A short circuit risk identification method and system based on internal gas pressure and temperature of an electric core

Abstract

The application specifically relates to the technical field of battery safety, and discloses a short-circuit risk identification method and system based on internal air pressure and temperature of a battery cell, which comprises the following steps: real-time monitoring of internal air pressure data, internal temperature data and ambient temperature data and transmission to a battery management system; establishment of an air pressure-temperature coupling model according to the internal air pressure data, the internal temperature data and the ambient temperature data; and identification of a short-circuit risk level of the battery cell according to the air pressure-temperature coupling model and a preset threshold value in the battery management system. The method provided by the application can monitor the internal air pressure and the internal temperature of the battery cell in real time, establish the air pressure-temperature coupling model, compare the air pressure-temperature coupling model with the threshold value in the battery management system, judge the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell, and thus the internal abnormality of the battery cell can be monitored in advance, and the timeliness of short-circuit identification of the battery cell is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention specifically relates to the field of battery cell safety technology, and more specifically to a method and system for identifying short-circuit risks based on the internal air pressure and temperature of a battery cell. Background Technology

[0002] When a short circuit occurs inside a battery cell, the following process typically occurs: 1. Initial stage of internal short circuit in battery cell: Local Joule heating is generated at the micro-short circuit point, which leads to abnormal temperature rise.

[0003] 2. Triggering side reaction: High temperature triggers SEI decomposition / electrolyte reaction, which leads to an accelerated gas production rate, and consequently an increase in internal gas pressure of the battery cell.

[0004] 3. Abnormal signals detected externally: Sudden changes or accelerated rises in the voltage and surface temperature of individual cells, resulting in significant changes in the voltage of individual cells.

[0005] In existing technologies, the main methods for detecting short circuits in battery cells are voltage monitoring and cell surface temperature monitoring. Voltage monitoring detects an anomaly when the voltage suddenly drops; however, voltage drops generally occur after thermal runaway, thus the detection often has a certain lag. Surface temperature monitoring detects short circuits by judging the temperature changes on the cell surface. Since the short circuit process has progressed to the third stage mentioned above, this detection method also suffers from a certain lag.

[0006] In summary, developing a method for timely detection of short-circuit anomalies in battery cells is of great significance for improving the stability and safety of battery cells. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In view of the above problems, this invention provides a short-circuit risk identification method based on the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell. By monitoring the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell in real time, a pressure-temperature coupling model is established. Then, by comparing the pressure-temperature coupling model with the threshold in the battery management system, the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell is determined. Compared with voltage monitoring and surface temperature monitoring methods, this method can not only detect internal anomalies of the battery cell in advance and improve the timeliness of short-circuit identification, but also reduce the influence of environmental factors on short-circuit judgment based on the monitoring of internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell, thereby effectively reducing the false alarm rate.

[0008] The invention provides a short-circuit risk identification system based on the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell. Through the coordinated action of the air pressure sensor, temperature sensor, battery management system and battery cell control system, a three-level early warning and processing mechanism is established, which can effectively realize the active safety defense of the battery cell energy storage system.

[0009] According to one aspect of the present invention, a short-circuit risk identification method based on the internal air pressure and temperature of a battery cell is provided, the method comprising the following steps: Real-time monitoring of internal air pressure, internal temperature, and ambient temperature data within the battery cell is transmitted to the battery management system. Based on the internal air pressure data, the internal temperature data, and the ambient temperature data, a pressure-temperature coupling model is established. And based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and the preset threshold in the battery management system, the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified.

[0010] In one optional approach, in the step of establishing a pressure-temperature coupling model based on the internal air pressure data, the internal temperature data, and the ambient temperature data, the calculation formula for the pressure-temperature coupling model is: ; Where P is the internal pressure of the battery cell, T is the internal temperature of the battery cell, t is time, dP / dt is the rate of change of internal air pressure of the battery cell, and dT / dt is the rate of change of internal temperature of the battery cell. This represents the lag time between sudden changes in air pressure and temperature rise. Real-time ambient temperature; and This represents a penalty coefficient indicating a time lag between sudden changes in air pressure and temperature rise, used to reasonably constrain the strength of air pressure-temperature coordination.

[0011] In one alternative approach, the pressure change is related to the lag time of the temperature rise. The time is 0-30 seconds.

[0012] In one alternative approach, the step of identifying the short-circuit risk level of a battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and a preset threshold in the battery management system includes at least two levels of warning.

[0013] In one alternative approach, in the step of identifying the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and a preset threshold within the battery management system, If the pressure-temperature coupling model matches the preset first threshold range in the battery management system, the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as a Level 1 warning. If the pressure-temperature coupling model matches the preset second threshold range in the battery management system, the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as a level two warning. If the pressure-temperature coupling model matches the preset third threshold range in the battery management system, the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as a Level 3 warning.

[0014] In one alternative approach, in the step of identifying the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and a preset threshold within the battery management system, The first threshold interval is >0.5, and dP / dt>0.3 kPa / s; The second threshold interval is >2.0 or P>1.8P0, where P0 is standard atmospheric pressure 101.325 kPa; The third threshold interval is >5.0, and T>80℃.

[0015] In one alternative approach, in the step of identifying the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and a preset threshold within the battery management system, When the short-circuit risk level of a battery cell is identified as Level 1 warning, the battery management system controls the battery cell to reduce its charging and discharging power. When the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as Level 2 warning, the battery management system controls the battery cell to stop charging and discharging, and activates the liquid cooling function and triggers a warning. When the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as Level 3, the battery management system cuts off the relay and activates the fire suppression system.

[0016] In one alternative approach, the step of transmitting real-time monitoring data on internal air pressure, internal temperature, and ambient temperature of the battery cell to the battery management system includes: The internal air pressure data of the battery cell is monitored in real time using a pressure sensor and transmitted to the battery management system. In addition, temperature sensors are used to monitor the internal temperature data of the battery cell and the ambient temperature data in real time, and transmit the data to the battery management system.

[0017] The method in this embodiment of the invention establishes a pressure-temperature coupling model by real-time monitoring of the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell. Then, by comparing the pressure-temperature coupling model with the threshold in the battery management system, the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell is determined. Compared with voltage monitoring and surface temperature monitoring methods, this method can not only detect internal anomalies of the battery cell in advance and improve the timeliness of short-circuit identification, but also reduce the impact of environmental factors on short-circuit judgment based on the monitoring of internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell, thereby effectively reducing the false alarm rate.

[0018] According to another aspect of the present invention, a short-circuit risk identification system based on the internal air pressure and temperature of a battery cell is provided, the system comprising: A pressure sensor is used to monitor the internal pressure data of the battery cell in real time and transmit it to the battery management system. Temperature sensors are used to monitor the internal temperature data of the battery cell and the ambient temperature data in real time and transmit them to the battery management system; The battery management system is used to establish a pressure-temperature coupling model based on the internal air pressure data, the internal temperature data, and the ambient temperature data; and to identify the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and a preset threshold in the battery management system. And a cell control system for adaptively controlling cell operation based on the cell short-circuit risk level identified by the battery management system.

[0019] In one alternative embodiment, the cell control system includes: A charge / discharge control device is used to control the charging and discharging power of the battery cell. Liquid cooling device, used to achieve liquid cooling of battery cells; An alarm device is used to provide early warning of the risk of short circuit in the battery cell; And fire-fighting equipment, used to provide early warning and fire-fighting measures for short-circuit risks in battery cells.

[0020] The system in this embodiment of the invention establishes a three-level early warning and processing mechanism through the coordinated action of a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, a battery management system, and a cell control system, which can effectively achieve proactive safety defense for the cell energy storage system.

[0021] The above description is merely an overview of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention. In order to better understand the technical means of the embodiments of the present invention and to implement them in accordance with the contents of the specification, and to make the above and other objects, features and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent and understandable, specific embodiments of the present invention are described below. Attached Figure Description

[0022] The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings: Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the principle of the short-circuit risk identification method based on the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell provided by the present invention is shown. Figure 2 A flowchart illustrating the short-circuit risk identification method based on internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell provided by the present invention is shown. Figure 3 This invention illustrates a process for transmitting real-time monitoring data on internal air pressure, internal temperature, and ambient temperature of a battery cell to a battery management system. Figure 4The present invention illustrates a flowchart of identifying the short-circuit risk level of a battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and a preset threshold in the battery management system. Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the short-circuit risk identification system based on the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell provided by the present invention is shown. Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the battery cell control system provided by the present invention is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0023] Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the invention can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein.

[0024] Example 1: Please see the appendix Figure 1 and 2 This embodiment provides a short-circuit risk identification method based on the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell. The method includes the following steps: S110: Real-time monitoring of internal air pressure, internal temperature, and ambient temperature data within the battery cell, transmitting this data to the battery management system; please refer to the appendix for further details. Figure 3 This step involves the following steps: S111. Real-time monitoring of internal air pressure data of the battery cell using an air pressure sensor and transmission to the battery management system; S112. Real-time monitoring of internal cell temperature data and ambient temperature data using temperature sensors, and transmission to the battery management system.

[0025] S120: Establish a pressure-temperature coupling model based on the internal air pressure data, the internal temperature data, and the ambient temperature data; Furthermore, the calculation formula for the pressure-temperature coupling model is as follows: ; Where P is the internal pressure of the battery cell, T is the internal temperature of the battery cell, t is time, dP / dt is the rate of change of internal air pressure of the battery cell, and dT / dt is the rate of change of internal temperature of the battery cell. This represents the lag time between sudden changes in air pressure and temperature rise. Real-time ambient temperature; and This represents a penalty coefficient indicating a time lag between pressure surges and temperature rises. It is used to reasonably constrain the strength of pressure-temperature coordination, prevent noise interference during data acquisition, enhance system robustness, reduce the impact of environmental factors on short-circuit detection, and effectively lower the false alarm rate. Preferably, the lag time between pressure surges and temperature rises... The timeframe is 0-30 seconds. Since the short-circuit detection process inside the battery cell involves: short circuit generating gas – gas diffusion, pressure propagation – temperature conduction, and temperature sensor detection of abnormal cell temperature data, there is a delay or lag of approximately 0-30 seconds compared to abnormal cell pressure detection. Therefore, the optimal timeframe is the lag between sudden pressure changes and temperature rise. The time is 0-30 seconds.

[0026] S130: Identify the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and the preset threshold in the battery management system.

[0027] This embodiment uses a short-circuit risk identification method based on the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell. By monitoring the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell in real time, a pressure-temperature coupling model is established. Then, the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell is determined by comparing the pressure-temperature coupling model with the threshold in the battery management system. Compared with voltage monitoring and surface temperature monitoring methods, this method can not only detect internal anomalies of the battery cell in advance and improve the timeliness of short-circuit identification, but also reduce the influence of environmental factors on short-circuit judgment based on the monitoring of internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell, thereby effectively reducing the false alarm rate.

[0028] Example 2: Please see the appendix Figure 1 and 2 This embodiment provides a short-circuit risk identification method based on the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell. The method includes the following steps: S110: Real-time monitoring of internal air pressure data, internal temperature data, and ambient temperature data of the battery cell, and transmission to the battery management system; S120: Establish a pressure-temperature coupling model based on the internal air pressure data, the internal temperature data, and the ambient temperature data; S130: Identify the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and the preset threshold in the battery management system.

[0029] Steps S110 and S120 are the same as in Example 1, with the main difference being: S130: Based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and the preset threshold in the battery management system, identify the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell; preferably, in this step, identifying the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell includes at least two warning levels. For details, please refer to the appendix. Figure 4 This step involves the following steps: S131. If the pressure-temperature coupling model matches the preset first threshold range in the battery management system, the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as a Level 1 warning. S132. If the pressure-temperature coupling model matches the preset second threshold range in the battery management system, the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as a level two warning. S133. If the pressure-temperature coupling model matches the preset third threshold range in the battery management system, the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as a level three warning.

[0030] Furthermore, the first threshold interval is >0.5, and dP / dt>0.3 kPa / s; the second threshold interval is >2.0 or P>1.8P0, where P0 is standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa); the third threshold interval is >5.0, and T>80℃. dP / dt represents the rate of change of air pressure. Under normal use, the rate of change is very small. The air pressure of the battery cell under normal use is between 1000hpa and 1300hpa. Exceeding 1.8P0 indicates an abnormality. Furthermore, the internal temperature of the battery cell under normal use will not exceed 80℃. Combined with the calculation formula of the air pressure-temperature coupling model, it can be seen that... The values ​​are positively correlated with dP / dt and dT / dt, and are essentially zero when the temperature and air pressure are stable and the cell is functioning normally. Therefore, using the aforementioned threshold range can effectively distinguish and identify the short-circuit risk level of the cell. When the short-circuit risk level of the cell is identified as a Level 1 warning, the battery management system controls the cell to reduce its charging and discharging power; when the short-circuit risk level is identified as a Level 2 warning, the battery management system controls the cell to stop charging and discharging, activates liquid cooling, and triggers a warning; when the short-circuit risk level is identified as a Level 3 warning, the battery management system disconnects the relay and activates the fire suppression system. Specifically: When the pressure-temperature coupling model calculates... When dP / dt > 0.3 kPa / s, for example, when the pressure-temperature coupled model calculates... When dP / dt = 1 and dP / dt > 0.3 kPa / s, the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as Level 1 warning. The battery management system controls the battery cell to reduce the charging and discharging power to ensure the safety of the battery cell operation.

[0031] When the pressure-temperature coupling model calculates... >2.0 or P>1.8P0, where P0 is the standard atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kPa, for example, when calculated by the pressure-temperature coupling model. When P = 3.5 or P > 1.8P0, the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as Level 2 warning. The battery management system controls the battery cell to stop charging and discharging, and activates the liquid cooling function and triggers a warning to prevent the battery cell from overcharging and discharging, which could lead to an increase in temperature and a short circuit.

[0032] When the pressure-temperature coupling model calculates... When the pressure is greater than 5.0 and T is greater than 80℃, for example, when the pressure-temperature coupling model calculates... =6, and when T>80℃, the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as Level 3 warning. The battery management system cuts off the relay to stop the battery cell from continuing to work, and at the same time activates the fire-fighting device to cool down the battery cell and provide safety protection.

[0033] This embodiment uses a short-circuit risk identification method based on the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell. By real-time monitoring of the internal air pressure and temperature of the cell, a pressure-temperature coupling model is established. Then, by comparing this model with threshold values ​​within the battery management system, the short-circuit risk level of the cell is determined. Compared to voltage monitoring and surface temperature monitoring methods, this method not only detects internal anomalies in the cell earlier, improving the timeliness of short-circuit identification, but also reduces the impact of environmental factors on short-circuit judgment based on monitoring the internal air pressure and temperature, thus effectively reducing the false alarm rate. Furthermore, the three-level early warning system effectively improves the efficiency of cell operation while ensuring cell safety.

[0034] Example 3: Please see the appendix Figure 5 This embodiment provides a short-circuit risk identification system based on the internal air pressure and temperature of a battery cell. The system includes: The air pressure sensor 10 is used to monitor the air pressure data inside the battery cell in real time and transmit it to the battery management system. Temperature sensor 20 is used to monitor the internal temperature data of the battery cell and the ambient temperature data in real time and transmit them to the battery management system; The battery management system 30 is used to establish a pressure-temperature coupling model based on the internal air pressure data, the internal temperature data, and the ambient temperature data; and to identify the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and a preset threshold in the battery management system; for example, a battery BMS system.

[0035] And a cell control system 40, used to adaptively control cell operation based on the cell short-circuit risk level identified by the battery management system; for example, a battery EMS system.

[0036] In one alternative approach, please refer to the appendix for further details. Figure 6 The cell control system 40 includes: The charging and discharging control device 41 is used to control the charging and discharging power of the battery cell. Liquid cooling device 42 is used to achieve liquid cooling of the battery cell; for example, battery liquid cooling plate device, etc.

[0037] Alarm device 43 is used to provide early warning of short circuit risk in the battery cell; for example, a buzzer alarm device, a warning light alarm device, etc.

[0038] And fire-fighting device 44, used to realize fire-fighting measures for early warning of short circuit risk in battery cells; for example, fire extinguishers, etc.

[0039] In this embodiment, a short-circuit risk identification system based on the internal air pressure and temperature of the battery cell establishes a three-level early warning and processing mechanism through the coordinated action of the air pressure sensor 10, temperature sensor 20, battery management system 30, and battery cell control system 40. This can effectively realize the active safety defense of the battery cell energy storage system, thereby ensuring the safety of battery cell operation.

[0040] The algorithms or displays provided herein are not inherently related to any particular computer, virtual system, or other device. Furthermore, the embodiments of this invention are not directed to any particular programming language.

[0041] Numerous specific details are set forth in the specification provided herein. However, it will be understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. Similarly, for the sake of brevity and to aid in understanding one or more aspects of the invention, in the description of exemplary embodiments of the invention above, various features of the embodiments are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof. The claims, which follow the detailed description, are hereby expressly incorporated into that detailed description, wherein each claim itself is a separate embodiment of the invention.

[0042] Those skilled in the art will understand that the modules in the device of the embodiment can be adaptively changed and placed in one or more devices different from that embodiment. Modules, units, or components in the embodiment can be combined into a single module, unit, or component, and further, they can be divided into multiple sub-modules, sub-units, or sub-components, except that at least some of such features and / or processes or units are mutually exclusive.

[0043] It should be noted that the above embodiments are illustrative of the invention and not restrictive, and that those skilled in the art can devise alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses should not be construed as limiting the claims. The word "comprising" does not exclude the presence of elements or steps not listed in the claims. The word "a" or "an" preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The invention can be implemented by means of hardware comprising several different elements and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In the unit claims enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by the same item of hardware. The use of the words first, second, and third, etc., does not indicate any order. These words can be interpreted as names. The steps in the above embodiments, unless otherwise specified, should not be construed as limiting the order of execution.

Claims

1. A short-circuit risk identification method based on internal air pressure and temperature of a battery cell, characterized in that, The method includes the following steps: Real-time monitoring of internal air pressure, internal temperature, and ambient temperature data within the battery cell is transmitted to the battery management system. Based on the internal air pressure data, the internal temperature data, and the ambient temperature data, a pressure-temperature coupling model is established. And based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and the preset threshold in the battery management system, the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified; In the step of establishing a pressure-temperature coupling model based on the internal air pressure data, the internal temperature data, and the ambient temperature data, the calculation formula for the pressure-temperature coupling model is as follows: ； Where P is the internal pressure of the battery cell, T is the internal temperature of the battery cell, t is time, dP / dt is the rate of change of internal air pressure of the battery cell, and dT / dt is the rate of change of internal temperature of the battery cell. This represents the lag time between sudden changes in air pressure and temperature rise. Real-time ambient temperature; and This represents a penalty coefficient indicating a time lag between sudden changes in air pressure and temperature rise, used to reasonably constrain the strength of air pressure-temperature coordination.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The lag time between the sudden change in air pressure and the temperature rise The time is 0-30 seconds.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the step of identifying the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and the preset threshold in the battery management system, the identification of the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell includes at least two warning levels.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, In the step of identifying the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and the preset threshold in the battery management system, If the pressure-temperature coupling model matches the preset first threshold range in the battery management system, the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as a Level 1 warning. If the pressure-temperature coupling model matches the preset second threshold range in the battery management system, the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as a level two warning. If the pressure-temperature coupling model matches the preset third threshold range in the battery management system, the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as a Level 3 warning.

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, In the step of identifying the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and the preset threshold in the battery management system, The first threshold interval is >0.5, and dP / dt>0.3 kPa / s; The second threshold interval is >2.0 or P>1.8P0, where P0 is standard atmospheric pressure 101.325 kPa; The third threshold interval is >5.0, and T>80℃.

6. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, In the step of identifying the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and the preset threshold in the battery management system, When the short-circuit risk level of a battery cell is identified as Level 1 warning, the battery management system controls the battery cell to reduce its charging and discharging power. When the short circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as Level 2 warning, the battery management system controls the battery cell to stop charging and discharging, and activates the liquid cooling function and triggers a warning. When the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell is identified as Level 3, the battery management system cuts off the relay and activates the fire suppression system.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of transmitting real-time monitoring data on internal air pressure, internal temperature, and ambient temperature of the battery cell to the battery management system includes: The internal air pressure data of the battery cell is monitored in real time using a pressure sensor and transmitted to the battery management system. In addition, temperature sensors are used to monitor the internal temperature data of the battery cell and the ambient temperature data in real time, and transmit the data to the battery management system.

8. A short-circuit risk identification system based on the internal air pressure and temperature of a battery cell, characterized in that, The system for performing the method according to any one of claims 1-7 comprises: A pressure sensor is used to monitor the internal pressure data of the battery cell in real time and transmit it to the battery management system. Temperature sensors are used to monitor the internal temperature data of the battery cell and the ambient temperature data in real time and transmit them to the battery management system; The battery management system is used to establish a pressure-temperature coupling model based on the internal air pressure data, the internal temperature data, and the ambient temperature data; and to identify the short-circuit risk level of the battery cell based on the pressure-temperature coupling model and a preset threshold in the battery management system. And a cell control system for adaptively controlling cell operation based on the cell short-circuit risk level identified by the battery management system.

9. The system according to claim 8, characterized in that, The cell control system includes: A charge / discharge control device is used to control the charging and discharging power of the battery cell. Liquid cooling device, used to achieve liquid cooling of battery cells; An alarm device is used to provide early warning of the risk of short circuit in the battery cell; And fire-fighting equipment, used to provide early warning and fire-fighting measures for short-circuit risks in battery cells.

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