Projecting dielectric sensor for substance detection, proximity detection and gesture control

Abstract

A system and method for projecting a dielectric sensor including a first conductive path with a first conductive mesh, a second conductive path with a second conductive mesh, and a dielectric gap therebetween. The dielectric gap acts as an open circuit in a resting state, providing a wider detection range compared to traditional sensors. The sensor includes a power driver connected to the first conductive path and a collector connected to the second conductive path. The first and second conductive meshes include sheets positioned longitudinally side-by-side, improving sensitivity and simplifying manufacturing. In one example, the sheets are spaced apart by at least 10 centimeters of dielectric material. The sensor can detect off-axis objects, such as conductors, vehicles, humans, and baby seats, making it suitable for a variety of applications, including vehicle safety, biometric systems, hand gestures and air control, and machine learning integration.

Description

[0001] Cross-references

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 894,876, filed September 24, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in the following “Detailed Description”. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 894,876, filed September 24, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in the following “Detailed Description”. Technical Field

[0003] Exemplary embodiments relate to the field of sensor technology, such as to projected dielectric sensors for detecting physical phenomena. Background Technology

[0004] Dielectric sensors are becoming increasingly important in various fields, including vehicle safety, biometric systems, and gesture control interfaces. Sensor technology requires the ability to detect objects such as conductors, other vehicles, humans, and baby seats. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The example embodiments relate to dielectric sensor technology, such as dielectric sensors for detecting physical phenomena. These sensors can be applied in a variety of fields, such as vehicle safety, biometric systems, gesture and / or air control interfaces, human-machine interfaces and machine learning systems, smart home technology, industrial automation, and medical monitoring equipment. Some example embodiments may relate to the fields of variable pressure sensors and functional textiles, such as conductive devices and systems for detecting external forces.

[0006] Examples of dielectric sensors can overcome the limitations of traditional sensors, especially in applications requiring wide-area detection and precise spatial awareness.

[0007] The example embodiments relate to systems and methods for projected dielectric sensors. These sensors utilize the configuration of conductive paths and dielectric gaps to provide enhanced detection capabilities. Unlike conventional capacitive sensors—which arrange conductive paths in the Y-plane (lateral plane) or require a dielectric medium with constant resistance, such as a resistor, as a reference baseline for measurement—at least some examples of projected dielectric sensors position their conductive paths in the same X-plane (vertical plane). This arrangement allows for increased sensitivity and a wider detection range.

[0008] In one example, the dielectric gap in a projected dielectric sensor is an open circuit when at rest, whereas some conventional methods form a continuous circuit through the dielectric. This characteristic, combined with a larger gap size compared to conventional sensors, enhances the sensor's ability to detect environmental changes over a greater range.

[0009] An example embodiment is a dielectric sensor comprising: a first conductive path including a first conductive mesh including a first sheet; a second conductive path including a second conductive mesh including a second sheet, the two being generally coplanar; a dielectric gap formed of material physically separating the first and second conductive paths, wherein the dielectric gap longitudinally separates the first and second sheets; and a collector connected to the second conductive path.

[0010] Another example embodiment is a dielectric sensor comprising: a first conductive path including a first conductive mesh including a first sheet; a second conductive path including a second conductive mesh including a second sheet; a dielectric gap formed of material physically separating the first conductive path and the second conductive path, wherein the first sheet and the second sheet are separated by the dielectric gap by at least 10 cm; and a collector connected to the second conductive path.

[0011] Some embodiments include sensors capable of detecting conductors or materials deviating from the axis of the dielectric gap. Some embodiments include sensors for a second vehicle deviating from the axis of the dielectric gap. Some embodiments include sensors capable of detecting a human being off-axis relative to the dielectric gap. Some embodiments include sensors for detecting an infant car seat off-axis relative to the dielectric gap.

[0012] Some embodiments include sensors for detecting the presence and location of occupants in vehicle applications. Some embodiments include sensors for shape detection in biometric applications. Some embodiments include sensors for proximity detection in biometric applications.

[0013] Some embodiments include sensors for gesture and air control interfaces. Some embodiments include sensors for human-machine interfaces and machine learning systems. Some embodiments include sensors for social interaction in public spaces. Some embodiments include sensors for managing lighting in smart home systems. Some embodiments include sensors for controlling climate in smart home systems. Some embodiments include sensors for security in smart home systems.

[0014] Some embodiments include sensors embedded in medical devices for monitoring vital signs. Some embodiments include sensors for detecting component position and orientation in industrial automation. Some embodiments include sensors for identifying defects and inconsistencies in products during quality control. Some embodiments include sensors integrated into flexible wearable materials for continuous monitoring of physical activity, health indicators, and environmental conditions. Some embodiments include sensors integrated into vehicle exterior bumpers for proximity detection. Some embodiments include sensors for gesture- and air-based control of in-vehicle settings such as temperature, audio, and navigation. Attached Figure Description

[0015] This document provides a detailed description of exemplary embodiments below by way of example only and with reference to the following figures, wherein:

[0016] Figure 1 An example pattern of overlapping first and second conductive paths of an embodiment of a flexible conductive device is shown, with a sensor region formed at each intersection point;

[0017] Figure 2A , 2B Examples of repeating pattern units for conductive paths are shown in 2C, 2D, 2E, and 2F.

[0018] Figure 3 An exemplary embodiment is shown in matrix form, wherein multiple contact points are required to achieve a complete electrical connection, such that contact at all points will result in the achievement of the maximum electrical signal.

[0019] Figure 4A , 4B Figures 4C and 4C illustrate an exemplary embodiment of measuring higher electrical signal variations by overlapping a first conductive path with a second conductive path to increase surface area contact;

[0020] Figure 5A and 5B An example diagram is shown showing the measurement of changes in electrical signals while the device maintains constant electrical contact;

[0021] Figure 6A A representative illustration shows the deformation experienced by a flexible conductive device when pressure / force is applied;

[0022] Figure 6B An example of a flexible conductive device in three-dimensional imaging is shown;

[0023] Figure 6C The outline of a two-dimensional map of a body lying on a flexible conductive device is shown.

[0024] Figure 7An embodiment of a system combining a flexible conductive device (as a health monitoring device for a mat or functional sheet), hardware units, a database, and a cloud server is shown.

[0025] Figure 8A , 8B Figure 8C shows an example of a conductive path in a matrix grid, where a power signal is input to one multiplexer and the output signal is read from another multiplexer, thus enabling the reading of multiple electrical signals for each sensor point with fewer connections;

[0026] Figure 9 An example embodiment of a flexible conductive device system is shown, which can be attached to existing devices without modification to improve the efficiency of measuring the results of such devices as intended.

[0027] Figure 10 An example embodiment of a flexible conductive device system for artificial external skin is shown, which enables a robotic hand to have tactile sensation;

[0028] Figure 11 A flowchart of an exemplary sensory feedback system is shown;

[0029] Figure 12 A flowchart of an exemplary respiratory monitoring algorithm is shown;

[0030] Figure 13 A flowchart of an exemplary system for monitoring pressure loss is shown;

[0031] Figures 14A, 14B, and 14C show experimental results of monitoring human breathing patterns using an exemplary embodiment of a flexible conductive device;

[0032] Figure 15A and 15B Another set of experimental results is shown for monitoring respiratory patterns using an exemplary embodiment of a flexible conductive device with a high-tech human model in a controlled clinical setting.

[0033] Figure 16A and 16B Another set of experimental results was shown for controlled vital sign testing in dogs diagnosed with lymphoma;

[0034] Figure 17 A dielectric sensor system for dynamic capacitance sensing is shown, including a first conductive path and a second conductive path separated by a dielectric gap, each having a power driver and a collector at each end;

[0035] Figure 18A A projected capacitive touchscreen is shown, which has a dielectric front panel that separates the user's touch from the internal electrodes and uses driver pulses to excite the circuitry and detect touch interactions.

[0036] Figure 18B A cross-sectional view of a touchscreen sensor with various layers is shown, including conductors, adhesive layers, and a substrate layer, which contribute to the structural integrity and functionality of the capacitive sensing system.

[0037] Figure 19 A seat-based capacitive sensor system is shown, designed to detect the presence of a passenger in a vehicle seat by measuring capacitance changes caused by the human body.

[0038] Figure 20 A seat-based capacitive sensor system is shown, designed to detect the presence and orientation of a child in a child safety seat, using signals from conductive paths to monitor seating and orientation.

[0039] Figure 21 The basic circuit of a dynamic capacitive sensor system is shown, wherein a first capacitor plate and a second capacitor plate are separated by a dielectric gap to form a sensing mechanism.

[0040] Figure 22 A dynamic occupant detection system within a vehicle is shown, which uses two conductors to detect a passenger's seating position or movement by analyzing the signal between the conductors.

[0041] Figure 23A A sensor system with two conductors separated by a dielectric is shown, which measures a signal traveling through the gap to detect proximity or conductive interaction.

[0042] Figure 23B A sensor system is shown in which changes in dielectric gap and signal propagation are used to distinguish conductive materials, objects, and humans.

[0043] Figure 23C The diagram illustrates a sensor system that detects the position of an object closer to a conductor, demonstrating how changes in signal can indicate the object's position relative to the conductor.

[0044] Figure 24A The vehicle is shown, in which multiple pillars act as conductors in a dynamic capacitive sensor system to detect objects, people, or conductive materials inside the vehicle.

[0045] Figure 24B The image shows the spatial layout of the pillars inside the vehicle, with sensors arranged on the pillars to provide coverage throughout the cabin.

[0046] Figure 24C The signal travel between the pillars is shown to detect passengers or objects in a vehicle by measuring the interference between the pillars.

[0047] Figure 24DA network of signals traveling between pillars is shown, which uses signal transmission to detect changes in proximity and position within a vehicle.

[0048] Figure 25A Another exemplary embodiment of a dielectric sensor system is shown.

[0049] Figure 25B Another exemplary embodiment of a dielectric sensor system is shown.

[0050] Figure 25C Another exemplary embodiment of a dielectric sensor system is shown.

[0051] Similar reference numbers can be used to represent similar components in different diagrams. Detailed Implementation

[0052] The accompanying drawings are described below. Before detailing the embodiments, it is to be understood that the application or process of the currently disclosed subject matter is not limited to the details described, as there are other embodiments and methods for implementing and practicing the currently disclosed subject matter besides the described embodiments and methods. Therefore, the language used below is not restrictive and sets forth what may be used, but may not be entirely exhaustive.

[0053] Throughout this specification, similar structures will be identified by reference numbers whenever practicable. In some drawings, components such as additional electrical connections or fasteners are omitted for clarity. Unless otherwise explicitly stated, the word "or" means "either or both," for example, "A or B" includes A alone, B alone, and both A and B together.

[0054] Although exemplary embodiments of the methods and systems will be described by way of various examples, it is to be understood that these methods and systems are not intended to be limiting. Those skilled in the art will readily understand various changes and modifications. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to cover all changes and modifications that fall within the spirit and scope of the exemplary embodiments.

[0055] An example embodiment is a dielectric sensor comprising: a first conductive path including a first conductive mesh comprising a first sheet, wherein the first conductive path terminates at the first sheet; a second conductive path including a second conductive mesh comprising a second sheet, wherein the second conductive path terminates at the second sheet, wherein the first sheet and the second sheet are substantially coplanar; a dielectric gap formed of material physically separating the first conductive path and the second conductive path, wherein the dielectric gap longitudinally separates the first sheet and the second sheet, wherein the dielectric gap between the first sheet and the second sheet is at least 10 cm; a power driver directly connected to the first conductive path; and a collector directly connected to the second conductive path.

[0056] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric gap does not constitute a vacuum.

[0057] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric gap formed by the material includes air.

[0058] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric gap formed by the material includes fabric.

[0059] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, both the first conductive mesh and the second conductive mesh are made of at least one of conductive fabric, conductive tape, conductive liquid, or conductive metal.

[0060] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the first sheet and the second sheet are spaced at least 20 cm, 50 cm, 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m or 5 m apart.

[0061] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the second conductive path is not connected to the power driver or any other power driver.

[0062] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is configured to detect a conductor or a second material that deviates from the axis of the dielectric gap.

[0063] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, when there is no second material at the dielectric gap, the dielectric gap is an open circuit of the dielectric sensor, in which the collector does not receive any signal.

[0064] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is configured to detect vehicles or humans that deviate from the axis of the dielectric gap.

[0065] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is located in at least one vehicle to detect the presence and / or location of at least one occupant.

[0066] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is integrated into at least one external vehicle bumper for proximity detection.

[0067] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is used for shape detection in at least one biometric application.

[0068] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is used for proximity detection in at least one biometric application.

[0069] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is configured to interface with at least one gesture or air control interface.

[0070] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the at least one gesture or air control interface is configured to interact with the vehicle or manage the vehicle's motion.

[0071] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is integrated into a medical device configured to monitor at least one vital sign, which is one of the following: heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation (SpO2), electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, blood glucose level, heart rate variability (HRV), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), respiratory effort, airflow, cardiac output, blood volume, hematocrit level, skin conductance, skin conductance response, intracranial pressure (ICP), degree of arteriosclerosis, or pulse wave velocity (PWV).

[0072] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is integrated into at least one flexible wearable material for continuous monitoring of at least one of physical activity, health indicators, or environmental conditions.

[0073] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is a projected dielectric sensor.

[0074] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric gap is an open circuit for the dielectric sensor when it is in a quiescent state where the collector is not receiving a signal.

[0075] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, a first sheet is configured to be attached to a first post of a vehicle frame, wherein a second sheet is configured to be attached to a second post of a vehicle frame.

[0076] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, a first sheet is shaped according to a first post, and a second sheet is shaped according to a second post.

[0077] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is integrated into a human-machine interface and machine learning system.

[0078] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the dielectric sensor is configured to detect: 1) a short-circuit state; 2) a proximity to the first sheet relative to the second sheet; 3) a proximity to the second sheet relative to the first sheet; and 4) an open-circuit state.

[0079] Another example embodiment is a dielectric sensor for a vehicle, comprising: a first conductive path including a first conductive mesh comprising a first sheet, wherein the first conductive path terminates at the first sheet, wherein the first sheet is configured to be attached to a first post of a vehicle frame; a second conductive path including a second conductive mesh comprising a second sheet, wherein the second conductive path terminates at the second sheet, wherein the second sheet is configured to be attached to a second post of a vehicle frame; a dielectric gap formed of material physically separating the first conductive path and the second conductive path, wherein the dielectric gap longitudinally separates the first sheet and the second sheet, wherein the dielectric gap separates the first sheet and the second sheet by at least 10 cm; a power driver directly connected to the first conductive path; and a collector directly connected to the second conductive path.

[0080] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the first sheet and the second sheet are substantially coplanar.

[0081] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, the first sheet and the second sheet are separated by at least 20 cm, 50 cm, 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m or 5 m.

[0082] In another example of any of the dielectric sensors described above, a first sheet is shaped according to a first post, and a second sheet is shaped according to a second post.

[0083] The exemplary embodiments are intended to cover all software or computer programs capable of performing the various determinations, calculations, etc., disclosed above for the disclosed purposes. For example, the exemplary embodiments are intended to cover all software or computer programs capable of enabling a processor to implement the disclosed processes. In other words, the exemplary embodiments are intended to cover all systems and processes capable of configuring a document operating system to implement the disclosed processes. The exemplary embodiments are also intended to cover any and all currently known, related, or future-developed non-transitory recording or storage media (e.g., CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, hard disk drive, RAM, ROM, floppy disk, magnetic tape cassette, etc.) that record or store such software or computer programs. The exemplary embodiments are also intended to cover such software, computer programs, systems, and / or processes provided by any other currently known, related, or future-developed media (e.g., transient media, carrier waves, etc.) that can be used to implement the exemplary operations disclosed above.

[0084] According to the example embodiments, the example computer program can be executed in many example ways, such as as an application residing in device memory, or as a hosted application executed on a server, and communicate with device applications or browsers via various standard protocols (e.g., TCP / IP, HTTP, XML, SOAP, REST, JSON, and other adequate protocols). The example computer program can be written in example programming languages ​​that execute from device memory or from a hosting server, such as BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, Java, Pascal, or scripting languages ​​such as JavaScript, Python, Ruby, PHP, Perl, or other adequate programming languages.

[0085] Some exemplary embodiments include or otherwise relate to transmitting data over a network, such as transmitting various inputs over a network. The network may include one or more of, for example, the Internet, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), analog or digital wired and wireless telephone networks (e.g., PSTN, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), fiber optic, cellular networks, and Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)), radio, television, cable, satellite, and / or any other transmission or channeling mechanism for transmitting data. The network may include multiple networks or subnetworks, each of which may include, for example, wired or wireless data paths. The network may include a circuit-switched voice network, a packet-switched data network, or any other network capable of carrying electronic communications. For example, the network may include a network based on Internet Protocol (IP) or Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and may use, for example, VoIP, ATM Voice, or other similar protocols for voice data communication to support voice. In one implementation, the network includes a cellular telephone network configured to enable the exchange of text or SMS messages.

[0086] Examples of networks include, but are not limited to, Personal Area Networks (PANs), Storage Area Networks (SANs), Home Area Networks (HANs), Campus Area Networks (CANs), Local Area Networks (LANs), Wide Area Networks (WANs), Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), Enterprise Private Networks (EPNs), the Internet, Global Networks (GANs), Cel-Fi™, etc. Example implementations may also include networks using solutions such as LoRaWAN™, Wi-SUN™, EnOcean™, io-home control™, ONE-NET, INSTEON™, Z-Wave™, or other Sub-GHz standard-based solutions.

[0087] Client and server devices are intended to include or otherwise encompass all software or computer programs capable of performing various previously disclosed determinations, calculations, etc., to achieve the disclosed purposes. For example, exemplary embodiments are intended to cover all software or computer programs capable of enabling a processor to implement the disclosed processes. Exemplary embodiments are also intended to cover any and all currently known, related, or subsequently developed non-transitory recording or storage media (e.g., CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, hard disk drive, RAM, ROM, floppy disk, magnetic tape cassette, etc.) that record or store such software or computer programs. Exemplary embodiments are also intended to cover such software, computer programs, systems, and / or processes provided via any other currently known, related, or subsequently developed media (e.g., transient media, carrier waves, etc.) that can be used to implement the exemplary operations disclosed above.

[0088] In this specification, the terms “force” and “pressure” refer to the same concept of intentional and unintentional interaction with the device and may be used interchangeably as needed.

[0089] Sensors and switches have been used to understand information about the surrounding environment or to control the outcome of an intended task. More information provides a deeper understanding, which often leads to an increase in the number of sensors to further enhance the understanding of that information. The basic principle of electronic sensors is a device that determines an electrical signal, which is then converted into a meaningful output for a specific purpose or outcome. An exemplary embodiment is a flexible conductive device and system for detecting pressure.

[0090] Since each individual sensor requires at least two electrical connections to operate, increasing the number of sensors doubles the number of electrical connections for each additional sensor. The purpose of adding more sensors is to gain a better understanding of external factors, thereby achieving the intended purpose. For example, a single sensor can be used to determine the presence of an object, but will provide limited information. To obtain more information, such as the amount of pressure exerted due to the presence of the object, more sensors can be added.

[0091] A method and system for increasing the number of sensors while minimizing the electrical connections of each sensor involves arranging the electrical connections in a matrix configuration, wherein first and second conductive paths intersect, thereby creating multiple sensor regions at each intersection of the first and second conductive paths, such as... Figure 1 As shown. In Figure 1The image illustrates an example system 100 of a flexible device and system for detecting pressure. An electronic controller 102 directs current flow along conductive paths 106 in one direction to a second conductive path 108, and from a conductive path 104 in a direction perpendicular to the conductive path 108 to a first conductive path 110, thereby forming a sensor at each intersection point 112. Conductive textile strips define conductive paths 108 and 110, as in an exemplary embodiment used in a grid, where each intersection point determines the surface coverage of a sensing region 112. By reducing the size of the conductive textile defining conductive paths 108 and 110, the sensing region 112 can be adjusted to cover a smaller surface area. At each sensing region 112, conductive paths 108 and 110 may include a corresponding exposed conductive surface of the respective sensing region 112. In other exemplary embodiments, conductive paths 108 and 110 may be defined by other conductive elements.

[0092] Figure 2A Different patterns are shown as examples where efficiency can be improved by reducing the amount of material used. For example, the conductive textile strip 200 can be utilized more efficiently with less material, achieving the same desired result or effective sensor coverage area. The spiral pattern 202 is an example of a circle that can be split and divided into two equal parts, while covering the same effective detection area, for example, with half the amount of material.

[0093] An example is shown where a conductive textile strip 200 is efficiently divided into two equal portions 204 using a spiral concept with half the amount of material, so as to cover the same effective detection area in the embodiments shown in conductive paths 108 and 110. Another example of the efficient segmentation of the conductive textile strip 200 is 206, where there is less conductive textile material in the gaps, which can be placed on a grid of non-intersecting conductive textile material, wherein areas with a larger amount of conductive textile material can be placed at the intersection of conductive paths 108 and 110 to maximize surface area and thus increase sensor area coverage. The conductive textile strip 200 can be segmented as in example 206 to improve efficiency, as illustrated in exemplary pattern 208.

[0094] An illustration shows an example embodiment of a setup using conductive textile strips 200 segmented for improved efficiency 204. An illustration shows an example embodiment of a setup using conductive textile strips 200 segmented into patterns 206 and 208 for improved efficiency. An illustration shows an example embodiment of an overlapping setup using conductive textile strips 200 on a second conductive path 108 and conductive textile strips 204 on a first conductive path 110.

[0095] Figure 2BAn exemplary conductive strip 200 is shown, which is divided into a design pattern 206 for efficiency so as to efficiently cover the same effective surface area at the intersections forming sensor positions 112, wherein less material is used in the gaps shown in pattern 206.

[0096] Figure 2C An exemplary conductive strip 200 used on a conductive path is shown, as well as a textile strip for a second conductive path, which is divided using half material 204 while covering the same surface area as the first conductive path 200.

[0097] Figure 2D An example of a conductive strip 200 is shown, which is divided and used for a first conductive path 204 guided in one direction and a second conductive path 205 guided in a direction perpendicular to 204, demonstrating that the same surface area coverage can be achieved using half the material.

[0098] Figure 2E An example using conductive fabric 212 and conductive wire 214 is shown, which is a more efficient method for covering a larger sensing surface area with less material for a single conductive path compared to conductive strip 200 218.

[0099] Figure 2F Examples of conductive fabric 212 and conductive wire 214 are shown in the second exemplary conductive path designs 220 and 222, which use conductive fabric and wire for a more efficient method of covering a larger sensing surface area with less material.

[0100] Typically, the conductive path of a conductor carrying current has a constant voltage. When used alone in a single circuit or in a matrix, this produces sensing results from two points where contact occurs, thus determining the minimum change in the electrical signal, such as whether it is on or off. There is an ability to determine signal changes based on the amount of force or pressure applied at each intersection point, which is achieved by increasing the number of contact points at each intersection to form a sensor, such as... Figure 3 As shown. The illustration is an example embodiment 300 of a matrix arrangement in the form of intersecting grids 302 and 304, similar to a conductive textile strip defining conductive paths 110 and 108.

[0101] For example, the cross-sectional area of ​​a conductive material is proportional to its resistance. Specifically, the resistance R of any material with a uniform cross-sectional area A and a length L is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. Mathematically, this is expressed as R = ρ * L / A, where the Greek letter rho (ρ) is called the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a physical property of a material and is measured in ohm-meters.

[0102] For example, liquids flow more easily in large-diameter pipes than in small-diameter pipes. The same general principle applies to the flow of electrons in conductors. The larger the cross-sectional area (thickness) of a conductor, the more space there is for electrons to flow, and therefore the greater the conductivity, making the flow easier (e.g., the lower the resistance).

[0103] Following a similar principle, the amount of surface area contact between the first conductive path 110 and the second conductive path 108 determines the amount of resistance or conductivity between them. When a DC power supply or charge is applied to the first conductive path 110, the resulting voltage signal can be detected from the second conductive path 108.

[0104] Conductive materials exhibit varying levels of conductivity and resistance. Utilizing the physical property of natural resistance for inductive sensing, variable signal detection can be performed by corresponding to the number of contact points at each intersection. Contact points at the intersections, such as... Figure 3 The sensor region 112 is shown. Each contact point 306 includes the exposed surface area of ​​each conductive path. For example, if one of the three points 306 is in contact, the effective resistance will be greater, and only about 1 / 3 of the voltage signal will be detected. As shown, an example embodiment of the conductive path design in matrix setups 302 and 304—which requires multiple contact points 306 to be connected at each intersection of the first conductive path 110 and the second conductive path 108—will result in all points 306 (three in this example) needing to be in contact to achieve the maximum electrical signal at each intersecting sensor region 112, and the voltage signal detection will correspond to the number of points in contact with each corresponding point 306 in the individual sensor region 112.

[0105] Figure 4 shows an example of a conductive path design starting from the first design 400, where the first conductive path 406 input and the second conductive path 408 output demonstrate a connection, in one example, a circuit, which leads to the completion of the circuit.

[0106] An example of the second conductive path design 402 is shown with a first conductive path 406 as input, a second conductive path 410 as output, and a third conductive path 412 as output. Thus, if the first conductive path 406 has an input electrical signal, the second conductive paths 410 and 412, which are in contact with the first conductive path 406, will result in a higher electrical signal output due to the larger surface area of ​​the contact, similar to increasing the diameter of a wire to increase conductivity and reduce resistance. This may be beneficial for improving sensitivity and data range in sensor applications, but the data range will require the sum of the circuit data outputs of conductive paths 406 and 410 and the circuit outputs of conductive paths 406 and 412. By increasing the amount of contact surface area of ​​the second conductive paths 410 and 412 that are in contact with the first conductive path 406, similar to increasing the number of contact points 306, the voltage signal will increase because the conductivity is greater and the resistance is lower at the contact points.

[0107] An example of the third conductive path design 404 illustrates an example of the input of the first conductive path 406 and the output of the second conductive path 414, wherein increasing the amount of contact surface area where the second conductive path 414 contacts the first conductive path 406 (similar to increasing contact point 306) increases the final voltage potential and extracts undissipated energy due to increased conductivity and decreased resistance. This design 404 is beneficial for improving sensitivity and data range in sensor applications, and for data range, it is also more efficient than the conductive path design 402 because it reduces the number of required electrical connections, thereby merging the two required connections of the second conductive path 410 and the third conductive path 412 into a single conductive path 414.

[0108] Since even conductive materials possess some inherent resistance, increasing the cross-sectional area of ​​the contact will provide additional conductive paths for current to flow over greater distances. Similarly, increasing the number of contact points 306 associated with each intersection 112 of the first conductive path 110 and the second conductive path 108 where contact occurs will result in a larger signal output and increase the amount of surface area contact 414 associated with the first conductive path 406. More contact points increase the conductivity between the first conductive path 110 and the second conductive path 108. Through the larger surface area contact 404 at each intersection and the multiple contact points 306, the voltage potential increases at each additional contact point due to the corresponding applied force, as resistance changes.

[0109] Sensor drift and creep over time are common phenomena in pressure sensors. In the presence of continuous contact, in one example embodiment, the electrical path can be diverted by dispersion to reduce strain on the conductive path, thereby minimizing wear caused by continuous electrical contact. Figure 5AA schematic diagram of circuit 500 is shown, which acts as conductor 504, with its electrical paths distributed through conductive layer 510. Conductive layer 510 is, for example, a conductive material or a fabric with many densely packed conductive lines. The electrical paths through conductive layer 510 are configured to contact a load, exemplarily referred to as resistive layer 506, which includes distributed conductive lines 512 spaced apart and separated by non-conductive lines 514. This electrical path is then further distributed by conductive layer 516 and extends to output conductor 518, thereby providing a detectable electrical signal output. The electrical path distribution formed by conductive layer 510 through resistive layer 506 is dispersed, achieving distributed electrical contact through conductive lines 512, and separated by insulation from non-conductive lines 514, as well as insulation isolated by natural air. To reduce resistance and increase signal conduction, further contact through an external environment (e.g., applied pressure) will press the input conductor 504, resistive layer 506, and output conductor 518 together as if all the combined components were a single, larger conductor. The increased surface area due to the applied pressure also increases signal conduction. When full pressure is applied, conduction along the input conductor 504, resistive layer 506, and output conductor 518 reaches its maximum, and the detectable signal from the output conductor 518 reaches its maximum, for example, at or approximately at a maximum calibration value of 5V or 1024.

[0110] Figure 5B A circuit 502 with the effect of conductor 508 is further shown, demonstrating the ability to detect signal changes by increasing the amount of different input paths of conductor 508. The electrical path distribution is accomplished by conductive layer 510, which is distributed through intermediate resistive layer 506 and then continues through conductor 518, further distributed by conductive layer 516. The electrical signal output will vary with the amount of conductive contact between input conductor 508, resistive layer 506, and output conductor 518. This is related to... Figure 5A Similar to the example in the example, the increased contact surface area of ​​all the combined components causes it to behave like a single conductor with higher conductivity and lower resistance, resulting in a larger electrical signal output. For example, when full pressure is applied, the conductivity along the input conductor 508, resistive layer 506, and output conductor 518 is maximized, and the detectable electrical signal from the output conductor 518 is at its maximum value, for example, at or approximately at the maximum calibration value of 5V or 1024.

[0111] Figure 3 Example embodiments of the systems and methods shown in 4, 5A and 5B are also advantageous for use in printed circuit boards and electronic chips to allow for greater signal variations, thereby improving the functionality of integrated circuits that are typically limited to performing binary tasks.

[0112] Figure 6AThe deformation of the flexible conductive device is illustrated by showing the change over time (600) of different pressures applied to it. When pressure (602) is applied to the device, the detectable changes are visually presented. As greater pressure is applied, further deformation (604) occurs, and the increase in pressure (606) can be detected, indicating that the device can determine the depth and magnitude corresponding to the applied pressure. When no pressure (608) is applied, and then a constant pressure is applied (e.g., due to an object stationary over time), the detection of the pressure magnitude remains stable (610).

[0113] Figure 6B The deformation of the flexible conductive device is shown by displaying different forces related to the magnitude of the pressure applied to the 3D graphic 612, with the maximum pressure applied at the corner shown in the figure, demonstrating the ability to detect the 3D mapping, position, and weight differences of the entire device.

[0114] Figure 6C In one example embodiment of controlled testing of a flexible conductive device for a health monitoring application, a two-dimensional mapping with a body contour was demonstrated by identifying active sensors. In this example configuration, the flexible conductive device system consists of 30 sensors configured in a 5×6 matrix.

[0115] The following section further demonstrates its application in healthcare patient monitoring. Each individual sensor is capable of detecting the depth and changes in pressure, where the sensor area can be segmented to identify active and inactive sensors corresponding to pressure-applied and non-pressure-applied areas 614, as well as the pressure level changes between sensor areas. This is beneficial because, for example, when a person is lying in bed and rolls to their side or other parts of the bed, the flexible conductive device system maintains a continuous output of electrical signals when in contact with the body, enabling continuous monitoring of the patient / user. Another benefit is the provision of further indication of signal noise, such as jumps or spikes in the electrical signal output, where a two-dimensional mapping will provide a reference for the original signal noise that may be attributed to the movement of the flexible conductive device.

[0116] Figure 7An example embodiment of a flexible conductive device 702 in a monitoring system 700 is shown. The flexible conductive device 702 outputs electrical signals to a hardware unit 704, which can process the signal information and / or transmit the raw electrical signal information to a database 706. The database 706 can then further process the information and / or transmit it to a cloud server 708 for further analysis, which may produce, for example in this example, an expected result 710 or an alternative expected result 712. The data stored in the database can be used for health analysis and for customizing output functions, such as notifications and / or alarms.

[0117] Another example embodiment of the system incorporating the flexible conductive device 702 for monitoring system 700 is a three-dimensional mapping of the surface area of ​​the entire device, surface area detection of position and weight differences, where data analysis can be used to monitor inventory levels or the presence of inventory items on the smart shelf unit, with automated processes for inventory control as a potential outcome 710, and / or pre-ordering processes for replenishing inventory as an alternative potential outcome 712. In one example embodiment, a rigid material (e.g., low or imperceptible flexibility), such as a shelf, rather than a flexible support layer, is incorporated with a variable pressure sensor, and minute deformations in the rigid material can be detected.

[0118] The flexible conductive device is connected to a hardware unit that includes a microcontroller, processor, single-board computer with wireless and wired networking capabilities, multiplexer, analog-to-digital converter, amplifier, alarm device, speaker, buzzer, LED / LED strip, accelerometer, gyroscope, or a combination thereof. The conductive device acts as a resistor through which current flows.

[0119] For example, in a matrix design, the side of the second conductive path 108 connected to the conductive device (e.g., a row) serves as an input signal and is connected to a multiplexer (MUX), while the other side of the first conductive path 110 (e.g., a column) serves as an output and is connected to another MUX. The MUX is then interconnected to other components in the hardware unit. By very quickly multiplexing the signal, the connected side (input) of the second conductive path 108 sends a voltage, while the other side (output) of the first conductive path 110 reads the signal and determines whether any intersection between the column and row is pressed and the magnitude of the applied pressure. Similarly, the conductive device acts as an array of piezoelectric sensors and / or variable resistors, allowing current to pass through to complete the circuit and output a signal. The magnitude of the applied force and / or pressure determines how much current passes through; greater pressure allows for a larger current, resulting in a larger output electrical signal.

[0120] The analog input signal includes pull-down resistors to stabilize and improve the consistency of values ​​across all signals. The input signal also includes pull-up resistors to improve the sensitivity range.

[0121] Flexible conductive devices can be applied to many applications. Figure 8A , 8B Figure 8C illustrates the function of circuit 800, which minimizes the required electrical connections by using a matrix setup of multiplexed electrical signals while maintaining a high data range for the output signal.

[0122] Figure 8A , 8B Figures 800 and 8C illustrate an example circuit setup using two multiplexers. Power is connected to the multiplexers (MUX). In example 800, the two multiplexers receive digital and / or analog inputs, where a first conductive path 802 inputs a single digital signal to MUX 804 and multiplexes these digital signals to a combination number, for example, to a 6-channel input 810 in this example, and collects them through a secondary MUX 806, which receives multiple digital signals to a combination number (e.g., a 5-channel output 812 in this example), thus forming a 6×5 matrix, outputting a combination of 30 sensors in this example. Between MUX 804 and MUX 806, there will be a variable electrical signal output corresponding to the number of sensor regions in contact and the amount of pressure applied to each sensor region.

[0123] Figure 8B and 8C The circuitry in the example setup, which includes a power supply 814, an input MUX 816, an output MUX 818, and a pull-down resistor 820, is further illustrated.

[0124] Functional textiles can be used to manufacture instruments capable of generating information from input signals generated in contact with the textile. Such instruments can detect the amount or change of applied force / pressure and also have a built-in stimulus response. An example of an application of such instruments is embedding a flexible conductive device, according to an example embodiment, into everyday furniture, such as sofa linings, carpets, cushions, floors, or linens, to detect when an applied force / pressure is present. Such applications can be used to monitor behavior to generate real-time information about the presence or location of an individual within a building. It can also monitor for falls and continue monitoring while emergency responders are dispatched. All of these functionalities can be used to monitor, for example, individuals with Alzheimer's disease or dementia, or to save energy by powering devices based on real-time information about an individual's location.

[0125] Another example application is embedding flexible conductive devices into medical devices, such as compression instruments, bedding, or wires, to monitor pressure levels or pressure changes caused by heart rate or pulse, or to monitor body contact during inhalation, exhalation, or other respiratory changes. This opens up potential for future applications in general patient health monitoring without the need for any wires and / or accessories on the patient's body.

[0126] For example, Figure 9 The illustration shows a case of a compression instrument tourniquet 900, which, when used, requires the application and maintenance of a constant amount of pressure on a body part to block a blood vessel, thereby preventing bleeding in emergency situations (e.g., traumatic bleeding). This example embodiment demonstrates a flexible conductive device system 902 that can be attached to existing equipment, such as the compression instrument tourniquet 900, to improve the provision of continuous monitoring results without requiring modification to the equipment. The flexible conductive device system 902 can include any of the described flexible conductive devices 702. This is particularly useful in military applications, or for first responders using combat application tourniquets (CATs), where monitoring pressure is difficult in situations requiring the use of high pressure with the CAT, and where the pressure of the CAT often needs to be tightened again when muscles contract to prevent further bleeding, which could otherwise increase the risk of death. The flexibility of this conductive device allows it to be applied to any location or part of the body because it can take on any shape factor and continuously monitors the applied pressure, issuing an alarm if a pressure drop occurs below a set parameter, indicating the need for care to maintain the required pressure level. In addition, the device can monitor the duration of tourniquet 900 use, where prolonged use may pose a potential risk of amputation.

[0127] In example embodiments, bedding incorporating functional textiles can provide information about, for example, changes in breathing or duration of slack. While other devices require direct attachment to the body, the functional textiles in the example embodiments maintain contact with the body while measuring changes in pressure and weight distribution caused by body expansion and contraction, and can be used for long-term studies of events leading to health outcomes, for early warning of irregular breathing, or for alleviating pressure sores caused by limited mobility. Measuring the vibrations emitted by the pulse within the body using techniques such as cardiac impaction may be one way to provide information about heart rate. One advantage of using such functional textiles is that it replaces traditional vital sign monitoring methods that require wires and attachments to the body, and provides a non-invasive solution that transforms ordinary everyday items such as bed sheets into functional devices using functional textiles. Furthermore, it provides more accurate information by limiting deviations when a user uses the exemplary embodiment while sleeping through consistent baseline comparisons. Temperature can also be monitored and determined using a thermistor (thermometer) or alternatively, two different conductive fabrics and / or wires to measure resistance at different temperatures.

[0128] Pressure sensors (such as those for functional textiles) can also be embedded in shelving units to monitor inventory levels when stock is low or when merchandise has not been updated for a period of time. Real-time inventory systems using SMART shelving systems can communicate inventory levels, and software components can be built to automate the ordering process.

[0129] like Figure 10 Another example application shown is a flexible conductive device system, an example embodiment of an artificial external skin layer, used to provide tactile feedback to robotic components, such as robotic arms. By utilizing the ability to determine the magnitude of pressure using tactile feedback, the robot is configured to perform tasks requiring higher sensitivity, such as picking up fragile materials like glass objects without breaking them due to excessive force. The robotic component may also include a stimulus feedback response mechanism that communicates with external elements, such as users, personnel, equipment, and / or systems. This is also a beneficial component in environments where tactile feedback is advantageous. For example, in remotely controlled environments used to improve the safety of controlling robots in explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) scenarios, where a certain level of sensitivity and understanding of how much pressure is applied may be required when handling fragile objects. Another example embodiment is for clinical settings where the robotic component can be controlled remotely by a surgeon with specialized experience performing certain types of surgeries. Yet another example embodiment is in manufacturing where tactile sensitivity is required to improve the efficiency of tasks on a production line.

[0130] Flexible conductive devices can be used alone, or they can be integrated with other objects to form functional textile instruments.

[0131] Double-layer flexible conductive device

[0132] Another example embodiment of a pressure sensor is described, comprising two layers of conductive materials having the same or different conductivity levels, and designed / configured with added contact points at each intersection of the two layers. This method combines capacitive sensing and resistive sensing methods; the capacitive sensing method determines the position, and the resistive sensing method determines the change in applied force or pressure based on a number of contact points proportional to the number of contact points at the intersection. In one embodiment, the pressure sensor comprises a conductive fabric or textile sensor.

[0133] With the development of interactive smart textiles, circuitry has also changed how materials handle current conduction by combining metallic fibers with textiles as a method. Many available materials have varying levels of conductivity, which also increases inherent air resistance and insulation, or the different levels of resistance of a material relative to its conductive components by weight.

[0134] In one example embodiment, the difference in conductivity levels between the two highly conductive materials eliminates the need for an intermediate resistive material layer, as this difference effectively acts as a barrier to the complete circuit and serves the same functional purpose as an intermediate resistive layer. Consequently, in another example embodiment, this elimination of the intermediate layer reduces production costs. When in contact with a material with a higher conductivity level, the current transferred from the material with a lower conductivity level will never reach a level higher than its own capacitance. In the case of further contact between the two materials, the capacitance difference can be measured and monitored during the application of pressure.

[0135] In one example embodiment, the sensor or device may be supported by one or more rigid layers for each conductive path. “Rigid” refers to an incompressible surface, or a surface that is rigid enough and has low elasticity to be perceived as incompressible without the sensor device bending or stretching.

[0136] According to an example embodiment, in one embodiment of the device for detecting force or pressure applied to a flexible conductive device, the device includes a first conductive path having a first conductivity level and a second conductive path having a second conductivity level different from the first conductivity level. The first and second conductive paths are positioned such that they are in contact with each other. The device also includes a plurality of sensor regions. Each of these contact intersections forms a sensor region whenever the first conductive path is in contact with and electrically connected to the second conductive path, and the sensor region generates a signal corresponding to the applied force or pressure.

[0137] As used herein, "conductive path" refers to an electrical conduction path. In example embodiments, the conductive path is made of conductive fabric or textile arranged in a specific pattern. Alternatively, conductive wires can be used to create the conductive path; however, conductive wires are not used in some example embodiments because they have limitations in maintaining voltage intensity over a distance (some conductive wires are over 10 cm in length) through the conductive path. In some embodiments, the conductive path is made of a combination of conductive fabric and conductive wires to overcome this limitation. The conductive fabric is connected to the conductive wires to serve as a conductive path with a larger surface area. In exemplary embodiments, the conductive path is configured as a layer or supported on a layer and arranged to contact a second layer of such conductive path, thereby forming a flexible conductive device in the form of a sensor sheet.

[0138] As used in this article, "sensor region" refers to the intersection or contact area where the first conductive path and the second conductive path make electrical contact to form a complete circuit. Each sensor region generates a signal corresponding to the applied force or pressure.

[0139] Flexible conductive devices function in the opposite way to traditional wires. Conductive and non-conductive components are mixed to create conductive paths that provide a certain level of surface resistivity. The larger the surface area of ​​each sensor region, the less resistance current encounters as it flows from the first conductive path to the second. The signal generated when the circuit is closed is then processed to determine the magnitude of the applied force / pressure.

[0140] The applied force or pressure that results in 100% complete contact between conductive paths will produce the maximum threshold for a complete circuit. Conversely, due to the natural surface resistance of the conductive paths, less than 100% electrical contact will produce a complete circuit below the maximum threshold. This can be made feasible by changing the conductivity level of the materials. When conductive components are combined with non-conductive components, the material specifications will differ, resulting in natural air resistance and insulation. Consequently, different materials require different amounts of force to ensure circuit integrity and reach their maximum threshold.

[0141] In one embodiment of the flexible conductive device, a maximum signal is generated when there is complete electrical contact between the first and second conductive paths at any one of the plurality of sensor regions. When there is partial electrical contact between the first and second conductive paths at any one of the plurality of sensor regions, a signal smaller than the maximum signal is generated.

[0142] conductive materials

[0143] At least two conductive paths are required for contact and to complete the circuit. The sensitivity of a flexible conductive device to force or pressure can be adjusted by using different materials to create the conductive paths, which will also result in different surface resistivity levels. Choosing different materials will produce flexible conductive devices with different sensitivity levels, and consequently, different conductivities, and thus different surface resistivityes. For example, using a material with lower conductivity and higher surface resistivity for one of the two conductive paths will reduce the device's sensitivity level because the resistance to complete the circuit is greater. In an alternative embodiment, a conductive layer is provided between the two conductive paths, which uses a material with lower conductivity and higher surface resistivity compared to these two conductive paths; this will also reduce the device's sensitivity level.

[0144] Conductive path design

[0145] In a two-dimensional plane, the design of conductive paths can be manipulated in a patterned manner, such that when the conductive paths are provided or supported on layers, there are conductive and non-conductive regions. For example, in some embodiments, the conductive paths extend linearly, with gaps between each linear segment. [Go to...] Figure 1 In the illustrated embodiment, the vertical conductive paths overlap with the horizontal conductive paths in a grid pattern. The resulting sensor regions (where two conductive paths are in electrical contact) are arranged in a matrix. In other embodiments, it can be as follows... Figure 2A , 2B The diagrams 2C, 2D, 2E, and 2F show repeating patterns and units, or other variations or shapes separated by spatial divisions of non-conductive regions. Other patterns and shapes, such as square, rectangular, rhomboid, and circular designs, can be customized to meet specific needs. In some embodiments, the circuit setup for the conductive path includes a pair of multiplexers (MUXs), where a power signal is input to one MUX and an output signal is read from the other MUX. Combinations of single or multiple multiplexers can also be used.

[0146] Go to Figure 2DIn a two-dimensional planar embodiment, the first conductive path has a repeating spiral design to halve the material usage. In some embodiments, the second conductive path also has a patterned design. In one example embodiment, to maximize the surface area of ​​each contact point or sensor region, the second conductive path is provided in the form of a continuous sheet. In another example embodiment, the second conductive path has a repeating square design, wherein each square unit of the repeating square design of the second conductive path overlaps with a spiral unit of the repeating spiral design of the first conductive path. In this way, the total surface area of ​​all sensor regions is determined by the surface area of ​​the spiral conductive path. Maximum signal is generated when there is 100% contact at all sensor regions (and the entire surface area along the spiral conductive path). Therefore, when pressure / force is applied and the two conductive paths contact to form a complete circuit, the output signal value reading is proportional to the total surface area of ​​the contacting sensor regions.

[0147] In a three-dimensional plane, the curvature and / or contour of the conductive path and sensor region determine the variation in the output signal value, which is distinguishable in three-dimensional space. For example, in applications where flexible conductive devices are used as the artificial external skin layer of a robotic hand, the positioning between extended and bent fingers can be distinguishable. The curvature of the fingertip reads different signal values, thus distinguishing between extended and bent fingers. Another example application is the visualization of a three-dimensional map based on the magnitude of the force / pressure applied to the sensor region. Since each sensor region can distinguish the magnitude of the applied force / pressure, a three-dimensional image can be drawn to show, in one example, how the artificial external skin layer can determine the location of an object on the robotic hand, and how many objects can be present.

[0148] According to general circuits, charge flow generates voltage that travels relatively fast, comparable to the speed of light. Operational design and the path of travel can alter the speed of current travel in a single circuit, causing delays along the path and reducing the speed of current travel perceptible to the human eye. An example of the result of manipulating the design to change the speed of current travel is that if a setup has only one contact point for sensor region 112—requiring a connection at that contact point for the current to reach its destination—its travel speed will be relatively fast, comparable to the speed of light. By manipulating the design, for example requiring three contact points 306 for connection, the complete circuit with the electrical output signal will depend on the number of contact points. (See...) Figure 3 )

[0149] To further enhance the manipulation of the time required for charges to reach their destination in a complete circuit, materials with different conductivity levels also affect the travel speed.

[0150] Sensor area

[0151] Each sensor region is unique at every intersection or contact point. The signal generated by each sensor region can be manipulated by the applied force or pressure. For example, the location where a force or pressure is applied on a weighing scale will affect the weight reading. Standing at the edge of the weighing scale will produce a different value than standing in the center. Increasing the surface area of ​​each sensor region and modifying the design of the conductive path will change the output signal value when the circuit is complete (conductive) (see Table 1 below). Because the increased surface area of ​​each sensor region acts similarly to that of a weighing scale, motion can be detected by monitoring changes in the output signal due to applied pressure / force or redistribution of contact on the sensor regions. Conversely, a stationary object will output a consistent signal value.

[0152] Hardware and data systems

[0153] In one example embodiment of the system, a flexible conductive device 702 is attached to a hardware unit 704. This hardware unit has a receiver for receiving signals from each sensor region and a processor for processing the signals into pressure data. The pressure data is then stored and analyzed in database networks 706 and 708, each database network comprising one or more databases. Figure 7 An example system is shown.

[0154] In some embodiments, the flexible conductive device is connected to a hardware unit whose components include a microcontroller, a single-board computer including wireless and wired networking capabilities, a processor, a multiplexer, an analog-to-digital converter, an amplifier, an alarm device, a speaker, a buzzer, an LED / LED strip, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, or a combination thereof. Signals are read by the microcontroller and microprocessor, and optionally amplified by amplifiers, resistors, and operational amplifiers before being converted into digital signals. The signals may optionally pass through a bandpass filter to filter out high-frequency and low-frequency signals.

[0155] In one example embodiment, the system has a sensory feedback system. For example, the system may have embedded light and sound for user interaction and information exchange (see [link to documentation]). Figure 7 An example of such a sensory feedback system for user interaction could be outcome 710, for instance, an alarm set in response to a health-related event such as a fall, heart attack, or stroke. Another example of alternative outcome 712 could be that the device could activate an alarm for an infant who experiences apnea after X seconds of inactivity. Outcomes can be customized to suit appropriate applications as needed.

[0156] Sensory feedback can be customized to suit different situations and the needs of the user receiving the feedback. The hardware unit can also optionally include LEDs and speakers, which can be activated to indicate and / or convey different states such as breathing, posture, position, and movement. For example, breathing within the normal range can be displayed in a neutral color, such as green; while breathing rates above or below normal can be displayed in orange or red to indicate a warning.

[0157] Figure 11 An example flowchart 1100 illustrates a method for a sensory feedback system with light and sound using a flexible conductive device 702 and a system 700. Since each sensor is unique and can measure changes in applied pressure, the feedback can be set based on user interaction to various outcomes via output devices including light and / or sound.

[0158] In event 1102, it is determined that any point on the matrix of the flexible conductive device 702 has been pressed. Then, an indicator output is sent to an output device to signal the user, for example, in event 1104, to turn on a light of a specific color; and / or in event 1106, to retrieve a specific sound file from the library and output it to a speaker. In event 1114, it is determined that the pressed point on the matrix of the flexible conductive device 702 has been released. The corresponding light goes out (event 1110) and / or the corresponding sound stops (event 1112). In event 1114, it is determined whether the same point on the matrix of the flexible conductive device 702 has been pressed consecutively. If so, in event 1116, a light of a specific color is turned on (which may be different from the specific light in event 1104), and / or in event 1118, a second sound file is retrieved from the library and output to a speaker. If not, data is collected at event 1120 and stored and / or sent to database networks 706, 708. At event 1122, flowchart 1100 loops back to event 1102.

[0159] In some embodiments, refer again Figure 7The collection of pressure data and its transmission to the data network are achieved via a wired or wireless connection from hardware unit 704 to database networks 706 and 708. The wired or wireless network can be more than one type of wireless network (e.g., LAN, WLAN, radio, Bluetooth). Input values ​​are categorized by the receiver in each individual sensor area based on timestamps and location (X, Y, and / or Z coordinates). For example, when a contact input is generated in a sensor area, the change in the sensor value, as well as the time, location, and amount of the applied force / pressure, are recorded. Furthermore, user input data (e.g., user information) can be stored along with the user's sensor information (e.g., the user's age and demographic information) in the database of database networks 706 and 708. The data is stored in the database and can be hosted locally or optionally hosted on a cloud server. The data in the database can be used for various purposes, including, for example: 1) notification systems for detecting no change or changes exceeding a set threshold recorded by the sensor within a set time period; 2) real-time feedback applications; and 3) analysis of data from contact inputs for predictive models. All processed data will then be stored in a new database, and all databases will be encrypted.

[0160] The raw inputs to functional textile instruments can be grouped before entering the database to facilitate faster input collection. All incoming raw inputs can be set to a specified range and the pressure can be predetermined in terms of values ​​(increased or decreased values).

[0161] Before storing the data in the database network 706, 708, the raw data of the electrical signals can be processed on the hardware unit 704 for 'digital signal processing'. This includes any error correction, marking outliers, and signal processing using statistical calculations.

[0162] In one example embodiment, error detection and outlier detection can be implemented. An error is detected if the value received from each sensor does not change over time, or if the value remains within a specified percentage of the total maximum value. An error is also detected if the value exceeds the specified range and any irregular characters (such as alpha and special characters) are present due to microcontroller sampling. For example, if the received values ​​are set from 0 to 1024, and the received value appears outside of 0 or 1024, or fluctuates between 0 and 5 (approximately 0.5% of 1024), this is considered an error in the sensor in one example. The sensor positions are calibrated, so any error in the sensors can indicate which location on the mat has been disabled.

[0163] Outliers can be identified by using techniques such as motion windows, checking residuals to determine if a value is greater than a specified interquartile range, or checking for values ​​greater than a specified threshold (e.g., a specific standard deviation), or by using Fourier transforms and spectral density calculations.

[0164] Calibration and normalization can also be performed. Calibration is collected by reading raw signals within an initial time window (e.g., the first 30 seconds) when there are no objects or people on the sensors. Calibration techniques are performed using the raw signals collected for each sensor. One technique is to collect the maximum, minimum, average, and standard error to calculate the normalized score and normalized residual for each sensor. A normalization technique is to calculate the maximum and minimum values ​​for each sensor during the time window, subtract the minimum value from each value, and then divide that value by the range of values ​​within the time window. This will result in each sensor value being between 0 and 1.

[0165] Classification of exercise and inactivity

[0166] Back Figure 6A The presence of motion is determined by using electrical signals collected from the flexible conductive device 702. This example embodiment will demonstrate the use of the flexible conductive device 702 to detect motion and inactivity in a living organism.

[0167] Step (1): Detecting “contact” versus “non-contact”. For example, one technique is based on calculating absolute thresholds and difference thresholds across all sensor regions, which examine the change in value for each sensor region. The first few hundred values ​​are calculated to give an initial average, median, and initial change threshold. Afterward, the past value (x-1) and the current value (x) for each sensor region are always compared. For each sensor region, a rolling average and rolling standard deviation are obtained every specified number of seconds. If the value is less than a predetermined average threshold (e.g., <100), it is considered “non-contact.” If the received value is greater than the difference threshold for that sensor, and the value is greater than the average threshold, the value is considered “contact.” Transformations and baseline calibrations (e.g., subtracting the change in the first few hundred values ​​when no contact is present) can also be applied to all incoming signals to reduce the “noise” of the received signal. Other techniques include Fourier transforms and power spectral density, which are also performed on all sensor signals, decomposing the signal into a sine function. The sine function of each sensor is then compared to the other corresponding sensors. The sine function with the largest or most peak amplitude at a specified frequency will also indicate when contact is present. The average of all Fourier transforms for each sensor is integrated to generate a signal at each time point. Transforming the signal allows for signal amplification, thus providing better distinguishable characteristics.

[0168] Step (2): Classify and divide all “contact” sensor regions at each given time into multiple regions. For example, concentrated regions include the torso region that captures respiratory motion or regions that provide a stronger indicative output signal. After examining the average and variation of each sensor region over time, identify the sensor regions with the lowest average, median, and residual values ​​and the least variation. Also identify the sensor regions with the highest average and the greatest variation. These identified regions around the sensors can also be mapped onto a graphical representation, such as a heatmap, to determine the location of interest. The largest variation is considered a feature of motion, and the smallest variation is considered closer to no motion. In addition, specific frequencies can be assigned to respiration and other vital signs (e.g., heart rate) using calculations using Fourier transform, power spectral density calculations, correlation methods, autoregressive models, power spectral density, and cluster analysis, which can determine the region of interest.

[0169] Step (3): Highlight the target area to monitor motion. Importantly, motion detection is determined by comparing readings with those for when there is no motion. Calculate the average and variation for motion and no motion. The variation threshold is smaller when there is no motion than it is when there is motion. Optionally, the target area is also mapped using sensor location and the use of regression and machine learning models to determine respiratory activity. Breathing and movement frequencies also differ and can be specified to also provide insights into motion.

[0170] Timer / Alarm Clock System

[0171] In some example embodiments, the system may also include a timer system for initiating visual or auditory notifications based on a predetermined set of parameters. For example, a timer and alarm system where an alarm is triggered after a specified number of seconds of inactivity is detected. Various procedures are considered for detecting inactivity. Alternatively, in another example, an alarm is triggered after a signal is detected above or below a set range of parameters, which corresponds to the application of a defined amount of force / pressure. For example, in a compression device in which a certain amount of pressure must be maintained to stop traumatic bleeding, muscles may tend to contract over time, and an alarm may be triggered to notify whether the compression device needs to be tightened again to prevent venous and / or arterial bleeding. A timer may also trigger an alarm if the compression device has been used for an extended period to notify and prevent the risk of permanent damage.

[0172] An audible and / or visual alarm may be triggered when all sensor areas corresponding to the target area show no movement, i.e., the value changes minimally within a specified predetermined time interval. The minimum change in the sensor areas within the target area within the specified time interval will send a signal to the hardware device and trigger an audible and / or visual alarm on the application's monitor. The minimum change is checked in each iteration. For each iteration, the timer is set to a specified number of seconds.

[0173] Device compatibility

[0174] The system is compatible with both browsers and mobile devices. The real-time monitoring application interface provides information and graphical representations of the user, status, timers, alarms, respiratory rate, respiratory analysis, applied pressure, insufficient required pressure, or any such change that can be detected through contact input. The interface also allows the user to input user information, which is linked to sensor outputs from the hardware. The real-time monitoring application interface retrieves information from a database network.

[0175] Object and Human Detection

[0176] The signal's average value, variation, and frequency are determined over time to determine if there are significant changes. If the "contact" sensor value shows no change or minimal change over time, and if the original input value is within a small range, this triggers the possibility of a stationary object.

[0177] The following examples further illustrate various aspects of the exemplary embodiments.

[0178] The flexible conductive device 702 can be made using a variety of material combinations with different combinations of conductive properties, depending on the desired sensitivity level caused by the hardware components alone.

[0179] A 5-volt power supply is attached to the flexible conductive device 702, and the output value is recorded. In one example, the output value is in the range of 0-1024, based on the maximum threshold measured from the complete circuit under the same amount of force / pressure applied. Different materials will output different maximum thresholds based on the amount of force / pressure, with high-conductivity materials reaching a maximum threshold higher than materials with low conductivity levels (see Table 1 below). The threshold will vary due to different combinations of materials and different amounts of force / pressure applied, and the sensitivity can also be adjusted by using an improved two-layer system (rather than a three-layer system).

[0180] Due to the natural resistance of current-carrying conductors, the maximum value (e.g., 1024) will not be reached based on a 5V input threshold, and the order and combination of various materials may cause differences in the time it takes for the circuit to complete.

[0181] Table 1

[0182] Materials testing: Output value range 0-1024, 5V power supply

[0183] Materials list

[0184] O = Original material, conductive fabric, single-sided

[0185] M = Resistor grid layer

[0186] V = Resistive plastic type layer

[0187] G = Green conductive fabric, double-sided

[0188] S = Silver conductive fabric, single-sided

[0189]

[0190]

[0191] Conductive path design

[0192] Example Design 1: An example of a flexible conductive device for a system for detecting pressure on a flat, incompressible surface is a two-layer design, in which conductive textiles combine conductive and non-conductive wires "woven / knitted" in a grid pattern, wherein each non-conductive wire separates each conductive wire. A first conductive path 302 extends in one direction, and a second conductive path extends in an intersecting direction 304, so that when the two conductive paths overlap, a grid pattern is formed. Each intersection point forms a sensor region 112, which can measure changes based on a first resistance level of the non-conductive wires separating the first and second layers and a second resistance level of the non-conductive wires separating the conductive wires on the same layer. Due to the separation of the conductive wires, pressure from an external force will compress the two layers, causing the intersecting conductive paths to contact at different points 306, from which changes in the electrical signal related to the amount of applied pressure can be measured.

[0193] Example Design 2: An example embodiment of a flexible conductive device setup for a system for detecting pressure on a surface (e.g., a bed) with varying shape factors is a three-layer design, wherein the first and second conductive paths 504 and 508 are separated by an intermediate layer 506. This intermediate layer provides resistance due to the dispersion of the first and second conductive paths 504 and 508, ensuring complete contact of the conductive paths in cases such as when the parts of the flexible conductive device are tightly bound together.

[0194] Example Design 3: The third example is where one layer has a spiral design 204 that creates gaps to reduce surface area conductivity. The opposing layer 200 will have higher surface area conductivity to eliminate the gaps, allowing the variation to be determined by the points of contact. If the above example is flipped, the small contact points formed in the areas where gaps exist may not produce output values ​​similar to those shown in the previous examples.

[0195] Example Design 4: The fourth example includes an efficient method for using less material by combining conductive fabric and wire: one example is 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) of conductive fabric 212 and conductive wire 214 connected in a pattern, which increases the surface area equivalent to 2.54 cm (1.0 inch) of conductive fabric but uses less material (see, for example, [link to design]). Figure 2E and 2F ).

[0196] Figure 12 A flowchart 1200 illustrating an algorithm of an example embodiment is shown for performing respiration analysis and detecting conditions outside the normal set parameter range using a flexible conductive device 702 and a system 700. The torso is highlighted in the figure (see figure). Figure 6C The target region is used to monitor respiratory activity and is compared with readings during non-respiratory states. After identifying errors and outliers and excluding them from the respiratory analysis, the area of ​​the torso region is determined. Changes between respiratory and non-respiratory states are calculated. In one example embodiment, a Fourier transform is also performed on each signal from all sensor points.

[0197] In event 1202, the sensors of each flexible conductive device 702 are calibrated and normalized. For example, a baseline signal can be determined when there is no object or external pressure on the flexible conductive device 702. In event 1204, one or more sensors of the flexible conductive device 702 detect the presence of contact input. In event 1206, raw data is collected from the sensors of the flexible conductive device 702. In event 1208, the raw data is processed. In event 1210, it is determined whether the received value is greater than or less than a set normal parameter. If so, timing begins in event 1212. Furthermore, in event 1214, it is determined whether the value is greater than or less than a set normal parameter within a specified time period (e.g., several seconds). If not, the method loops back to event 1206. Referring again to event 1214, if so, user feedback is transmitted to an output device, such as a speaker, light, or visual display, at event 1216, and then the data continues to event 1218. In one example implementation, all events are captured in database networks 706 and 708.

[0198] Referring again to event 1210, if not, then in event 1218, the processed data will be transmitted to database networks 706 and 708. In event 1220, long-term analysis is performed, which can be based on the current patient, historical information, other patients, big data, etc. In event 1222, long-term data trends are output. In one example embodiment, long-term analysis data can also be captured in database networks 706 and 708. In event 1224, flowchart 1200 repeats to event 1204 to continue the loop.

[0199] Figure 13 A flowchart 1300 illustrates an algorithm for monitoring pressure using a flexible conductive device system 700 attached to a tourniquet for combat applications. In event 1302, once activated, system 700 is configured to calibrate based on the pressure level set by the applicator, or via an automatic setting to establish a baseline for the pressure applied in event 1304. In event 1306, it is determined whether the received value deviates from a set parameter, such as pressure loss. If so, in event 1310, system 700 can be configured to issue an alarm via an output device regarding pressure loss in the tourniquet until the correct pressure level is reached again. If not, in event 1308, flowchart 1300 repeats event 1306 and continues the loop.

[0200] Figure 14A shows the results of the respiratory analysis under controlled experimental settings. Figures 1402, 1404, 1406, and 1408 show the relationship between the average value of all data from all sensors and the time interval values. Figure 1402 shows the relatively stable signal and average initial baseline reading when the flexible conductive device is unobstructed. Figure 1404 shows the signal fluctuations when someone is lying on the mat breathing naturally. Figure 1406 shows the signal fluctuations when someone takes a deep breath. Figure 1408 depicts the transition from normal breathing to breath-holding when lying on the mat. Figures 1404, 1406, and 1408 show the average detected values ​​subtracted from the baseline values ​​in Figure 1402.

[0201] Figure 14B and 14C Further results of the electrical signals obtained under controlled experimental settings are shown, which were converted into activity monitoring graph 1410 and respiration graph 1418. Figure 14B The image shown is monitoring diagram 1410, which depicts activity before and after the presence of an object on the flexible conductive device indicated by signal 1412, and a spike 1414 in the signal indicating a sudden movement caused by a sneeze. For example, a cough can be identified by spikes in the signal that are larger than a standard setting but smaller than the large spike 1414 caused by a sneeze, and these spikes occur more frequently. Figure 14C Figure 1418 is shown, which depicts the situation in relation to... Figure 14B The results were obtained from the same controlled experimental settings for human breathing patterns. The original signal is shown in line graph 1420, and the filtered and processed signal is shown in line graph 1422.

[0202] Significant differences exist among the various figures. For example, the variation in the deep breathing figure 1406 is greater than that in the other figures compared to the normal breathing figure 1404, the baseline figure 1402, or the figure 1408 of breath-holding.

[0203] Figure 15A and 15B Another set of experimental results is shown for an example embodiment of monitoring respiratory patterns using a flexible conductive device in a controlled clinical setting, illustrating readings or signal values ​​over time. The respiratory pattern was simulated using a high-tech human model equipped with an artificial lung inflated by an air compressor, with a respiratory rate of zero (“BR0”). Figure 1502 shows a comparison of baseline readings with and without an object on the flexible conductive device. Figure 1504 shows the baseline readings with the air compressor off. Figure 1506 shows the baseline readings with the air compressor on but all vital signs set to 0, while also showing the detection of slight vibrations from the air compressor controlling the high-tech human model. The air compressor motor is located on the floor, some distance from the sensor, illustrating the sensitivity of the flexible conductive device.

[0204] Go to Figure 15B Figure 1508 shows the results of another set of experiments, using a human model with an artificial lung to simulate breathing at a rate of 10 breaths per minute (“BR10”). The amount of air in the artificial lung was controlled by an air compressor, which inflated and deflated the artificial lung to simulate breathing. Figure 1508 shows the results when the air compressor was turned on and the simulated breathing was set to 10 breaths per minute. Signal 1510 shows additional results when the air compressor was turned on and the simulated breathing was set to 10 breaths per minute.

[0205] Figure 16A The diagram shows a controlled vital signs test performed on a dog diagnosed with lymphoma, with a respiratory rate of 19 (“BR:19”). Figure 1602 illustrates the signal values ​​over time, depicting the dog's activity under controlled conditions in one embodiment, starting from initial placement on a flexible conductive device, where the device determines the initial change from no object detected to the detection of an object's presence, and then displays physiological signals after the dog lies on the device. Figure 1604 shows the signal values ​​over time, showing occasional respiratory distress in the same dog, with the respiratory rate manually recorded for the first 60 seconds, during which the respiratory pattern remained relatively stable. Figure 16B The diagram shows the same dog 60 seconds later, with the irregular breathing pattern shown in Figure 1606, including segments of the dog attempting to complete an inhalation at varying intervals throughout the respiratory cycle. The respiratory rate is 22 (“BR:22”). Further shown is a diagram depicting the dog's activity as it walks, stands, and leaves the flexible conductive device under controlled conditions, as shown in Figure 1608.

[0206] In an exemplary embodiment, similar analysis and / or methods can be applied to monitor and detect heart rate and temperature.

[0207] An exemplary embodiment is a device that is variablely conductive in response to an applied external force, comprising: a first conductive path including a first conductive surface; and a second conductive path including a second conductive surface, wherein when no external force is applied, a portion of the second conductive surface has a conductive contact surface area with a portion of the first conductive surface, and another portion of the second conductive surface is separated from another portion of the first conductive surface when no external force is applied, wherein the applied external force increases the conductive contact surface area between the first and second conductive surfaces, thereby causing an increase in the conductivity between the first and second conductive surfaces.

[0208] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductivity device, a first conductive path is used to receive power from a power source, and a second conductive path generates a detectable signal based on conductivity.

[0209] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductivity device, the received power is a DC voltage.

[0210] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductivity device, the detectable signal is less than the maximum signal defined by the power supply when no external force is applied.

[0211] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductivity device, the detectable signal increases in relation to the applied external force due to the increase in conductivity.

[0212] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductivity device, the detectable signal is the maximum signal defined by the power supply when the applied external force maximizes the conductive contact surface area, thereby maximizing the conductivity.

[0213] In any of the example embodiments of the variable conductivity device described above, a power source is also included.

[0214] In any of the example embodiments of the variable conductivity device described above, a detector for detecting the detected signal is also included.

[0215] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductivity device, at least one layer is further included for separating at least a portion of the first conductive surface from the second conductive surface.

[0216] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductivity device, the at least one layer includes conductive lines that provide additional contact surface area for conductive contact.

[0217] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductivity device, the at least one layer further includes non-conductive lines.

[0218] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductive device, the at least one layer includes an insulating layer.

[0219] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductivity device, the insulating layer comprises air.

[0220] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductivity device, the at least one layer includes a compressible layer.

[0221] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductive device, a support layer is further included for receiving applied external force and supporting the first conductive path or the second conductive path, wherein the first support layer includes at least one rigid layer.

[0222] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductive device, the increase in conductive contact surface area includes an increase in contact points between the first conductive surface and the second conductive surface.

[0223] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductive device, the increase in conductive contact surface area includes an increase in the contact surface area of ​​existing conductive contact points that exist when no external force is applied.

[0224] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductive device, the applied external force reduces the distance between another portion of the first conductive surface and another portion of the second conductive surface.

[0225] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductivity device, the conductive contact surface area increases in relation to the applied external force, resulting in an increase in conductivity.

[0226] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductive device, the first conductive path includes a material having a first conductivity, and the second conductive path includes a material having a second conductivity different from the first conductivity.

[0227] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductive device, the first conductive path is substantially perpendicular to the second conductive path, and the first and second conductive paths overlap in a grid pattern.

[0228] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductive device, at least one of the first conductive path or the second conductive path is a spiral pattern.

[0229] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductive device, the applied external force increases the conductive contact surface area between another portion of the first conductive surface and another portion of the second conductive surface.

[0230] In any of the example embodiments of the variable conductivity device described above, the applied force includes vibration.

[0231] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the variable conductive device, the first conductive path and the second conductive path are composed of conductive fabric and / or conductive wire.

[0232] An example embodiment is a sensor sheet comprising one or more layers and multiple sensors, each sensor including any of the above-described variable conductivity devices; a power source for providing power to a first conductive path; and a detector for detecting a detectable signal from a second conductive path based on the conductivity of the variable conductivity device.

[0233] In any of the above-described sensor sheet examples, each sensor shares a corresponding first conductive path with a first conductive path of at least one other sensor, and each sensor shares a corresponding second conductive path with a second conductive path of at least one different other sensor, wherein power is selectively activated once for each first conductive path each time, and detectable signals from one or more second conductive paths enable it to be known which sensor is receiving an applied external force.

[0234] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the sensor sheet, the sensors are arranged in an array.

[0235] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the sensor sheet, the first conductive paths of the sensor are arranged in columns, while the second conductive paths of the sensor are arranged in rows, wherein power can be selectively activated once per first conductive path, and detectable signals from one or more second conductive paths enable it to be known which sensor is receiving the applied external force.

[0236] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the sensor sheet, the at least one layer includes at least one flexible layer.

[0237] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the sensor sheet, the at least one layer includes at least one rigid layer.

[0238] Another example embodiment is a variable pressure sensor, comprising: any of the variable conductivity devices described above; a power source for providing power to a first conductive path; and a detector for detecting a detectable signal from a second conductive path based on the conductivity of the variable conductivity device.

[0239] Another example embodiment is a printed circuit board or microchip including any of the variable conductivity devices described above, which is configured to perform digital communication via the variable conductivity devices in more than two signal states resulting from the dynamic range of the conductivity of the variable conductivity devices.

[0240] Another example embodiment is a system for monitoring external forces, comprising: a power source; one or more variable pressure sensors, each including any of the variable conductivity devices described above, for receiving power from the power source; a detector for detecting a detectable signal from the variable conductivity device based on the conductivity of the variable conductivity device; a processor for processing the detectable signal into external force data and sending the external force data to a database or server for storage and analysis; and an output device controlled by the processor for transmitting an output in response to the detectable signal or the analyzed external force data.

[0241] In any of the example embodiments of the systems described above, a microcontroller, a single-board computer including wireless and wired networking capabilities, one or more multiplexers, one or more analog-to-digital converters, one or more amplifiers, an alarm device, one or more speakers, one or more buzzers, one or more LEDs, one or more LED strips, or combinations or sub-combinations thereof are also included.

[0242] In any of the above-described system examples, the output device further includes a sensory feedback system for user interaction via the output device.

[0243] In any of the example embodiments of the systems described above, the sensory feedback system includes an alarm for alarm events.

[0244] In any of the example embodiments of the systems described above, the database is part of a cloud server.

[0245] In any of the example embodiments of the systems described above, a timer system for initiating notifications based on a predetermined set of parameters is also included.

[0246] In any of the above-described system examples, the database further includes a processor for analyzing external force data.

[0247] Another example embodiment is a method for monitoring motion using any of the systems described above, the method comprising: determining a baseline external force value when no external force is applied to the variable conductive device; acquiring a signal having a value higher than the baseline external force value; calculating the difference between the acquired signal and the baseline external force value; and identifying one or more signals having a difference greater than a difference threshold; and outputting information to an output device based on the identification when the one or more signals have a difference greater than the difference threshold.

[0248] In any of the above example embodiments of the methods described, the baseline external force value is an average value.

[0249] In any of the above-described example embodiments of the methods, the baseline external force value is the corresponding value for each variable pressure sensor.

[0250] An example embodiment is to use any of the systems described above to monitor a subject's breathing, monitor a subject's heart rate, monitor a subject's movement, monitor and track a subject's location, or monitor pressure levels in a compression device.

[0251] One example embodiment is using any of the systems described above to monitor the pressure level in a compression device tourniquet.

[0252] One example implementation is using any of the systems described above on a shelf to monitor inventory levels.

[0253] One example embodiment is to use any of the systems described above for artificial external skin in order to provide tactile feedback to robotic components.

[0254] Some embodiments include a projected dielectric sensor having a first conductive path including a first conductive mesh (e.g., a first conductive fabric), a second conductive path including a second conductive mesh (e.g., a second conductive fabric), and a dielectric gap (e.g., air or fabric) between the first and second conductive paths. A power driver can be connected to the first conductive path, and a collector can be connected to the second conductive path. Conventional capacitive sensors include conductive paths arranged in the Y-plane (e.g., top and bottom, lateral, Y1, X1). This system includes conductive paths located in the same X-plane (e.g., side-by-side, longitudinal, X1, X2). This configuration improves detection capability. This alignment can improve sensitivity and reduce manufacturing complexity. Sensors with conductive paths arranged in the Y-plane are also feasible. Some embodiments may include the use of multiple sensors arranged in a network, which may be all in the Y-plane, all in the X-plane, or a combination of both orientations.

[0255] Some embodiments feature a dielectric gap in the projected dielectric sensor, which functions as an open circuit in a resting state. In some embodiments, this gap may be significantly larger than that of a conventional capacitive sensor, thereby providing a wider detection range. This design allows the sensor to detect objects (e.g., conductors, vehicles, humans, baby seats) that are off-axis from the dielectric gap, enhancing its versatility in a variety of applications. This feature is particularly useful for applications requiring wide-area detection.

[0256] Some embodiments include a projected dielectric sensor that offers a wide range of functionalities across various fields. In vehicle applications, the sensor can detect the presence and location of occupants, monitor infant seats, and provide advanced gesture and air control for interior controls and vehicle movement. Biometric applications can leverage the sensor for shape detection and proximity detection, functioning similarly to a radar system. The system can also include gesture and air control for social interaction, allowing for intuitive control of devices and the environment based on user actions.

[0257] The capabilities of the projected dielectric sensor enable its widespread application across various sectors, enhancing its versatility and practicality. In vehicle environments, this sensor can be used to monitor the presence and location of occupants, including passengers and infant seats. Some embodiments can detect off-axis objects, such as vehicles or humans, thereby enhancing safety features like collision avoidance systems and occupant detection. The sensor can also facilitate gesture and air control for in-vehicle controls, allowing drivers and occupants to adjust settings such as temperature, audio, and navigation through simple hand gestures. This promotes safer, hands-free operation, improving the overall driving experience and safety. The wide detection range and accuracy represent a significant advancement over existing technologies.

[0258] Some embodiments may include sensors capable of detecting the shape and proximity of objects and / or entities, making the sensor valuable for security and identification purposes. Its function can be similar to radar, providing precise data on the presence and movement of people. This is particularly useful for access control systems, personal identification, and sensitive area monitoring, ensuring that only authorized personnel can enter. Gestures and air control are likely another important application of projected dielectric sensors. By recognizing and interpreting hand movements, the sensor enables intuitive and interactive control of a variety of devices and environments. This can be used in smart home systems to manage lighting, climate control, and security. In industrial environments, gestures and air control can simplify operation and improve efficiency by allowing workers to control machines and equipment without physical contact. This reduces the risk of physical interfaces becoming contaminated and worn.

[0259] Some embodiments allow sensor data to be integrated into human-machine interfaces and machine learning systems to enhance interaction and adaptive capabilities. By analyzing gestures and movements, machine learning algorithms can provide personalized responses and improve the overall user experience. For example, in smart homes, the system can learn user preferences and habits, automatically adjusting settings for optimal comfort and efficiency. Some embodiments of the sensors can perform shape detection and proximity sensing. This capability can aid applications requiring precise spatial awareness. In vehicle safety systems, shape detection helps identify and classify objects around the vehicle, enhancing obstacle detection and avoidance capabilities. In health monitoring, proximity sensing can track a patient's distance and movement, providing valuable data for health assessments and early detection of potential problems. This combination with artificial intelligence can significantly improve automation and user satisfaction.

[0260] Some implementations integrate sensors into socially interactive environments, enhancing communication and interaction in public and private spaces. For example, sensors can be used in interactive displays and devices to respond to the presence and movement of people, providing dynamic and engaging experiences. This can be applied to museum, exhibition, and retail environments to attract and engage visitors. By detecting gestures and movement, sensors can create responsive environments that react to the presence of individuals. In social settings such as events or public spaces, sensors can facilitate human-technology interaction, making it easier to navigate kiosks, interactive art installations, or smart public facilities. This technology can be used to transform user engagement across a wide range of public and private sectors.

[0261] Some embodiments include the sensor's ability to monitor vital signs and detect changes in physical activity, providing continuous and non-invasive patient monitoring. This is particularly beneficial for elderly care and chronic disease management, where real-time data can facilitate timely intervention and improve patient outcomes. The sensor can also be embedded in medical devices (such as compression devices) to monitor and maintain constant pressure, which is crucial for emergencies such as controlling bleeding. This capability ensures continuous monitoring of key health parameters without invasive procedures.

[0262] Some embodiments include the ability of the sensor to improve the accuracy and efficiency of various tasks in industrial automation. For example, on an assembly line, the sensor can detect the position and orientation of components, ensuring accurate assembly and reducing errors. The sensor can also be used to identify defects and inconsistencies in products, thereby maintaining high production standards. Some embodiments of the sensor can be integrated into flexible wearable materials, such as smart fabrics and medical wearables. This enables continuous monitoring of physical activity, health indicators, and environmental conditions, providing valuable insights and data for users and healthcare providers. Wearable sensors can be used for fitness tracking, remote health monitoring, and even military applications to monitor soldiers' health and performance. This versatility could make the sensor a valuable tool in a variety of industrial environments.

[0263] Some embodiments of this sensor can enhance interaction and adaptive capabilities by integrating it into human-machine interfaces and machine learning systems. Its ability to detect and analyze gestures makes it ideal for controlling movement within vehicles, wheelchairs, or other assistive devices for mobility, providing a seamless user experience. Applications of this sensor can be extended to vehicle exterior bumpers for proximity detection. This embodiment may or may not include the use of one or more conductive meshes. This aspect broadens the range of applicability of the sensor, making it a valuable addition to various technical fields.

[0264] Some embodiments of projected dielectric sensors can facilitate social interaction as well as gesture and air control, particularly in vehicles, wheelchairs, or other assistive devices used in motion environments. For example, drivers and passengers can interact with in-vehicle controls or manage vehicle movement through simple gestures. The sensor's functionality can also include shape detection and proximity detection, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, from vehicle safety systems to interactive entertainment.

[0265] Some embodiments may include flexible conductive devices that can be used in applications such as vehicles, wheelchairs or other assistive devices for motion monitoring systems, gesture and air control interfaces, and advanced human-machine interfaces and machine learning frameworks. Each application can benefit from the sensor's ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment, providing real-time data acquisition and interaction. The flexibility and scalability of the conductive device ensure its adaptability to a variety of industrial and commercial uses, thereby enhancing overall functionality and user experience.

[0266] Some embodiments include a first conductive path equipped with a power driver, which provides the necessary current for the sensor to operate. This power driver ensures the sensor remains active and is able to detect changes in its environment. On the other hand, a second conductive path may include a collector that collects the electrical signal generated by the sensor. The interaction between the power driver and the collector enables the sensor to accurately detect and measure a variety of physical phenomena.

[0267] In some examples, a collector can be used to collect signals without a power driver at the source. A signal power driver responds to foreign objects or foreign matter in a medium without a power driver.

[0268] like Figure 25A As shown, in one example, the sensor may include a resistor between the transmit / receive pins that generates static resistance for capacitive sensing and delays the accumulation of electrical characteristics, thereby producing a continuous signal that varies from low to high and has conducted interference.

[0269] like Figure 25B As shown, in one example, an antenna can be formed having an extended path of signal resistance extending from a resistor, thereby measuring any impedance caused by conductive objects from the surrounding environment.

[0270] like Figure 25C As shown in one example, a resistor is displayed alongside a textile pattern, its variable shape factor creating an extended path of signal resistance by extending a conceptual variable resistor (symbolically shown, acting as a collector conductive grid and providing a signal similar to that of a variable resistor (varistor)). This allows for dynamic signal measurements without a power source driving the grid. The sensed signal, similar to a variable resistor, responds automatically to conductive stimuli. Because it remains stable due to the static resistance generated by the resistor, the person's conductivity is dynamic, even when stationary, due to blood flow and the conductive properties of blood, thus allowing for detection.

[0271] In one example embodiment, the conductive paths are arranged on the same X-plane (e.g., side-by-side, X1, X2). This configuration allows the sensor to provide improved detection capabilities and a wider range of applications. By arranging the conductive paths on the same plane, the sensor can more effectively detect objects that deviate from the axis of the dielectric gap, such as conductors, vehicles, people, and baby seats.

[0272] Some embodiments of sensors' ability to detect shape and proximity could enable them to play a significant role in biometric applications. The sensor functions similarly to a radar system, providing accurate and reliable data on the presence and movement of an individual. This capability is particularly useful in security and identification systems, where detection is crucial.

[0273] Some embodiments include extending the application of sensors to gesture and air control, thereby enabling intuitive and interactive control of devices and the environment. For example, within a vehicle, sensors can facilitate gesture control for interior settings, as well as managing vehicle motion. This can enhance the user experience by providing a smooth and intuitive interface for controlling various functions.

[0274] Examples of gesture and over-the-air control interfaces using projected dielectric sensors can significantly enhance protection and security in a variety of situations. In smart home systems, these interfaces can detect and respond to gestures, providing additional security. For example, a simple gesture can be used to lock a door, activate an alarm system, or call for emergency assistance. The sensor can also detect unauthorized movement or unusual activity around the house, alerting homeowners to potential threats. By integrating with existing security systems, the sensor can help prevent burglaries and ensure the safety of occupants.

[0275] Some implementations of gestures and over-the-air control interfaces can contribute to a safer driving experience in vehicle applications. Drivers can use gestures to control in-vehicle systems, such as adjusting the temperature, browsing the infotainment system, or answering phone calls, without taking their eyes off the road. This can reduce distractions and help keep focus on driving. Furthermore, sensors can detect and respond to driver fatigue or inattention by monitoring gestures and movements, issuing alerts or even taking corrective measures such as reducing speed. These features can enhance driver awareness and reduce the risk of accidents.

[0276] Examples of gesture and over-the-air control interfaces driven by projected dielectric sensors can prevent workplace accidents and improve overall workplace safety in industrial environments. By predicting and recognizing worker movements, sensors can identify potentially hazardous situations before they occur. For example, if a worker is about to enter a hazardous area or perform a dangerous action, the system may issue a warning or activate safety protocols to prevent injury. This predictive capability can be particularly important in environments with heavy machinery or hazardous materials, as rapid response times can prevent serious accidents.

[0277] Some embodiments of the sensor's gesture and air control capabilities can ensure patient safety and improve the quality of care in healthcare settings. For example, in a hospital setting, healthcare professionals can use gestures to control medical equipment or seek assistance, minimizing the need for physical contact and reducing the spread of infection. The sensor can also monitor patient movement, detect signs of pain or abnormal activity, and alert caregivers for timely intervention. This real-time monitoring can help prevent falls and ensure patients receive prompt care.

[0278] Some implementations can leverage sensors' ability to facilitate social interaction through gesture control to enhance safety in public spaces. For example, interactive displays and devices that respond to gestures can guide individuals in emergencies, providing clear instructions and safe routes. In large venues such as airports or stadiums, sensors can manage crowd control by detecting and responding to people's movement patterns, preventing overcrowding and ensuring orderly evacuation when necessary. Such applications of gesture and airborne control can help manage large crowds efficiently and safely.

[0279] Some embodiments may include wearable devices equipped with projected dielectric sensors for personal safety, providing discreet protection. Individuals can use gestures to send distress signals or activate safety elements on their wearable devices, such as GPS tracking or emergency calls. This is particularly useful in situations where talking on the phone or using a mobile phone may be unsafe. The sensor's ability to detect and interpret subtle gestures ensures that users can quickly and discreetly access safety elements, thereby enhancing their sense of security.

[0280] Examples of gesture and over-the-air control interfaces enabled by projected dielectric sensors offer significant advantages in protection and security across a wide range of applications. From enhancing home security and improving vehicle safety to preventing workplace accidents and ensuring patient care, the sensor's capabilities provide robust solutions to modern safety challenges. By integrating these advanced gesture control capabilities, the sensor can help create safer and more secure environments for individuals and communities.

[0281] Some embodiments do not require visual confirmation to determine aerial position; they can deduce geometry in 3D space better than image processing, or they can rely on shadows and light for depth perception.

[0282] Some embodiments do not require scanning or time-of-flight signals to determine aerial position; this is limited to surface detection of objects.

[0283] Some embodiments of projected dielectric sensors can be integrated into human-machine interfaces and machine learning systems to enhance their interactive and adaptive capabilities. By analyzing gestures and other detected data, machine learning algorithms can provide more personalized and efficient responses, thereby improving the overall functionality of the system.

[0284] Some embodiments of the sensor allow its use in vehicle exterior bumpers, providing proximity detection without the need for a conductive mesh. Some embodiments may still include a conductive mesh integrated into the system. This feature broadens the sensor's applicability, making it a versatile tool across various technical fields. The sensor can detect objects and obstacles around the vehicle, thereby improving safety and navigation. Some embodiments can also detect objects inside the vehicle, such as child seats and other important items, providing real-time alerts to the driver and enhancing overall passenger safety.

[0285] Some embodiments include the flexibility and scalability of the projected dielectric sensor, making it widely applicable in industrial and commercial applications. The sensor adaptable to various environments and requirements, providing robust and reliable performance. Its ability to detect and respond to environmental changes makes it a valuable addition to any system requiring real-time data acquisition and interaction.

[0286] Some embodiments of projected dielectric sensors can position the conductive paths on the same X-plane, which is significantly different from conventional capacitive sensors that typically arrange the conductive paths on the Y-plane. In conventional capacitive sensors, the conductive paths are arranged in a stacked configuration (e.g., top and bottom, Y1, X1), which can limit the sensor's detection range and sensitivity, especially in applications requiring the detection of off-axis objects.

[0287] Some other embodiments may arrange the conductive paths side-by-side on the same X-plane (e.g., X1, X2). This configuration enhances the sensor's ability to detect objects and changes in their environment with greater accuracy and reliability. By arranging the conductive paths on the same plane, the sensor can effectively detect objects not directly aligned with the dielectric gap, such as conductors, vehicles, people, and baby seats. This side-by-side arrangement allows for a larger detection range and increased sensitivity, making the sensor highly versatile for a wide range of applications.

[0288] Compared to traditional Y-plane (lateral stacking) arrangements, some embodiments offer several advantages. First, the sensor can reduce its overall thickness, making it more suitable for space-constrained applications. Second, the sensor can enhance its ability to detect off-axis objects, which is particularly beneficial in applications such as vehicle safety, where detecting the presence of passengers or other objects is crucial.

[0289] Side-by-side conductive paths improve the robustness and durability of the sensor. The simplified structure minimizes potential points of failure and reduces manufacturing complexity. This results in more reliable sensors that can withstand a wide range of environmental conditions and maintain consistent performance.

[0290] Some embodiments of this system can open up new possibilities for gesture and air control, as well as interactive applications. By detecting the position and movement of objects with high precision, the sensor can be used to create intuitive control interfaces for vehicles, smart homes, and industrial automation. For example, drivers and passengers can use gestures to control interior settings or vehicle functions, thereby enhancing the user experience and providing a safer, hands-free way to interact.

[0291] X-plane configurations facilitate more precise shape detection and proximity sensing, similar to radar systems. This capability is valuable in a wide range of applications, from security and surveillance to health monitoring and interactive entertainment. The sensor can detect and map object shapes, monitor their proximity, and provide real-time data for various uses.

[0292] In traditional capacitive sensors, the dielectric gap can be minimized to enhance sensitivity and responsivity. However, this typically limits the sensor's ability to detect objects far from the sensing element. Some embodiments of projected dielectric sensors address this limitation by introducing a larger dielectric gap, allowing the sensor to detect changes in objects and the environment over a wider range. The sensor will still be able to operate with a smaller dielectric gap.

[0293] A larger dielectric gap acts as an open circuit in the sensor's resting state, meaning that no current flows between the first and second conductive paths when no external force or object is present. This design ensures the sensor remains inactive and conserves energy until external stimuli need to be detected and measured. When an object or force is introduced, the dielectric gap may change, thereby activating the sensor and generating a corresponding electrical signal.

[0294] One of the key advantages of a larger dielectric gap is its ability to detect objects off-axis relative to the gap itself. This capability is particularly useful in applications where sensing objects not directly aligned with the sensor's conductive path is important. This enhances the sensor's versatility and applicability in real-world scenarios. Some embodiments of the dielectric gap can be dynamically adjusted to change the sensor's sensitivity and detection range. This can be achieved using variable materials or mechanisms that control the distance between the conductive paths. Such embodiments allow for real-time customization of sensor performance based on specific application requirements. The space between the two conductive paths can be customized for a particular purpose. Some embodiments may also include a method for increasing or decreasing the sensor gap without disassembling the sensor.

[0295] Some embodiments may include a multilayer structure, wherein the dielectric gap comprises multiple layers of different dielectric materials formed from substances such as air, liquid, or solid. This can further enhance the sensor's ability to detect a variety of objects and environmental changes, thereby providing greater flexibility and accuracy in a wide range of applications.

[0296] Some embodiments may incorporate environmental compensation features to automatically adjust the dielectric gap to adapt to changes in temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors. This ensures stable performance and reliability of the sensor under varying conditions.

[0297] A larger dielectric gap can also improve the robustness and durability of the sensor. Traditional capacitive sensors, with their smaller gaps, are often more susceptible to wear and tear, as well as environmental factors such as dust, moisture, and temperature fluctuations. The increased size of the dielectric gap in projected dielectric sensors reduces these weaknesses, resulting in more reliable and durable sensors.

[0298] Some embodiments of dielectric gaps are designed to facilitate advanced functions such as shape detection and proximity sensing. By utilizing larger gaps, sensors can accurately measure the distance and orientation of objects. This makes the sensor ideal for applications requiring precise spatial awareness, such as gesture and air control interfaces, security systems, and health monitoring devices.

[0299] Some embodiments of projected dielectric sensors may include the integration of advanced signal processing algorithms, which enhance the sensor's ability to distinguish various types of objects and movements. For example, in vehicle safety systems, the sensor can be programmed to recognize specific gestures or movements that indicate potential danger or emergency. Furthermore, the sensor can be programmed to detect certain materials, such as fabric, metal, wood, skin, etc. This can help determine the type of object / entity detected by the sensor.

[0300] Some embodiments of projected dielectric sensors can be embedded in flexible materials, such as wearable fabrics or medical devices. This integration enables continuous monitoring of vital signs or physical activity, providing real-time feedback and alerts based on detected changes. Some embodiments may include sensors embedded in medical devices for monitoring one or more vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation (SpO2), electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, blood glucose level, heart rate variability (HRV), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), respiratory effort, airflow, cardiac output, blood volume, hematocrit level, skin conductance (e.g., skin conductance response), intracranial pressure (ICP), arterial stiffness, or pulse wave velocity (PWV).

[0301] Some embodiments of this sensor may be able to detect nearby conductors or other vehicles approaching from different angles. This off-axis detection can be used in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles, where understanding the vehicle's surroundings from multiple angles is crucial for safe navigation and collision avoidance.

[0302] Some embodiments of the sensor can detect the presence and movement of humans for applications in smart homes and buildings. Even when the individual is not directly within the sensor's line of sight, by recognizing the individual, the system can provide more precise and responsive control of lighting, climate, and security systems, thereby improving comfort and energy efficiency. Some systems can combine the sensor with audio or voice-activated commands. In addition to gestures or social interactions, some embodiments may also include the use of audio monitoring devices to further understand objects / entities or commands. Some embodiments may include the use of artificial intelligence / machine learning methods to detect facial expressions and / or body language to execute commands. The software may include executable actions based on these gestures and commands.

[0303] In wearable technology and health monitoring environments, some embodiments of projected dielectric sensors can monitor vital signs and physical activity even if the sensor is not perfectly aligned with the target area. This flexibility allows for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of patients, providing valuable data for health assessments and early detection of potential problems. It also allows patients to wear sensors on different parts of their bodies while still enjoying the benefits of sensing technology. For example, the sensor can detect which part of the body it is sensing and perform healthcare analysis based on that part of the patient's body.

[0304] In gesture and air control interfaces, some embodiments of sensors can recognize off-axis and / or airborne hand movements and gestures. This enables more intuitive and natural interaction with devices and the environment, such as controlling smart home systems, consumer electronics, or industrial machinery through simple gestures.

[0305] Off-axis detection capabilities can also be extended to industrial automation and robotics, where accurate detection of objects and their positions is essential for tasks such as assembly, packaging, and quality control. Some embodiments of the sensor can ensure that these tasks are performed accurately and efficiently even when the object is not perfectly aligned with the sensing element.

[0306] Some embodiments of projected dielectric sensors can be used to detect and interpret gestures for manipulating vehicles in confined spaces, parking, and navigating in complex environments. This application can enhance the safety and convenience of vehicle operation, especially in urban areas and autonomous vehicles. This could be beneficial for autonomous vehicles, driverless vehicles, and automated parking. It can also be used to alert users that they are about to cause their vehicle to collide with other objects by using one or more alarms. These alarms may include visual indications on vehicle displays, audible warnings, and tactile feedback from the steering wheel or seat. The system can also be integrated with the vehicle's automatic controls to take corrective actions, such as braking or steering adjustments, to prevent collisions.

[0307] Some embodiments of this sensor can be integrated into flexible wearable materials, such as smart fabrics and medical wearable devices. This allows for continuous monitoring of physical activity, health indicators, and environmental conditions. The data can then be sold to third parties and / or healthcare providers. Wearable sensors can be used for fitness tracking, remote health monitoring, and even military applications to monitor soldiers' health and performance.

[0308] Some embodiments may include the sensor's ability to detect shape and proximity, making it valuable for security and identification. This can be particularly useful for access control systems, personal identification, and sensitive area monitoring, ensuring that only authorized personnel can enter. Gestures and air control are likely another important application for projected dielectric sensors. By recognizing and interpreting hand movements, sensors enable intuitive and interactive control of a variety of devices and environments. This can be used in smart home systems to manage lighting, weather control, and security. In industrial environments, gestures and air control can simplify operations and improve efficiency by allowing workers to control machinery and equipment without physical contact. This reduces the risk of physical interface contamination and wear. It can also improve worker safety by reducing the amount of time workers must have direct contact with heavy and / or hazardous machinery.

[0309] Examples of sensor-enabled gesture and air control capabilities can ensure patient safety and improve the quality of care in healthcare settings. For instance, in a hospital environment, healthcare professionals can use gestures to control medical equipment or seek assistance, minimizing the need for physical contact and reducing the spread of infection. Sensors can also monitor patient movement, detect signs of pain or abnormal activity, and alert caregivers for timely intervention. This real-time monitoring can help prevent falls and ensure patients receive prompt care. The system can also monitor patient health and alert caregivers regarding certain patient conditions.

[0310] Some implementations can enhance the safety of public spaces by leveraging sensors' ability to facilitate social interaction through gestures and air control. For example, interactive displays and devices that respond to gestures can guide individuals during emergencies, providing clear instructions and safe routes. In large venues such as airports or stadiums, sensors can manage crowd control by detecting and responding to movement patterns, preventing overcrowding, and ensuring orderly evacuation when necessary. This application of gestures and air control can help manage large crowds efficiently and safely. Alarms can be triggered based on the location of a large number of individuals, alerting others to avoid certain areas or passageways that are currently crowded.

[0311] Some embodiments may include wearable devices equipped with projected dielectric sensors for personal safety, providing discreet protection. Individuals can use gestures to send distress signals or activate security features on their wearable devices, such as GPS tracking or emergency calls. This can be particularly useful in situations where making or using a phone may be unsafe, such as in cases where an individual may be robbed or tracked. The sensor's ability to detect and interpret subtle gestures ensures that users can quickly and discreetly access security features, thereby enhancing their sense of security.

[0312] Examples of gesture and air control interfaces employing projected dielectric sensors offer significant advantages in protection and security across a wide range of applications. From enhancing home and vehicle safety to preventing workplace accidents and ensuring patient care, the sensor's capabilities provide robust solutions to modern security challenges. By integrating these advanced gesture and air control features, the sensor can help create safer and more secure environments for individuals and communities.

[0313] Some embodiments of projected dielectric sensors can be integrated into human-machine interfaces and machine learning systems to enhance their interactive and adaptive capabilities. By analyzing gestures and other detected data, machine learning algorithms can provide more personalized and efficient responses, thereby improving the overall functionality of the system.

[0314] Figure 17 A dielectric sensor (1700) system for dynamic capacitance sensing is shown, comprising a first conductive path (1702) with a first conductive mesh (1704) and a second conductive path (1706) with a second conductive mesh (1708), separated by a dielectric gap (1710). The system also includes a power driver (1712) at one end of the first conductive path (1702) and a collector (1714) at one end of the second conductive path (1706).

[0315] In some embodiments, the first conductive path (1702) and the second conductive path (1706) are made of a conductive mesh material. These conductive paths are responsible for transmitting and collecting electrical signals. A dielectric gap (1710) is used to create a capacitive effect between the two paths, thereby enabling the system to detect changes in proximity, pressure, or other environmental factors. The dielectric gap can be made of air, glass, fabric, or other insulating materials. The use of insulating materials prevents electrical conduction between the two conductive elements, thereby allowing them to maintain their electric field and capacitive properties.

[0316] The power driver (1712) provides the energy required to initiate the capacitive sensing process. Once the system is started, the first conductive path (1702) interacts with a nearby object to change the electric field across the dielectric gap (1710). The altered electrical signal is then transmitted along the second conductive path (1706) to the collector (1714), where the data is processed for further interpretation.

[0317] In some embodiments, the dimensions of the first conductive mesh (1704) or the second conductive mesh (1708) can be varied to accommodate different sensing ranges or sensitivities, and the dimensions of the dielectric gap (1710) can also be varied to accommodate different sensing ranges or sensitivities. By adjusting the gap between the first conductive path (1702) and the second conductive path (1706), the system can detect a wide variety of conditions, from the presence of conductive materials to changes in the surrounding environment.

[0318] In some embodiments, the system can be designed to operate without additional components such as resistors or capacitors, since the dielectric gap (1710) and conductive mesh (1704 and 1708) inherently generate the necessary capacitance.

[0319] In some embodiments, dynamic capacitive sensor systems can reduce the need for multiple electronic components and post-processing algorithms commonly used in capacitive sensing applications—such as data cleaning, filtering, and classification before further analysis of machine / deep learning and other AI models. By employing dynamic electrical coupling between at least two conductors with a dielectric gap, the system can identify conductive objects and living organisms while optimizing power consumption and latency using pre-edge filtering classification, without requiring post-processing analysis. Some embodiments utilize larger dielectric gaps to detect a wider range of interactions, including proximity, vibration, and pressure differences. In some embodiments, the sensor can remain inactive until it detects a target object, thereby reducing overall power consumption and improving system efficiency.

[0320] Some embodiments may include capacitive sensors that interpret more than two states using dynamic signal outputs, operating beyond traditional binary outputs (e.g., high or low, on or off). This capability enables the detection of multiple states or conditions, providing a more granular sensing method or range of object motion without relying on post-processing or complex computational models. In some cases, this approach can replace traditional methods that require multiple sensors, machine learning models, or software filtering to achieve similar results.

[0321] Some embodiments may use dynamic capacitive sensors for cabin monitoring in vehicles, where the sensors can distinguish between living and non-living things. For example, the system can determine whether a human occupant or a metallic object is present based on the electrical properties of the detected material. This distinction can be used in vehicle safety applications such as proper airbag deployment, child presence detection, or other occupant protection systems.

[0322] Some embodiments may use a dynamic capacitive sensor to distinguish between humans and metals, wherein the conductivity of humans is distinguishable due to the active bodily fluids that permeate the body during movement. These active bodily fluids generate dynamic signals between first and second conductive grids (1704 and 1708). These dynamic signals may be inconsistent with conductivity, pulse width, frequency, amplitude, phase, or any other modulation technique that would otherwise cause a conduction interruption to activate the dynamic capacitive sensor. Metallic objects, on the other hand, will generate stationary signals between the first and second conductive grids (1704 and 1708). These stationary signals are distinguishable when such a dynamic capacitive sensor is activated.

[0323] In some embodiments, dynamic capacitive sensors can operate without additional electronic components, such as resistors or capacitors typically used to maintain baseline signal consistency. The sensor can utilize the natural conductivity of the object being detected (e.g., a human body or a metallic object), acting as a natural resistor or capacitor to activate the sensing signal. This reduces the overall cost and complexity of the sensor system, as well as minimizes the environmental impact associated with manufacturing and disposing of additional electronic components.

[0324] In some embodiments, the sensitivity of the sensor system can be adjusted based on the physical configuration of the conductors, including the size of the gaps between the conductors and their overall dimensions. This flexibility allows for a wide range of applications, from detecting minute physiological signals in healthcare environments to identifying larger objects in industrial automation. Software adjustments, such as changing the detection time function, can further improve the system's responsiveness and accuracy.

[0325] Some embodiments may include dynamic signals that can provide higher-density output information directly from the sensor level. This approach can reduce the potential error rate commonly associated with binary outputs due to limited interpretation of switching states. Dynamic signals can include combinations of pulse width, frequency, and amplitude to provide more accurate sensing capabilities.

[0326] In some embodiments, modulation techniques can be used to distinguish different types of sensed data. These embodiments may include using low-dynamic signals for proximity detection, while a combination of low amplitude and high frequency may indicate the vibration of an object. Pressure changes can be represented by high amplitude changes, and in some embodiments, respiratory rate can be monitored through specific amplitude patterns.

[0327] In some embodiments, this sensor system can be used in industrial automation to monitor the quality of conductive materials or articles moving through a production line. For example, two conductors can be placed on opposite sides of a conveyor belt to measure the consistency of the signal as the article passes. Any change in the signal can indicate a change in the conductivity of the article, thus helping to identify defects or inconsistencies in the product in real time.

[0328] In some embodiments, the sensor system can also be used for health monitoring applications, such as detecting whether a person or an inanimate object is present on the floor, in a bed, or in a chair or other furniture. The system can interpret dynamic signals to determine vital signs, such as heart rate or respiratory patterns, thereby distinguishing between living organisms and static objects based on differences in conductivity and motion.

[0329] Some embodiments may include methods for forming gesture signature patterns that can be used to start the vehicle engine or perform other functions, thereby preventing theft or unauthorized use. Just as seat positions can be programmed for an individual user, gesture patterns can be personalized and stored for different occupants, enhancing vehicle security and usability.

[0330] Some embodiments may employ circuits based on semiconductor logic gates, where decoupling capacitors can serve as both sensors and logic gates. For example, the two electrodes can remain neutral until electrical interference is detected. Depending on which electrode shows a greater impact, the sensor will output a corresponding signal, thereby enabling various response applications based on differential sensing.

[0331] In some embodiments, the detector includes a dielectric material positioned between two conductive meshes, with a dielectric gap of at least 10 cm. This configuration enhances the sensor's ability to detect both contact and non-contact proximity over extended distances, distinguishing it from conventional sensor designs. In some embodiments, the dielectric material is non-vacuum and can comprise various types of materials, such as air, fabric, or other suitable dielectric materials that support field coupling for proximity detection.

[0332] Dielectric materials can be interwoven or doped with conductive elements to provide a medium that allows detectors to operate effectively over a wider range of distances (e.g., spans exceeding 10 cm). This property is used to detect changes in capacitance or conductivity, enabling sensors to detect proximity (field coupling), contact, and / or pressure (conductivity) values. Using a dielectric material between two conductive grids ensures optimal sensor performance by maintaining the necessary dielectric properties while allowing flexibility in different applications.

[0333] For applications requiring a wider detection range, such as in vehicle systems used to detect occupancy, proximity, or external objects, a longer dielectric gap length is advantageous. The dielectric gap length contributes to the overall sensitivity and range of the sensor, enabling it to capture a wider range of environmental changes, including the presence of nearby objects or pressure variations. For example, dielectric gaps are typically at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm, 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m, or 5 m.

[0334] In some embodiments, the choice of dielectric material plays a crucial role in enhancing the sensor's detection capabilities. For example, air can provide low field coupling resistance, while dielectric fabrics can combine flexibility with moderate resistance, allowing for specific tuning of the sensor's sensitivity and response characteristics. This flexibility in dielectric material selection allows sensors to be customized to meet the specific needs of different applications, whether for automotive systems, external monitoring, or gesture recognition.

[0335] The detector is designed as a projection / longitudinal / lateral sensor, characterized by a power driver at one end and a collector at the other, with a dielectric material extending along its length. This dielectric material surrounds a conductive element, such as a conductive mesh, to enhance the sensor's capabilities. This configuration allows the detector to cover a greater distance (at least 10 cm), enabling the sensor to detect short-range proximity values ​​from various conductors (including human bodies, objects, or other vehicles) without direct contact. By deploying multiple detectors in parallel, the system's detection capabilities can be further enhanced, collecting more comprehensive data over a larger area.

[0336] This sensor can be attached to any conductor, thereby expanding its conductivity range and enhancing its detection capabilities. For example, in a vehicle environment, the detector can be attached to the metal frame of a vehicle seat or the frame or chassis of the vehicle itself. This configuration allows the seat frame to act as a large-area detector, significantly increasing the sensor's sensitivity and the area it can monitor. The ability to attach to existing conductive structures enables diverse applications and integration into various environments without requiring extensive modifications.

[0337] In some embodiments, the detector's flexibility is further enhanced by using conductive materials (such as conductive fabrics) within the dielectric material. This flexibility allows the sensor to be adapted to a variety of applications where it needs to conform to different shapes and surfaces. For example, in a vehicle environment, the detector can be integrated into flexible surfaces (such as vehicle seat cushions, seat covers, or seat belts) without compromising its performance.

[0338] In some embodiments, the sensor can determine whether an infant seat is occupied and whether it is facing forward or rearward, thereby prompting the vehicle to activate appropriate safety measures, such as adding a variable-force airbag or completely suppressing the airbag, to prevent injury to smaller occupants or children in child seats. Furthermore, the sensor can be used for gesture and air control, allowing passengers or drivers to interact with vehicle systems through simple hand movements, thereby minimizing the need for physical controls and improving safety and convenience.

[0339] Figure 19 A seat-based capacitive sensor system (1900) is illustrated, designed to detect the presence of a passenger in a vehicle seat. The figure includes two conductive paths, labeled sensor / conductor A (X1) (1902) and sensor / conductor B (X2) (1904). These paths are used to sense the passenger's proximity by detecting changes in capacitance caused by interference from conductive materials such as the human body. In some embodiments, the seat frame holds the sensor elements in place such that the capacitive field generated between points A and B monitors the occupant's presence and movement along the X and Y axes.

[0340] In some embodiments, the system utilizes these two conductive paths to perform triangulation and distinguish occupant positions by measuring the signal strength between points X1 and X2 (A and B). The system is designed to differentiate various occupant states based on the manner of capacitance changes between the conductive paths, including but not limited to leaning to the left, leaning to the right, or sitting in a neutral posture. This enables enhanced detection and safety mechanisms, such as determining where airbags should deploy.

[0341] Figure 20 A detailed application of a seat-based capacitive sensor system (2000) in the presence of a child occupant is illustrated. In some embodiments, conductive paths A (2002) and B (2004) are positioned to detect the presence and orientation of a child in a child safety seat. The system measures signals of capacitive interruptions caused by the child's body (2006), particularly signals associated with conductive surfaces (e.g., seat belts or seat belt systems). By detecting these changes in capacitance, the system can determine the presence of a child, whether they are left in a parked vehicle, and whether they are facing forward or backward, based on physically detected motion or by means of natural bodily fluid flow, capacitive interruption signal strength, or other methods including dynamic signals.

[0342] In some embodiments, the sensor system can also detect whether a child is safely seated or whether there is any stationary movement that may indicate a potential safety hazard or problem for the occupant. This system can improve child safety in the vehicle because an improperly seated or unbelted child may trigger alarms or other safety measures to alert the driver.

[0343] In addition to applications inside and outside the vehicle, this detector can also be used externally for purposes such as collision detection, precipitation sensing, and security / anti-theft applications. Its ability to detect proximity values ​​and changes in environmental conditions without direct contact allows the system to be used in a variety of situations. For example, the sensor can detect the presence of other vehicles or obstacles, detect raindrops or snowflakes to automatically activate windshield wipers, or sense unauthorized movement around the vehicle to trigger a security alarm.

[0344] The detector's high sensitivity also enables the sensor to detect physiological signals from living organisms. The sensor can measure changes in capacitance between its conductive elements, which may correspond to the conductivity of blood. This feature also allows the detector to monitor various physiological signals, such as heart rate or respiration, by detecting subtle changes in the body's conductivity from one side of the sensor to the other. This functionality is particularly valuable in health monitoring applications, providing a non-invasive and continuous method for monitoring patients.

[0345] The detector's ability to detect changes in field coupling based on human posture enables the sensor to be used for gesture detection. By analyzing changes in capacitance or conductivity between different regions of the sensor, the system can determine directional force or motion. For example, if a stronger detection signal exists in one coupling region than in another, the sensor can interpret the direction and velocity of an object's motion, enabling applications such as gesture-based control interfaces in vehicles, wheelchairs, other assistive and mobile devices, or smart environments.

[0346] In some embodiments, proximity and contact data from sensors can be transmitted to the vehicle's electronic control unit (ECU) or other communication devices, such as a passenger's mobile device. This communication enables various functions, such as activating the correct airbag deployment strength, issuing seatbelt warnings, issuing child passenger alarms, or detecting the orientation of child seats (e.g., forward-facing or rear-facing). The ability to transmit real-time data to the various control systems of the vehicle without relying on the post-processing and approximation models commonly used in machine intelligence decision-making ensures a more responsive and adaptive safety environment, thereby improving overall vehicle safety and user experience.

[0347] Figure 18AA projected capacitive touchscreen (1800) is shown, featuring various components that facilitate capacitive touch detection. In some embodiments, a dielectric (1802) is made of a substance such as material or air and isolates the user's touch from internal electrodes. A drive buffer (1804) sends a signal to a drive electrode (1806), which initiates the sensing process. A receiving electrode (1808) collects the signal output, thereby generating a collected charge (1810). This collected charge (1810) is generated by field coupling (1814) between the drive electrode and the receiving electrode, which is affected by the proximity of the user's touch. A drive pulse (1812) is used to excite the circuitry and detect touch interactions.

[0348] Figure 18B A cross-sectional view of the touchscreen sensor (1820) is shown, emphasizing how the layers function in touch detection. In some embodiments, a first conductor layer (1822) interacts with a second conductor layer (1824) to form a capacitive sensing field. A panel (1826) covers the sensor system to protect internal components. The system also includes a first adhesive layer (1828) bonded to a first base layer (1830) and a second adhesive layer (1832) bonded to a second base layer (1834). These adhesive layers (1828 and 1832), along with the base layers (1830 and 1834), ensure that the touchscreen sensor remains structurally stable when detecting a touch. Some embodiments may not include the use of these structural layers in the system.

[0349] Figure 21 A schematic diagram of the basic circuitry of a dynamic capacitive sensor system (2100) is shown. In some embodiments, the system includes a first capacitor plate (2102) and a second capacitor plate (2104) separated by a dielectric gap. The dielectric material between the two conductors forms the basis of the capacitive sensing mechanism. In some embodiments, the circuitry is configured to transmit a signal by sending a PIN (2106) and receive a signal by receiving a PIN (2108). When a conductor or object interferes with the system, the spacing between the capacitor plates and their interaction with the environment enable signal detection based on capacitance changes. In some embodiments, this configuration can form a capacitive sensor in which capacitance changes are detected as changes in signal. When the dielectric environment changes, for example when a conductive object enters the capacitive field, the circuitry recognizes this interference and sends a feedback signal that can be further processed.

[0350] In some embodiments, the dielectric gap between the first and second conductors creates a baseline capacitance level, and any disturbance to this capacitance (such as the presence of a human or conductive object) can cause a change in the signal. This change in capacitance is then detected and responded to, depending on the application of the sensor system, to identify a specific environment or user interaction.

[0351] Some embodiments include capacitive sensing methods that reduce reliance on post-processing by allowing the identification of signals beyond typical binary outputs. This approach is capable of detecting more than a single coordinate. By minimizing the number of components, materials, and layers required for such sensing, the system can provide a simpler and more efficient alternative to traditional capacitive sensors, which typically require top and bottom layers to function properly.

[0352] In some embodiments, capacitive touch sensors can operate by eliminating the Y2 layer typically used in mutual capacitance systems. Instead of relying on three conductors encompassing both X and Y coordinates, the system can utilize only the X plane, which includes the X1 and X2 conductive paths. This approach simplifies sensor design by allowing the identification of at least two unique coordinates while operating solely on the X plane. This approach enables capacitive sensors to be effectively used as seat sensors to determine the correct seating position (e.g., tilting left or right) on the Y plane, or for other similar applications, whereas the standard Y plane of current top and bottom capacitor plates is limited to detecting the presence or absence of conductive objects.

[0353] Some embodiments describe sensor designs that utilize simplified capacitive touch algorithms to reduce material costs, minimize manufacturing integration and installation errors, and improve detection reliability. By leveraging single-plane detection technology, these embodiments ensure the real-time identification of at least two unique coordinates, which is particularly useful in space-constrained or material-efficiency-critical environments, such as vehicle seat sensors or other confined spaces.

[0354] Some embodiments of the sensor act as a general-purpose capacitor circuit that establishes temporary electrical energy storage between two closely adjacent plates. This arrangement generates a potential difference or utilizes electric field coupling to detect changes in the surrounding environment. In this configuration, the sensor measures perturbations in the potential difference, which can be caused by various external factors, including the presence of conductive materials or objects within the field.

[0355] In some embodiments, a capacitive sensor system typically consists of a pair of capacitor plates connected to a transmit pin and a receive pin. The transmit pin transmits an electrical signal to one plate, while the receive pin detects any change in the potential difference caused by the interaction between the two plates. When an object enters the capacitive field, it causes a disturbance in the electric field, resulting in a change in capacitance that can be measured by the sensor system.

[0356] Some configurations employ capacitive sensing to detect changes in resistance (such as a resistor-like signal) or disturbances in the electric field between capacitor plates. By monitoring changes in potential difference, the system can determine the presence or absence of an object, and in some embodiments, even identify the object's size, shape, or proximity. This detection method is particularly useful in applications requiring non-contact sensing, allowing the sensor to operate effectively without direct physical contact with the object.

[0357] Other embodiments may utilize the principle of field coupling, where the electric field generated between the plates is influenced by a nearby conductive object. The system then measures changes in field strength or capacitance to infer information about the object's properties or location. This functionality enables the sensor to be used in a wide variety of applications, such as proximity detection, gesture and aerial recognition, and environmental monitoring, where accurate detection of conductive materials or objects is crucial.

[0358] In some embodiments, sensing using capacitor plates may involve adjusting the distance between the plates or the dielectric material to achieve different sensitivity levels and detection ranges. By optimizing these parameters, the sensor can be tailored for specific applications, thereby enhancing its versatility and performance in a variety of environments.

[0359] Some embodiments utilize a wider gap to substantially form an open circuit. In these configurations, external conductive interference (such as a human body, a metallic object, or any object with conductive properties) closes the gap, thus forming a closed circuit through conductive interference. This approach allows the system to operate with fewer components, reduces power dependence, and minimizes external electrical signal noise interference typically associated with capacitance and radar sensing technologies.

[0360] Some implementations offer advantages in optimizing power consumption by activating the system only when the intended object to be monitored is present. For example, in vehicle applications, the system is designed to monitor passenger detection, particularly distinguishing objects such as baby seats from people, to ensure that the airbag system is deployed correctly.

[0361] In some embodiments, the sensitivity of the system can be adjusted based on the size of the conductors or the spacing between them. Adjusting these parameters changes the resistance or the time it takes for disturbances from the conductors to travel from the power driver to the collector, which also acts as a dielectric layer in conventional capacitive sensors. This tunability can help improve the performance and reliability of the sensor system in various applications.

[0362] Some embodiments demonstrate the use of two conductors (A and B), where a signal is transmitted from conductor A and received at conductor B. For example, in seat detection applications, different seating positions of an occupant (e.g., leaning left or right) will result in different signal readings. If the person leans to the left, signal A1 will have a lower reading than signal B1. Conversely, if the person leans to the right, signal A3 will show a lower reading than signal B3. In a neutral seating position, signals A2 and B2 will have similar readings, allowing the system to accurately determine the occupant's posture or position.

[0363] Figure 22 A dynamic occupant detection system (2200) within a vehicle is depicted. The system includes a first sensor / conductor A (2202) and a second sensor / conductor B (2204) to form a capacitive sensor. By analyzing the signal strength between these conductors, the system enables the detection of different seating positions or movements of occupants within the vehicle.

[0364] Figure 22 Three different scenarios are shown. In the first scenario, the occupant's seating position is more biased towards conductor B (tilted to the left). The capacitive field near conductor B is more disturbed, resulting in a stronger signal B1 (2208) relative to signal A1 (2206). This indicates that the occupant is tilted towards conductor B, which may provide input for safety measures such as seat adjustment or, for example, airbag deployment.

[0365] The second scenario indicates that the occupant is in a neutral seating position. Signals B2 (2212) and A2 (2210) have equal strength, indicating that the occupant is centered between conductors A and B. This balanced capacitive field reflects the occupant's neutral posture, which can be used in standard vehicle operations, such as monitoring normal seat occupancy, without requiring any adjustments.

[0366] In the third case, the occupant leans further towards conductor A (leaning to the right), thus creating a greater disturbance in the capacitive field near conductor A. As a result, signal A3 (2214) is stronger than signal B3 (2216), indicating that the occupant is closer to conductor A. This change in seating position can trigger various vehicle systems, such as adjustments to seatbelt tension or preparation for airbag deployment, to optimize safety based on the occupant's position.

[0367] This capacitive sensing setup allows the system to detect and interpret different occupant postures and seating positions based on changes in the capacitive field between two conductors without direct physical contact. By comparing the relative strengths of the signals (e.g., B1 vs. A1, B2 vs. A2, B3 vs. A3), the system can determine whether the occupant is leaning to the left, right, or remaining neutral. This can provide valuable information for vehicle safety systems, such as adjusting airbag deployment areas, adjusting seat positions, or even alerting the driver when a passenger is not in an correct posture. Some embodiments may include detecting how far the occupant has leaned based on the signal strength at each corresponding conductor.

[0368] In some embodiments, the placement of the conductor in the vehicle seat can be optimized based on the occupant's orientation and type (e.g., a child in a child seat). For example, when the child seat is rear-facing, the conductor can be positioned on the upper part of the vehicle seat back. In this configuration, if the child is too far from the conductor, there will be no signal reading, thus ensuring that the system does not misinterpret the presence of a child or other object when the child or other object is not close enough to the sensor to interact with it.

[0369] Some embodiments are adapted to forward-facing child seats or adult passengers by positioning conductors such that a signal reading is generated when a child or adult is detected approaching near the conductor. This arrangement allows the system to accurately determine the presence of an occupant, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of safety systems such as airbag deployment and occupancy detection. These sensors can also detect the number of occupants inside the vehicle and disclose this information to emergency responders during a vehicle collision to ensure the safety and identification of each occupant.

[0370] In vehicle applications where precise detection, occupant classification, and continuous monitoring of seat occupancy are required, some embodiments may only require placing sensors in confined areas, such as on the seat back, seat panel, or anywhere on the seat itself. This centralized placement reduces the need for extensive sensor coverage, offering a simpler and potentially more reliable solution compared to designs requiring sensors over a larger surface area.

[0371] Some embodiments include methods for detecting and distinguishing current between objects and humans without post-processing. This method can utilize any conductor as a sensing unit and can adjust the sensing sensitivity by modifying parameters such as the conductor's size, the spacing between conductors, and the conductor's orientation. These adjustments allow the system to be adapted to various applications, thereby enhancing its flexibility and accuracy in detecting different types of objects.

[0372] In some embodiments, instead of relying on two electrodes to generate a single signal, sensing dynamics can be distinguished based on the bidirectional increase or decrease of the signal. In one example embodiment, when a static conductor (e.g., metal) is close to the right conductor, the signal will be recorded as greater than 0.5. If the conductor is closer to the left, the signal will be recorded as less than 0.5. When located between the two conductors, the signal reading is 0.5. This numerical evaluation allows for more precise detection and differentiation of objects based on their position relative to the conductors.

[0373] Other embodiments can provide detection of dynamic conductors (such as humans), with a signal range varying between 0 and 1. The system can also identify cases where the conductor is absent, maintaining an open circuit and recording no signal. This detection range allows for differentiation between static, dynamic, or missing objects, enabling various functions such as occupancy detection, gesture and air control, and security monitoring in different environments.

[0374] Some embodiments may utilize a method for detecting current and a person's position relative to a sensor. The system can identify when a person leans closer to one side, resulting in an asymmetrical signal response. A person's proximity to one of the conductors causes greater interference or coupling on that side, altering the signal characteristics. This capability enables precise monitoring of human movement and position, which is highly useful in applications such as gesture and airborne detection, seat occupancy monitoring, and adaptive control systems.

[0375] Figure 23A A sensor system (2300) is shown, comprising two conductors, sensor / conductor A (2302) and sensor / conductor B (2304), separated by a dielectric medium. A signal (2306) travels through the dielectric gap, representing a dynamic capacitive interaction that occurs when an object or conductor interferes with an electric field. In some embodiments, the position and size of the conductors, as well as the spacing between them, can be adjusted to detect various proximity or conductive interactions.

[0376] Figure 23B A similar sensor system (2300) is shown, having sensor / conductor A (2302) and sensor / conductor B (2304), but with variations in dielectric gap and signal propagation (2306). In some embodiments, this variation in signal amplitude or frequency can be used to distinguish different types of conductive interference, such as humans or metallic objects, based on their conductivity characteristics. In this example, the system operates without post-processing, providing real-time differentiation based on signal dynamics.

[0377] exist Figure 23CIn this system, changes in the electric field between conductors indicate that the detected object is closer to one side. In some embodiments, the system can distinguish between a centered object and an object tilted to one side, as shown in the asymmetric electric field (2306). Conductors (2302 and 2304) maintain their positions, while the system outputs different signal levels depending on the location of the detected object. When the object is closer to conductor (2302), the electric field distribution shifts, and the system detects this signal. This configuration enables more detailed object detection, such as determining the direction of object tilt based on the strength of the capacitance signal and perturbations in the electric field.

[0378] Some implementations allow for the detection of vital signs, such as heart rate. By utilizing a high sampling rate to measure changes in the signal between two conductors over time, the system can capture conductivity fluctuations associated with blood flow. When blood (which contains conductive properties such as iron) flows through the body, changes in capacitance can be measured to detect the heartbeat. This application enables continuous, non-invasive monitoring of physiological signals, thereby enhancing the ability to assess health status in real time.

[0379] Some embodiments include the use of a radar-like approach that utilizes vehicle structural elements (such as A, B, and C pillars) to form a sensing grid within the vehicle. This method involves mounting conductors along multiple pillars, functioning similarly to in-cabin radar transmitters and detectors, thereby enabling precise detection of objects or occupants within the vehicle. These pillars can be arranged to form a matrix network, which can accurately determine the position and movement of occupants or objects by utilizing the principles of electromagnetic wave propagation and reflection.

[0380] In some embodiments, the Doppler effect is employed for sensing between the pillars, thereby enhancing the system's ability to detect the motion, speed, and orientation of objects or people inside the vehicle. By detecting the frequency shift caused by the relative motion between the source and the object, the system can interpret changes in the vehicle's internal environment. This directional sensing method focuses detection capabilities within the vehicle, thereby reducing interference from external noise and other artifacts typically associated with conventional radar systems.

[0381] Some embodiments offer focused sensing capabilities, which confine the detection parameters to the vehicle's interior environment. This centralized approach minimizes false alarms and improves the accuracy of object detection by limiting the sensing parameters to conductors located within the vehicle's pillars. In some embodiments, the radar system can distinguish between stationary and moving objects and provide real-time data on passenger position and movement patterns.

[0382] Some embodiments further enhance detection capabilities by performing a series of radar measurements on different pillar combinations (e.g., A1 to A2, A1 to B1, A1 to C1, etc.) to form a comprehensive detection matrix. This method allows for the simultaneous monitoring of multiple areas within the vehicle, enabling applications such as occupant safety monitoring, automatic airbag deployment adjustment, child presence detection, and gesture and air traffic control systems.

[0383] Figure 24A A vehicle (2400) is shown, in which multiple pillars act as conductors in a dynamic capacitive sensor system. Pillars A1 (2402), A2 (2404), B1 (2406), B2 (2408), C1 (2410), and C2 (2412) are located within the structure of the vehicle (2400). In some embodiments, these pillars act as individual conductors or sensing elements that interact with dielectric spaces within the vehicle cabin to detect objects, people, or other conductive materials. Some embodiments include multiple points that work in conjunction with other pillars to form a multi-point detection system between each sensor. This system can detect interference between pillars and determine the location of objects or people within the vehicle by identifying which connections between pillars are interrupted.

[0384] Figure 24B A more detailed configuration of the columns relative to their spatial layout is shown. Each column includes a sensor aligned with other sensors on other columns to cover different areas of the cabin.

[0385] In some embodiments, the pillars form a capacitive sensing network operating along the X, Y, and Z axes, enabling the detection of objects or living organisms. The arrangement of these pillars allows for effective coverage of the entire vehicle interior, thereby improving detection accuracy.

[0386] Figure 24C The interaction between the individual pillars is extended, illustrating signal propagation and detection points between the pillars. Pillars A1 (2402), B1 (2406), and C1 (2410) work together to interact with each other. Pillars A2 (2404), B2 (2408), and C2 (2412) also work together. For example, pillar B2 (2408) can interact with pillar A1 (2402) to generate a signal wave (2418) that propagates and detects the presence of conductive objects (e.g., passengers or items) within the vehicle. In some embodiments, these signal waves enable real-time monitoring of the vehicle interior and help distinguish between living and non-living objects, providing comprehensive coverage. Some embodiments may include adding more pillars (D1 and D2) to the system to provide greater coverage; any number of pillars can be installed. Some embodiments may include the use of pillars in other scenarios, such as public transportation, airports, smart homes, industrial warehouses, shopping malls, conference rooms, medical facilities, parking lots, stadiums / arenas, and / or factories / manufacturing plants.

[0387] Figure 24D A complex signal propagation network between the pillars is illustrated. In this figure, pillar B1 (2406) interacts with pillars C1 (2410) and A1 (2402) via signal transmissions (2430, 2424), while pillars B2 (2408), C2 (2412), and A2 (2404) interact with pillar B1 (2406) via signals (2428, 2432, and 2426), respectively. In some embodiments, dynamic sensing between these pillars can detect changes in the proximity of occupants within the vehicle and whether such changes occur. As the signals propagate through the system, it can detect when a person tends to move closer to one pillar than another.

[0388] Some embodiments can utilize these sensor values ​​to form a data point matrix, providing insight into the spatial arrangement of objects or occupants within a vehicle. For example, a high sensor value (e.g., 1.0) indicates proximity or direct alignment between an occupant and a particular pair of pillars, while lower values ​​(e.g., 0.4 or 0.1) indicate less proximity or no alignment. This data can be used to dynamically adjust vehicle systems, such as seatbelt tensioners or airbags, based on the detected presence and location of occupants, thereby enhancing safety measures tailored to specific seating layouts. Object detection using a matrix can locate individual objects in space based on their corresponding values ​​between each pair of conductors.

[0389] Some embodiments include higher resolution for detecting and distinguishing multiple occupants or objects in a vehicle, thereby allowing for enhanced safety protocols and more precise monitoring of the interior environment. This approach also enhances the ability to differentiate between adult and child occupants, as well as to identify different seating configurations (e.g., forward-facing or rear-facing child seats) and adjust vehicle safety responses accordingly.

[0390] In some embodiments, the system utilizes its functionality to detect changes in electrical conductivity during various industrial automation processes. For example, in a conveyor belt system, conductors (A and B) can be positioned to form an inductive field that identifies and distinguishes objects based on their electrical conductivity. The system can continuously monitor objects passing through the detection area and determine whether the object contains metal or other conductive materials, as well as the object's relative size and speed. This application can be used to classify or screen items based on material properties in recycling facilities, quality control stations, or automated packaging lines.

[0391] This system can also be applied in environments where continuous monitoring of conductivity is required during long-term production operations. For example, in the manufacture of electronic textiles, the system monitors the quality and consistency of conductive yarns by placing multiple conductors (A, B, C, etc.) along the loom in various configurations. This setup allows the system to detect any conductivity deviations, which can indicate defects or inconsistencies in the yarn. As the conductive yarn moves through the detection field, the system continuously measures its electrical characteristics and provides immediate feedback to the operator or automated control unit, enabling immediate adjustments to maintain quality standards and reduce waste.

[0392] The system's directional sensing also reduces the impact of environmental noise, which can affect the accuracy of traditional detection systems. By focusing the sensing parameters in a specific direction, such as towards the center of the loom or along the conveyor belt, the system minimizes interference from external sources.

[0393] In some embodiments, this detection method can distinguish between different grades or types of conductive materials. For example, in metal sorting equipment, the system can not only identify the presence of metals but also identify their type or grade based on specific conductivity characteristics. Similarly, in the textile industry, the system can distinguish between various conductive threads or fibers to ensure that only materials meeting predetermined specifications can continue into the production process.

[0394] In some embodiments, the system can be integrated into existing automation infrastructure due to its modular and scalable design. Sensors and conductors can be arranged and repositioned with minimal disruption to the production line, allowing for adaptation to different product types or quality control requirements. This flexibility enables the technology to be used in a range of industrial environments, from manufacturing to textile weaving.

[0395] In one example embodiment, the raw sensor signal value is represented using two conductors configured with outward-facing surfaces, producing a single signal output that can have one of five states. The first state is represented by a maximum value of 1, indicating that the sensor is active. The second state occurs when the signal is above a mid-range value but below the maximum value, ranging from 0.6 to 1.0, indicating closer proximity to the "transmitting" conductor. The third state is defined by a mid-range value of 0.5, representing a neutral position where the signal is balanced between the two conductors. The fourth state reflects a lower value below 0.5, indicating closer proximity to the "receiving" conductor. The fifth state is represented by a value of 0, indicating a short-circuit state where no effective sensing is being performed. Other embodiments may use different value ranges, opposite values, or include more than five states to alert the user. The numbers used above are for illustrative purposes only, and any number / value / range can be used instead of the values ​​given herein.

[0396] An example embodiment is a mat that includes a sensor system, such as a bed sheet, exercise mat, yoga mat, or floor mat.

[0397] Although some of the present embodiments are described in the form of methods, those skilled in the art will understand that the present embodiments also relate to various devices, such as processors, circuits, and controllers, including components for performing at least some aspects and features of the methods, whether by hardware components, software, or any combination of both, or in any other applicable manner.

[0398] In the accompanying drawings, as applicable, at least some or all of the shown subsystems or blocks may include or be controlled by a processor that executes instructions stored in memory or a non-transitory computer-readable medium. Variations may be made to some of the exemplary embodiments, which may include any combination and sub-combination of the foregoing (embodiments). The various embodiments described above are merely examples and are in no way intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. The exemplary embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art having advantages over the exemplary embodiments, and these variations are all within the scope of this disclosure. Specifically, features from one or more of the foregoing embodiments may be selected to generate alternative embodiments consisting of combinations of feature sub-combinations, which may not be explicitly described above. Furthermore, features from one or more of the foregoing embodiments may be selected and combined to form alternative embodiments consisting of combinations of features, which may not be explicitly described above. Those skilled in the art will readily understand the features applicable to such combinations and sub-combinations after reading this disclosure in its entirety. The subject matter described herein is intended to cover and include all suitable technical variations.

[0399] Certain adjustments and modifications can be made to the embodiments described. Therefore, the above embodiments should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive.

Claims

1. A dielectric sensor, comprising: A first conductive path includes a first conductive mesh, the first conductive mesh including a first sheet, wherein the first conductive path terminates at the first sheet; A second conductive path including a second conductive mesh, the second conductive mesh including a second sheet, wherein the second conductive path terminates at the second sheet, wherein the first sheet and the second sheet are substantially coplanar; A dielectric gap formed of material physically separates the first conductive path and the second conductive path, wherein the dielectric gap longitudinally separates the first sheet and the second sheet, and wherein the dielectric gap is at least 10 cm between the first sheet and the second sheet; A power driver directly connected to the first conductive path; as well as A collector directly connected to the second conductive path.

2. The dielectric sensor according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric gap does not constitute a vacuum.

3. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the dielectric gap formed by the material comprises air.

4. The dielectric sensor according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric gap formed by the material comprises fabric.

5. The dielectric sensor according to claim 1, wherein the first conductive mesh and the second conductive mesh are each made of at least one of conductive fabric, conductive tape, conductive liquid or conductive metal.

6. The dielectric sensor according to claim 1, wherein the first sheet and the second sheet are spaced at least 20 cm, 50 cm, 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m or 5 m apart.

7. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the second conductive path is not connected to the power driver or any other power driver.

8. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the dielectric sensor is configured to detect a conductor or a second material off-axis relative to the dielectric gap.

9. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein when no second material is present at the dielectric gap, the dielectric gap is an open circuit of the dielectric sensor, wherein the collector does not receive a signal.

10. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the dielectric sensor is configured to detect a vehicle or person off-axis relative to the dielectric gap.

11. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the dielectric sensor is located in at least one vehicle to detect the presence and / or location of at least one occupant.

12. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the dielectric sensor is integrated into at least one vehicle exterior bumper for proximity detection.

13. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the dielectric sensor is configured for shape detection in at least one biometric application.

14. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the dielectric sensor is configured for proximity detection in at least one biometric application.

15. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the dielectric sensor is configured to connect to at least one gesture or air control interface.

16. The dielectric sensor according to claim 15, wherein, The at least one gesture or air control interface is configured to interact with the vehicle or manage the vehicle's movement.

17. The dielectric sensor according to claim 1, wherein, The dielectric sensor is integrated into a medical device configured to monitor at least one vital sign, which is one of the following: heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation (SpO2), electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, blood glucose level, heart rate variability (HRV), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), respiratory effort, airflow, cardiac output, blood volume, hematocrit level, skin conductance, skin conductance response, intracranial pressure (ICP), arterial stiffness, or pulse wave velocity (PWV).

18. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the dielectric sensor is integrated into at least one flexible wearable material for continuous monitoring of at least one of physical activity, health indicators, or environmental conditions.

19. The dielectric sensor according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric sensor is a projected dielectric sensor.

20. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein when in a quiescent state where the collector does not receive a signal, the dielectric gap is an open circuit of the dielectric sensor.

21. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the first sheet is configured to be attached to a first post of a vehicle frame, and wherein the second sheet is configured to be attached to a second post of the vehicle frame.

22. The dielectric sensor of claim 21, wherein the first sheet is shaped according to a first post and the second sheet is shaped according to a second post.

23. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the dielectric sensor is integrated into a human-machine interface and machine learning system.

24. The dielectric sensor of claim 1, wherein the dielectric sensor is configured to detect: 1) a short-circuit state; 2) a proximity to the first sheet relative to the second sheet; 3) a proximity to the second sheet relative to the first sheet; and 4) an open-circuit state.

25. A dielectric sensor for a vehicle, comprising: A first conductive path including a first conductive mesh, the first conductive mesh including a first sheet, wherein the first conductive path terminates at the first sheet, wherein the first sheet is configured to be attached to a first post of the frame of the vehicle; A second conductive path including a second conductive mesh, the second conductive mesh including a second sheet, wherein the second conductive path terminates at the second sheet, wherein the second sheet is configured to be attached to a second post of the vehicle frame; A dielectric gap formed by a material that physically separates the first conductive path and the second conductive path. The dielectric gap longitudinally separates the first sheet and the second sheet. The first sheet and the second sheet are separated by a dielectric gap of at least 10 cm. A power driver directly connected to the first conductive path; and A collector directly connected to the second conductive path.

26. The dielectric sensor of claim 25, wherein the first sheet and the second sheet are substantially coplanar.

27. The dielectric sensor according to claim 25, wherein the first sheet and the second sheet are spaced at least 20 cm, 50 cm, 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m or 5 m apart.

28. The dielectric sensor according to claim 25, wherein, The first sheet is shaped according to the first column, and the second sheet is shaped according to the second column.

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