Space-time combined multi-target whole-course pest prevention and control method for main pests of protected vegetables

Abstract

The invention discloses a space-time combined multi-target whole-course pest prevention and control method for main pests of protected vegetables, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural pest prevention and control. According to the method, through a prevention and control mode of combining time dimension and space dimension, accurate and efficient prevention and control of main pests of greenhouse vegetables are realized. The main pests of the greenhouse vegetables are tracked and monitored in the whole process in the time dimension, and the occurrence trends of the pests are accurately mastered; a three-dimensional prevention and control system is constructed on a spatial dimension, and cooperative prevention and control are performed by adopting various means such as agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control, biological prevention and control and chemical prevention and control in combination with environmental characteristics and pest inhabiting habits of different spatial levels in the facility. According to the method, the pest prevention and control effect is effectively improved, the use amount of chemical pesticides is reduced, the pest resistance risk is reduced, the vegetable quality safety is guaranteed, the vegetable yield is increased, good economic, ecological and social benefits are achieved, and the method is suitable for vegetable cultivation of different types of facilities such as sunlight greenhouses and plastic greenhouses and wide in application and popularization prospect.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of agricultural pest control, and particularly relates to a method for spatiotemporal joint multi-target whole-process pest control of main pests of facility vegetables. BACKGROUND

[0003] The relatively closed space structure and stable temperature and humidity conditions (usually temperature is maintained at 15-30 DEG C, relative humidity is 60%-90%) in facilities provide a "suitable incubator" for the breeding, reproduction and spread of pests, resulting in the characteristics of facility vegetable pests, i.e. many species, short occurrence cycle and great damage intensity. At present, the main pests of facility vegetables include piercing-sucking pests (aphids, whiteflies, thrips, red spider mites, etc.) and chewing pests (diamondback moth, cabbage worm, beet armyworm, etc.), and the damage of these pests has double destructive nature: on the one hand, piercing-sucking pests suck the sap of leaves, tender shoots and fruits of vegetables, resulting in poor nutrition of plants, wilting of leaves, and malformation of fruits, directly reducing the yield and commodity quality of vegetables; chewing pests eat leaves to form notches or holes, and seriously, they can eat leaves completely, causing the risk of absolute loss. On the other hand, aphids, whiteflies and other pests can also transmit dozens of plant virus diseases such as tomato yellow leaf curl virus and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, causing secondary damage, and the loss caused by them is often much higher than that caused by direct feeding of pests, which poses a serious threat to the facility vegetable industry.

[0004] At present, chemical pesticides are still the dominant means for the control of facility vegetable pests. Although chemical pesticides can quickly reduce the pest population density in the short term, their long-term, large-scale and unreasonable use has caused a series of outstanding problems: first, the rapid increase of pest resistance, such as the resistance of diamondback moth to commonly used pyrethroids and organophosphates, which has reached hundreds to thousands of times, leading to the increase of pesticide use year by year, forming a vicious cycle of "increasing use of pesticides - increasing resistance - decreasing effect"; second, the risk of excessive pesticide residues in vegetables is high, and some producers illegally use high-toxicity and high-residue pesticides or shorten the safety interval in order to pursue the control effect, which seriously threatens the health of consumers and restricts the market competitiveness of vegetables, especially export trade; third, the destruction of the ecological environment, pesticides pollute soil, groundwater and atmosphere through leaching, volatilization, drift and other ways, kill natural enemies (such as ladybugs, grass locusts, parasitic bees, etc.), and destroy the ecological balance in facilities, further aggravating the damage of pests.

[0005] At the same time, the traditional pest control method also has significant technical shortcomings: in the time dimension, there is a lack of full tracking and monitoring of pest occurrence dynamics, and most control measures are only implemented passively after pest occurrence, ignoring pre-planting pest base investigation (such as overwintering eggs in the soil, hidden larvae in the stubble) and post-harvest residual monitoring, resulting in a lag in the starting point of control and a lack of source control; in the spatial dimension, the environmental characteristics of different spatial levels (underground soil layer, plant middle layer, facility top) and functional areas (entrance, planting area, periphery) are not fully utilized, and control measures are mostly concentrated on the plant itself, leaving blind spots in the control of underground pests (such as root mites, ground grubs), pests brought in through the facility entrance, and pests invading through the top ventilation opening, resulting in frequent "missed prevention" and "escape" of pests, and a significant reduction in control effectiveness.

[0006] In summary, the existing facility vegetable pest control method has problems such as "reliance on chemical pesticides, incomplete monitoring, insufficient spatial utilization, and poor targetedness of control", and has been difficult to meet the needs of green and sustainable development of the facility vegetable industry. Therefore, developing a technical method that can achieve "full tracking of pest dynamics in time, three-dimensional coverage of control areas in space, and multi-means collaborative control" has important practical significance and application value for breaking through the current control bottleneck, reducing the use of chemical pesticides, ensuring vegetable quality and safety, and promoting the high-quality development of the facility vegetable industry. SUMMARY

[0007] The purpose of the present application is to overcome the defects of the prior art in facility vegetable pest control, such as "reliance on chemical pesticides, incomplete monitoring, insufficient spatial utilization, and poor targetedness of control", and to provide a facility vegetable main pest spatio-temporal joint multi-target full-process pest control method, which realizes precise, efficient, and green control of facility vegetable main pests through full tracking and monitoring in the time dimension, three-dimensional control in the spatial dimension, and a dynamic adjustment mechanism.

[0008] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present application adopts the following technical solutions:

[0009] In one embodiment, the present application provides a facility vegetable main pest spatio-temporal joint multi-target full-process pest control method, which includes a full tracking and monitoring step in the time dimension and a three-dimensional control step in the spatial dimension; the full tracking and monitoring step in the time dimension includes conducting pest base investigation before planting vegetables, regularly monitoring pest population number, instar, and damage degree during planting, and investigating pest residues after harvesting; the three-dimensional control step in the spatial dimension includes setting control measures for different height levels and different areas in the facility, and conducting multi-target full-process control in combination with the habitat and activity space characteristics of pests.

[0010] In another embodiment, the pre-planting pest base investigation of the present application specifically refers to: 1-2 weeks before the planting of vegetables, the soil, residues, racks, walls and gaps in the facility are comprehensively inspected, and the types, quantities and instars of pests are investigated by visual inspection, net trapping or trapping method to determine the initial pest base.

[0011] In another embodiment, the regular monitoring during planting of the present application specifically refers to: setting monitoring points according to the varieties of vegetables and the types of pests, setting 3-5 monitoring tools at each monitoring point, the monitoring tools including sex attractant, color plate and pest situation forecasting lamp, monitoring at least once a week, recording the occurrence quantity, instar change and damage site of pests, and drawing the pest population dynamic curve.

[0012] In another embodiment, the post-harvest pest residue investigation of the present application specifically refers to: after the harvesting of vegetables, the residues, fallen leaves and soil in the facility are investigated to determine the pest residue situation and overwintering or oversummering place, providing reference for the next season prevention and control.

[0013] In another embodiment, the prevention and control measures of different height levels in the spatial dimension of the present application include: soil disinfection, laying mulch or weed cloth, and planting insect-attracting plants in the ground layer; releasing natural enemy insects, hanging color plates 10-20 cm above the plants, and setting sex attractants at the height of the top of the plants; setting 40-60 mesh insect-proof nets at the ventilation openings and doors and windows of the facility, and installing insecticidal lamps 50-100 cm higher than the top of the plants.

[0014] In another embodiment, the prevention and control measures of different regions in the spatial dimension of the present application include: setting double insect-proof nets and buffer zones at the entrance of the facility, hanging color plates and sex attractants in the buffer zones; distributing monitoring tools and prevention and control facilities according to the occurrence of pests in the vegetable planting area, and increasing the prevention and control density in the high-pest-occurrence area; planting insect-repelling plants and attracting-natural-enemy plants within 2-3 meters around the facility, and regularly cleaning weeds and residues.

[0015] In another embodiment, the present application further includes the step of dynamically adjusting the prevention and control measures: according to the time tracking monitoring results and the spatial prevention and control situation, when the number of pest population reaches the control threshold, the layout, types and use frequency of the prevention and control measures are adjusted, and the corresponding pest low-age larval stage or initial occurrence is selected for applying control agents.

[0016] In another embodiment, the agricultural prevention and control measures in the prevention and control measures of the present application include: reasonable crop rotation, selection of pest-resistant varieties, clean farmland and scientific fertilization and watering.

[0017] In another embodiment, the physical prevention and control measures in the prevention and control measures of the application include blocking pests with insect-proof nets, killing pests with color plates, killing night pests with insecticidal lamps, killing moth pests with sex attractants, and killing pests with sugar vinegar liquid.

[0018] In another embodiment, the chemical prevention and control measures in the prevention and control measures of the application are specifically: using high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue chemical pesticides, strictly controlling the concentration and frequency of pesticide application according to the pesticide application guidelines, and avoiding pesticide application within the safety period before the vegetables are picked.

[0019] Specifically, the method is used for preventing and controlling thrips in leeks in facilities, or preventing and controlling tomato thrips and whiteflies in greenhouses

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the application has the following beneficial effects:

[0021] (1) The core innovation point of the application is "spatial-temporal combination and multi-target synergistic effect", the time monitoring is accurate, and the targeting of prevention and control is significantly improved: through whole-cycle tracking of pre-planting base investigation, regular monitoring during planting period and post-harvest residual investigation, the types, quantity, instar and occurrence regularity of pests are accurately mastered, the problem of "blind application" in traditional prevention and control is avoided, scientific basis is provided for the formulation and dynamic adjustment of prevention and control measures, and the pertinence and timeliness of prevention and control are significantly improved.

[0022] (2) The spatial prevention and control is three-dimensional, and the harm path is blocked in the whole region: relying on high-layered prevention and control of "underground-plant-air" and regional prevention and control of "entrance-planting area-surrounding area", a full-coverage and dead-angle-free system is constructed, accurate measures (such as soil layer biological control barrier, plant middle layer natural enemy release and top insect-proof net blocking) are taken according to the habitat and activity space of pests, the prevention and control coverage is greatly improved, the escape and spread of pests are reduced, and the cross-regional transmission is effectively blocked.

[0023] (3) Multi-target synergistic pest control, significantly reducing the risk of pesticide resistance: integrating agricultural control, physical control, biological control and chemical control, synergistically acting on different pests and different instars, avoiding single means dependence, and significantly reducing the risk of pesticide resistance.

[0024] (4) Green prevention and control as the dominant, safety and ecological benefits double guarantee: based on agricultural, physical and biological control, chemical control is only used as an emergency measure, the use of high-toxicity and high-residue pesticides is strictly controlled, no pesticide residues are detected in the tomatoes in the implementation example, which not only guarantees the quality and safety of vegetables (in line with the GB limit standard), but also avoids soil and air pollution caused by pesticides, protects natural enemy populations, and maintains the ecological balance in facilities.

[0025] (5) The method is simple and easy to operate, has strong applicability, wide application prospect, clear technical steps (such as clear parameters such as enemy release time and color plate hanging height), easy-to-obtain materials (color plate, predatory mite and insect-proof net), suitable for various facility types such as sunlight greenhouse, plastic greenhouse and intelligent greenhouse, controllable implementation cost, consideration of economy and practicability, and convenient for large-scale promotion. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 A space-time combined multi-target whole-process pest control method mode diagram.

[0027] Figure 2 A thrips three-dimensional control schematic diagram.

[0028] Figure 3 A thrips and whitefly population quantity dynamics in an intelligent greenhouse. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] The present application will be further described in detail below in combination with the drawings and specific examples in the specification. The examples are only used to explain the present application and are not used to limit the scope of the present application. In the following examples, the test methods are conventional methods unless otherwise specified, and the materials and reagents used are commercially available reagents and materials unless otherwise specified.

[0030] Example 1, predatory mite and Beauveria bassiana combined three-dimensional control of leek thrips in facilities

[0031] 1. Implementation place and time

[0032] Place: Beijing Huairou Tianyi Ecological Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. greenhouse base

[0033] Time: October 2019-April 2020 (leek growth period in autumn)

[0034] 2. Test crops and control objects

[0035] Test crops: greenhouse leeks

[0036] Control objects: main pests of leeks in facilities, thrips (including adults and nymphs)

[0037] 3. Control materials

[0038] Biological control materials: Phytoseiulus persimilis (25000 per bag), Neoseiulus barkeri (25000 per bag), Beauveria bassiana granules (effective viable bacteria ≥100 billion / g), Beauveria bassiana water (effective viable bacteria ≥50 billion spores / mL)

[0039] Physical control materials: blue insect luring plate (with thrips special luring agent, 20cm x 30cm)

[0040] Auxiliary tools: stereomicroscope (magnification 40x), five-point sampling frame (1m x 1m)

[0041] 4. Implementation steps

[0042] This example strictly follows the core logic of the present application "time tracking monitoring + spatial three-dimensional prevention and control + dynamic adjustment", and is implemented in stages:

[0043] (1) Time dimension: whole-process tracking monitoring

[0044] Pre-planting base survey (October 1-7, 2019): One week before leek planting, the greenhouse soil, shed gap, and residual dead leaves were investigated using the "five-point sampling method". Soil samples of 500g (passed through a 2mm sieve) were taken at each point, and the number of thrips eggs and nymphs was recorded by observing under a stereomicroscope. The initial insect population was confirmed to be 0.3 individuals per plant.

[0045] Regular monitoring during planting (October 15, 2019 - March 30, 2020):

[0046] Nymph monitoring: once a week, five-point sampling, randomly selecting 3 leek plants per point, investigating the upper, middle, and lower 3 leaves of each plant, and counting the number of thrips nymphs on the leaf back;

[0047] Adult monitoring: 5-10 blue insect traps were hung per mu (10cm above the leek canopy), replaced every 10 days, and the number of trapped adults was recorded to draw a population dynamics curve (the monitoring results showed that December 2019 was the peak of thrips occurrence).

[0048] Post-harvest residual investigation (April 10-15, 2020): After leek harvesting, the number of thrips pupae in the soil and residual adults on the stubble were investigated to confirm the residual insect quantity of 0.05 individuals per plant, providing a basis for the next season's prevention and control.

[0049] (2) Spatial dimension: three-dimensional prevention and control

[0050] Soil layer prevention and control (before planting + growth period):

[0051] Before planting (October 8): Apply 200 sword-shaped mite per square meter to the soil to capture thrips mature larvae and pupae using its soil habitat characteristics; simultaneously apply 10g of Beauveria bassiana granules per square meter to form a soil bacteria / worm barrier;

[0052] Growth period (before December peak): Add 15g of Beauveria bassiana granules per square meter to the rhizosphere to block the migration of thrips to the plant.

[0053] Plant mid-layer prevention and control (October - next March):

[0054] Prophylactic release: 200 Neoseiulus fallacis per square meter on October 15 (1 week after planting);

[0055] Dynamic release: When the number of nymphs reaches 0.8 per plant in December, release an additional 500 Neoseiulus fallacis per square meter every 1-2 weeks, for a total of 3 releases.

[0056] Upper plant control (full process): Hang 20-25 blue insect traps per mu, and shorten the replacement period to 7 days per week during the peak period in December to intensify adult insect control.

[0057] Facility top control: Install 60-mesh insect screens on greenhouse vents to block the migration of thrips from the outside.

[0058] (3) Dynamic adjustment measures

[0059] On December 5, when the number of thrips nymphs exceeded the control threshold (0.5 per plant), in addition to additional predatory mites, 150 g of Beauveria bassiana water agent (mixed with 40 L of water) was sprayed simultaneously every week for 3 weeks; no chemical pesticides were used throughout the process.

[0060] 5. Implementation results

[0061] This method reduced the use of biological pesticides by 8 times in the autumn crop of leeks, reducing the amount of pesticide by 66.67%. Without the use of chemical pesticides, the control effect reached 90.9% (Table 1).

[0062] Table 1. Effect of combined use of predatory mites and Beauveria bassiana for three-dimensional control of leek thrips in greenhouse facilities in Huairou, Beijing

[0063]

[0064] Example 2, Spatiotemporal combined control of tomato thrips and whitefly in intelligent greenhouses

[0065] 1. Implementation location and time

[0066] Location: Intelligent greenhouse of Beijing Agricultural Vocational College in Fangshan, Beijing (area of 1080 square meters, controllable temperature and humidity, ventilation)

[0067] Time: September 2022 to April 2023 (tomato growth cycle in autumn and winter)

[0068] 2. Test crops and control objects

[0069] Test crops: Intelligent greenhouse tomatoes

[0070] Control objects: Tomato main pests - thrips, whitefly

[0071] 3. Control materials

[0072] Natural enemy insects: oriental predatory mites (25,000 per bottle), sword hair pa mite (5,000 per bag), aphid little bees (200 per card)

[0073] Biocontrol bacteria: Beauveria bassiana powder (100 billion / g), Java Cordyceps fungus water (5 billion spores / mL)

[0074] Physical prevention and control: blue trap plate (special for thrips), yellow trap plate (special for whitefly), 60-mesh insect screen

[0075] Chemical pesticides (emergency backup): 60g / L ethyl multi-killing bacteria, 22.4% spirotetramat, flupyradifurone (high efficiency and low toxicity)

[0076] 4. Specific implementation steps (1) Time tracking monitoring

[0077] Pre-planting base investigation (September 1-3, 2022): After disinfecting the intelligent greenhouse, check the soil, greenhouse film, and ventilation opening, and confirm that the initial base of thrips and whitefly is 0 per plant.

[0078] Growth period monitoring (September 15, 2022-April 20, 2023):

[0079] Thrips: blue trap plate (5 per mu, 20 cm from tomato crown) + five-point sampling (3 plants per point, check nymphs on leaf back), once a week;

[0080] Whitefly: yellow trap plate (5 per mu, same height) + leaf count (check 3 leaves on each plant), once a week;

[0081] Thrips, whitefly and other pests in greenhouse vegetable production were tracked throughout the process (see Figure 3 ), and the monitoring showed that November-December 2022 was the peak of thrips, and February-March 2023 was the peak of whitefly.

[0082] Post-harvest residue investigation (April 25-30, 2023): investigate the residue of thrips and whitefly in the soil and residue of thrips and whitefly in the soil, which is 0.02 per plant and 0.05 per plant, respectively.

[0083] (2) Space three-dimensional prevention and control

[0084] Soil layer (before planting + growth period):

[0085] Before planting (September 4): spread 200 sword hair pa mites per square meter to kill thrips and whitefly pupae in the soil;

[0086] Growth period (November, December): additional spread of 200 sword hair pa mites per square meter once to block the upward movement of pests. Planting middle layer (whole process):

[0087] Thrips control: From October 10, apply 225 Orius sauteri per square meter, and reapply once in November, December, March, and April (increase to 300 per square meter in March); on November 5, March 11, and April 16, spray Cordyceps javanicus bacterial water at 1.9 billion spores per square meter.

[0088] Whitefly control: From October 10, hang 2 Aphelinus abdominalis per square meter, and rehang once in November, February, March, and April to control whitefly nymphs using parasitic natural enemies.

[0089] Upper layer (full length) of plants: alternate blue and yellow traps (2 times per month from October to April), and once a week during peak periods (November and February).

[0090] Top and entrance of facilities: install 60-mesh insect-proof nets on ventilation openings and double insect-proof nets + buffer zone (with hanging insect traps) at the entrance to reduce exogenous immigration.

[0091] (3) Dynamic adjustment and emergency control

[0092] September 4, 2022 (before planting): due to the absence of pests after greenhouse disinfection, only spray 60 g / L spinosad 6 g a.i. / acre + 100 g / L pyridaben 10 g a.i. / acre for preventive treatment;

[0093] October 8, 2022: monitor 0.3 whitefly nymphs per plant, spray 22.4% spirotetramat · flupyradifurone 44.8 g a.i. / acre once, and rely on biological control subsequently;

[0094] February 2023: whitefly reaches 0.8 per plant, increase the release amount of Aphelinus abdominalis to 2 per square meter (original 1 per square meter), and no additional chemical pesticides are added.

[0095] 5. Implementation results

[0096] The spatiotemporal joint biological control demonstration program from September 2022 to April 2023 (see Table 2) and the conventional control program from September 2021 to May 2022 (see Table 3) compared with the conventional chemical control program, the field pest population reduction rates of thrips and whiteflies reached 98% and 70%, respectively, tomato reduced chemical pesticide use by 10 times per mu, reduced chemical pesticide use (active ingredient) by 83%, no pesticide residues were detected, and the safety quality of tomato was significantly improved (see Table 4).

[0097] Table 2. Demonstration program based on spatiotemporal joint biological control

[0098]

[0099] Table 3. Conventional control program

[0100] Table 4. Application effect of the spatio-temporal combined multi-target whole-process pest control method based on biological control for intelligent greenhouse tomatoes

[0101]

[0102] Although the present application is disclosed in the preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present application, any person skilled in the art, without departing from the basic principles and scope of the present application, can make appropriate modifications, therefore, the protection scope of the present application should be defined by the claims.

Claims

1. A method for spatiotemporal multi-target integrated control of major pests in greenhouse vegetables, characterized in that, It includes a time-based full-process tracking and monitoring step and a spatial-based three-dimensional control step; the time-based full-process tracking and monitoring step includes: conducting a pest population survey before vegetable planting, regularly monitoring the pest population size, insect stage and damage level during planting, and investigating the pest residue after harvest; the spatial-based three-dimensional control step includes: setting up control measures for different height levels and different areas within the facility (underground, above ground and air), and carrying out multi-target full-process control based on the habitat and activity characteristics of pests.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pre-planting pest population survey specifically involves: 1-2 weeks before vegetable planting, conducting a comprehensive inspection of the soil, plant debris, trellises, walls, and crevices within the facility, and using visual inspection, netting, or trapping methods to investigate the types, quantities, and life stages of pests, thus determining the initial pest population.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The regular monitoring during the planting period specifically involves setting up monitoring points according to the vegetable variety and pest species, with 3-5 monitoring tools at each monitoring point. These tools include pheromone traps, color boards, or pest monitoring lamps. Monitoring is conducted at least once a week, recording the number of pests, changes in insect life stages, and the parts of the insects that are damaged, and plotting the pest population dynamics curve.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The post-harvest pest residue survey specifically involves investigating residual plants, fallen leaves, or soil within the facility after vegetable harvest to determine pest residue and overwintering or summering sites, providing a reference for pest control in the next season.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The control measures at different height levels in the spatial dimension include: soil disinfection, laying of mulch or weed control cloth, and planting of insect-attracting plants at the ground level; releasing natural enemy insects at the plant level, hanging colored boards 10-20cm above the plants, and placing pheromone attractants at the same height as the top of the plants; installing 40-60 mesh insect-proof nets at the ventilation openings and doors and windows at the top of the facility, and installing insecticidal lamps 50-100cm above the top of the plants.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The control measures for different areas in the spatial dimension include: setting up double insect-proof nets and buffer zones at the facility entrance, with color boards and pheromone attractants hung in the buffer zones; distributing monitoring tools and control facilities in the vegetable planting area according to the occurrence of pests, and increasing the control density in areas with high pest incidence; planting insect-repelling plants and plants that attract natural enemies within 2-3 meters around the facility, and regularly clearing weeds and plant debris.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes the step of dynamically adjusting control measures: based on the time tracking and monitoring results and the spatial control situation, when the pest population reaches the control threshold, adjust the layout, type and frequency of control measures, and select the appropriate pesticides to be applied during the early larval stage or the initial stage of the pest outbreak.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The agricultural control measures mentioned include: reasonable crop rotation, selection of insect-resistant varieties, cleaning of fields and / or scientific fertilization and irrigation.

9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The physical control measures include using insect-proof nets to block pests, using colored sticky traps to attract and kill pests, using insecticidal lamps to attract and kill nocturnal pests, using sex pheromones to attract and kill moth pests, or using sugar and vinegar solutions to attract and kill pests; the biological control measures include releasing predatory mites, ladybugs, lacewings, Encarsia formosa, or small flower bugs, and applying Beauveria bassiana or Cordyceps militaris.

10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific chemical control measures mentioned in the control measures are: using highly efficient, low-toxicity, and low-residue chemical pesticides, controlling the concentration and frequency of application according to pesticide use guidelines, and avoiding application of pesticides during the safe period before vegetable harvesting; Specifically, the method is used to control thrips on leeks grown in greenhouses, or to control thrips and whiteflies on tomatoes grown in greenhouses.

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