Broadband high-gain radar antenna based on metasurface and application

Abstract

The invention relates to a broadband high-gain radar antenna based on a metasurface and application, and belongs to the field of antenna design. The antenna comprises a metasurface layer (RogersRO3003C substrate and a periodic ideal electric conductor rectangular unit), an air cavity, a radiation layer (an ideal electric conductor patch with a rectangular slot), a grounding plane with a rectangular slot and a feed layer (microstrip line) from top to bottom in sequence, and works near 12.4 GHz. The metasurface unit is optimized through characteristic mode analysis, the air cavity improves impedance matching, and the microstrip line is coupled with the radiation layer gap for feeding through the grounding plane rectangular groove. CST simulation shows that the impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 1800 MHz at the frequency of 11.6-13.4 GHz, the peak gain is 8.37 dBi, the radiation efficiency is nearly 100%, the antenna can be used for millimeter wave radar, and a new thought is provided for miniaturization and high performance of the antenna.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of antenna design, and particularly relates to a wideband high-gain radar antenna based on a metasurface and application, and is particularly suitable for a millimeter wave radar system with high requirements for signal bandwidth, detection distance and target recognition capability. BACKGROUND

[0002] With the deep application of radar technology in the fields of security monitoring, aerospace, intelligent transportation and the like, the performance of the radar antenna is required to have the core requirements of "wider signal bandwidth, longer detection distance and higher target recognition accuracy". The wideband characteristic can improve the radar resolution, and the high-gain characteristic can enhance the signal strength and expand the detection range, both of which are key indicators for determining the performance of the radar system.

[0003] As a new type of artificial electromagnetic material, the metasurface provides a new path for breaking through the performance bottleneck of the traditional radar antenna, with the unique advantages of being capable of flexibly controlling the phase, amplitude and polarization of electromagnetic waves. The traditional radar antenna (such as a conventional microstrip antenna and an array antenna) has inherent limitations in the design: either it is difficult to simultaneously achieve wideband, high gain and low loss (for example, the gain of some wideband antennas fluctuates greatly in the full frequency band, and the stability is poor), or the structure is complex, the size is large, and the profile is too high in order to pursue high performance, which is not conducive to the miniaturization and integration of the radar system.

[0004] The domestic related research focuses on optimizing the performance of the antenna through new structure design. For example, some research proposes a multi-beam antenna array based on phase coding, which adjusts the phase of the unit and encodes, uses a wideband bidirectional radiation microstrip antenna as a "0" "1" unit, and realizes the wideband, high gain and multi-beam characteristics of a 1x8 linear array and a 3x8 planar array through periodic arrangement. However, such design focuses more on the performance of the array, and there is still room for improvement in the collaborative optimization of the wideband and high gain of a single antenna. Foreign research takes characteristic mode analysis (CMA) as the core means to optimize the bandwidth, gain, polarization and filtering performance of the antenna, and explores the application of the metasurface in the antenna array to realize reflection suppression and intelligent low scattering function. However, the research is mostly limited to single performance optimization, and has not formed a design idea of "collaborative improvement of wideband-gain-miniaturization comprehensive performance of the metasurface and other structures", and the performance verification of the metasurface antenna in complex electromagnetic environment is relatively lacking.

[0005] In summary, the current radar antenna technology still faces the core pain points: it is difficult to balance the wideband and high gain, the gain stability of some designs is poor, the size and profile of the antenna do not meet the miniaturization requirements, and the application of the metasurface does not fully release the performance potential, so a new type of radar antenna design scheme is urgently needed to break through the above limitations. SUMMARY

[0006] The application aims at the defects of the existing radar antenna, such as difficulty in coordinating wideband and high gain, insufficient gain stability in the full bandwidth, large antenna size / high profile, lack of performance research of the metasurface antenna in complex electromagnetic environment, and complex structure of part of high-performance design which is not conducive to practical application, and provides a wideband high-gain radar antenna based on a metasurface, which is designed by cooperating a metasurface composed of periodic square metal patches, an air cavity with a specific height and a microstrip patch antenna with a rectangular slot, and breaking through the design bottleneck of mutual restriction of the bandwidth and the gain of the traditional antenna by using the resonance effect of the composite multilayer structure.

[0007] In order to achieve the above application purposes, the application adopts the following technical solutions: a wideband high-gain radar antenna based on a metasurface comprises: a basic antenna assembly, comprising: a ground plane, a coupling slot is formed in the ground plane; a feed layer, arranged below the ground plane, used for transmitting electromagnetic energy upward through the coupling slot; a radiation layer, arranged above the ground plane and corresponding to the coupling slot; at least one slot is arranged on the radiation layer for generating multiple resonance modes to expand the working bandwidth; a metasurface layer, arranged above the radiation layer, the metasurface layer comprising periodically arranged metal units; a dielectric gap layer, arranged between the radiation layer and the metasurface layer, used for improving the impedance matching and energy transmission efficiency between the basic antenna assembly and the metasurface layer.

[0008] Further, the dielectric gap layer is an air cavity.

[0009] Further, the metal units in the metasurface layer are rectangular metal patches.

[0010] Further, a microstrip line is arranged on the feed layer, and the coupling slot is a rectangular slot.

[0011] Further, the radiation layer comprises a rectangular conductive patch and a dielectric substrate, and the dielectric substrate is provided with a slot for mounting the rectangular conductive patch.

[0012] Further, the metasurface layer, the radiation layer and the feed layer are all made of high-frequency dielectric substrates.

[0013] A design method of the above wideband high-gain radar antenna based on a metasurface, comprising the following steps: S1: designing an antenna layered structure, and determining the arrangement relationship of the metasurface layer, the air cavity, the radiation layer, the ground plane and the feed layer in sequence; S2: using a characteristic mode analysis method to solve the inherent resonance modes of the layered structure, identifying the significant resonance modes in the 11GHz-13GHz frequency band, determining the main working frequency band and the resonance modes to be optimized; S3: Debugging key parameters, respectively adjusting the side length of the metal unit in the metasurface layer, the height of the air cavity and the width of the rectangular slot in the radiation layer, so that the significant resonance mode is continuously distributed in the frequency band of 11GHz-13GHz; S4: Modeling and performance verification of the adjusted antenna structure by high-frequency electromagnetic simulation software to ensure that the antenna meets the preset requirements of wideband, high gain and low loss.

[0014] Further, the high-frequency electromagnetic simulation software is any one of CST, HFSS or FEKO, and the verified performance includes impedance bandwidth, peak gain, radiation efficiency and far-field pattern.

[0015] A radar system comprising: The above-mentioned wideband high-gain radar antenna based on metasurface; and The transceiver and signal processing unit electrically connected with the wideband high-gain radar antenna based on metasurface.

[0016] A wireless communication system comprising the above-mentioned wideband high-gain radar antenna based on metasurface for transmitting and / or receiving wireless communication signals.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present application are as follows: 1. Wideband performance is significantly improved: compared with the conventional metasurface antenna (usually impedance bandwidth <1000MHz), the present application realizes an ultra-wide impedance bandwidth (|S 11 |<-10dB) of 1800MHz, with a relative bandwidth of 14.5%, which can effectively improve the radar signal bandwidth and enhance the target recognition accuracy and resolution.

[0018] 2. Higher gain and better stability: the gain is stable at above 8.1dBi in the whole working frequency band (12.6-13.7GHz), the peak gain reaches 8.37dBi (far exceeding the conventional level of 5-7dBi of similar antennas in the prior art), and the sidelobe level is as low as-19.0dB, with strong main lobe directivity, which can significantly expand the radar detection distance and reduce environmental interference.

[0019] 3. Industry-leading radiation efficiency: the radiation efficiency is close to 100% (0.98-1.0), and the total efficiency is as high as 0.93, which greatly reduces the conductor and dielectric loss, solves the problem of "wideband accompanied by efficiency decrease" of traditional antennas, and guarantees the quality of radar signal transmission.

[0020] 4. Small size and low profile: the final antenna size is only 15mmx15mmx4.08mm, which is much smaller than the size of existing high-performance radar antennas (mostly above 20mm), and can meet the installation requirements of radar system integration and miniaturization.

[0021] 5. Break through the traditional design bottleneck: innovation proposes the method of "super surface and air cavity collaborative design", breaks the mutual restriction relationship of traditional antenna "wide bandwidth and low gain, high gain and narrow bandwidth", and provides a reusable technical paradigm for wideband high gain antenna design.

[0022] 6. Application value is prominent: can be directly adapted to millimeter wave radar system, through the characteristics of wide frequency band, high gain and low loss, improves the detection distance, target recognition ability and anti-interference ability of radar, and is suitable for practical applications in many fields such as aerospace, intelligent driving and security monitoring. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0023] Figure 1 is a structural schematic diagram of the antenna of the embodiment of the application; Figure 2 is a structural schematic diagram of the super surface layer of the antenna of the embodiment of the application; Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of introducing a slot structure to the upper patch of the antenna of the embodiment of the application; Figure 4 is a side view of the super surface antenna of the antenna of the embodiment of the application; Figure 5 is a back view of the antenna of the embodiment of the application; Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the antenna S 11 of the embodiment of the application; Figure 7 is a relationship curve of the gain of the antenna of the embodiment of the application varying with frequency; Figure 8 is a relationship curve of the radiation efficiency and total efficiency of the antenna of the embodiment of the application; Figure 9 is a three-dimensional directional diagram of the super surface antenna of the antenna of the embodiment of the application at 12.4GHz; Figure 10 is a directional diagram of the antenna of the embodiment of the application at 12.4GHz, phi is 0; Figure 11 is a directional diagram of the antenna of the embodiment of the application at 12.4GHz, phi is 90.

[0024] In the figure, 10 is a super surface layer, 20 is a radiation layer, 30 is a feed layer, 40 is a microstrip line, 50 is a metal unit, 60 is a rectangular patch, and 70 is a ground plane. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] Example 1 This embodiment provides a broadband high-gain radar antenna based on metasurfaces. Please refer to... Figures 1 to 4 , Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall antenna structure according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the metasurface layer structure. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the slotted structure of a radiating patch. Figure 4 This is a side view of the antenna.

[0027] The antenna in this embodiment structurally includes a basic antenna assembly, a metasurface layer 10, and a dielectric spacer layer (air cavity). More specifically, the radar antenna in this embodiment has a layered composite structure, consisting of, from top to bottom, a metasurface layer 10, an air cavity, a radiating layer 20, a ground plane 70, and a feed layer 30, with overall dimensions of 15mm × 15mm × 4.08mm (see attached diagram). Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the overall structure is attached. Figure 4 (This is a side view). The layers work together to achieve broadband, high-gain, and low-loss performance. The specific layered structure and connection relationships are as follows: 1. Basic antenna assembly This basic antenna assembly is used to generate initial broadband radiation. In this embodiment, it consists of a slot-coupled feed layer 30 and a radiating layer 20.

[0028] Please combine Figure 1 and Figure 4The feed layer 30 of this component is located at the bottom of the structure and includes a first dielectric substrate, a microstrip line 40 disposed on the lower surface of the substrate, and a ground plane 70 disposed on the upper surface of the substrate. The first dielectric substrate is a Rogers RO3003C substrate (relative permittivity ε=3.0, relative permeability μ=1), with a thickness h_sub_down=0.81mm, a substrate length up_x=15mm, and a width up_y=15mm (consistent with the overall antenna dimensions). The microstrip line 40 is made of ideal electrical conductor (PEC) material, with a preferred length line_y of 12.75mm and a preferred width line_x of 2.40mm. A rectangular coupling slot for energy coupling is formed on the ground plane 70, with a preferred length fx_x of 7.00mm and a preferred width fx_y of 0.25mm. One end of the microstrip line 40 is connected to an excitation source (a conventional RF connector in the art, not shown), and the other end extends directly below the rectangular slot of the ground plane 70. Energy is transferred to the radiating layer through a slot coupling method of "microstrip line 40 → rectangular coupling slot of ground plane 70 → rectangular patch 60 of radiating layer 20".

[0029] A radiating layer 20 is disposed above the ground plane 70. The radiating layer 20 is the core radiating component of the antenna, comprising a "second dielectric substrate + a rectangular patch 60 with a rectangular slot (radiating patch)". The rectangular patch 60 is disposed on the upper surface of the second dielectric substrate, directly opposite the coupling slot below. To initially extend the antenna bandwidth, such as... Figure 3 As shown, the radiating patch is designed as a slotted rectangular patch 60. Specifically, a complete rectangular metal patch is divided into two separate patch portions by a rectangular slot. This slotted structure is equivalent to introducing additional inductance and capacitance into the patch, changing the impedance distribution of the antenna and enabling it to resonate at multiple frequency points, thus achieving initial bandwidth expansion before the introduction of the metasurface. In this embodiment, the width 'a' of the slot is ultimately optimized to 0.2 mm.

[0030] Preferably, the second dielectric substrate adopts Rogers RO3003C substrate (relative permittivity ε = 3.0, relative permeability μ = 1), thickness h_middle = 1.00 mm, substrate length up_x = 15 mm, width up_y = 15 mm (consistent with the overall size of the antenna); the rectangular patch 60 is made of PEC, thickness hcooper = 0.0025 mm, the overall patch is attached to the upper surface of the first high-frequency substrate, and more than one rectangular slot is provided in the middle of the patch - slot width a = 0.2 mm (preferably in the range of 0.15 mm-0.45 mm), slot length consistent with patch length (6.4 mm). The slot structure is equivalent to introducing "additional inductance + additional capacitance" in the patch, changing the antenna impedance distribution, and forming multi-mode resonance (additional Figure 5 characteristic mode analysis results) at 11 GHz, 12 GHz, and 13 GHz frequency bands, providing a basis for wideband characteristics.

[0031] 2. Dielectric gap layer Above the rectangular patch 60 of the basic antenna assembly, a dielectric gap layer is provided. The function of the gap layer is to provide a buffer area for the basic antenna assembly and the super surface layer 10 above it, to improve the impedance matching between the two, and to ensure that electromagnetic energy can be efficiently transmitted from the rectangular patch 60 to the super surface layer 10. In this preferred embodiment, the dielectric gap layer is an air cavity, and its height h_air is determined to be 1.8 mm (preferably in the range of 1.5 mm-2.1 mm) after CST simulation optimization, and the layer distance is ensured stable by mechanical support structure (conventional insulation support in the art, not shown).

[0032] As Figure 6 shown, the dielectric gap layer can avoid dielectric loss caused by direct contact between the super surface layer 10 and the radiation layer 20, and at the same time optimize the electromagnetic coupling relationship between the two, so that the antenna impedance is matched in a wide frequency band (|S 11 |<-10 dB, additional Figure 6 ), and the energy transmission efficiency is improved.

[0033] 3. Super surface layer 10 As Figure 2 shown, above the dielectric gap layer (air cavity), a super surface layer 10 is provided. The super surface layer 10 is the core component of the present application to achieve high gain and further improve bandwidth. It includes a piece of third dielectric substrate, and a periodic arrangement of metal units 50 is provided on the lower surface of the substrate (i.e. the side facing the air cavity). As Figure 2As shown, these metal units 50 are preferably square (rectangular) metal patches, the side length h_1 of each unit is 2.0 mm, and the gap g between units is 0.10 mm. Through its specific unit size and periodic arrangement, the metasurface structure can strongly interact with the electromagnetic waves resonant with the basic antenna assembly, thereby exciting new resonance points, further broadening the overall operating bandwidth of the antenna, and also effectively guiding and converging the radiation energy, significantly improving the gain and directivity of the antenna.

[0034] In this embodiment, in order to reduce loss, all medium substrates preferably use high-frequency low-loss medium materials such as Rogers RO3003.

[0035] 4. Synergistic work and performance verification The key of the present application is that by synergistically optimizing several key parameters such as the metasurface unit size h_1, the air cavity height h_air, and the radiation patch slot width a, the basic antenna assembly, the air cavity, and the metasurface layer form an efficient resonant whole, ultimately breaking the bottleneck of mutual restriction between bandwidth and gain in traditional antenna design.

[0036] After modeling and simulation optimization by computer simulation technology (CST) software, the intrinsic mode of the structure is solved (without excitation), revealing the inherent resonance characteristics of the antenna, and the results are as shown in Figure 5 As shown, the mode 1, mode 2, and mode 3 distribution nodes all appear at specific frequency points (such as 11 GHz, 12 GHz), indicating that these frequencies have strong resonance modes, which may be potential working frequency bands of the antenna design. And multiple nodes have higher significance in continuous frequency bands (such as 12-13 GHz), suggesting that the structure may support wideband radiation. For example, mode 2 has MS=0.9 (significant) at 12 GHz, i.e. this frequency is suitable as the main working frequency band, and the feed should match the current distribution of this mode. At the same time, mode 1 and mode 3 are significant at 11 GHz and 13 GHz respectively, which can cover a wider frequency band through coupled feeding. However, the MS significance of mode 2 nodes is generally low (<0.7), which may be due to the difficulty in exciting the mode caused by structural loss (such as dielectric loss, conductor roughness).

[0037] The final overall size of the antenna of this embodiment is 15 mm x 15 mm x 4.08 mm. The performance verification results are as follows: Broadband characteristics: please refer to Figure 6 , which is the S11 parameter curve of the antenna. As can be seen from the figure, the S 11 of the antenna is less than -10 dB in the frequency band of 11.6-13.4 GHz, realizing an impedance bandwidth of 1800 MHz, and the relative bandwidth reaches 14.5%.

[0038] High gain characteristics: please refer to Figure 7The gain curve of the antenna with frequency is shown in the following figure. The peak gain of the antenna at the center frequency 12.4 GHz is 7.9 dBi. The gain is high and stable in the whole frequency band, which shows good directivity and radiation ability.

[0039] High efficiency characteristic: please refer to Figure 8 The efficiency curve of the antenna is shown in the following figure. The radiation efficiency of the antenna is more than 90% in the whole frequency band, which shows that the energy loss of the antenna structure itself is very small.

[0040] Good directivity: please refer to Figure 9 , Figure 10 and Figure 11 The antenna pattern is a very important electrical parameter, which reflects the distribution of the radiation intensity of the antenna in space. In order to deeply study the influence of the metasurface on the antenna in the far field radiation, the phi=0 pattern and phi=90 pattern of the metasurface antenna at 12.4 GHz are drawn by using the CST software. The results are shown in the following figures. Figure 10 , Figure 11 When phi=0, the main lobe gain is about 7.88 dBi, the antenna has strong radiation ability, the 3dB angle width is 77.5 degrees, and the side lobe level is-19.0 dB. When phi=90, the main lobe gain is about 7.93 dBi, the 3dB angle width is 73.9 degrees, and the side lobe level is also-19.0 dB. The antenna as a whole maintains good gain and low side lobe level, and can effectively concentrate the radiation energy at different azimuth angles, which meets the design requirements of the antenna.

[0041] In summary, through analysis, it can be known that the antenna of the application resonates at about 13 GHz, and works at 12.6-13.7 GHz. The gain curve shows that the gain of the antenna is stable at more than 8.1 dBi in the whole frequency band, and the gain gradually increases with the increase of frequency, and the peak gain can reach 8.37 dBi at 14.0 GHz. The radiation efficiency is close to 1 (100%), the highest total efficiency is about 0.93, and the lowest total efficiency is about 0.52.

[0042] Example 2 The antenna described in the application can be integrated into a radar system, especially a millimeter wave radar system. In addition to the antenna, the system also includes a transceiver and a signal processing unit electrically connected to the antenna. Due to its wideband high gain characteristics, the antenna can significantly improve the detection distance, resolution and target recognition ability of the radar system.

[0043] In addition, the antenna can also be applied to a wireless communication system as a transmitting antenna and / or a receiving antenna to support high-speed and large-capacity data transmission.

[0044] The part of the application not described in detail is the prior art, so the application does not describe it in detail.

[0045] It is to be understood that the terms "longitudinal", "transverse", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like as used herein are intended to refer to the orientation or position of the device or element as shown in the drawings, and are merely used for convenience in describing the present application and simplifying the description, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore should not be construed as limiting the application.

[0046] It is to be understood that the term "one" is to be understood as "at least one" or "one or more", that is, in an embodiment, the number of elements of one can be one, and in another embodiment, the number of elements can be a plurality, and the term "one" is not to be construed as limiting the number.

[0047] Although the professional terms are used more in this paper, the possibility of using other terms is not excluded. The use of these terms is only to facilitate the description and explanation of the essence of the application; any additional limitation is contrary to the spirit of the application.

[0048] The present application is not limited to the above-mentioned best mode, and anyone can derive other various forms of products under the inspiration of the present application, but regardless of any changes in shape or structure, any technical solution with the same or similar technical solutions as the present application falls within the scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A broadband high-gain radar antenna based on metasurfaces, characterized in that, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

2. The metasurface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna of claim 1, wherein, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

3. The metasurface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna of claim 1, wherein, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

4. The metasurface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna of claim 1, wherein, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

5. The metasurface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna of claim 1, wherein, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

6. The metasurface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna of claim 1, wherein, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

7. A method of designing a broadband high-gain radar antenna based on metasurface according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

8. The method of designing according to claim 7, wherein, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

9. A radar system, characterized by The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

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