Ripple signal-based brush motor controller testing device and method
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202511010620.8
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-22
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-14
Smart Images

Figure CN120949736A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of automotive testing technology, specifically to a testing device and method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals. Background Technology
[0002] With the advancement of automotive electrification, structural components such as car windows, sunroofs, and power seats have all been electrified, typically equipped with drive motors and controllers to operate these motors. When testing and verifying a vehicle, it is necessary to simultaneously test the controllers that control the drive motors to ensure the product meets usage requirements.
[0003] Currently, existing controllers under test in the market include ripple motor controllers. Testing typically involves assembling components from upstream and downstream manufacturers and connecting them to the controller under test. The controller's performance under simulated operating conditions is then used to determine if it meets usage requirements. However, as OEMs increasingly demand faster automotive development cycles, component manufacturers' development cycles are shortening, resulting in less verification time. The traditional method of assembling components and then conducting real-world testing is no longer sufficient. Furthermore, the simulated operating conditions of existing components are limited by the difficulty in creating complex and extreme conditions, significantly restricting testing. Moreover, errors during testing can easily lead to motor stalling and damage, resulting in high testing costs and insufficient reliability. Additionally, different ripple motor controllers require different components, making a single testing device inadequate for various verification projects, further increasing costs. Moreover, once the components are determined, their input and output signals remain unchanged, resulting in poor controllability and difficulty in meeting the need for rapid adjustments to operating conditions, leading to low testing efficiency and failing to meet the demands of rapid industry development. Therefore, there is an urgent need to design a testing device to address the shortcomings of existing testing methods. Summary of the Invention
[0004] To address the aforementioned problems in existing technologies, this paper aims to provide a testing device and method for brushed motor controllers based on ripple signals. The method involves setting up a ripple simulation testing device and connecting it to the ripple motor controller. This allows the ripple simulation testing device to detect the motor drive signal output by the ripple motor controller under test. Based on the detected motor drive signal and other information, it calculates and generates a simulated feedback signal for the current state and feeds this simulated feedback signal back to the ripple motor controller. The entire process requires no actual component involvement, preventing motor stall damage caused by misoperation. Furthermore, events can be injected during the operation of the ripple simulation testing device to simulate different operating conditions, better meeting the simulation needs of complex and extreme conditions. The testing is less restrictive, and by changing the motor setting parameters loaded in the ripple simulation testing device, the same testing equipment can be used to verify different projects, resulting in better adaptability, lower cost, improved controllability and testing efficiency, and better meeting the needs of rapid industry development.
[0005] The specific technical solution is as follows: A test apparatus for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals, used for testing ripple motor controllers, has the following features: The ripple simulation test device is electrically connected to the ripple motor controller. It is used to load the motor setting parameters and continuously detect the motor drive signal output by the ripple motor controller after loading. Based on the detected motor drive signal, the loaded motor setting parameters, and the motion state of the brushed motor being simulated, it calculates the simulation feedback signal under the current conditions and feeds the simulation feedback signal back to the ripple motor controller. At the same time, it receives injection events and adds the injection events to the calculation process of the simulation feedback signal. The power supply is electrically connected to the ripple simulation test device and provides power for the operation of the ripple simulation test device.
[0006] The aforementioned test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals further includes a host computer, which is communicatively connected to the ripple simulation test device. The host computer is used to set the motor setting parameters loaded on the ripple test device and to receive and display the current motion status information updated by the ripple test device.
[0007] The aforementioned test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals includes a host computer that is also used to add injection events to the calculation process of the analog feedback signal.
[0008] The aforementioned test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals includes an external button for adding injected events to the calculation process of the analog feedback signal.
[0009] The aforementioned test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals includes a screen that displays motor setting parameters and real-time updated current motion status information.
[0010] A test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals, using the aforementioned test apparatus for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals, includes the following steps: Step S1: Start the testing device; When the device is powered on, the ripple simulation test device loads the motor setting parameters and continuously detects the motor drive signal output by the ripple motor controller. If the motor drive signal is detected, proceed to step S2; otherwise, return to continue detecting the motor drive signal. Step S2: Calculate the feedback data; The ripple simulation test device simulates the motion state of the controlled brushed motor based on the detected motor drive signal, determines whether an injection event has been added, and calculates the feedback data under the current conditions based on the detected motor drive signal, the loaded motor setting parameters, the simulated motion state of the controlled brushed motor, and the injection event. Step S3: Generate and feed back an analog feedback signal; The calculated feedback data under the current conditions is converted into a corresponding analog feedback signal after analog-to-digital conversion, and the analog feedback signal is fed back to the feedback structure of the ripple motor controller. Step S4: Update and upload your exercise status; After receiving the analog feedback signal, the ripple motor controller controls the ripple simulation test device to update the current motion state information of the simulated controlled brushed motor in real time, and uploads the updated current motion state information.
[0011] The above-mentioned test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals, wherein in step S1, the loaded motor setting parameters include default motor setting parameters and updated motor setting parameters.
[0012] The above-mentioned test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals includes motor setting parameters such as the motion range of the controlled brushed motor, ripple signal frequency, ripple signal amplitude fluctuation range, operating current, start-up time, start-up current, motor model, current test item name, operating voltage, and the current position status of the motor.
[0013] In the above-mentioned test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals, in step S2, when no injection event is added, the feedback data calculation under the current conditions only considers the motor drive signal, the loaded motor setting parameters, and the simulated motion state of the controlled brushed motor.
[0014] The above-mentioned test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals includes, in step S2, the injected events include motor stall, ripple cycle jump, ripple signal abrupt change, ripple signal loss, and motor aging.
[0015] The positive effects of the above technical solution are: The aforementioned test apparatus and method for brushed motor controllers based on ripple signals, by setting up a ripple simulation test device and connecting it to the ripple motor controller under test, can simulate the motion state of the controlled brushed motor when the ripple simulation test device detects the motor drive signal output by the ripple motor controller under test. Based on the motor drive signal, the loaded motor setting parameters, and the simulated motion state of the controlled brushed motor, a simulated feedback signal in the current state is calculated and generated, and this simulated feedback signal is fed back to the ripple motor controller under test. This eliminates the need for actual components, reducing test costs, improving test efficiency, and preventing motor stall damage caused by misoperation. Furthermore, injection events can be added during the operation of the ripple simulation test device to effectively simulate different operating conditions, reducing test limitations. The same test equipment can be used to verify different projects by modifying the motor setting parameters loaded in the ripple simulation test device, improving the adaptability of the test apparatus, further reducing costs, improving controllability, and increasing test efficiency, thus facilitating the rapid development of the industry. Attached Figure Description
[0016] Figure 1 This is a structural diagram of an embodiment of a test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to the present invention. Figure 2 This is a structural diagram of the ripple simulation test device of a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to the present invention. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram showing the analog feedback signal output by the ripple simulation test device of a brushed motor controller based on ripple signal, which is fed back to the ripple motor controller. Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to the present invention. Figure 5 The reference diagram shows the operating current of the ripple signal when the test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signal of the present invention detects that the operating boundary has been reached and a stall has occurred. Figure 6 The ripple simulation test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals of the present invention is a reference diagram simulating the drive voltage and operating current of the controlled brushed motor in motion state without the addition of an injection event. Figure 7 The ripple simulation test device of the brushed motor controller based on the ripple signal of the present invention is a reference diagram simulating the driving voltage and operating current of the controlled brushed motor in motion state when an injection event of motor aging is added. Figure 8 This is a reference diagram illustrating the operating current of a controlled brushed motor in motion when an aging injection event is added to a test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to the present invention.
[0017] In the attached diagram: 1. Ripple motor controller; 11. Feedback structure; 2. Ripple simulation test device; 21. External button; 22. Screen; 3. Power supply; 4. Host computer. Detailed Implementation
[0018] To make the technical means, creative features, objectives, and effects of this invention easier to understand, the following embodiments are provided in conjunction with the appendix. Figure 1 To be continued Figure 8 The technical solutions provided by this invention are described in detail, but the following content is not intended to limit this invention.
[0019] Figure 1 This is a structural diagram of an embodiment of a test apparatus for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to the present invention. Figure 1 As shown, the test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals provided in this embodiment is used to test a ripple motor controller 1. In this case, the ripple motor controller 1 under test controls the operation of the brushed motor and collects the ripple signal of the brushed motor it controls to determine the current operating status of the brushed motor. Furthermore, the ripple motor controller 1 under test has a built-in logic control unit, which serves as the feedback structure 11 for subsequently receiving the analog feedback signal output by the ripple simulation test device 2, thus meeting the requirements of closed-loop testing. Specifically, the test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals provided in this embodiment includes: a ripple simulation test device 2 and a power supply 3, and may also include a host computer 4, etc.
[0020] Figure 2 This is a structural diagram of the ripple simulation test device of a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to the present invention. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram showing the analog feedback signal output by the ripple simulation test device of a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals, according to the present invention, fed back to the ripple motor controller 1. Figures 1 to 3As shown, the ripple simulation test device 2 is electrically connected to the ripple motor controller 1 and is used to load the motor setting parameters. Various setting parameters of the brushed motor to be simulated are loaded into the ripple simulation test device 2 to ensure that the test results reflect the test situation when the ripple motor controller 1 controls the simulated brushed motor. This simulates the test scenario of real components, ensuring the accuracy and effectiveness of the test structure. Furthermore, by modifying the motor setting parameters, the same test equipment can be used to verify different projects, improving the adaptability of the device. This eliminates the need for separately designed test equipment, reducing test costs, improving controllability, and increasing test efficiency. After the motor setting parameters are loaded, the motor drive signal output by the ripple motor controller 1 is continuously monitored. At this time, the ripple simulation test device 2 determines the control strategy of the ripple motor controller 1 for the controlled brushed motor based on the detected motor drive signal, simulating the motion state of the controlled brushed motor. This effectively simulates the operation of the actual brushed motor, providing data support for the test. Moreover, no actual components are required for testing, reducing test costs and improving test efficiency. It also prevents motor stalling and damage caused by misoperation in actual operation. Furthermore, the ripple simulation test device 2 can calculate the feedback data under the current conditions based on the detected motor drive signal, the applied motor setting parameters, and the motion state of the simulated brushed motor. After analog-to-digital conversion, it generates a corresponding simulated feedback signal and feeds it back to the ripple motor controller 1, realizing in-loop testing and fully simulating the operation of the brushed motor controlled by the ripple motor controller 1, thus meeting the functional verification requirements of the ripple motor controller 1. Simultaneously, it receives injected events and adds them to the calculation process of the simulated feedback signal, enabling the simulation of different operating conditions. This solves the problem of manufacturing complex and extreme operating conditions that are difficult to achieve with existing physical simulation testing, reducing limitations and facilitating the rapid development of the industry.
[0021] Specifically, power supply 3 is electrically connected to ripple simulation test device 2 to provide power for the operation of ripple simulation test device 2, ensuring that the entire test device can operate normally and realize simulation testing.
[0022] More specifically, with a host computer 4 in place, the host computer 4 is connected to the ripple simulation test device 2 for communication. The host computer 4 enables interaction with the ripple simulation test device 2. At this time, the host computer 4 is used to set the motor setting parameters loaded on the ripple test device, and to receive and display the updated current motion status information of the ripple test device. This makes it convenient for testers to set the motor setting parameters required for the test, thereby meeting the test requirements of different products, with better adaptability and more convenient operation. It also makes it convenient for testers to obtain the real-time updated motion status information of the current ripple test device.
[0023] Furthermore, the host computer 4 is also used to add injection events to the calculation process of the simulation feedback signal. That is, when the ripple simulation test device 2 detects the motor drive signal output by the ripple motor controller 1 and simulates the movement of the brushed motor, the tester can add injection events to the ripple simulation test device 2 through the host computer 4, which is convenient for simulating different working conditions and making the operation more convenient.
[0024] In addition to the host computer 4, the testing device in this embodiment also provides another structure: an external button 21 on the ripple simulation testing device 2 to add injection events. That is, the host computer 4 and the external button 21 can be set individually or both can be set, facilitating the addition of injection events through different means and improving operational convenience. In this case, the external button 21 is used to add the injection event to the calculation process of the simulation feedback signal. This allows the tester to add injection time to the ripple simulation testing device 2 during the simulation of brushed motor movement, enabling simulation of different operating conditions and facilitating testing.
[0025] More specifically, when screen 22 is provided, the ripple simulation test device 2 is electrically connected to screen 22. At this time, screen 22 is used for human-computer interaction with the tester and displays the motor setting parameters and the real-time updated current motion status information, which makes it convenient for the tester to understand and modify the motor setting parameters. It also makes it convenient for the tester to understand the real-time updated current motion status information, which is beneficial to the test operation.
[0026] In addition, this embodiment also provides a test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals, which utilizes the test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals proposed in this embodiment. Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to the present invention. Figure 4 As shown, the test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals proposed in this embodiment specifically includes the following steps: Step S1: Start the testing device; After the device is powered on, the ripple simulation test device 2 loads the motor setting parameters. These parameters include default and updated motor setting parameters. When the default test requirements are met, the default setting parameters can be loaded directly without further parameter updates. However, when the simulated brushed motor needs to be changed, the updated motor setting parameters can be selected. This involves modifying the loaded motor setting parameters via the host computer 4 to meet different test requirements. Furthermore, after the motor setting parameters are loaded, the device continuously monitors the motor drive signal output by the ripple motor controller 1. If a motor drive signal is detected, the subsequent step S2 is performed. If no motor drive signal is detected, the device returns to continue monitoring the motor drive signal, repeating this cycle until the test begins. It is worth noting that the motor setting parameters include the controlled brushed motor's range of motion, ripple signal frequency, ripple signal amplitude fluctuation range, operating current, start-up time, start-up current, motor model, current test item name, operating voltage, and the motor's current position status.
[0027] Step S2: Calculate the feedback data; The ripple simulation test device 2 simulates the motion state of the controlled brushed motor based on the motor drive signal detected in step S1, and determines whether an injection event has been added. Based on the detected motor drive signal, the applied motor setting parameters, the simulated motion state of the controlled brushed motor, and the injection event, it calculates the feedback data under the current conditions. It is worth noting that when no injection event is added, the calculation of the feedback data under the current conditions only considers the motor drive signal, the applied motor setting parameters, and the simulated motion state of the controlled brushed motor. That is, when no injection event is determined to be added, the ripple simulation test device 2 calculates the feedback data under the current conditions based on the detected motor drive signal, the applied motor setting parameters, and the simulated motion state of the controlled brushed motor. However, when an injection event is added, the ripple simulation test device 2 calculates the feedback data under the current conditions based on the detected motor drive signal, the applied motor setting parameters, the simulated motion state of the controlled brushed motor, and the injection event, fully considering the impact of the injection event on the test results and meeting the test requirements.
[0028] In addition, the injected events are usually operating conditions that will occur during the actual operation of a brushed motor, such as motor stall, ripple cycle jump, ripple signal sudden change, ripple signal loss, motor aging, etc., to meet the testing requirements under different operating conditions.
[0029] Furthermore, when the controlled brushed motor is running normally, the test state of the ripple simulation test device 2 needs to simulate three stages: the start-up stage, the stable operation stage, and the stop stage. In addition, when an injection event is added, some parameters in each stage will change to meet the test requirements.
[0030] After the ripple simulation test device 2 detects the motor drive signal including the motor drive direction, the controlled brushed motor will enter the start-up phase. The ripple simulation test device 2 determines whether the controlled brushed motor is within its operating range. If it is already in a boundary state and the motor drive direction is still in the boundary direction, the ripple simulation test device 2 will generate a stall ripple signal. If it is within the normal operating range, the ripple simulation test device 2 will generate a ripple signal during the start-up process based on the start-up current, start-up time, ripple amplitude fluctuation range, and ripple frequency. After the start-up process is completed, the controlled brushed motor will enter a stable operation phase. In this phase, the ripple signal is relatively stable and regular. At this time, the ripple simulation test device 2 will generate a stable operation ripple signal based on the normal operating current, ripple amplitude, and ripple frequency. Furthermore, during the entire operation of the controlled brushed motor, if the ripple simulation test device 2 detects that the motor drive signal becomes invalid, the ripple simulation test device 2 will also synchronously stop generating ripple signals. Figure 5 This is a reference diagram of the operating current of a test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to the present invention, when the device detects that the operating boundary has been reached and a stall has occurred; as shown. Figure 5 As shown, if the ripple simulation test device 2 detects that the operating boundary of the controlled brushed motor has been reached during the entire operation, the ripple simulation test device 2 will generate a ripple signal when the motor is stalled.
[0031] Furthermore, this embodiment also provides a ripple simulation test device 2 to simulate the motion state of the controlled brushed motor under two working conditions: with and without injection events. This embodiment illustrates the changes in drive voltage and operating current, i.e., ripple signal changes, during the simulation of the motion state of the controlled brushed motor when the motor is aging. Figure 6 The ripple simulation test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals of the present invention is a reference diagram simulating the drive voltage and operating current of the controlled brushed motor in motion state without the addition of an injection event. Figure 7 This is a reference diagram illustrating the driving voltage and operating current of a brushed motor under control during operation when a ripple simulation test device for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals is used to simulate the motion state of the controlled brushed motor after adding an injection event of motor aging. (See diagram below.) Figure 5 As shown, without the added event of motor aging, the controlled brushed motor runs smoothly, and both the drive voltage and operating current maintain periodic stability. Figure 6As shown, when the motor aging injection event is added, in actual use, after long-term use, the controlled brushed motor will experience uneven gear distribution due to wear and compression of the gear disk. This will cause the gears to jam during operation due to wear and deformation of the gear disk, resulting in the controlled brushed motor no longer running smoothly and exhibiting periodic fluctuations. Figure 8 This is a reference diagram for simulating the operating current of a controlled brushed motor in motion when adding an aging injection event to a test device for a brushed motor controller based on a ripple signal according to the present invention. At this time, the parameters to be considered for the injection event include the ripple period T, the ripple duration t, and the ripple amplitude change A, and these parameters are weighted into the ripple signal of normal operation according to a preset.
[0032] Step S3: Generate and feed back an analog feedback signal; The calculated feedback data under the current conditions is converted into a corresponding analog feedback signal through analog-to-digital conversion, and then fed back to the feedback structure 11 of the ripple motor controller 1. It is worth noting that the feedback structure 11 in the ripple motor controller 1 under test is a built-in logic control unit used to receive the analog feedback signal output by the ripple simulation test device 2.
[0033] Step S4: Update and upload your exercise status; After receiving the analog feedback signal, the ripple motor controller 1 controls the ripple simulation test device 2 to update the current motion status information of the simulated controlled brushed motor in real time, and uploads the updated current motion status information. It is worth noting that the updated current motion status information can be displayed on the screen 22 on the ripple simulation test device 2 or on the host computer 4, so that the testers can intuitively obtain the information.
[0034] This embodiment provides a testing device and method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals, including a ripple simulation testing device 2 and a power supply 3. By connecting the ripple simulation testing device 2 to the ripple motor controller 1 under test, the device simulates the operating state of the controlled brushed motor when a motor drive signal is detected from the ripple motor controller 1. It calculates and generates a simulated feedback signal for the current state based on the motor drive signal, the loaded motor setting parameters, and the simulated motion state of the controlled brushed motor. This simulated feedback signal is then fed back to the ripple motor controller 1. Furthermore, injection events can be directly added during the operation of the ripple simulation testing device 2, enabling testing without actual components, reducing testing costs, improving testing efficiency, and avoiding motor stall damage caused by misoperation. It can also directly simulate different operating conditions, and by changing the motor setting parameters loaded in the ripple simulation testing device 2, it can meet the verification requirements of different projects. This approach is less restrictive, more adaptable, easier to control, and beneficial to industry development.
[0035] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the implementation methods and protection scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should recognize that any equivalent substitutions and obvious changes made based on the description and illustrations of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. A test apparatus for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals, used for testing ripple motor controllers, characterized in that, include: The ripple simulation test device is electrically connected to the ripple motor controller. It is used to load the motor setting parameters and continuously detect the motor drive signal output by the ripple motor controller after loading. Based on the detected motor drive signal, the loaded motor setting parameters, and the motion state of the brushed motor being simulated, it calculates the simulation feedback signal under the current conditions and feeds the simulation feedback signal back to the ripple motor controller. At the same time, it receives injection events and adds the injection events to the calculation process of the simulation feedback signal. The power supply is electrically connected to the ripple simulation test device and provides power for the operation of the ripple simulation test device.
2. The test apparatus for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system also includes a host computer, which is connected to the ripple simulation test device. The host computer is used to set the motor setting parameters loaded on the ripple test device and to receive and display the current motion status information updated by the ripple test device.
3. The test apparatus for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to claim 2, characterized in that, The host computer is also used to add injected events to the calculation process of the analog feedback signal.
4. The test apparatus for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ripple simulation test device includes external buttons, which are used to add injected events to the calculation process of the simulation feedback signal.
5. The test apparatus for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ripple simulation test device includes a screen that displays motor setting parameters and real-time updated current motion status information.
6. A test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals, using the test apparatus for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals as described in any one of claims 1-5, comprising the following steps: Step S1: Start the testing device; When the device is powered on, the ripple simulation test device loads the motor setting parameters and continuously detects the motor drive signal output by the ripple motor controller. If the motor drive signal is detected, proceed to step S2; otherwise, return to continue detecting the motor drive signal. Step S2: Calculate the feedback data; The ripple simulation test device simulates the motion state of the controlled brushed motor based on the detected motor drive signal, determines whether an injection event has been added, and calculates the feedback data under the current conditions based on the detected motor drive signal, the loaded motor setting parameters, the simulated motion state of the controlled brushed motor, and the injection event. Step S3: Generate and feed back an analog feedback signal; The calculated feedback data under the current conditions is converted into a corresponding analog feedback signal after analog-to-digital conversion, and the analog feedback signal is fed back to the feedback structure of the ripple motor controller. Step S4: Update and upload your exercise status; After receiving the analog feedback signal, the ripple motor controller controls the ripple simulation test device to update the current motion state information of the simulated controlled brushed motor in real time, and uploads the updated current motion state information.
7. The test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step S1, the loaded motor setting parameters include default motor setting parameters and updated motor setting parameters.
8. The test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to claim 6, characterized in that, The motor setting parameters include the stroke of the controlled brushed motor, ripple signal frequency, ripple signal amplitude adjustment range, operating current, starting current, motor model, current test item name, operating voltage, and current position status of the motor.
9. The test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step S2, when no injection event is added, the feedback data calculation under the current conditions only considers the motor drive signal, the loaded motor setting parameters, and the simulated motion state of the controlled brushed motor.
10. The test method for a brushed motor controller based on ripple signals according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step S2, the injected events include motor stall, ripple cycle jump, ripple signal mutation, ripple signal loss, and motor aging.