or alternatively determine that the WTRU has selected and / or determined the active operating mode to be SBFD-based. The WTRU may monitor the reception of DL messages and / or indications (e.g., PDCCH, RAR, etc.), e.g., in time and frequency resources corresponding to SBFD resources (e.g., as described herein). The WTRU can select and / or transmit a PRACH preamble from the configured RO resources. The PRACH preamble can be selected from a (pre)configured set. The (pre)configured set can indicate that the WTRU supports SBFD operation and / or that the WTRU has selected SBFD operation as its active operating mode. The WTRU can monitor the reception of DL messages and / or indications (e.g., PDCCH, RAR, etc.) in the time and frequency resources corresponding to the SBFD resources (e.g., as described herein), for example, after transmitting the PRACH preamble.

[0223] The WTRU can be configured with (e.g., using) a configured index (e.g., an index) of a second table and / or list of parameters. In one example, the WTRU can use ROs from ROs that can be used for non-SBFD modes and / or non-SBFD resources (e.g., TDD UL and / or TDD flexible symbols) to transmit selected and / or configured PRACH preambles, for example, based on configuration (e.g., based on ROs in a second table or list of parameters). The WTRU can determine to transmit a PRACH preamble based on the second table or list of parameters (e.g., even though SBFD operation is supported). The WTRU can determine to transmit a PRACH preamble based on the second table and / or list of parameters, for example, when the first available SBFD RO is later than the first available non-SBFD RO (e.g., more than a threshold amount of time or time unit later than the first available non-SBFD RO). In other examples, the WTRU can select and / or transmit a PRACH preamble in the configured RO resources based on the second table.

[0224] The PRACH preamble can be selected from a (pre)configured set. This (pre)configured set can indicate that the WTRU supports SBFD operation and / or that the WTRU has selected SBFD operation as its active operating mode. The WTRU can monitor the reception of DL messages and / or indications (e.g., PDCCH, RAR, etc.) in time and frequency resources corresponding to SBFD resources (e.g., as described herein), for example, after transmitting the PRACH preamble. The WTRU can (e.g., otherwise) select and / or transmit the PRACH preamble in a determined RO, for example, based on a second table (e.g., the PRACH preamble does not notify the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD). The gNB may not (e.g., may not be able to) determine whether the WTRU supports SBFD operation and / or can consider WTRUs operating without SBFD. The WTRU can monitor the reception of DL messages and / or indications (e.g., PDCCH, RAR, etc.) in time and frequency resources corresponding to non-SBFD resources (e.g., as described herein), for example, after transmitting the PRACH preamble. The WTRU may indicate its support for SBFD separately from the preamble transmission (e.g., in a PUSCH or Msg3 transmitted based on a UL authorization in a RAR or another UL authorization). The WTRU may transmit a MsgA and / or PUSCH that may include a PRACH preamble, for example, for a 2-step RA. The WTRU may include its indication of SBFD support in the PUSCH section of the MsgA.

[0225] Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may determine that the measured CLI exceeds a second PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may determine the active operating mode in the cell as non-SBFD operation, for example, based on the WTRU determining that the measured CLI exceeds a second PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may determine to transmit a PRACH preamble in the configured time and / or frequency resources for the RA, for example, based on a configured index of the RA second table or list of parameters. The WTRU may monitor the reception of DL messages and / or indications (e.g., PDCCH, RAR, etc.) in time and frequency resources corresponding to non-SBFD resources (e.g., as described herein), for example, after transmitting a PRACH preamble.

[0226] The WTRU can report CLI upon initial access. The WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can select a cell (e.g., as a suitable cell) (e.g., during initial access and / or cell selection (reselection) procedures). The WTRU can select an SSB (e.g., an SSB beam) as the best SSB in the cell. The WTRU can measure interference (e.g., CLI), for example, based on one or more received configurations, for the cell. The WTRU can receive one or more indications (e.g., from the serving cell or a cell to which the WTRU is already camped, e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.) by determining, detecting, decoding, and / or receiving information content for the cell by which the WTRU has detected SSBs for the cell. In addition to one or more reference signals (e.g., zero-power and / or non-zero-power RS), time and / or frequency resources used to measure CLI, or alternatively for them, the indication may also include the cell ID and / or component carrier (CC) for which CLI is measured. The WTRU can receive one or more thresholds (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, CLI, etc.). The WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on one or more of the received configurations. The WTRU can transmit a PRACH preamble to a selected cell, which may be associated with a selected SSB, for example.

[0227] The WTRU can indicate and / or report the measured CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI), for example, as part of the initial access procedure (e.g., PRACH preamble, Msg3, MsgA, etc.). The WTRU can report the measured CLI value. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can compare the measured CLI to a (pre)configured threshold. For example, if the measured CLI is higher than a (pre)configured threshold, the WTRU can indicate the CLI value (e.g., to the gNB). One or more PRACH preambles can be associated with a CLI level. One or more random access (RO) resources can be associated with a CLI level. The WTRU can report the CLI-RSSI as part of the random access Msg3 / MsgA procedure. One or more PRACH preambles can be associated with a CLI level. For example, the WTRU can compare the measured CLI to a configured CLI threshold and / or select a PRACH preamble based on the CLI level. The WTRU can select a PRACH preamble from a first set (e.g., preamble type A), for example, if the measured CLI is below a configured CLI threshold. The WTRU can determine to select a PRACH preamble from a second set (e.g., preamble type B), for example, if the measured CLI is above a configured CLI threshold. One or more random access (RO) resources can be associated with the CLI level. For example, the WTRU can compare the measured CLI to a configured CLI threshold and / or select time and / or frequency resources for transmitting ROs based on the CLI level. The WTRU can use, select, and / or determine RO resources from the first set of time and / or frequency resources, for example, if the measured CLI is below a configured threshold. The WTRU can use, select, and / or determine RO resources to transmit PRACH on the second set of time and / or frequency resources, for example, if the measured CLI is above a configured threshold. The WTRU can report CLI-RSSI as part of the random access Msg3 / MsgA. For example, the WTRU can report the measured CLI value and / or transmission (e.g., transmit) indication, such as if the measured CLI is higher than the configured CLI threshold, as part of the Msg3 / MsgA process in the random access procedure.

[0228] The WTRU can receive instructions from the cell to enable / disable the WTRU. For example, the WTRU can receive instructions from the cell to enable / disable the WTRU to report CLI values ​​or CLI levels, for example, as part of the initial access procedure (e.g., via PRACH preamble, RO resources, or Msg3 / MsgA association). Instructions may include one or more of explicit and / or implicit instructions. Explicit instructions may be via, for example, one or more of MIB, SIB, etc. Additionally or alternatively, implicit instructions may be present. For example, the WTRU may receive instructions regarding a threshold for a potential Msg3 size (e.g., UL data available for transmission plus one or more MAC subheaders and / or MAC CE when required). The WTRU may determine to include a CLI report as part of the Msg3 report, for example, if the Msg3 size is higher than a configured threshold (e.g., ra-Msg3SizeGroupA).

[0229] The WTRU may determine to include a CLI report as part of the initial access report, for example, if the WTRU determines that a (pre)defined event and / or condition has been triggered due to an L1 / L2 CLI measurement result (e.g., the measured CLI is higher than a (pre)configured threshold). The WTRU may monitor DL ​​messages (e.g., for receiving RAR) in time and / or frequency resources, which, for example, correspond to SBFD symbols. The WTRU may additionally or alternatively monitor DL ​​messages (e.g., for receiving RAR) in time and / or frequency resources, which, for example, correspond to non-SBFD symbols (e.g., TDD DL or TDD flexible time units). The WTRU may determine to include a CLI report as part of the initial access report, for example, if the WTRU detects a RAR indication in the time and / or frequency resources corresponding to SBFD operation.

[0230] Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may report CLIs connected to the cell and / or switched to RRC connection mode. The WTRU may send SRs (e.g., to the gNB) for example, for CLI measurements and / or to report the measured CLIs. The WTRU may receive one or more CLI report configurations (e.g., reference signals for measuring CLIs and / or time and frequency resources for reporting CLIs).

[0231] The gNB may refuse to allow a WTRU to camp on a cell with SBFD operation. The WTRU may determine whether to camp on a cell (e.g., based on at least one of the following: measured and / or evaluated RSRP, RSRQ, cell classification, and if the measured CLI < a first threshold or if the first CLI threshold is not broadcast). The WTRU may transmit (e.g., send) a PRACH on SBFD RO time and / or frequency resources and / or on non-SBFD resources (e.g., if a preamble indicates that the WTRU supports SBFD). The WTRU may monitor and / or attempt to detect a DCI corresponding to a Random Access Response (RAR) (e.g., with RA-RNTI or another RNTI) within a RAR window period, for example, after the transmission of the PRACH. The RAR may indicate SBFD acceptance (e.g., using a RAR received with a matching RAPID (e.g., via a DCI using RA-RNTI)), for example, when the WTRU receives the RAR (e.g., within the RAR window). A RAR can indicate a rejection for SBFD (e.g., that is, the corresponding cell (gNB) does not accept the WTRU's connection to it during SBFD operation (e.g., due to CLI level or EPRE reduction experienced by the WTRU, or due to load balancing purposes at the network side)), for example, when the WTRU receives a RAR (e.g., within a RAR window). A RAR can also indicate acceptance for SBFD (e.g., a RAR received using a matched RAPID (e.g., via DCI using RA-RNTI)). For example, a RAR can be received within a RAR reception time limit (e.g., a window).

[0232] A random access preamble identifier (RAPID) can be included in the RAR. The RAPID can match the index of the preamble transmitted by the WTRU and / or can indicate acceptance of SBFD (e.g., for the WTRU). The RAR can indicate rejection of SBFD (e.g., that is, the corresponding cell (gNB) did not accept the WTRU's connection to it during SBFD operation (e.g., due to CLI level or EPRE reduction experienced by the WTRU, due to load balancing purposes at the network side)). For example, cell common rejection signaling may exist. The RAR can be received using (pre)configured information content (RAPID). For example, the WTRU can receive the RAR within the RAR reception time limit based on the DCI with the RA-RNTI calculated by the WTRU (e.g., based on where and / or when the PRACH was transmitted). The RAPID in the RAR can be a (pre)configured value (e.g., a value for the index FFFF). The (pre)configured value may not match the index of the preamble used by the WTRU (e.g., the RAPID). For example, the WTRU can determine that the received indication indicates an SBFD rejection signal.

[0233] Rejection signaling may exist. WTRU-specific rejection signaling may exist. The WTRU may receive RAR and / or other messages, such as a DCI based on a rejection RNTI (e.g., an RJ-RNTI) (e.g., which is a (pre)configured or predefined RNTI). The DCI (e.g., using an RJ-RNTI) may include one or more pieces of information relating to one or more other recommended cells to which the WTRU may attempt to send the second PRACH and / or a second threshold to which the WTRU may compare the second CLI measurement result. The WTRU may transmit the second PRACH to a cell, for example, if the second CLI measurement result for the cell meets the second threshold.

[0234] The WTRU may determine to connect to a cell in a non-SBFD operation (e.g., by transmitting a PRACH associated with the non-SBFD operation (e.g., using a non-SBFD preamble and / or non-SBFD resources)), for example, after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating SBFD rejection. The WTRU may select a second cell (e.g., based on information received in the rejection RAR) and / or transmit a PRACH preamble (e.g., Msg1) to the second cell, for example, after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating SBFD rejection. The WTRU may determine not to consider a cell as a candidate for SBFD operation (e.g., the WTRU adds the cell to a list of conditionally banned cells for SBFD operation (e.g., for a (pre)configured duration)), for example, after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating SBFD operation. Conditionally banned cells for SBFD operation may exist, as discussed herein. The WTRU may transmit messages (e.g., Msg3 or RRC connection request or recovery), for example, after receiving an indication or associated with an acceptance RAR. Messages (e.g., Msg3 or RRC connection requests or recovery) can be based on scheduling information (e.g., UL authorization), such as provided by RAR.

[0235] The gNB may refuse WTRU camping on a cell with SBFD operation. WTRU may determine whether to camp on a cell (e.g., based on at least one of the following: measured and / or evaluated RSRP, RSRQ, cell classification, and if the measured CLI < a first threshold or if the first CLI threshold is not broadcast). Additionally or alternatively, WTRU may transmit (e.g., send) PRACH on SBFD RO time and / or frequency resources and / or on non-SBFD resources (e.g., if a preamble indicates WTRU support for SBFD). Additionally or alternatively, WTRU may monitor and / or attempt to detect DCI corresponding to a Random Access Response (RAR) (e.g., with RA-RNTI or another RNTI) during the RAR window period, for example, after PRACH transmission. Additionally or alternatively, WTRU may receive RAR. When the WTRU receives a RAR (e.g., within a RAR window), the RAR may indicate a rejection of the SBFD (e.g., by utilizing a RAR received with a matching RAPID (e.g., via a DCI using RA-RNTI)). For example, the RAR may be received within a RAR reception time limit (e.g., a window).

[0236] A RAPID can be included in the RAR. The RAPID can match the index of the preamble transmitted by the WTRU, and / or can indicate acceptance of SBFD (e.g., for the WTRU). The RAR can indicate rejection of SBFD (e.g., the corresponding cell (gNB) did not accept the WTRU's connection to it during SBFD operation (e.g., due to CLI level or EPRE reduction experienced by the WTRU, due to load balancing purposes at the network side)). Cell common rejection signaling may exist. The RAR can be received using (pre)configured information content (RAPID). For example, the WTRU can receive the RAR based on the DCI with the RA-RNTI calculated by the WTRU (e.g., based on where and / or when the PRACH was transmitted). The WTRU can receive the RAR within the RAR reception time limit. The RAPID in the RAR can include (e.g., is) a (pre)configured value (e.g., a value for the index FFFF). The (pre)configured value may, for example, not match the index of the preamble used by the WTRU (e.g., the RAPID). The WTRU can determine that the received indication indicates an SBFD rejection signal.

[0237] WTRU-specific rejection signaling may exist. For example, the WTRU may receive RARs and / or other messages based on a DCI, such as using a rejection RNTI (e.g., an RJ-RNTI) (e.g., which is a (pre)configured or predefined RNTI). The DCI content in a DCI using an RJ-RNTI may include one or more of the information relating to one or more other recommended cells to which the WTRU may attempt to send a second PRACH and / or a second threshold to which the WTRU may compare the second CLI measurement result. The WTRU may transmit the second PRACH to a cell, for example, if the second CLI measurement result for the cell meets the second threshold. The WTRU may select a second cell (e.g., based on information received in a rejection RAR) and / or transmit a PRACH preamble (e.g., Msg1) to the second cell, for example, after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating SBFD rejection. The WTRU may determine to connect to a cell in a non-SBFD operation (e.g., by sending a PRACH associated with the non-SBFD operation (e.g., using a non-SBFD preamble and / or non-SBFD resources)), for example, after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating SBFD rejection. The WTRU may determine not to consider the cell as a candidate for SBFD operation (e.g., the WTRU adds the cell to a list of conditionally banned cells for SBFD operation (e.g., for a (pre)configured duration)), for example, after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating SBFD operation. Conditionally banned cells for SBFD operation may exist, as discussed herein. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may transmit messages (e.g., Msg3 or RRC connection requests or recoverys) based on scheduling information provided by the RAR (e.g., UL authorization), for example, after receiving an indication or associated with an accepted RAR.

[0238] A WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can select a cell (e.g., as a suitable cell) to camp on (e.g., during initial access and / or cell selection (reselection) procedures). In one example, the WTRU can select a cell based on one or more of the following: measured parameters (e.g., measured and / or evaluated RSRP, RSRQ), cell hierarchical configuration, measured and / or evaluated interference (e.g., measured CLI is less than a (pre)configured threshold, if a first CLI threshold is not broadcast), etc. The WTRU can select an SSB (e.g., an SSB beam) as the best SSB in the cell. The WTRU can transmit a PRACH preamble to the selected cell (e.g., it is associated with the selected SSB). The WTRU may indicate the active operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) it has determined and / or selected by transmitting (e.g., sending) such as PRACH (e.g., by transmitting PRACH on SBFD RO time and frequency resources and / or by using a PRACH preamble selected from a first set indicating that the WTRU supports SBFD, such as as described herein).

[0239] The WTRU can determine the operating mode (e.g., operation with or without SBFD) based on the received Random Access Response (RAR). The WTRU can monitor and / or attempt to detect DL messages or indications corresponding to the Random Access Response (RAR) (e.g., DCI with RA-RNTI or another RNTI) within the RAR window or restricted time period, for example after the transmission of PRACH.

[0240] The RAR can indicate acceptance for use of SBFD. The WTRU can determine that a received RAR (e.g., received within a RAR reception time window or limit) indicates that the gNB has accepted the WTRU's connection to the cell and / or operation in SBFD. The WTRU can determine that the received RAR message includes a RAPID matching the RAPID and / or a preamble transmitted by the WTRU. The WTRU can receive indications via the RAR, such as based on one or more of implicit and / or explicit indications.

[0241] Indications can be implicit. For example, the reception of the RAR itself can indicate that the gNB has accepted the WTRU camping on the cell, and / or the active operating mode can be SBFD. Reception of the RAR in the time and frequency resources corresponding to SBFD operation can (e.g., implicitly) indicate that the gNB has accepted the WTRU camping on the cell, and / or the active operating mode can be SBFD. Indications can also be explicit. For example, the WTRU can receive explicit indications (e.g., flag indications) included in the RAR (message) and / or included in the DCI of the PDSCH carrying the RAR. The WTRU can determine that the gNB has accepted the WTRU camping on the cell and / or the active operating mode can be SBFD, for example, based on (e.g., using) explicit indications.

[0242] Additionally or alternatively, a RAR can indicate a rejection for SBFD. For example, the WTRU can determine that a received RAR (e.g., received within a RAR reception window or limit) indicates that the gNB does not accept a WTRU with an active operating mode that would be SBFD connected to the cell. The WTRU can determine (e.g., based on the received RAR) that the gNB may not allow the WTRU to operate in SBFD operating mode within the cell. This could be due, for example, to a reduction in CLI level and / or EPRE experienced by the WTRU and / or to load balancing purposes at the network side.

[0243] The WTRU may receive rejection signaling via one or more of the following: rejection signaling (e.g., cell-common rejection signaling); rejection signaling (e.g., WTRU-specific rejection signaling); and / or rejection signaling (e.g., WTRU-specific rejection signaling). Rejection signaling may be cell-common rejection signaling. The WTRU may determine that the received RAR includes one or more (pre)configured information contents, such as those indicative of SBFD rejection signaling. Rejection signaling may be group-based rejection signaling and / or cell-common rejection indication. The WTRU may receive the RAR based on a DCI, for which, for example, the CRC in the DCI may be scrambled within the RAR reception time window or limit using a first RNTI (e.g., RA-RNTI calculated by the WTRU, e.g., based on where and when PRACH is transmitted) and / or a second RNTI (e.g., a (pre)configured RNTI that may be associated with SBFD acceptance or rejection). The WTRU may determine that a RAPID (e.g., a preamble index) included in the RAR is based on a (pre)defined or (pre)configured value (e.g., a value for index 0 or FFFF) and / or the RAPID does not match the index of the preamble transmitted by the WTRU. The WTRU may determine that a received RAPID matches a (pre)configured preamble index and / or it indicates SBFD rejection signaling.

[0244] Rejection signaling can be WTRU-specific rejection signaling. For example, the WTRU may determine that the received RAR includes one or more (pre)configured information contents, such as those indicating SBFD rejection signaling. Rejection signaling can be WTRU-specific rejection indication. For example, the WTRU may receive the RAR and / or another message based on a DCI. The DCI may be scrambled using a rejection RNTI (e.g., an RJ-RNTI) (e.g., which is a (pre)configured or predefined RNTI). The DCI, RAR, and / or another message may indicate a preamble index (e.g., a RAPID), such as that transmitted by the WTRU. The WTRU may determine that the message is intended for use by the WTRU (e.g., based on matching the received RAPID with the preamble index transmitted by the WTRU). The WTRU may determine that the received signaling indicates SBFD rejection signaling. The DCI, RAR, and / or other messages may include one or more other recommended cells related to which the WTRU may attempt to send a second PRACH and / or a second threshold (e.g., to which the WTRU may compare a second CLI measurement result). The WTRU may attempt to transmit (e.g., send) a second PRACH information relating to one or more other recommended cells. The WTRU may receive one or more information contents on one or more cells (e.g., recommended by the gNB) for example, to monitor cell selection (reselection) and / or to send PRACHs to reside on one or more cells. A second threshold may exist, to which the WTRU may compare a second CLI measurement result. The WTRU may transmit a second PRACH to a cell, for example, if the second CLI measurement result for the cell meets the second threshold (e.g., the second measured CLI is below the second CLI threshold). Rejection signaling may include (e.g., is) WTRU-specific rejection signaling. For example, the WTRU may receive a rejection indication via an indicator (e.g., a flag indicator). The indicator may be included in the RAR and / or in the DCI of the PDSCH carrying the RAR (e.g., when the RAR includes a RAPID matching the index of the preamble transmitted by the WTRU). The WTRU may determine that the received indication indicates SBFD rejection signaling.

[0245] The WTRU can conditionally block a cell, perform non-SBFD operations, and / or select a second cell in response to SBFD operations, such as after receiving an SBFD rejection indication from a cell (e.g., via DCI, RAR, RNTI (e.g., RJ-RNTI)). The WTRU can execute one or more conditionally blocked cells in response to SBFD operations. For example, the WTRU can determine that a cell is not considered a candidate for SBFD operations (e.g., during periodic cell search and / or cell selection (reselection) procedures). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can add a cell to the list of conditionally blocked cells for SBFD operations (e.g., for a (pre)configured duration). The WTRU can measure and / or detect conditionally blocked cells for SBFD operations, as described herein.

[0246] The WTRU can perform non-SBFD operations. For example, the WTRU can determine which cell to connect to in a non-SBFD operating mode. The WTRU can identify (e.g., consider) a cell as a candidate cell for non-SBFD operations (e.g., during periodic cell search and / or cell selection (reselection) procedures). The WTRU can send a PRACH preamble associated with non-SBFD operations (e.g., using a non-SBFD preamble and / or non-SBFD resources), such as if selecting a cell for cell selection (e.g., having the highest cell classification).

[0247] The WTRU may select a second cell. For example, the WTRU may select a second cell (e.g., based on information received in a rejection RAR) and / or transmit a PRACH preamble (e.g., Msg1) to the second cell. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may determine that it can perform SBFD operation in the cell, for example, after receiving an indication and / or associated with acceptance of the cell in a RAR. The RAR may be received in symbols overlapping with SBFD symbols (e.g., time and frequency resources corresponding to SBFD operation). The symbols may (e.g., implicitly) indicate a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) in the cell. The WTRU may transmit messages (e.g., Msg3 and / or RRC connection request or recovery) based on scheduling information provided by the RAR (e.g., UL authorization).

[0248] A conditional acceptance mechanism (WTRU) can exist on a cell with SBFD operation, such as based on a tolerance window and / or timer. The WTRU can receive (e.g., via SIB) configuration information. This configuration information can indicate one or more resources and / or reference signals for CLI measurements. The WTRU can also receive (e.g., via SIB) time periods (e.g., windows) for SBFD prohibition. SBFD-Barred). WTRU can receive (e.g., via SIB) CLI thresholds (e.g., TH). SBFD-B The CLI threshold can be associated with SBFD prohibition (e.g., the threshold is the value of cells below which are not considered SBFD prohibited).

[0249] The WTRU can transmit signals, channels, messages, and / or other transmissions to the cell (e.g., using SBFD resources and / or indicating support for SBFD, such as transmitting a PRACH preamble in a PRACH resource, where the PRACH preamble and / or PRACH resource indicate SBFD support). The cell may include (e.g., is) the same cell from which the WTRU receives configuration information, SBFD prohibition periods, and / or CLI thresholds. The WTRU can receive SBFD rejection messages and / or indications from the cell (e.g., via RAR or RJ-RNTI), for example, in response to the WTRU transmitting a PRACH preamble to the cell. The messages and / or indications may indicate conditional prohibition of the cell for SBFD operation. For example, a cell conditionally prohibited by SBFD can be a cell with a minimum T... SBFD-Barred Cells that are not used as SBFD candidate cells for cell selection (reselection) within a time period (e.g., a threshold) are excluded. In another example, cells conditionally banned by SBFD can be selected within T... SBFD-Barred Time has passed and / or the measured CLI is below the CLI threshold (e.g., TH). SBFD-Barred This is then used as a candidate cell for SBFD for cell selection (reselection). WTRU can be based on (e.g., equal to) the configured SBFD prohibition period (e.g., T). SBFD-Barred To begin (e.g., initiate) a prohibition period (e.g., start a timer). For example, the WTRU can, upon receiving an SBFD rejection indication or message, base its actions on (e.g., equal to) the configured SBFD prohibition period T. SBFD-Barred To begin (e.g., start) a prohibited period (e.g., initiate a timer).

[0250] The WTRU can perform cell classification for cell selection (reselection). Cell classification can be determined based on whether a prohibition period has ended (e.g., whether a timer has expired) and / or CLI measurement results. If, for example, the prohibition period has not ended (e.g., the timer has not expired), the WTRU can perform cell classification for cell selection (reselection) (e.g., during initial access or periodic cell search procedures), treating the cell as invalid for SBFD operations. The WTRU can (e.g., still) consider the cell for non-SBFD operations. In another example, when, for example, a prohibition period ends (e.g., a timer expires), the WTRU can measure the CLI based on configured CLI measurement resources. If, for example, the measured CLI is below a configured CLI threshold (e.g., TH...), the WTRU can perform cell classification. SBFD-B If a cell is considered as an SBFD candidate in the cell classification for a cell selection (reselection) process (e.g., during a periodic cell search process), then the WTRU can consider the cell as an SBFD candidate in the cell classification for the cell selection (reselection) process. The WTRU can measure one or more parameters (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.) to determine the cell classification for the cell. The WTRU can select the cell or another cell and / or transmit (e.g., send) a PRACH based on SBFD and / or non-SBFD operation (e.g., depending on the selected cell). For example, based on the cell classification, the WTRU can select the cell or another cell and / or transmit (e.g., send) a PRACH based on SBFD and / or non-SBFD operation (e.g., depending on the selected cell).

[0251] The WTRU may reside on a cell with SBFD operation for accepting and / or conditionally accepting data, for example, based on a tolerance window and / or a timer. The WTRU may receive (e.g., via SIB) configuration information. The configuration information may indicate one or more resources and / or reference signals for CLI measurements. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive (e.g., via SIB) time periods (e.g., windows) for SBFD prohibition. SBFD-Barred Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive (e.g., via SIB) a CLI threshold (e.g., TH) associated with SBFD prohibition. SBFD-B(For example, a threshold is a value below which cells are not considered SBFD prohibited cells). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may transmit signals, channels, messages, and / or other transmissions to the cell (e.g., using SBFD resources and / or indicating support for SBFD, such as transmitting a PRACH preamble in a PRACH resource, where the PRACH preamble and / or PRACH resource indicate SBFD support). For example, the cell may include (e.g., is) the same cell from which the WTRU receives configuration information, SBFD prohibited time periods, and / or CLI thresholds. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive SBFD rejection messages and / or indications from the cell (e.g., via RAR or RJ-RNTI), for example, in response to the WTRU transmitting a PRACH preamble to the cell. Messages and / or indications may indicate conditional prohibition of the cell for SBFD operation. For example, a cell conditionally prohibited by SBFD can be a cell with a minimum T... SBFD-Barred Cells that are not used as SBFD candidate cells for cell selection (reselection) within a time period (e.g., a threshold) are excluded. In another example, cells conditionally banned by SBFD can be selected within T... SBFD-Barred Time has passed and / or the measured CLI is below the CLI threshold (e.g., TH). SBFD-Barred (This cell) was then used as a candidate cell for SBFD for cell selection (reselection).

[0252] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may begin (e.g., initiate) a prohibition period (e.g., start a timer), for example based on (e.g., equal to) the configured SBFD prohibition period T. SBFD-Barred For example, upon receiving an SBFD rejection indication and / or message, the WTRU can begin (e.g., initiate) a prohibition period (e.g., start a timer). The prohibition period is based on (e.g., equal to) the configured SBFD prohibition period (e.g., T). SBFD-BarredAdditionally or alternatively, the WTRU can perform cell classification for cell selection (reselection). Cell classification can be determined based on whether a prohibition period has ended (e.g., whether a timer has expired) and / or CLI measurement results. For example, if the prohibition period has not ended (e.g., the timer has not expired), the WTRU can perform cell classification for cell selection (reselection) (e.g., during initial access or periodic cell search procedures), such as considering the cell invalid for SBFD operations. The WTRU can still consider the cell for non-SBFD operations. The WTRU can measure CLI based on configured CLI measurement resources, such as when a prohibition period ends (e.g., the timer expires). The WTRU can consider the cell as an SBFD candidate in cell classification for cell selection (reselection) procedures (e.g., during periodic cell search procedures), such as if the measured CLI is below a configured CLI threshold (e.g., TH). SBFD-B The WTRU can measure one or more parameters (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.) to determine, for example, the cell classification for a cell. The WTRU can select that cell or another cell and / or transmit (e.g., send) PRACH according to SBFD and / or non-SBFD operation (e.g., depending on the selected cell). For example, based on cell classification, the WTRU can select that cell or another cell and / or transmit (e.g., send) PRACH according to SBFD and / or non-SBFD operation (e.g., depending on the selected cell).

[0253] Cells that are conditionally prohibited from SBFD operation may exist. A WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with SBFD capability) can detect one or more SS / PBCH blocks (SSBs) from a cell (e.g., during cell search). The cell can be a candidate cell for cell selection (reselection). The WTRU can determine, detect, decode, and / or receive one or more information contents corresponding to the detected SSB of the cell (e.g., from the serving cell or a cell on which the WTRU is already camped, e.g., via MIB, SIB, explicit messages, etc.). For example, the WTRU can determine (e.g., based on decoding the information contents) that the cell supports SBFD operation and / or operates in conjunction with SBFD operation (e.g., via tag indication). The WTRU can receive cell-related configurations (e.g., from the serving cell or a cell on which the WTRU is already camped, e.g., via MIB, SIB, explicit messages, etc.), such as indications of time units and frequency resources (e.g., subbands, RBs, BWPs, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive cell-related configurations (e.g., from the serving cell or a cell on which the WTRU is already camped (e.g., via MIB, SIB, explicit messages, etc.)), such as where a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) is applied. The WTRU may receive configurations indicating the direction of UL / DL transmission and / or reception in the configured frequency resources.

[0254] The WTRU can measure interference (e.g., CLI) against a cell based on one or more received configurations. The WTRU can receive one or more indications (e.g., from the serving cell or a cell to which the WTRU is already camped, such as via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.) by determining, detecting, decoding, and / or receiving information content for which the WTRU has detected SSBs against the cell. The indications may include the cell ID and / or component carrier (CC) for which the CLI is measured. The indications may additionally or alternatively indicate one or more reference signals (e.g., zero-power and / or non-zero-power RS), time, and / or frequency resources, for example, for measuring the CLI. The WTRU can receive one or more thresholds (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, CLI, etc.). The WTRU can measure the CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI), for example, based on the received configurations.

[0255] The WTRU can perform cell classification (e.g., based on RSRP, RSRQ, CLI, etc.) and / or select cells as the appropriate cells to connect to and / or reside on for SBFD operation (e.g., based on the cell with the highest classification or the cell with the highest selection priority). The WTRU can transmit PRACH preambles to cells, for example, based on the selected operating mode as SBFD operation. The WTRU can transmit PRACH preambles in SBFD resources (e.g., based on the received configuration on time and frequency resources in the SBFD) (e.g., UL subbands in SBFD symbols). The WTRU can indicate (e.g., implicitly) that it supports SBFD and / or that the WTRU's active operating mode is SBFD. The WTRU can selectively and / or transmit (e.g., send) PRACH preambles. WTRU preambles can come from (e.g., a first) preamble set. (e.g., the first) preamble set can correspond to the SBFD configuration. Alternatively or additionally, PRACH preambles can indicate (e.g., implicitly) that the WTRU supports SBFD and / or that the WTRU's active operating mode is SBFD.

[0256] The WTRU can monitor and / or attempt to detect Random Access Response (RAR) messages, for example, within a RAR window and / or a restricted period. Following, for example, a PRACH preamble transmission, the WTRU can monitor and / or attempt to detect Random Access Response (RAR) messages within a RAR window and / or a restricted period. The WTRU can receive RAR and / or other messages (e.g., DCI with CRC scrambled using RJ-RNTI). RAR and / or other messages can indicate that the gNB has rejected and / or refused the WTRU's connection to the gNB regarding SBFD operating mode (e.g., as described herein).

[0257] WTRU can determine whether to conditionally disable a cell in response to SBFD operations. Figure 9 This diagram illustrates an example process 900 for determining a cell to be conditionally blocked from SBFD operation. For example, upon receiving an SBFD rejection signal, the WTRU can determine that the cell is conditionally blocked for SBFD operation. The WTRU can be configured to and / or receive one or more information contents related to the conditionally blocked cell via SBFD. In one example, the WTRU can receive one or more time periods and / or windows (e.g., T) for the conditional blocking of the cell via SBFD. SBFD-Barred The WTRU can receive one or more CLI thresholds (e.g., TH) associated with a conditionally prohibited cell in SBFD. SBFD-B The WTRU can receive configurations as part of the SSB detection information content (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) and / or via receiving RRC and / or other messages (e.g., DCI with CRC scrambled using RJ-RNTI).

[0258] The WTRU can halt the initial access procedure to a cell conditionally denied by SBFD. This can be done, for example, after receiving an SBFD rejection indication and / or message. The WTRU can switch its operating mode to operation without SBFD (e.g., non-SBFD operation), for example, if the WTRU is in the middle of an initial access to a cell. The WTRU can transmit a PRACH preamble in resources configured for non-WTRU operation (e.g., TDD DL, TDD UL, and / or TDD flexible time units and frequencies). The WTRU can halt the cell selection (reselection) procedure to the cell. For example, if the WTRU is in the middle of a cell selection (reselection) procedure, the WTRU can halt the cell selection (reselection) procedure to the cell. The WTRU can (re)start (e.g., a new) cell selection (reselection) procedure and / or cell classification, for example, when the cell is considered a conditionally denied SBFD cell.

[0259] The WTRU can determine whether a cell is prohibited from operation by SBFD within a predetermined time period, for example, if a cell is prohibited from operation by SBFD. The WTRU can determine whether to connect to a cell for non-SBFD operation. The WTRU can select a second cell and / or transmit a PRACH preamble to the second cell based on information received in the RAR, for example, if the cell includes the first cell.

[0260] WTRU can start a prohibition period (e.g., initiate a timer), for example based on (e.g., equal to) a configured SBFD prohibition period (e.g., T). SBFD-Barred WTRU can be based on (e.g., equal to) the configured SBFD prohibition period (e.g., T). SBFD-Barred The prohibition period can be started by initiating a timer, for example, after receiving an SBFD rejection indication or message. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can be set to a minimum duration (e.g., T...). SBFD-Barred Cells conditionally prohibited by SBFD will not be used as SBFD candidate cells for cell selection (reselection) within a specified period. WTRUs may use cells conditionally prohibited by SBFD as non-SBFD candidate cells for cell selection (reselection) (e.g., candidate cells without SBFD operation), for example, within a minimum duration (e.g., T). SBFD-Barred Within ) . WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI based on a configured reference signal and time and frequency resources). For example, when a timer (e.g., T SBFD-BarredWhen the SBFD conditional prohibition expires, the WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI based on the configured reference signal and time and frequency resources). The WTRU can determine that the cell is no longer a conditionally prohibited cell under SBFD, for example, if the measured CLI is below the configured CLI threshold (e.g., TH). SBFD-B WTRU can be based on the configured SBFD prohibition period (e.g., T). SBFD-Barred To (re)initiate and / or (re)start the prohibited period, for example if the measured CLI is higher than the configured CLI threshold (e.g., TH). SBFD-B ).

[0261] The WTRU performing cell classification for cell selection (reselection) can determine cell classification based on whether the cell is conditionally prohibited by SBFD (e.g., based on a prohibition time window and / or the measured CLI). For example, the WTRU can determine that the prohibition time window has not ended (e.g., the initiated timer has not expired). The WTRU can perform cell classification for cell selection (reselection) (e.g., during initial access or periodic cell search procedures) by treating the cell as invalid for SBFD operation, for example, based on the determination that the prohibition time window has not ended. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can consider (e.g., only consider) the cell for cell classification in non-SBFD operating modes.

[0262] The WTRU can determine that the prohibition window has ended (e.g., the initiated expiration has expired). The WTRU can measure CLI based on the configured CLI measurement reference signal and / or time and frequency resources (e.g., CLI-RSSI). The WTRU can identify cells as SBFD candidate cells in the cell hierarchy for the cell selection (reselection) process (e.g., during a periodic cell search process), for example, if the measured CLI is below a configured CLI threshold (e.g., TH). SBFD-B Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may identify cells that are conditionally prohibited by SBFD and / or non-SBFD candidate cells in the cell classification for the cell selection (reselection) process (e.g., during a periodic cell search process), for example, if the measured CLI is higher than a configured CLI threshold (e.g., TH). SBFD-B ).

[0263] At 902, the WTRU can select a cell and / or the Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) associated with that cell, for example, based on a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurement. At 904, the WTRU can transmit a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) message, for example, using at least one of one or more first resources and / or one or more second resources for the SBFD active operating mode. The PRACH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU can select the cell or another cell (e.g., to camp on) and / or can transmit PRACH based on SBFD or non-SBFD operation (e.g., based on an operating mode determined to be SBFD or non-SBFD), for example, depending on the selected cell. The WTRU can select the cell or another cell (e.g., to camp on) and / or can transmit PRACH based on SBFD or non-SBFD operation (e.g., based on an operating mode determined to be SBFD or non-SBFD), for example, depending on the selected cell. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may select the cell or another cell (e.g., to camp on) and / or transmit PRACH, for example, based on the determined cell classification according to SBFD and / or non-SBFD operation. Performing cell classification based on cells conditionally prohibited by SBFD(one or more) can provide advantages, such as reduced latency when accessing (e.g., camping) on ​​the cell based on the selected SBFD and / or non-SBFD operation mode and / or enhanced reliability based on comparing(one or more) measured CLIs with one or more CLI thresholds.

[0264] Conditional acceptance by the WTRU during the cell selection (reselection) process is possible, for example, if the CLI decreases after a time window. The WTRU can perform the cell selection (reselection) process. For example, the WTRU can determine whether to transmit a PRACH preamble (e.g., Msg1) to the first cell. The WTRU can transmit signals, channels, messages, and / or other transmissions to the first cell. For example, the WTRU can use SBFD resources and / or indicate support for SBFD (such as transmitting a PRACH preamble in PRACH resources, where the PRACH preamble and / or PRACH resources indicate SBFD support) to transmit signals, channels, messages, and / or other transmissions to the first cell.

[0265] The WTRU can receive a first indication (e.g., transmitted via SIB1, SIB2, etc.) that relates to a first CLI threshold in connection with a cell selection (reselection) process, for example, transmitted by a first cell. The first indication may be transmitted via a broadcast message (e.g., MIB, SIB1, SIB2, etc., or separate broadcast / multicast messages), for example, from the first cell. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., L1 / L2 CLI-RSSI, etc.). For example, the WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., L1 / L2 CLI-RSSI, etc.) based on the first indication. The WTRU can measure CLI based on one or more measurement resources (e.g., determined by the first indication (e.g., indicated by the first indication, associated with the first indication)). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can determine whether it can camp on the first cell by transmitting a PRACH preamble (e.g., if the measured CLI is less than or equal to the first CLI threshold). For example, in response to this determination, the WTRU can transmit a PRACH (e.g., a preamble) to the first cell. The WTRU can receive a response message from the first cell.

[0266] The WTRU can receive a response message from the first cell. The response message can be conditionally accepted based on an indication. The response message may include one or more parameters (e.g., a CLI threshold, a timer, a CLI measurement RS configuration applicable to the WTRU, and / or conditions to be examined during the time period used to determine whether to remain in the first cell). At 906, the WTRU can receive a Random Access Response (RAR). The RAR response may include Downlink Control Information (DCI) and / or an indication that SBFD has been rejected. At 908, the WTRU can determine a cell prohibited from SBFD operation. For example, the WTRU may receive conditional acceptance signaling via initial access signaling (e.g., RAR or Msg4) during initial access to a cell camped thereon. There may be advantages in avoiding ping-pong and / or performing fast handover (e.g., Layer 1 (L1) or Layer 2 (L2) mobility management). Additionally or alternatively, robustness may be improved based on the WTRU instructing the first cell to connect to the first cell, for example, by conditionalizing a reduction in CLI during that time period. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive configurations on one or more of a first time window, a second time window, etc. The first time window may be the minimum time to be considered as having a low CLI (e.g., T1). The second time window may be the maximum monitoring time (e.g., T2), etc. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may determine the CLI based on the received CLI measurement resources (e.g., L1-CLI-RSSI SB mode CLI and / or incremental CLI). The WTRU may initiate a timer. For example, the WTRU may initiate a timer (e.g., T2) conditioned on a measured CLI being below a first threshold and above a second threshold.

[0267] The RAR may include a Random Access Preamble Identifier (RAPID). The WTRU can use this identifier to determine which cell is prohibited from SBFD operation based on whether the RAPID matches the WTRU's index. The DCI may include a Denied Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RJ-RNTI). The DCI may include an indication of a second cell for the transmission of the PRACH preamble, for example, if the cell includes the first cell. The DCI may include a threshold for Cross-Link Interference (CLI) measurements. The WTRU can compare the threshold with the CLI measurements. Based on this comparison, the WTRU can determine whether to transmit a second PRACH message to the second cell, for example, if the PRACH message includes the first PRACH message.

[0268] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may continue (e.g., or may be configured to) measure one or more CLIs (e.g., periodically) on configured resources and / or RSs. The configured resources and / or RSs may be associated with a first cell and / or a second cell and / or a TRP. Measuring the CLIs in one or more of these CLIs on at least one of the configured resources and / or RSs associated with the second cell and / or TRP may include (e.g., implied): the WTRU may perform L1 and / or L2-based (e.g., fast) mobility management-related procedures (e.g., which may be configured by the first cell) (e.g., fast handover procedures). The WTRU may reset a timer. For example, the WTRU may reset a timer (e.g., T2) conditioned that the measured CLIs are below a second CLI threshold for a minimum period longer than indicated as a first time window (e.g., T1).

[0269] The WTRU can determine to remain in the first cell on which it is camped. The WTRU can determine to remain in the first cell on which it is camped, for example, based on the condition that the measured CLI is lower than a second CLI within a minimum time longer than a first time window (e.g., T1) and / or the WTRU resets the timer (e.g., T2). The WTRU can determine and / or instruct the gNB (e.g., the first cell or TRP) not to camp on the first cell and / or request a fast handover procedure (e.g., mobility management related procedures based on L1 and / or L2). For example, conditioned that the timer has reached the maximum monitoring time window (e.g., T2) and / or the measured CLI is still higher than a second CLI threshold, the WTRU can determine and / or instruct the gNB (e.g., the first cell and / or TRP) not to camp on the first cell and / or request a fast handover procedure (e.g., mobility management related procedures based on L1 and / or L2). A fast handover procedure can reduce handover latency and / or improve robustness when camping on a cell or TRP.

Claims

1. A method implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: Detect one or more synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) from the cell; Receive configuration information including an indication of the cross-link interference (CLI) threshold; The CLI measurement results associated with the cell are determined based on the configuration information; The determined CLI measurement results are compared with the CLI threshold; The active operating mode for accessing the cell is determined based on the fact that the determined CLI measurement result is less than the CLI threshold, including Subband Non-overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD). Select one or more resources from one or more time slots or one or more uplink (UL) subbands of SBFD symbols in the set of allowed resources, wherein the one or more resources are associated with transmitting the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) preamble; as well as Use one or more of the selected resources to send the PRACH preamble.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is monitored, which indicates the Random Access Response (RAR) when the timing is right in one or more time slots or one or more downlink (DL) subbands of SBFD symbols in the set of allowed resources.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the CLI measurement result is determined by measuring the one or more SSBs from the cell.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined CLI measurement results include the measurement results of CLI Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) over a predetermined time period.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: Determine whether the cell supports SBFD operation.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration information further includes an indication for measuring the CLI associated with the cell.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the CLI measurement result is determined by measuring one or more reference signals indicated by the configuration information.

8. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) including a processor, said processor being configured to: Detect one or more synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) from the cell; Receive configuration information including an indication of the cross-link interference (CLI) threshold; The CLI measurement results associated with the cell are determined based on the configuration information; The determined CLI measurement results are compared with the CLI threshold; The active operating mode for accessing the cell is determined based on the fact that the determined CLI measurement result is less than the CLI threshold, including Subband Non-overlapping Full-Duplex (SBFD). Select one or more resources from one or more time slots or one or more uplink (UL) subbands of SBFD symbols in the set of allowed resources, wherein the one or more resources are associated with transmitting the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) preamble; as well as Use one or more of the selected resources to send the PRACH preamble.

9. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to: monitor the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and indicate a Random Access Response (RAR) when monitoring one or more time slots or one or more downlink (DL) subbands of SBFD symbols in the set of permitted resources.

10. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to determine the CLI measurement result by further being configured to measure the one or more SSBs from the cell.

11. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein the determined CLI measurement results include the measurement results of CLI Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) over a predetermined time period.

12. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to: determine whether the cell supports SBFD operation.

13. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein the configuration information further includes an indication for measuring the CLI associated with the cell.

14. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to determine the CLI measurement result by further being configured to measure one or more reference signals indicated by the configuration information.

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