Facility vegetable substrate in plateau region and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of plateau area's facility vegetable matrix and preparation method thereof, belong to the technical field of planting matrix, the matrix is by the following components by weight parts: fermented vinegar residue: 30-40 parts, rotten rape straw: 25-35 parts, modified vermiculite: 15-20 parts, humic acid-worm castings carrier: 10-15 parts, trace element additive: 1-2 parts;The humic acid-worm castings carrier is prepared after humic acid-worm castings complex is adsorbed by fermentation sand rush extraction fluid;The humic acid-worm castings complex is fermented after humic acid and worm castings are mixed according to weight ratio 1:3-4.The matrix prepared by the application can guarantee good oxygen supply for root system in plateau environment, construct adaptive microbial community, effectively resist the damage of strong ultraviolet environment to vegetable seedlings, greatly improve the stress resistance of seedlings, significantly improve the germination rate of vegetables, and improve the growth index of seedlings.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of planting substrate, and particularly relates to a facility vegetable substrate in a plateau region and a preparation method thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] Facility agriculture is a key way to overcome the harsh natural conditions and ensure the supply of vegetables in the plateau region. However, the low air pressure, strong ultraviolet rays, and alkaline irrigation water in the plateau region pose severe challenges to conventional cultivation substrates, especially for facility vegetable seedling raising. The existing general-purpose seedling raising substrate has obvious deficiencies in maintaining the stability of the rhizosphere environment, enhancing the stress resistance of seedlings, and improving the nutrient utilization efficiency when applied in the plateau environment.

[0003] The low air pressure environment in the plateau means that the oxygen partial pressure is significantly reduced, which requires the substrate to have highly developed and long-term stable aeration pores. However, the traditional substrates (such as grass charcoal and coconut coir) are prone to hardening under wet conditions and in the late growth stage of seedlings, and the aeration porosity decreases, which can easily lead to root hypoxia under low oxygen partial pressure conditions, hindering the growth of seedlings. Moreover, the microbial community carried by conventional substrates is mainly composed of aerobic bacteria, which cannot effectively colonize and function in the low-oxygen environment of the plateau, and cannot build a stable rhizosphere micro-ecology that can inhibit soil-borne diseases and promote crop growth, making seedlings vulnerable to soil-borne diseases.

[0004] Excessive ultraviolet radiation can directly damage the leaf cell membrane system of vegetable seedlings, inhibit photosynthesis, and produce oxidative stress, manifesting as leaf burn, growth retardation, and decreased stress resistance. Currently, the main way to resist ultraviolet damage is to rely on greenhouse covering materials for shading or to spray exogenous chemical protective agents, but the former has high costs and limited effectiveness, and the latter has problems such as pesticide residues, complicated operation, and short-term effectiveness.

[0005] Low nutrient supply efficiency, especially the lack of availability of micronutrients, further restricts the growth of seedlings. Under alkaline conditions, conventional inorganic micronutrients are easily fixed and ineffective, while ordinary chelated micronutrients are easily leached due to the limited cation exchange capacity of the substrate. The existing technology cannot achieve efficient utilization and long-term supply of nutrients in the plateau alkaline environment, and cannot meet the needs of seedlings throughout the critical growth period.

[0006] Therefore, it is urgent to develop a new type of facility vegetable substrate that can comprehensively solve the key technical problems of oxygen supply for roots, pH stability, ultraviolet protection, and efficient nutrient utilization in the plateau environment, and provide comprehensive technical support for vegetable seedling raising in the plateau. SUMMARY

[0007] In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present application provides a facility vegetable substrate in a plateau region and a preparation method thereof, the prepared substrate can guarantee good oxygen supply for root systems in a plateau environment, construct adaptive microbial communities, effectively resist the damage of strong ultraviolet light environment to vegetable seedlings, greatly improve the stress resistance of the seedlings, significantly improve the germination rate of the vegetables, and improve the growth indexes of the seedlings.

[0008] To solve the above technical problems, the technical solutions adopted by the present application are as follows:

[0009] A facility vegetable substrate in a plateau region, consisting of the following components by weight:

[0010] Fermented vinegar dregs: 30-40 parts;

[0011] Decomposed rape straw: 25-35 parts;

[0012] Modified vermiculite: 15-20 parts;

[0013] Humic acid-worm cast compound carrier: 10-15 parts;

[0014] Trace element additive: 1-2 parts;

[0015] The trace element additive consists of the following components by weight:

[0016] Zeolite powder (80-100 mesh): 55-60 parts;

[0017] EDTA-Fe: 12-15 parts;

[0018] Borax: 7-9 parts;

[0019] EDTA-Zn: 6-8 parts;

[0020] EDTA-Mn: 6-8 parts;

[0021] EDTA-Cu: 4-5 parts;

[0022] Ammonium molybdate: 1-2 parts.

[0023] The fermented vinegar dregs are obtained by twice fermentation of vinegar dregs: the first time is aerobic fermentation, and the second time is anaerobic fermentation;

[0024] The modified vermiculite is soaked in saturated calcium chloride solution, and then baked at 230-280 DEG C to increase the cation exchange capacity to 128-150 cmol / kg;

[0025] The humic acid-worm cast compound carrier is prepared by adsorbing humic acid-worm cast compound with sand rush extraction liquid after fermentation;

[0026] The humic acid-worm manure complex is obtained by fermenting humic acid extracted from weathered coal and worm manure at a mass ratio of 1:3-4;

[0027] The trace element additive mainly uses zeolite powder as the main body, utilizes the porous structure and ion exchange characteristics to prevent the trace elements from being lost too fast in irrigation and avoid the local concentration being too high to cause harm to seedlings, and adopts EDTA chelated state for iron, zinc, manganese and copper elements, so that high effectiveness can be maintained even when the irrigation water is alkaline water.

[0028] The preparation method of the facility vegetable substrate in plateau areas comprises the following steps:

[0029] Vinegar residue pretreatment: fresh vinegar residue is adjusted to a moisture content of 55-60%, 1-3% sucrose is added, aerobic fermentation is carried out at 55-65 DEG C for 5-7 days, then anaerobic fermentation is carried out at 35-40 DEG C for 15-20 days, and the moisture content is adjusted to 40-50%;

[0030] Vermiculite modification: vermiculite is crushed to 2-3 mm, soaked in 8-12% calcium chloride solution for 22-26 hours, and baked at 230-280 DEG C for 1-1.2 hours;

[0031] Complex preparation: humic acid powder and worm manure are mixed, the moisture content is adjusted to 40-50%, and fermentation is carried out for 18-22 days, during which the pile is turned over every 5-7 days to provide oxygen and control temperature. After fermentation, the granular humic acid-worm manure complex with a particle size of 1-2 mm is prepared;

[0032] Fermented psammophila extract preparation: chopped psammophila is mixed with hot water at 60-70 DEG C at a mass ratio of 1:8-12, soaked for 2-3 hours, then filtered, and the filtrate is heated and concentrated to two-thirds to one-half of the original volume. 3-4% sucrose is added to the concentrated solution, sealed, and fermented at 30-35 DEG C for 5-7 days. After fermentation, the filtrate is obtained.

[0033] The psammophila is the whole aboveground part;

[0034] Loading: the prepared humic acid-worm manure complex is dried at 50-60 DEG C to a moisture content of ≤5% to activate the pores, then immersed in the fermented psammophila extract, stirred for 3-5 hours to make the extract fully adsorbed into the micropores of the particles, and the adsorption-saturated particles are taken out and air-dried at 35-45 DEG C to a moisture content of 20-30% to obtain the humic acid-worm manure carrier. This process can make the active ingredients and humic acid molecules more firmly combined through hydrogen bonds and other forces;

[0035] Substrate mixing: the components are mixed in proportion, the pH is adjusted to 6.2-6.8, and the moisture content is adjusted to 40-45%.

[0036] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0037] 1. In the pretreatment steps of vinegar residue, the first aerobic fermentation degrades easily decomposable organic matter through microbial degradation, reducing structural collapse of the substrate due to continued decomposition during use. The second anaerobic fermentation further stabilizes the organic matter. The final fermented vinegar residue retains a rough fibrous skeleton, forming a large number of stable aeration pores, effectively ensuring the aeration of the substrate in the low-pressure environment of high altitude, and avoiding root hypoxia and root rot.

[0038] The anaerobic fermentation stage enriches a large number of facultative and anaerobic beneficial microorganisms. These microorganisms are accustomed to surviving and functioning in environments with low oxygen content. When the substrate is used in the low oxygen partial pressure environment of the plateau, these pre-enriched "anaerobic / facultative" bacterial communities can colonize and become dominant more quickly, inhibiting the reproduction of pathogens and improving the stability and disease resistance of the rhizosphere microecology.

[0039] In the vermiculite modification process, a stable pore structure is formed between vermiculite layers through calcium ion exchange and low-temperature baking, which greatly increases the cation exchange capacity, enabling efficient adsorption and slow release of nutrients and preventing trace elements from becoming ineffective or leaching under alkaline irrigation water conditions.

[0040] Humic acid itself is a large organic molecule with a complex structure, bearing numerous negative charges and functional groups such as carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups on its surface, which form the basis of its adsorption capacity. Earthworm castings not only contain humic acid but are also rich in organic matter and clay minerals with a huge specific surface area. Through fermentation, under the action of microorganisms, the organic matter is further degraded and reorganized, exposing more active sites and porous structures in this complex, thereby significantly improving the adsorption capacity for active ingredients in *Polygonum aviculare* extract.

[0041] In simple physical mixing, active ingredients may only adhere to the surface and easily detach. However, the complex formed by fermentation binds the functional groups on its surface with the active ingredients (such as flavonoids and polysaccharides) in the *Polygonum cuspidatum* extract through chemical forces such as hydrogen bonds, ion exchange, and complexation. This binding is stronger than physical adsorption, ensuring that the active ingredients are not rapidly lost from the matrix during irrigation.

[0042] The active substances in *Aristolochia debilis* extract are unstable and easily decomposed when directly exposed to the environment. However, the porous network formed by the humic acid-earthworm castings complex loads the fermented active extract of *Aristolochia debilis*, a plant endemic to the plateau, through physical adsorption and chemical bonding. When vegetable roots grow in the substrate and secrete weakly acidic root exudates, the local concentration of these exudates is highest in the rhizosphere microenvironment close to the carrier surface. These exudates gradually act on the complex, and the slightly acidic environment weakens the chemical bond between the active ingredients and humic acid. The root exudates stimulate the activity of microorganisms on and around the complex, and the metabolism of these microorganisms helps decompose and release the active substances, allowing them to be slowly released according to the needs of the roots. This avoids the waste caused by a one-time release and provides continuous UV protection when needed by the plant.

[0043] 2. The greenhouse vegetable substrate prepared by this invention can improve germination rate, promote seedling growth, enhance root vitality, and effectively resist ultraviolet damage. Tomato planting trials verified a germination rate of 95.6%-97.5%, seedling height reaching 13.2cm-14.3cm, stem diameter reaching 3.1mm-3.2mm, and seedling root vitality (measured by TTC reducing strength) reaching 45.0 μg·g⁻¹. -1 ·h -1 -48.5 μg·g -1 ·h -1 The degree of ultraviolet damage to seedling leaves could be controlled at a low level of 6.5%-8.5%; planting trials of chili peppers verified a germination rate of 92.1%-96.0%, seedling height of 10.9cm-12.9cm, stem diameter of 2.8mm-3.1mm, and seedling root activity (measured by TTC reducing strength) of 48.7μg·g. -1 ·h -1 -53.2 μg·g -1 ·h -1 The degree of ultraviolet damage to seedling leaves was 8.0%-10.1%. Attached Figure Description

[0044] Figure 1 This is a bar chart showing the germination rate of tomatoes in Experiment Example 1;

[0045] Figure 2 This is a bar chart of tomato plant height in Experiment Example 1;

[0046] Figure 3 This is a bar chart showing the diameter of the tomato stem in Experiment Example 1;

[0047] Figure 4 This is a bar chart of tomato root activity in Experiment Example 1;

[0048] Figure 5 This is a bar chart showing the degree of UV damage to tomatoes in Experiment Example 1.

[0049] Figure 6 This is a bar chart showing the germination rate of chili peppers in Experiment Example 1;

[0050] Figure 7 This is a bar chart showing the height of chili pepper plants in Experiment Example 1;

[0051] Figure 8 This is a bar chart showing the thickness of the chili pepper stems in Experiment Example 1;

[0052] Figure 9 This is a bar chart of the root activity of chili peppers in Experiment Example 1;

[0053] Figure 10 This is a bar chart showing the degree of ultraviolet damage to the chili peppers in Experiment Example 1.

[0054] Figure 11 This is a bar chart showing the germination rate of chili peppers in Experiment Example 2;

[0055] Figure 12 This is a bar chart showing the height of chili pepper plants in Experiment Example 2;

[0056] Figure 13 This is a bar chart showing the thickness of the chili pepper stems in Experiment Example 2;

[0057] Figure 14 This is a bar chart of the root activity of chili peppers in Experiment Example 2;

[0058] Figure 15 This is a bar chart showing the degree of ultraviolet damage to the chili peppers in Experiment Example 2. Detailed Implementation

[0059] To provide a clearer understanding of the technical features, objectives, and effects of the present invention, specific embodiments of the present invention are now described.

[0060] Example 1

[0061] The raw materials are formulated according to the following proportions by weight:

[0062] Fermented vinegar residue: 35 parts;

[0063] 30 portions of decomposed rapeseed straw;

[0064] Modified vermiculite: 18 parts;

[0065] Humic acid-earthworm castings carrier: 12 parts;

[0066] Trace element additive: 2 parts.

[0067] The trace element additive is composed of the following components in parts by weight:

[0068] Zeolite powder (80-100 mesh): 58 parts;

[0069] EDTA-Fe: 13 parts;

[0070] Borax: 8 parts;

[0071] EDTA-Zn: 7 parts;

[0072] EDTA-Mn: 7 parts;

[0073] EDTA-Cu: 4.5 parts;

[0074] Ammonium molybdate: 1.5 parts.

[0075] Preparation process:

[0076] 1. Pretreatment of vinegar residue:

[0077] Fresh vinegar residue was adjusted to a moisture content of 58%, and 1% sucrose was added as a microbial activator. It was aerobic fermented for 7 days, with the pile turned over once a day and the temperature controlled at 60℃. It was then transferred to a sealed tank for anaerobic fermentation for 15 days, with the temperature maintained at 35-40℃. After the fermentation, the pH was adjusted to 6.3 and the moisture content was 45%.

[0078] 2. Vermiculite modification:

[0079] Vermiculite was crushed to 2-3 mm, soaked in 10% calcium chloride solution for 24 hours, drained, baked at 250℃ for 1 hour, and after cooling, the cation exchange capacity was measured to be 142 cmol / kg.

[0080] 3. Load preparation:

[0081] Composite preparation: Weathered coal humic acid powder and earthworm castings are mixed at a mass ratio of 1:3. The moisture content of the mixture is adjusted to 45%, and the mixture is piled up for fermentation for 20 days. During this period, the pile is turned over every 6 days to provide oxygen and control the temperature. After fermentation, 1-2 mm granular humic acid-earthworm castings composite is prepared.

[0082] Preparation of *Polygonum cuspidatum* fermentation extract: Chop *Polygonum cuspidatum* (aerial parts), mix with 65℃ hot water at a mass ratio of 1:10, soak for 2.5 hours, and then filter. Heat the filtrate to concentrate it to 1 / 2 of its original volume. Add 3.5% sucrose to the concentrate, seal, and ferment at 30-35℃ for 6 days. After fermentation, filter to obtain *Polygonum cuspidatum* fermentation extract.

[0083] Loading: The composite particles prepared above were dried at 55℃ until the moisture content was ≤5%, and then immersed in the fermentation extract of *Potentilla chinensis* and stirred at low speed for 4 hours. The saturated particles were removed and air-dried at 40℃ until the moisture content was 25%, thus obtaining the humic acid-earthworm castings loading body.

[0084] 4. Final Mixing:

[0085] Mix all components evenly in proportion, adjust the overall pH to 6.5, and the water content to 42% to obtain the greenhouse vegetable substrate.

[0086] Example 2

[0087] The raw materials are formulated according to the following proportions by weight:

[0088] Fermented vinegar residue: 30 parts;

[0089] 35 portions of decomposed rapeseed straw;

[0090] Modified vermiculite: 15 parts;

[0091] Humic acid-earthworm castings carrier: 15 parts;

[0092] Trace element additives: 1.5 parts;

[0093] The trace element additive is composed of the following components in parts by weight:

[0094] Zeolite powder (80-100 mesh): 55 parts;

[0095] EDTA-Fe: 12 parts;

[0096] Borax: 9 parts;

[0097] EDTA-Zn: 8 parts;

[0098] EDTA-Mn: 6 parts;

[0099] EDTA-Cu: 4 parts;

[0100] Ammonium molybdate: 2 parts.

[0101] Preparation process:

[0102] 1. Pretreatment of vinegar residue:

[0103] Fresh vinegar residue was adjusted to a moisture content of 55%, and 2% sucrose was added as a microbial activator. It was aerobic fermented for 6 days, with the pile turned over once a day and the temperature controlled at 55℃. It was then transferred to a sealed tank for anaerobic fermentation for 18 days, with the temperature maintained at 35-40℃. After the fermentation, the pH was adjusted to 6.0 and the moisture content was 40%.

[0104] 2. Vermiculite modification:

[0105] The vermiculite was crushed to 2-3 mm, soaked in 8% calcium chloride solution for 26 hours, drained, and then baked at 230℃ for 1.2 hours. After cooling, the cation exchange capacity was measured to be 128 cmol / kg.

[0106] 3. Load preparation:

[0107] Composite preparation: Weathered coal humic acid powder and earthworm castings are mixed at a mass ratio of 1:3.5. The moisture content of the mixture is adjusted to 40%, and the mixture is piled up for fermentation for 22 days. During this period, the pile is turned over every 7 days to provide oxygen and control the temperature. After fermentation, 1-2 mm granular humic acid-earthworm castings composite is prepared.

[0108] Preparation of *Polygonum cuspidatum* fermentation extract: Chop *Polygonum cuspidatum* (aerial parts), mix with 60℃ hot water at a mass ratio of 1:8, soak for 3 hours, and then filter. Heat the filtrate to concentrate it to 3 / 5 of its original volume. Add 3% sucrose to the concentrate, seal, and ferment at 30-35℃ for 5 days. After fermentation, filter to obtain *Polygonum cuspidatum* fermentation extract.

[0109] Loading: The composite particles prepared above were dried at 50℃ until the moisture content was ≤5%, and then immersed in the fermentation extract of *Potentilla chinensis* and stirred at low speed for 3 hours. The saturated particles were removed and air-dried at 35℃ until the moisture content was 20%, thus obtaining the humic acid-earthworm castings loading body.

[0110] 4. Final Mixing:

[0111] Mix all components evenly in proportion, adjust the overall pH to 6.2 and the water content to 40% to obtain the greenhouse vegetable substrate.

[0112] Example 3

[0113] The raw materials are formulated according to the following proportions by weight:

[0114] Fermented vinegar residue: 40 parts;

[0115] Decomposed rapeseed straw: 25 portions;

[0116] Modified vermiculite: 20 parts;

[0117] Humic acid-earthworm castings carrier: 10 parts;

[0118] Trace element additive: 1 part;

[0119] The trace element additive is composed of the following components in parts by weight:

[0120] Zeolite powder (80-100 mesh): 60 parts;

[0121] EDTA-Fe: 15 parts;

[0122] Borax: 7 parts;

[0123] EDTA-Zn: 6 parts;

[0124] EDTA-Mn: 8 parts;

[0125] EDTA-Cu: 5 parts;

[0126] Ammonium molybdate: 1 part.

[0127] Preparation process:

[0128] 1. Pretreatment of vinegar residue:

[0129] The moisture content of fresh vinegar residue is adjusted to 60%, and 3% sucrose is added as a microbial activator. Aerobic fermentation is carried out for 5 days, with the pile turned over once a day and the temperature controlled at 65℃. Then, it is transferred to a sealed tank for anaerobic fermentation for 20 days, with the temperature maintained at 35-40℃. After the fermentation, the pH is adjusted to 6.5 and the moisture content is 50%.

[0130] 2. Vermiculite modification:

[0131] The vermiculite was crushed to 2-3 mm, soaked in 12% calcium chloride solution for 22 hours, drained, baked at 280℃ for 1 hour, and after cooling, the cation exchange capacity was measured to be 150 mol / kg.

[0132] 3. Load preparation:

[0133] Composite preparation: Weathered coal humic acid powder and earthworm castings are mixed at a mass ratio of 1:4. The moisture content of the mixture is adjusted to 50%, and the mixture is piled up for fermentation for 18 days. During this period, the pile is turned over every 5 days to provide oxygen and control the temperature. After fermentation, 1-2 mm granular humic acid-earthworm castings composite is prepared.

[0134] Preparation of *Polygonum multiflorum* fermentation extract: Chop *Polygonum multiflorum* (aerial parts), mix with 70℃ hot water at a mass ratio of 1:12, soak for 2 hours, and then filter. Heat the filtrate to concentrate it to 2 / 3 of its original volume. Add 4% sucrose to the concentrate, seal, and ferment at 30-35℃ for 7 days. After fermentation, filter to obtain *Polygonum multiflorum* fermentation extract.

[0135] Loading: The composite particles prepared above were dried at 60℃ until the moisture content was ≤5%, and then immersed in the fermentation extract of *Potentilla chinensis* and stirred at low speed for 5 hours. The saturated particles were removed and air-dried at 45℃ until the moisture content was 30%, thus obtaining the humic acid-earthworm castings loading body.

[0136] 4. Final Mixing:

[0137] Mix all components evenly in proportion, adjust the overall pH to 6.8 and the water content to 45% to obtain the greenhouse vegetable substrate.

[0138] Comparative Example 1

[0139] Substrate formulation: Based on Example 1, replace "double-fermented vinegar residue" with "unfermented fresh vinegar residue", and keep all other parts the same;

[0140] Preparation method: Based on Example 1, the vinegar residue pretreatment step is omitted, and "unfermented fresh vinegar residue" is used instead of "vinegar residue fermented twice" in the final mixing step, while the rest are the same.

[0141] Objective: To specifically verify the key role of "two-stage fermentation treatment" in removing acidity from vinegar residue, enriching beneficial microorganisms, and improving pH buffering capacity. It is anticipated that the pH of this substrate will be low and unstable, potentially toxic to seedlings.

[0142] Comparative Example 2

[0143] Matrix formulation: Based on Example 1, "modified vermiculite" is replaced with "ordinary vermiculite", and all other parts are the same;

[0144] Preparation method: Based on Example 1, the vermiculite modification step is omitted, and "ordinary vermiculite" is used instead of "modified vermiculite" in the final mixing step, while the rest are the same.

[0145] Comparative Example 3

[0146] Substrate formulation: Based on Example 1, the humic acid-earthworm castings carrier is different, but the rest are the same;

[0147] Preparation method: Based on Example 1, the fermentation compounding step was omitted, and the compound preparation step in the loading body preparation step was modified as follows: weathered coal humic acid powder and earthworm castings were mixed at a mass ratio of 1:3 to prepare 1-2 mm granular humic acid-earthworm castings compound; the rest of the steps were the same.

[0148] Comparative Example 4

[0149] Substrate formulation: Based on Example 1, “Fermented sand worm extract” is omitted, and “humic acid-earthworm castings carrier” is replaced with “humic acid-earthworm castings complex”, with the rest being the same;

[0150] Preparation method: Based on Example 1, the preparation step of the fermentation extract of *Potentilla chinensis* without loading is omitted from the preparation step of the loading body, and the rest are the same.

[0151] Experimental Example 1

[0152] The experiment was conducted in a solar greenhouse in Qushui County, Tibet. The greenhouse environmental conditions were: daytime temperature controlled at 23-28℃, nighttime temperature at 15-18℃, substrate relative moisture content maintained at 70%, and ultraviolet radiation intensity at 65% of the outdoor level. The average outdoor midday ultraviolet radiation intensity was 3000 μW / cm². 2 Seedling trials were conducted, with the following crops tested: tomato (Zhongza 109) and pepper (Longjiao 2).

[0153] Measurement indicators:

[0154] After a 30-day seedling period, germination rate, plant height, stem diameter, root activity, and degree of UV damage were measured. Root activity was measured using the TTC method, and the degree of UV damage was calculated as the percentage of leaf burn area relative to the total leaf area of ​​the plant. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Figures 1-10 .

[0155] Table 1. Tomato Measurement Indicators

[0156]

[0157] Table 2. Measured Indicators for Chili Peppers

[0158]

[0159] From Table 1, Table 2 and Figures 1-10 It can be seen that the unfermented vinegar residue used in Comparative Example 1 resulted in significantly lower germination rate, plant height, stem diameter, root activity, and UV damage levels compared to the Example. This secondary fermentation treatment of the vinegar residue is crucial for ensuring seedling growth. Unfermented vinegar residue has an unstable physical structure that easily clumps, and it cannot provide a suitable beneficial microbial community in the low-oxygen environment of the plateau, all of which inhibit seedling growth.

[0160] Comparative Example 2, which used unmodified vermiculite as the substrate, showed poor performance in terms of plant height, stem diameter, and root activity. This indicates that the vermiculite modification process can effectively improve the substrate's nutrient retention capacity and provide a more continuous and stable nutrient supply for seedling growth.

[0161] Comparative Example 3 used a simple mixed complex, but its degree of UV damage was significantly higher than that of the Examples. This indicates that omitting the "fermentation complex" step, even with adsorption, cannot achieve stable loading and slow release of the active ingredients. Its UV protection effect is short-lived and unstable, and simple physical mixing cannot achieve stable loading and release of the active ingredients.

[0162] Comparative Example 4 omitted the extract of *Polygonum multiflorum*. Its seedling growth indicators were not significantly different from those of the Example, but the degree of ultraviolet damage increased sharply, indicating that the fermented extract of *Polygonum multiflorum* is the core functional component that gives crops the ability to resist ultraviolet radiation.

[0163] Experimental Example 2

[0164] The experiment was conducted in a solar greenhouse in Qushui County, Tibet. The greenhouse environmental conditions were: daytime temperature controlled at 23-28℃, nighttime temperature at 15-18℃, substrate relative moisture content maintained at 70%, and ultraviolet radiation intensity at 65% of the outdoor level. The average outdoor midday ultraviolet radiation intensity was 2800 μW / cm². 2 Seedling trials were conducted, with chili peppers (Longjiao No. 2) as the test crop.

[0165] The matrix used in the experimental examples includes:

[0166] The existing substrate 1 is a conventional greenhouse vegetable substrate used in high-altitude areas, with the following formula: 30% highland barley straw + 25% vermiculite + 25% well-rotted sheep manure + 20% perlite;

[0167] The existing substrate 2 is a conventional peat moss type substrate with the following formula: 70% peat moss + 20% vermiculite + 10% perlite.

[0168] Measurement indicators:

[0169] After a 30-day seedling period, germination rate, plant height, stem diameter, root activity, and degree of UV damage were measured. Root activity was measured using the TTC method, and the degree of UV damage was calculated as the percentage of leaf burn area relative to the total leaf surface area of ​​the plant. The test results are shown in Table 3 and [Table data missing]. Figures 11-15 .

[0170] Table 3. Measured Indicators for Chili Peppers

[0171]

[0172] Based on the experimental results of Example 1, existing highland greenhouse vegetable substrates, and conventional peat moss-type substrates in Table 3, it can be seen that the germination rate of the substrate of the present invention is not significantly different from that of existing highland greenhouse vegetable substrates and conventional peat moss-type substrates. However, the seedling height, stem diameter, and root activity of the seedlings in Example 1 are significantly higher than those of existing highland greenhouse vegetable substrates and conventional peat moss-type substrates, while the degree of ultraviolet radiation damage to the seedling leaves is significantly lower. In summary, the created highland greenhouse vegetable substrate is significantly superior to existing highland greenhouse vegetable substrates and conventional peat moss-type substrates.

[0173] Unless otherwise specified, all percentages mentioned in this application are percentages by mass.

[0174] Finally, it should be noted that the above descriptions are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A substrate for greenhouse vegetables in high-altitude areas, characterized in that, By weight, it consists of the following components: Fermented vinegar lees: 30-40 parts; 25-35 parts of decomposed rapeseed straw; Modified vermiculite: 15-20 parts; Humic acid-earthworm castings carrier: 10-15 parts; Trace element additive: 1-2 parts; The humic acid-earthworm castings carrier is prepared by adsorbing humic acid-earthworm castings complex with fermented sand worm extract; The humic acid-earthworm castings complex is obtained by fermenting humic acid extracted from weathered coal with earthworm castings at a mass ratio of 1:3-4. The preparation method of the humic acid-earthworm castings support is as follows: the humic acid-earthworm castings composite is dried at a certain temperature of 50-60℃ until the moisture content is ≤5% to activate its pores, and then it is immersed in fermented sand worm extract and stirred for 3-5 hours to allow the extract to be fully adsorbed into the micropores of the particles; the saturated particles are taken out and air-dried at 35-45℃ until the moisture content is 20-30% to obtain the humic acid-earthworm castings support; The method for preparing the composite is as follows: humic acid powder is mixed with earthworm castings, the moisture content is adjusted to 40-50%, and the mixture is piled up for fermentation for 18-22 days. During this period, the pile is turned over every 5-7 days to provide oxygen and control the temperature. After fermentation, 1-2 mm granular humic acid-earthworm castings composite is prepared. The method for preparing the fermented *Aquilaria sinensis* extract is as follows: chop *Aquilaria sinensis* and mix it with hot water at 60-70℃ at a mass ratio of 1:8-12, soak for 2-3 hours, then filter and heat the filtrate to concentrate it to two-thirds to one-half of the original volume. Add 3-4% sucrose to the concentrate, seal it, and ferment it at 30-35℃ for 5-7 days. After fermentation, filter to obtain the fermented *Aquilaria sinensis* extract.

2. The substrate for greenhouse vegetables in high-altitude areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fermented vinegar residue is obtained by fermenting vinegar residue twice: the first fermentation is aerobic fermentation, and the second fermentation is anaerobic fermentation.

3. The greenhouse vegetable substrate for high-altitude areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The modified vermiculite is prepared by soaking vermiculite in a saturated calcium chloride solution and then baking it.

4. The substrate for greenhouse vegetables in high-altitude areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The trace element additive, by weight, consists of the following components: composition: Zeolite powder: 55-60 parts; EDTA-Fe: 12-15 parts; Borax: 7-9 parts; EDTA-Zn: 6-8 parts; EDTA-Mn: 6-8 parts; EDTA-Cu: 4-5 parts; Ammonium molybdate: 1-2 parts.

5. A method for preparing a greenhouse vegetable substrate for high-altitude areas as described in any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, The preparation method includes the following steps: vinegar residue pretreatment, vermiculite modification, composite preparation, sand pine fermentation extract preparation, loading, and matrix mixing.

6. The method for preparing a greenhouse vegetable substrate in plateau areas according to claim 5, characterized in that, The method for pretreatment of vinegar residue is as follows: adjust the moisture content of fresh vinegar residue to 55-60%, add 1-3% sucrose, aerobic ferment at 55-65℃ for 5-7 days, then seal and anaerobic ferment at 35-40℃ for 15-20 days, and adjust the moisture content to 40%-50%.

7. The method for preparing a greenhouse vegetable substrate in plateau areas according to claim 5, characterized in that, The method for modifying vermiculite is as follows: pulverize vermiculite to 2-3 mm, soak it in 8-12% calcium chloride solution for 22-26 hours, and bake it at 230-280℃ for 1-1.2 hours.

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