High-yield cultivation method for asparagus lettuce

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of asparagus lettuce cultivation, in particular to an asparagus lettuce high-yield cultivation method which comprises the following steps of seedbed preparation, seed treatment, seedling management, field planting, field management and harvesting. In the seedling raising seedbed preparation period, peat of vermiculite is added into an added fertilizer, the air permeability, the water-retaining property and the emergence rate of seeds can be improved, the fresh weight of seedlings can be improved, trichoderma harzianum powder and brown sugar water are added in the seed treatment process, the seeds can be wrapped by flora through trichoderma harzianum, the seeds can be wrapped by the flora through trichoderma harzianum, and the seedling raising effect is improved. The ammonia water fertilizer added in the seedling stage management period can enable the asparagus lettuce to stably grow and prevent the root from being burnt out due to excessive growth, stem cracking can be prevented, the toughness of the epidermis can be improved, the insect disease disaster of the asparagus lettuce can be reduced, and the yield value per mu of the asparagus lettuce can be increased.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of lettuce cultivation technology, specifically to a high-yield lettuce cultivation method. Background Technology

[0002] Lettuce, an important vegetable belonging to the genus Lactuca in the family Asteraceae, is mainly eaten for its large, fleshy stem. It is also a prime example of food and medicine sharing the same origin. It is low in calories and high in fiber, which helps with weight loss. It balances potassium and sodium to protect the cardiovascular system, and its bitter substances activate digestive power.

[0003] Currently, the main challenges in lettuce cultivation lie in its strict and sensitive environmental requirements, high incidence of pests and diseases with high control costs, and the need for meticulous operation in water and fertilizer management and harvest period control, otherwise it can easily affect the commercial value. Furthermore, it is not resistant to storage. Although the economic benefits are good, the grower's management experience and level of investment largely determine the success or failure of the final yield and quality. Overcoming these shortcomings requires careful variety selection, crop rotation, scientific cultivation management, and timely and effective pest and disease control measures. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a high-yield cultivation method for lettuce. This method can improve the germination rate of lettuce seeds, enhance the disease resistance of lettuce, and reduce the problem of stem cracking in lettuce.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a high-yield cultivation method for lettuce, the cultivation method comprising the following steps:

[0006] Step 1: Prepare the seedbed;

[0007] Step 2, Seed treatment;

[0008] Step 3, Seedling Management;

[0009] Step 4: Planting;

[0010] Step 5: Field Management;

[0011] Step 6, Harvest;

[0012] The method for preparing the seedbed is as follows: Select well-drained, well-aerated, slightly acidic sandy loam soil that has not been planted with chrysanthemum crops for more than two years. In autumn and winter, place the soil in a sheltered, sunny location with no polluted water sources nearby. Sprinkle calcium carbonate on the soil to make the pH value between 6.0 and 6.8. Add fertilizer and spread it evenly to a depth of 10 cm. After watering thoroughly, cover the soil with a film and expose it to the sun for 5 days. Make the seedbed 1 to 1.2 meters wide and 15 to 20 centimeters high, and dig drainage ditches 25 to 30 centimeters deep around it.

[0013] Preferably, the fertilizer comprises: 30-50% well-rotted organic fertilizer, 30-50% garden soil, 10-20% river sand, 10-20% peat, and 5-10% vermiculite;

[0014] The fertilizer preparation method is as follows: sieve the decomposed organic fertilizer to remove fertilizer with a thickness of ≤3mm, expose it to the sun for 3 days, place the garden soil in a reaction vessel, set the temperature to 80℃, steam for 30 minutes, wash the river sand and dry it, add the decomposed organic fertilizer, garden soil, perlite, peat and vermiculite into a container, stir until evenly mixed, and obtain the fertilizer.

[0015] Preferably, the decomposed organic fertilizer comprises: 60-70% pig manure, 30-40% straw, and 0.05-0.2% microbial agent;

[0016] The method for preparing the decomposed organic fertilizer is as follows: remove stones and plastic impurities from pig manure, dry it to a moisture content of 60-70%, add microbial agents and straw to the pig manure and stir, pile the pig manure into a mound 1.5-2 meters wide and 1-1.5 meters high with a raised top, insert ventilation holes in the pig manure, cover it with a breathable membrane and let it stand. During the 5th to 10th days of covering, when the temperature of the pig manure is 55-70℃, turn the pile of pig manure 1-2 times a day. During the 15th to 30th days of covering, when the temperature of the pig manure is 40-50℃, turn the pile of pig manure once every 3 days to obtain decomposed organic fertilizer.

[0017] Preferably, the microbial agent comprises: 10-20% Bacillus subtilis and 80-90% rice bran;

[0018] The preparation method of the bacterial agent is as follows: Bacillus subtilis and rice bran are mixed and stirred evenly, and then left to stand for 2 hours to obtain the bacterial agent.

[0019] Preferably, the seed treatment comprises: 99.7-99.9% seeds, 0.07-0.11% Trichoderma harzianum powder, and 0.01-0.03% brown sugar water;

[0020] The seed treatment preparation method is as follows: moisten the Trichoderma harzianum powder with 5% brown sugar water, let it stand for 20 minutes, soak the cold-resistant seeds in water for 2 hours at a water temperature of 30-38℃, take them out and dry them until there is no moisture on the surface, sprinkle the moistened Trichoderma harzianum powder on the cold-resistant seeds, and manually stir until each cold-resistant seed is covered with Trichoderma harzianum powder. After stirring, place the cold-resistant seeds on a cool and ventilated ground for 1-2 hours until the surface of the cold-resistant seeds is dry, and then set them aside.

[0021] Preferably, the seedling management includes the following steps: watering the seedbed to ensure soil moisture; sowing seeds in 128-cell trays; covering the seedbed with a thin film and straw mats to keep the seeds warm and prevent drafts; maintaining a daytime temperature of 20-25℃ and a nighttime temperature of 10-15℃; after seedlings have emerged, maintaining a seedbed occupancy rate of 60%-70%; removing double-stemmed and clump-forming seedlings; maintaining a seedling spacing of 1-2 cm; spraying with a 1500-fold dilution of Chunlei·Shuangmeiwei aqueous solution; and spraying with a 2000-fold dilution of brassinolide after 48 hours. For the ester, uncover the straw mat in the morning and control the daytime temperature at 12-20℃. Cover the straw mat at night and control the nighttime temperature at 5-8℃. When the seedlings have 2-3 true leaves, increase the spacing between seedlings to 4-5 cm and remove tall, weak, or diseased seedlings. When the seedlings have 5-6 true leaves, uncover the plastic film for 3-4 hours during the day for the first two days and control the temperature at 15-20℃. Cover the film and straw mat at night. On the 3rd and 4th days, uncover the film for 6-8 hours and cover the straw mat at night. From the 5th to the 7th day, no covering is needed. This yields lettuce seedlings for later use.

[0022] Preferably, the transplanting includes the following steps: watering the seedbed 20 hours before transplanting until the soil softens, removing the seedlings while keeping the root ball intact, transplanting them into the soil, burying the rhizome at the petiole of the first true leaf with a spacing of 35*40 cm, watering the soil immediately after transplanting, adding 0.1% rooting powder to the water, and gently compacting the soil around the roots with fine soil, ensuring close contact between the roots and the soil, with a thickness of 1-2 cm.

[0023] Preferably, the field management includes the following steps: watering the seedlings 5-7 days after transplanting, then controlling watering and allowing the seedlings to harden off for 7-10 days, shallowly cultivating to a depth of 2-3 cm after 13 days, removing weeds, applying well-rotted organic fertilizer and 1.25% nitrogen water fertilizer after 18 days, then applying well-rotted organic fertilizer and nitrogen water fertilizer every 10 days, applying antifreeze fertilizer water before winter, and stopping the application of well-rotted organic fertilizer and nitrogen water fertilizer during winter.

[0024] The composition of the antifreeze fertilizer solution is: 5-8% brown sugar, 0.2-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 92-97% water;

[0025] The method for preparing the antifreeze fertilizer solution is as follows: Pour 10% water into a reaction vessel and bring it to a boil. Add brown sugar and stir at 100-200 rpm for 5 minutes. Remove the mixture and set it aside. Pour 5% water into the reaction vessel, control the water temperature at 40℃, add potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and stir at 100-200 rpm for 10 minutes. Pour the brown sugar water into the reaction vessel, add the remaining water, and stir at 100-200 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain the antifreeze fertilizer solution.

[0026] Preferably, the nitrogen fertilizer comprises: 20-25% soybeans, 1-3% citrus peel, 70-78% water, 3-5% rice husk and wood ash, 0.5-0.7% eggshells, 0.01-0.03% borax, 0.01-0.03% yeast powder, 1-3% brown sugar, and 0.001-0.003% salt;

[0027] The preparation method of the nitrogen fertilizer is as follows: Soak soybeans in 30% water for 10-12 hours, then add them to a reaction vessel at 90-100℃ for 30 minutes. After removing the soybeans, let them stand at 20-35℃. Clean the eggshells and add them to the reaction vessel at 180℃ for 20 minutes. After removing the eggshells, crush them with a hammer to obtain eggshell powder (80 mesh). Add borax and 1% water to the reaction vessel at 70-80℃ and stir for 20 minutes. After removing the eggshell powder, cool it to 20-30℃ to obtain borax solution. Add yeast powder and brown sugar to the reaction vessel and stir. Stir at 100-200 rpm for 30 minutes to obtain the fermentation agent. Add citrus peel salt and 10% water to the reaction vessel and stir at 50-100 rpm for 10 minutes. Remove and chop the citrus peel. Add soybeans, rice husk ash, eggshell powder, citrus peel, borax solution, and fermentation agent to the fermentation tank. Repeat the addition until the tank is 70% full. Add water to submerge the material by 5 cm. Stir evenly and cover with plastic film. Cover with a lid, leaving a gap. Stir the fermentation tank every day for the first 7 days and aerate for 10 minutes using an oxygen pump. After 7 days, stir once every 3 days. After 15 days, filter out the residue to obtain nitrogen fertilizer.

[0028] Preferably, the harvesting includes the following steps: the top of the stem is level with the tip of the highest leaf, which serves as a harvest marker, and the leaves are harvested in batches.

[0029] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0030] 1. In this invention, vermiculite peat is added to the fertilizer during the preparation of the seedbed for seedling cultivation. Peat can absorb and lock in a large amount of water like a sponge and has a high organic content. The porous structure of vermiculite particles itself contains a large number of large pores, which can improve the aeration and water retention of the seedbed, increase the germination rate, and improve the fresh weight of seedlings.

[0031] 2. In this invention, brown sugar water and Trichoderma harzianum powder are added during seed treatment. Trichoderma harzianum can encapsulate the seeds, recognize and actively entwine the hyphae of pathogenic fungi, and secrete extracellular enzymes to dissolve and destroy the cell walls of pathogenic fungi. Trichoderma harzianum also consumes essential nutrients for the growth of pathogenic fungi in the soil, such as iron, carbon, and nitrogen, thereby inhibiting the growth and reproduction of pathogenic fungi. Brown sugar can help the metabolic activities of Trichoderma harzianum powder, providing nutrients for the seeds, thereby inhibiting damping-off and seedling blight, accelerating seedling emergence, and improving the uniformity of germination.

[0032] 3. In this invention, the soybean fermentation liquid in the ammonia fertilizer added during the seedling management period contains a large amount of organic nitrogen. After being decomposed by soil microorganisms, nitrogen elements are gradually released, which avoids sudden excessive growth of the stem. In addition, soybeans contain calcium, boron and magnesium elements. Calcium strengthens the cell wall and boron promotes calcium absorption and sugar transport, which can make lettuce grow stably and prevent excessive growth from burning the roots. It can also prevent stem cracking and improve the toughness of the epidermis. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0034] It should be noted that the raw materials used in the following embodiments are all commercially available.

[0035] Example 1: A high-yield cultivation method for lettuce, the cultivation method includes the following steps:

[0036] Step 1: Prepare the seedbed. The method for preparing the seedbed is as follows: Select well-drained, well-aerated, slightly acidic sandy loam soil that has not been planted with Asteraceae crops for more than two years. In autumn and winter, place the soil in a sheltered and sunny location with no polluted water sources nearby. Sprinkle calcium carbonate on the soil to make the pH value between 6.0 and 6.8. Add fertilizer and spread it evenly to a depth of 10 cm. After watering thoroughly, cover the soil with a film and expose it to the sun for 5 days. Make the seedbed 1 to 1.2 meters wide and 15 to 20 centimeters high, and dig drainage ditches 25 to 30 centimeters deep around the seedbed.

[0037] Step 2, Seed Treatment: The seed treatment preparation method is as follows: Moisten the Trichoderma harzianum powder with 5% brown sugar water and let it stand for 20 minutes. Soak the cold-resistant seeds in water at a temperature of 30-38℃ for 2 hours. After soaking, remove the seeds and let them air dry until there is no moisture on the surface. Sprinkle the moistened Trichoderma harzianum powder on the cold-resistant seeds and stir them by hand until each cold-resistant seed is covered with Trichoderma harzianum powder. After stirring, place the seeds on a cool and ventilated ground for 1-2 hours until the surface of the cold-resistant seeds is dry.

[0038] Step 3: Seedling Management. Seedling management includes the following steps: Water the seedbed to ensure the soil is moist. Sow seeds in 128-cell trays on the seedbed. Cover with a thin film and straw mat to keep the seeds warm and prevent drafts. Maintain daytime temperature at 20-25℃ and nighttime temperature at 10-15℃. After seedlings have emerged, maintain a moderate humidity of 60%-70% in the seedbed. Remove double seedlings and clumps of seedlings, keeping a spacing of 1-2 cm between seedlings. Spray with a 1500-fold dilution of Chunlei·Shuangmeiwei aqueous solution. After 48 hours, spray with a 2000-fold dilution of Brassica napus. For the lettuce seedlings, uncover the straw mat in the morning and maintain a daytime temperature of 12-20℃. Cover the seedlings with straw mat at night and maintain a nighttime temperature of 5-8℃. When the seedlings have 2-3 true leaves, increase the spacing between seedlings to 4-5 cm and remove tall, weak, or diseased seedlings. When the seedlings have 5-6 true leaves, uncover the plastic film for 3-4 hours during the day for the first two days and maintain a temperature of 15-20℃. Cover the seedlings with plastic film and straw mat at night. On the 3rd and 4th days, uncover the plastic film for 6-8 hours and cover the seedlings with straw mat at night. From the 5th to the 7th day, the seedlings do not need to be covered at all. This will yield lettuce seedlings for later use.

[0039] Step 4, transplanting. Transplanting includes the following steps: Water the seedbed 20 hours before transplanting until the soil softens. Remove the seedlings, keeping the root ball intact. Transplant them into the soil, burying the rhizome up to the petiole of the first true leaf with a spacing of 35*40 cm. Water the soil immediately after transplanting, adding 0.1% rooting powder to the water. Gently compact the soil around the roots with fine soil, ensuring close contact between the roots and the soil, with a thickness of 1-2 cm.

[0040] Step 5, Field Management: The field management includes the following steps: Water the seedlings 5-7 days after transplanting, then control watering and allow the seedlings to harden off for 7-10 days. After 13 days, cultivate the soil shallowly to a depth of 2-3 cm and remove weeds. After 18 days, apply well-rotted organic fertilizer and 1.25% nitrogen fertilizer. After that, apply well-rotted organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer every 10 days. Before winter, apply antifreeze fertilizer and stop applying well-rotted organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer during winter.

[0041] Step 6, Harvesting. Harvesting includes the following steps: the top of the stem should be level with the tip of the highest leaf to mark the harvest, and the leaves should be picked in batches.

[0042] The fertilizer consists of: 30% well-rotted organic fertilizer, 30% garden soil, 10% river sand, 10% peat, and 5% vermiculite;

[0043] The fertilizer preparation method is as follows: sieve the decomposed organic fertilizer to remove fertilizer with a thickness of ≤3mm, expose it to the sun for 3 days, place the garden soil in a reaction vessel, set the temperature to 80℃, and steam for 30 minutes. Wash the river sand and dry it in the sun. Add the decomposed organic fertilizer, garden soil, perlite, peat, and vermiculite to a container and stir until evenly mixed to obtain the fertilizer.

[0044] Well-rotted organic fertilizer consists of: 60% pig manure, 30% straw, and 0.05% microbial agent;

[0045] The preparation method of well-rotted organic fertilizer is as follows: Remove stones and plastic impurities from pig manure, dry it to a moisture content of 60-70%, add microbial agents and straw to the pig manure and mix, pile the pig manure into a pile 1.5-2 meters wide and 1-1.5 meters high with a raised top, insert ventilation holes in the pig manure, cover it with a breathable membrane and let it stand. During the 5th to 10th day of covering, when the temperature of the pig manure is 55-70℃, turn the pile of pig manure 1-2 times a day. During the 15th to 30th day of covering, when the temperature of the pig manure is 40-50℃, turn the pile of pig manure once every 3 days to obtain well-rotted organic fertilizer.

[0046] The microbial agent includes: 10% Bacillus subtilis and 80% rice bran;

[0047] The preparation method of the microbial agent is as follows: Bacillus subtilis and rice bran are mixed and stirred evenly, and then left to stand for 2 hours to obtain the microbial agent.

[0048] Seed treatment consists of the following components: 99.7% cold-resistant seeds, 0.07% Trichoderma harzianum powder, and 0.01% brown sugar water;

[0049] The composition of the antifreeze fertilizer solution is: 5% brown sugar, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 92% water.

[0050] The preparation method of antifreeze fertilizer solution is as follows: Pour 10% water into a reaction vessel and boil it. Add brown sugar and stir at 100-200 rpm for 5 minutes. Remove and set aside. Pour 5% water into the reaction vessel, control the water temperature at 40℃, add potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and stir at 100-200 rpm for 10 minutes. Pour the brown sugar water into the reaction vessel, add the remaining water, and stir at 100-200 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain the antifreeze fertilizer solution.

[0051] The composition of nitrogen-based fertilizer: 20% soybeans, 1% citrus peel, 70% water, 3% rice husks and wood ash, 0.5% eggshells, 0.01% borax, 0.01% yeast powder, 1% brown sugar, and 0.001% salt;

[0052] The preparation method of nitrogen-rich water fertilizer is as follows: Soak soybeans in 30% water for 10-12 hours, then add them to a reaction vessel at 90-100℃ for 30 minutes. After removing the soybeans, let them stand at 20-35℃. Clean the eggshells and add them to the reaction vessel at 180℃ for 20 minutes. After removing the eggshells, crush them with a hammer to obtain eggshell powder (80 mesh). Add borax and 1% water to the reaction vessel at 70-80℃ and stir for 20 minutes. After removing the borax powder, cool it to 20-30℃ to obtain borax solution. Add yeast powder and brown sugar to the reaction vessel and stir at a speed of [missing information - likely a speed range]. Stir at 100-200 rpm for 30 minutes to obtain the fermentation agent. Add citrus peel salt and 10% water to the reaction vessel and stir at 50-100 rpm for 10 minutes. Remove and chop the citrus peel. Add soybeans, rice husk ash, eggshell powder, citrus peel, borax solution, and fermentation agent to the fermentation tank. Repeat the addition until the tank is 70% full. Add water to submerge the material by 5 cm. Stir evenly and cover with plastic film. Cover with a lid, leaving a gap. Stir the fermentation tank every day for the first 7 days and aerate for 10 minutes using an oxygen pump. After 7 days, stir once every 3 days. After 15 days, filter out the residue to obtain nitrogen fertilizer.

[0053] Example 2: A high-yield cultivation method for lettuce, the cultivation method includes the following steps:

[0054] Step 1: Prepare the seedbed. The method for preparing the seedbed is as follows: Select well-drained, well-aerated, slightly acidic sandy loam soil that has not been planted with Asteraceae crops for more than two years. In autumn and winter, place the soil in a sheltered and sunny location with no polluted water sources nearby. Sprinkle calcium carbonate on the soil to make the pH value between 6.0 and 6.8. Add fertilizer and spread it evenly to a depth of 10 cm. After watering thoroughly, cover the soil with a film and expose it to the sun for 5 days. Make the seedbed 1 to 1.2 meters wide and 15 to 20 centimeters high, and dig drainage ditches 25 to 30 centimeters deep around the seedbed.

[0055] Step 2, Seed Treatment: The seed treatment preparation method is as follows: Moisten the Trichoderma harzianum powder with 5% brown sugar water and let it stand for 20 minutes. Soak the cold-resistant seeds in water at a temperature of 30-38℃ for 2 hours. After soaking, remove the seeds and let them air dry until there is no moisture on the surface. Sprinkle the moistened Trichoderma harzianum powder on the cold-resistant seeds and stir them by hand until each cold-resistant seed is covered with Trichoderma harzianum powder. After stirring, place the seeds on a cool and ventilated ground for 1-2 hours until the surface of the cold-resistant seeds is dry.

[0056] Step 3: Seedling Management. Seedling management includes the following steps: Water the seedbed to ensure the soil is moist. Sow seeds in 128-cell trays on the seedbed. Cover with a thin film and straw mat to keep the seeds warm and prevent drafts. Maintain daytime temperature at 20-25℃ and nighttime temperature at 10-15℃. After seedlings have emerged, maintain a moderate humidity of 60%-70% in the seedbed. Remove double seedlings and clumps of seedlings, keeping a spacing of 1-2 cm between seedlings. Spray with a 1500-fold dilution of Chunlei·Shuangmeiwei aqueous solution. After 48 hours, spray with a 2000-fold dilution of Brassica napus. For the lettuce seedlings, uncover the straw mat in the morning and maintain a daytime temperature of 12-20℃. Cover the seedlings with straw mat at night and maintain a nighttime temperature of 5-8℃. When the seedlings have 2-3 true leaves, increase the spacing between seedlings to 4-5 cm and remove tall, weak, or diseased seedlings. When the seedlings have 5-6 true leaves, uncover the plastic film for 3-4 hours during the day for the first two days and maintain a temperature of 15-20℃. Cover the seedlings with plastic film and straw mat at night. On the 3rd and 4th days, uncover the plastic film for 6-8 hours and cover the seedlings with straw mat at night. From the 5th to the 7th day, the seedlings do not need to be covered at all. This will yield lettuce seedlings for later use.

[0057] Step 4, transplanting. Transplanting includes the following steps: Water the seedbed 20 hours before transplanting until the soil softens. Remove the seedlings, keeping the root ball intact. Transplant them into the soil, burying the rhizome up to the petiole of the first true leaf with a spacing of 35*40 cm. Water the soil immediately after transplanting, adding 0.1% rooting powder to the water. Gently compact the soil around the roots with fine soil, ensuring close contact between the roots and the soil, with a thickness of 1-2 cm.

[0058] Step 5, Field Management: The field management includes the following steps: Water the seedlings 5-7 days after transplanting, then control watering and allow the seedlings to harden off for 7-10 days. After 13 days, cultivate the soil shallowly to a depth of 2-3 cm and remove weeds. After 18 days, apply well-rotted organic fertilizer and 1.25% nitrogen fertilizer. After that, apply well-rotted organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer every 10 days. Before winter, apply antifreeze fertilizer and stop applying well-rotted organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer during winter.

[0059] Step 6, Harvesting. Harvesting includes the following steps: the top of the stem should be level with the tip of the highest leaf to mark the harvest, and the leaves should be picked in batches.

[0060] The fertilizer consists of: 40% well-rotted organic fertilizer, 40% garden soil, 15% river sand, 15% peat, and 8% vermiculite;

[0061] The fertilizer preparation method is as follows: sieve the decomposed organic fertilizer to remove fertilizer with a thickness of ≤3mm, expose it to the sun for 3 days, place the garden soil in a reaction vessel, set the temperature to 80℃, and steam for 30 minutes. Wash the river sand and dry it in the sun. Add the decomposed organic fertilizer, garden soil, perlite, peat, and vermiculite to a container and stir until evenly mixed to obtain the fertilizer.

[0062] Well-rotted organic fertilizer consists of: 65% pig manure, 35% straw, and 0.1% microbial agent;

[0063] The preparation method of well-rotted organic fertilizer is as follows: Remove stones and plastic impurities from pig manure, dry it to a moisture content of 60-70%, add microbial agents and straw to the pig manure and mix, pile the pig manure into a pile 1.5-2 meters wide and 1-1.5 meters high with a raised top, insert ventilation holes in the pig manure, cover it with a breathable membrane and let it stand. During the 5th to 10th day of covering, when the temperature of the pig manure is 55-70℃, turn the pile of pig manure 1-2 times a day. During the 15th to 30th day of covering, when the temperature of the pig manure is 40-50℃, turn the pile of pig manure once every 3 days to obtain well-rotted organic fertilizer.

[0064] The microbial agent includes: 15% Bacillus subtilis and 85% rice bran;

[0065] The preparation method of the microbial agent is as follows: Bacillus subtilis and rice bran are mixed and stirred evenly, and then left to stand for 2 hours to obtain the microbial agent.

[0066] The seed treatment consisted of: 99.8% seeds, 0.09% Trichoderma harzianum powder, and 0.02% brown sugar water;

[0067] The composition of the antifreeze fertilizer solution is: 6.5% brown sugar, 0.35% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 95% water.

[0068] The preparation method of antifreeze fertilizer solution is as follows: Pour 10% water into a reaction vessel and boil it. Add brown sugar and stir at 100-200 rpm for 5 minutes. Remove and set aside. Pour 5% water into the reaction vessel, control the water temperature at 40℃, add potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and stir at 100-200 rpm for 10 minutes. Pour the brown sugar water into the reaction vessel, add the remaining water, and stir at 100-200 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain the antifreeze fertilizer solution.

[0069] The composition of nitrogen-based fertilizer: 23% soybeans, 2% citrus peel, 74% water, 4% rice husks and wood ash, 0.6% eggshells, 0.02% borax, 0.02% yeast powder, 2% brown sugar, and 0.002% salt;

[0070] The preparation method of nitrogen-rich water fertilizer is as follows: Soak soybeans in 30% water for 10-12 hours, then add them to a reaction vessel at 90-100℃ for 30 minutes. After removing the soybeans, let them stand at 20-35℃. Clean the eggshells and add them to the reaction vessel at 180℃ for 20 minutes. After removing the eggshells, crush them with a hammer to obtain eggshell powder (80 mesh). Add borax and 1% water to the reaction vessel at 70-80℃ and stir for 20 minutes. After removing the borax powder, cool it to 20-30℃ to obtain borax solution. Add yeast powder and brown sugar to the reaction vessel and stir at a speed of [missing information - likely a speed range]. Stir at 100-200 rpm for 30 minutes to obtain the fermentation agent. Add citrus peel salt and 10% water to the reaction vessel and stir at 50-100 rpm for 10 minutes. Remove and chop the citrus peel. Add soybeans, rice husk ash, eggshell powder, citrus peel, borax solution, and fermentation agent to the fermentation tank. Repeat the addition until the tank is 70% full. Add water to submerge the material by 5 cm. Stir evenly and cover with plastic film. Cover with a lid, leaving a gap. Stir the fermentation tank every day for the first 7 days and aerate for 10 minutes using an oxygen pump. After 7 days, stir once every 3 days. After 15 days, filter out the residue to obtain nitrogen fertilizer.

[0071] Example 3: A high-yield cultivation method for lettuce, the cultivation method includes the following steps:

[0072] Step 1: Prepare the seedbed. The method for preparing the seedbed is as follows: Select well-drained, well-aerated, slightly acidic sandy loam soil that has not been planted with Asteraceae crops for more than two years. In autumn and winter, place the soil in a sheltered and sunny location with no polluted water sources nearby. Sprinkle calcium carbonate on the soil to make the pH value between 6.0 and 6.8. Add fertilizer and spread it evenly to a depth of 10 cm. After watering thoroughly, cover the soil with a film and expose it to the sun for 5 days. Make the seedbed 1 to 1.2 meters wide and 15 to 20 centimeters high, and dig drainage ditches 25 to 30 centimeters deep around the seedbed.

[0073] Step 2, Seed Treatment: The seed treatment preparation method is as follows: Moisten the Trichoderma harzianum powder with 5% brown sugar water and let it stand for 20 minutes. Soak the cold-resistant seeds in water at a temperature of 30-38℃ for 2 hours. After soaking, remove the seeds and let them air dry until there is no moisture on the surface. Sprinkle the moistened Trichoderma harzianum powder on the cold-resistant seeds and stir them by hand until each cold-resistant seed is covered with Trichoderma harzianum powder. After stirring, place the seeds on a cool and ventilated ground for 1-2 hours until the surface of the cold-resistant seeds is dry.

[0074] Step 3: Seedling Management. Seedling management includes the following steps: Water the seedbed to ensure the soil is moist. Sow seeds in 128-cell trays on the seedbed. Cover with a thin film and straw mat to keep the seeds warm and prevent drafts. Maintain daytime temperature at 20-25℃ and nighttime temperature at 10-15℃. After seedlings have emerged, maintain a moderate humidity of 60%-70% in the seedbed. Remove double seedlings and clumps of seedlings, keeping a spacing of 1-2 cm between seedlings. Spray with a 1500-fold dilution of Chunlei·Shuangmeiwei aqueous solution. After 48 hours, spray with a 2000-fold dilution of Brassica napus. For the lettuce seedlings, uncover the straw mat in the morning and maintain a daytime temperature of 12-20℃. Cover the seedlings with straw mat at night and maintain a nighttime temperature of 5-8℃. When the seedlings have 2-3 true leaves, increase the spacing between seedlings to 4-5 cm and remove tall, weak, or diseased seedlings. When the seedlings have 5-6 true leaves, uncover the plastic film for 3-4 hours during the day for the first two days and maintain a temperature of 15-20℃. Cover the seedlings with plastic film and straw mat at night. On the 3rd and 4th days, uncover the plastic film for 6-8 hours and cover the seedlings with straw mat at night. From the 5th to the 7th day, the seedlings do not need to be covered at all. This will yield lettuce seedlings for later use.

[0075] Step 4, transplanting. Transplanting includes the following steps: Water the seedbed 20 hours before transplanting until the soil softens. Remove the seedlings, keeping the root ball intact. Transplant them into the soil, burying the rhizome up to the petiole of the first true leaf with a spacing of 35*40 cm. Water the soil immediately after transplanting, adding 0.1% rooting powder to the water. Gently compact the soil around the roots with fine soil, ensuring close contact between the roots and the soil, with a thickness of 1-2 cm.

[0076] Step 5, Field Management: The field management includes the following steps: Water the seedlings 5-7 days after transplanting, then control watering and allow the seedlings to harden off for 7-10 days. After 13 days, cultivate the soil shallowly to a depth of 2-3 cm and remove weeds. After 18 days, apply well-rotted organic fertilizer and 1.25% nitrogen fertilizer. After that, apply well-rotted organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer every 10 days. Before winter, apply antifreeze fertilizer and stop applying well-rotted organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer during winter.

[0077] Step 6, Harvesting. Harvesting includes the following steps: the top of the stem should be level with the tip of the highest leaf to mark the harvest, and the leaves should be picked in batches.

[0078] The fertilizer consists of: 50% well-rotted organic fertilizer, 50% garden soil, 20% river sand, 20% peat, and 10% vermiculite;

[0079] The fertilizer preparation method is as follows: sieve the decomposed organic fertilizer to remove fertilizer with a thickness of ≤3mm, expose it to the sun for 3 days, place the garden soil in a reaction vessel, set the temperature to 80℃, and steam for 30 minutes. Wash the river sand and dry it in the sun. Add the decomposed organic fertilizer, garden soil, perlite, peat, and vermiculite to a container and stir until evenly mixed to obtain the fertilizer.

[0080] Well-rotted organic fertilizer consists of: 70% pig manure, 40% straw, and 0.2% microbial agent;

[0081] The preparation method of well-rotted organic fertilizer is as follows: Remove stones and plastic impurities from pig manure, dry it to a moisture content of 60-70%, add microbial agents and straw to the pig manure and mix, pile the pig manure into a pile 1.5-2 meters wide and 1-1.5 meters high with a raised top, insert ventilation holes in the pig manure, cover it with a breathable membrane and let it stand. During the 5th to 10th day of covering, when the temperature of the pig manure is 55-70℃, turn the pile of pig manure 1-2 times a day. During the 15th to 30th day of covering, when the temperature of the pig manure is 40-50℃, turn the pile of pig manure once every 3 days to obtain well-rotted organic fertilizer.

[0082] The microbial agent includes: 20% Bacillus subtilis and 90% rice bran;

[0083] The preparation method of the microbial agent is as follows: Bacillus subtilis and rice bran are mixed and stirred evenly, and then left to stand for 2 hours to obtain the microbial agent.

[0084] Seed treatment consists of the following components: 99.9% seeds, 0.11% Trichoderma harzianum powder, and 0.03% brown sugar water;

[0085] The composition of the antifreeze fertilizer solution is: 8% brown sugar, 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 97% water.

[0086] The preparation method of antifreeze fertilizer solution is as follows: Pour 10% water into a reaction vessel and boil it. Add brown sugar and stir at 100-200 rpm for 5 minutes. Remove and set aside. Pour 5% water into the reaction vessel, control the water temperature at 40℃, add potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and stir at 100-200 rpm for 10 minutes. Pour the brown sugar water into the reaction vessel, add the remaining water, and stir at 100-200 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain the antifreeze fertilizer solution.

[0087] The composition of nitrogen-based fertilizer: 25% soybeans, 3% citrus peel, 78% water, 5% rice husks and wood ash, 0.7% eggshells, 0.03% borax, 0.03% yeast powder, 3% brown sugar, and 0.003% salt;

[0088] The preparation method of nitrogen-rich water fertilizer is as follows: Soak soybeans in 30% water for 10-12 hours, then add them to a reaction vessel at 90-100℃ for 30 minutes. After removing the soybeans, let them stand at 20-35℃. Clean the eggshells and add them to the reaction vessel at 180℃ for 20 minutes. After removing the eggshells, crush them with a hammer to obtain eggshell powder (80 mesh). Add borax and 1% water to the reaction vessel at 70-80℃ and stir for 20 minutes. After removing the borax powder, cool it to 20-30℃ to obtain borax solution. Add yeast powder and brown sugar to the reaction vessel and stir at a speed of [missing information - likely a speed range]. Stir at 100-200 rpm for 30 minutes to obtain the fermentation agent. Add citrus peel salt and 10% water to the reaction vessel and stir at 50-100 rpm for 10 minutes. Remove and chop the citrus peel. Add soybeans, rice husk ash, eggshell powder, citrus peel, borax solution, and fermentation agent to the fermentation tank. Repeat the addition until the tank is 70% full. Add water to submerge the material by 5 cm. Stir evenly and cover with plastic film. Cover with a lid, leaving a gap. Stir the fermentation tank every day for the first 7 days and aerate for 10 minutes using an oxygen pump. After 7 days, stir once every 3 days. After 15 days, filter out the residue to obtain nitrogen fertilizer.

[0089] Comparative Example 1: The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that this comparative example does not contain peat and vermiculite.

[0090] Comparative Example 2 differs from Example 1 in that it does not contain Trichoderma harzianum powder.

[0091] Comparative Example 3 differs from Example 1 in that it does not contain ammonia fertilizer.

[0092] Performance testing: For Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-3, the testing methods are as follows: Among them, the germination rate of lettuce seeds in Experiment 1, Experiment 2, Experiment 3, Comparative Examples 1, Comparative Examples 2 and 3 were tested using the testing methods in GB / T16715.5.

[0093] The pesticide residue rates of harvested lettuce were tested using the test methods in GB 2763 in Experiment 1, Experiment 2, Experiment 3, Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2, and Comparative Example 3.

[0094] The stem cracking rate of lettuce was tested using the test methods in NY / T 743 in Experiment 1, Experiment 2, Experiment 3, Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2, and Comparative Example 3.

[0095] The obtained test data are recorded in Table 1 below:

[0096]

[0097] By comparing and analyzing the relevant data in the table, it can be seen that in this invention, vermiculite peat is added to the fertilizer during the seedbed preparation. Peat can absorb and lock in a large amount of water like a sponge, and it also has a high organic content. The porous structure of vermiculite particles itself contains a large number of large pores, which can improve the aeration and water retention of the seedbed, increase the germination rate, and improve the fresh weight of the seedlings.

[0098] In this invention, brown sugar water and Trichoderma harzianum powder are added during seed treatment. Trichoderma harzianum can encapsulate the seeds, recognize and actively entangle the hyphae of pathogenic fungi, and secrete extracellular enzymes to dissolve and destroy the cell walls of pathogenic fungi. Trichoderma harzianum also consumes essential nutrients for the growth of pathogenic fungi in the soil, such as iron, carbon, and nitrogen, thereby inhibiting the growth and reproduction of pathogenic fungi. Brown sugar can help the metabolic activities of Trichoderma harzianum powder, providing nutrients for the seeds, thereby inhibiting damping-off and seedling blight, accelerating seedling emergence, and improving the uniformity of germination.

[0099] In this invention, the soybean fermentation liquid in the ammonia fertilizer added during the seedling management period contains a large amount of organic nitrogen. After being decomposed by soil microorganisms, nitrogen elements are gradually released, which avoids sudden excessive growth of the stem. In addition, soybeans contain calcium, boron and magnesium elements. Calcium strengthens the cell wall and boron promotes calcium absorption and sugar transport, which can make lettuce grow stably and prevent excessive growth from burning the roots. It can also prevent stem cracking and improve the toughness of the epidermis.

[0100] By comparing and analyzing the relevant data in the table, it can be seen that the high-yield cultivation method for lettuce of this invention, in the seedbed preparation period, adds vermiculite peat to the fertilizer, which can improve aeration, water retention and seed germination rate, and increase the fresh weight of seedlings. The addition of Trichoderma harzianum powder and brown sugar water in the seed treatment can help the fungi to coat the seeds, thereby inhibiting damping-off and seedling blight, accelerating seedling emergence and improving the uniformity of germination. The ammonia fertilizer added during the seedling management period can help lettuce grow stably and prevent excessive growth that burns the roots, as well as prevent stem cracking and improve the toughness of the epidermis, reducing the incidence of pests and diseases in lettuce. This results in an increased yield per acre of lettuce, a broader market prospect, and is more suitable for promotion.

[0101] In the description of this specification, references to terms such as "an embodiment," "example," "specific example," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0102] The preferred embodiments of the present invention disclosed above are merely illustrative of the invention. These preferred embodiments do not exhaustively describe all details, nor do they limit the invention to the specific implementations described. Clearly, many modifications and variations can be made based on the content of this specification. This specification selects and specifically describes these embodiments to better explain the principles and practical applications of the invention, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to better understand and utilize the invention. The invention is limited only by the claims and their full scope and equivalents.

Claims

1. A high-yield cultivation method for lettuce, characterized in that, The cultivation method includes the following steps: Step 1: Prepare the seedbed; Step 2, Seed treatment; Step 3, Seedling Management; Step 4: Planting; Step 5: Field Management; Step 6, Harvest; The method for preparing the seedbed is as follows: Select well-drained, well-aerated, slightly acidic sandy loam soil that has not been planted with chrysanthemum crops for more than two years. In autumn and winter, place the soil in a sheltered, sunny location with no polluted water sources nearby. Sprinkle calcium carbonate on the soil to make the pH value between 6.0 and 6.

8. Add fertilizer and spread it evenly to a depth of 10 cm. After watering thoroughly, cover the soil with a film and expose it to the sun for 5 days. Make the seedbed 1 to 1.2 meters wide and 15 to 20 centimeters high, and dig drainage ditches 25 to 30 centimeters deep around the seedbed.

2. The method for high-yield cultivation of lettuce according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fertilizer comprises: 30-50% well-rotted organic fertilizer, 30-50% garden soil, 10-20% river sand, 10-20% peat, and 5-10% vermiculite; The fertilizer preparation method is as follows: sieve the decomposed organic fertilizer to remove fertilizer with a thickness of ≤3mm, expose it to the sun for 3 days, place the garden soil in a reaction vessel, set the temperature to 80℃, steam for 30 minutes, wash the river sand and dry it, add the decomposed organic fertilizer, garden soil, perlite, peat and vermiculite into a container, stir until evenly mixed, and obtain the fertilizer.

3. The method for high-yield cultivation of lettuce according to claim 2, characterized in that, The decomposed organic fertilizer comprises: 60-70% pig manure, 30-40% straw, and 0.05-0.2% microbial agent; The method for preparing the decomposed organic fertilizer is as follows: remove stones and plastic impurities from pig manure, dry it to a moisture content of 60-70%, add microbial agents and straw to the pig manure and stir, pile the pig manure into a pile 1.5-2 meters wide and 1-1.5 meters high with a raised top, insert ventilation holes in the pig manure, cover it with a breathable membrane and let it stand. During the 5th to 10th day of covering, when the temperature of the pig manure is 55-70℃, turn the pile of pig manure 1-2 times a day. During the 15th to 30th day of covering, when the temperature of the pig manure is 40-50℃, turn the pile of pig manure once every 3 days to obtain decomposed organic fertilizer. The microbial agent comprises: 10-20% Bacillus subtilis and 80-90% rice bran; The preparation method of the bacterial agent is as follows: Bacillus subtilis and rice bran are mixed and stirred evenly, and then left to stand for 2 hours to obtain the bacterial agent.

4. The method for high-yield cultivation of lettuce according to claim 1, characterized in that, The seed treatment comprises the following components: 99.7–99.9% cold-resistant seeds, 0.07–0.11% Trichoderma harzianum powder, and 0.01–0.03% brown sugar water; The seed treatment preparation method is as follows: moisten the Trichoderma harzianum powder with 5% brown sugar water, let it stand for 20 minutes, soak the cold-resistant seeds in water for 2 hours at a water temperature of 30-38℃, take them out and dry them until there is no moisture on the surface, sprinkle the moistened Trichoderma harzianum powder on the cold-resistant seeds, and manually stir until each cold-resistant seed is covered with Trichoderma harzianum powder. After stirring, place the cold-resistant seeds on a cool and ventilated ground for 1-2 hours until the surface of the cold-resistant seeds is dry, and then set them aside.

5. The high-yield cultivation method for lettuce according to claim 1, characterized in that, The seedling management includes the following steps: water the seedbed to ensure the soil is moist; sow the seeds in 128-cell trays; cover the seedbed with a thin film and straw mat to keep the seeds warm and prevent drafts; maintain a daytime temperature of 20-25℃ and a nighttime temperature of 10-15℃; after the seedlings have emerged, maintain a seedbed occupancy rate of 60%-70%; remove double seedlings and clumps of seedlings; maintain a spacing of 1-2 cm between seedlings; spray with a 1500-fold dilution of kasugamycin + cymoxanil aqueous solution; and after 48 hours, spray with a 2000-fold dilution of brassinolide. In the morning, uncover the straw mat and maintain the daytime temperature at 12-20℃. Cover the straw mat again at night and maintain the nighttime temperature at 5-8℃. When the seedlings have 2-3 true leaves, increase the spacing between seedlings to 4-5 cm and remove tall, weak, or diseased seedlings. When the seedlings have 5-6 true leaves, uncover the plastic film for 3-4 hours during the day for the first two days, maintaining the temperature at 15-20℃. Cover the seedlings with the plastic film and straw mat at night. On the 3rd and 4th days, uncover the plastic film for 6-8 hours and cover the seedlings with straw mat at night. From the 5th to the 7th day, the seedlings do not need to be covered at all. This yields lettuce seedlings for later use.

6. The method for high-yield cultivation of lettuce according to claim 1, characterized in that, The transplanting process includes the following steps: water the seedbed 20 hours before transplanting until the soil softens, remove the seedlings, keep the root ball intact, and transplant them into the soil. The rootstock should be buried up to the petiole of the first true leaf with a spacing of 35*40 cm. Water the soil immediately after transplanting, adding 0.1% rooting powder to the water. Gently compact the soil around the roots with fine soil, ensuring close contact between the roots and the soil, with a thickness of 1-2 cm.

7. The method for high-yield cultivation of lettuce according to claim 1, characterized in that, The field management includes the following steps: water the seedlings 5-7 days after transplanting, then control watering and allow the seedlings to harden off for 7-10 days. After 13 days, cultivate the soil shallowly to a depth of 2-3 cm and remove weeds. After 18 days, apply well-rotted organic fertilizer and 1.25% nitrogen fertilizer solution. After that, apply well-rotted organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer solution every 10 days. Apply antifreeze fertilizer solution before winter and stop applying well-rotted organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer solution during winter.

8. A high-yield lettuce cultivation method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The composition of the antifreeze fertilizer solution is: 5-8% brown sugar, 0.2-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 92-97% water; The method for preparing the antifreeze fertilizer solution is as follows: Pour 10% water into a reaction vessel and bring it to a boil. Add brown sugar and stir at 100-200 rpm for 5 minutes. Remove the mixture and set it aside. Pour 5% water into the reaction vessel, control the water temperature at 40℃, add potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and stir at 100-200 rpm for 10 minutes. Pour the brown sugar water into the reaction vessel, add the remaining water, and stir at 100-200 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain the antifreeze fertilizer solution.

9. A high-yield lettuce cultivation method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The components of the nitrogen-water fertilizer are: 20-25% soybeans, 1-3% citrus peel, 70-78% water, 3-5% rice husks and wood ash, 0.5-0.7% eggshells, 0.01-0.03% borax, 0.01-0.03% yeast powder, 1-3% brown sugar, and 0.001-0.003% salt. The preparation method of the nitrogen fertilizer is as follows: Soak soybeans in 30% water for 10-12 hours, then add them to a reaction vessel at 90-100℃ for 30 minutes. After removing the soybeans, let them stand at 20-35℃. Clean the eggshells and add them to the reaction vessel at 180℃ for 20 minutes. After removing the eggshells, crush them with a hammer to obtain eggshell powder (80 mesh). Add borax and 1% water to the reaction vessel at 70-80℃ and stir for 20 minutes. After removing the eggshell powder, cool it to 20-30℃ to obtain borax solution. Add yeast powder and brown sugar to the reaction vessel and stir. Stir at 100-200 rpm for 30 minutes to obtain the fermentation agent. Add citrus peel salt and 10% water to the reaction vessel and stir at 50-100 rpm for 10 minutes. Remove and chop the citrus peel. Add soybeans, rice husk ash, eggshell powder, citrus peel, borax solution, and fermentation agent to the fermentation tank. Repeat the addition until the tank is 70% full. Add water to submerge the material by 5 cm. Stir evenly and cover with plastic film. Cover with a lid, leaving a gap. Stir the fermentation tank every day for the first 7 days and aerate for 10 minutes using an oxygen pump. After 7 days, stir once every 3 days. After 15 days, filter out the residue to obtain nitrogen fertilizer.

10. A high-yield lettuce cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The harvesting process includes the following steps: the top of the lettuce stem is level with the tip of the highest leaf, which serves as the harvest marker, and the lettuce is harvested in batches.

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