Living environment plaque configuration method for reducing water loss of tropical coral island

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of ecological fresh water promotion, and particularly discloses a habitat plaque configuration method for reducing tropical coral island water loss, which comprises the following steps: selecting tropical coral island suitable plant species, and planting and maintaining according to different habitat plaque configuration schemes by taking coral sand as a planting substrate; simulating different wind speed modes by using a wind tunnel experiment device, tracking and observing the wind field, the windproof effect and the moisture evaporation characteristic in the forest network under different configuration schemes, and obtaining observation data; and analyzing and comparing observation data, and screening out a target vegetation configuration mode capable of reducing water loss at the maximum efficiency under different wind speed modes. By quantitatively evaluating the regulation and control effects of different vegetation structures on the wind field and water evaporation, the cost of forming fresh water in the tropical coral island can be reduced, habitat plaque configuration is performed purposefully, water loss of the tropical coral island is reduced, efficient water utilization is realized, and the method is suitable for large-scale popularization and application. And scientific and efficient technical support is provided for water resource protection and ecological construction of tropical coral islands.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of freshwater promotion technology for tropical coral island ecosystems, and more particularly to a method for configuring habitat patches to reduce water loss in tropical coral islands. Background Technology

[0002] Tropical coral islands are composed of coral remains, and the soil is phosphate-rich limestone soil with poor water retention. Although rainfall is abundant, it is unevenly distributed throughout the season. Coupled with high temperatures and strong evaporation year-round, the sustainability of freshwater resources faces severe challenges.

[0003] As a core ecological component, vegetation significantly influences water endowment through processes such as transpiration and interception. Tropical coral island ecosystems consist of habitat patches composed of different plant life forms, and the differences in structure and composition lead to significant spatial heterogeneity in evapotranspiration, exacerbating water loss.

[0004] Existing technologies have not yet addressed the issue of effective water-retaining vegetation construction schemes that address the regulation mechanisms of horizontal energy exchange and water loss under different vegetation structures. There is an urgent need for a habitat patch configuration method that can reduce water loss. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to address the problem in the prior art of lacking a method to regulate wind fields and reduce water evaporation by quantitatively configuring habitat patch structures, and to propose a method for configuring habitat patches to reduce water loss in tropical coral islands.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: A method for habitat patch configuration to reduce water loss on tropical coral islands includes: Constructing habitat patch configuration schemes: Select plant species suitable for tropical coral islands, use coral sand as the planting substrate, and plant and maintain them according to different habitat patch configuration schemes; Wind tunnel simulation and observation: The constructed habitat patch configuration scheme is placed in a wind tunnel experimental device to simulate different wind speed modes. The wind field, windbreak effect and water evaporation characteristics in the forest network under different habitat patch configuration schemes are tracked and observed to obtain observation data. Optimize configuration modes by analyzing and comparing the obtained observation data to select the target vegetation configuration modes that maximize the reduction of water loss under different wind speed modes.

[0007] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the plant species suitable for tropical coral islands are plant species that grow naturally on tropical coral islands and have strong resistance, including trees, shrubs and herbs, preferably Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings, Pittosporum tobira seedlings and Sedum sarmentosum seedlings.

[0008] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the different habitat patch configuration schemes include pure tree-type forest networks, tree + shrub-type forest networks, and composite forest networks of tree + shrub + herb.

[0009] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the habitat patch configuration scheme consists of 4 parallel forest belts with a width of 180cm and a total longitudinal length of 360cm; the 4 parallel forest belts are arranged sequentially at longitudinal positions of 0cm, 120cm, 240cm and 360cm, and the sides are 10cm apart from the wind tunnel wall.

[0010] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the forest belt is perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, and a coordinate system is established: the x-axis is along the direction of the first forest belt, ranging from 0 to 180 cm (one point is taken every 30 cm); the y-axis is along the wind direction, ranging from 0 to 340 cm (one point is taken every 20 cm); the intersection of the two forms a grid matrix, and each intersection point is a wind speed measuring point; at the same time, three miniature evaporation pans and lysimeters are arranged below the forest belt and at the center of the forest belt as water evaporation measuring points; in addition, the forest network is divided into four layers in the vertical direction: the ground surface, the lower canopy layer, the canopy layer, and the upper canopy layer, and the wind speed of each layer is measured.

[0011] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the different wind speed modes are low, medium and high wind speed modes set with reference to the annual average wind speed of tropical coral island areas.

[0012] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the observation data includes wind speed flow field distribution, free water surface evaporation, soil evaporation, and quantitative indicators of windbreak effect.

[0013] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the tracking and observation includes: By using an anemometer to continuously record wind speed at each preset measuring point in the horizontal and vertical directions, the surface and vertical wind speed flow field distribution of different habitat patch configurations can be obtained. The windbreak effect and wind energy density reduction rate are calculated based on the changes in wind speed within the forest belt. Evaporation from the free water surface and lysimeter were used to measure the evaporation from the soil moisture surface, respectively.

[0014] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the implementation of maintenance includes: combining artificial assistance measures to promote the growth of the target plant under the target configuration.

[0015] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: 1. To address the core challenges of poor water retention and high evaporation in tropical coral islands, wind tunnel experiments were used to quantitatively evaluate the effects of different habitat patch configurations (pure trees, trees and shrubs, trees, shrubs and grasses) on wind field and water evaporation reduction. This enabled the scientific selection of the optimal water-retaining vegetation configuration for different wind speed conditions.

[0016] 2. It not only considers the horizontal configuration structure of vegetation, but also covers vertical wind field and moisture measurement, forming a complete technical system from construction, simulation, evaluation to optimization. It provides direct, reliable and efficient technical support for water resource conservation and ecological construction of tropical coral islands, and effectively reduces the cost of freshwater loss. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram illustrating three habitat patch configuration methods in an example of the present invention: tree, tree + shrub, and tree + shrub + herbaceous forest network. Figure 2 This is a map showing the surface wind speed flow field distribution under different habitat patch configurations at different wind speeds, as illustrated in this invention example. Figure 3 This is a diagram showing the vertical wind speed flow field distribution under different tree configurations at different wind speeds, as illustrated in this invention example. Figure 4 This is a vertical wind speed flow field distribution diagram under different tree + shrub configurations in an example of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a vertical wind speed flow field distribution diagram under different wind speed configurations of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants in an example of the present invention; Figure 6 The diagram shows the windbreak effect of three habitat patch configurations under different wind speeds in this invention example. Figure 7 The diagram shows the wind energy density reduction effect under three habitat patch configurations at different wind speeds in this invention example. Figure 8 This is a graph showing the changes in free water surface evaporation and soil evaporation under different habitat patch configurations in this invention example. Detailed Implementation

[0018] To make the technical means, creative features, objectives and effects of this invention easier to understand, the invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0019] Please see the appendix Figure 1 - Appendix Figure 8 A method for configuring habitat patches to reduce water loss on tropical coral islands includes: S1. Constructing a habitat patch configuration scheme: Select suitable plant species for tropical coral islands. These are preferred plant species that grow naturally on tropical coral islands and have strong resistance. That is, plants that can adapt to the extreme environment of tropical coral islands, such as drought-resistant, salt-alkali-resistant, high-temperature-resistant, and barren-resistant plants. These include trees (Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings, with an average height of 0.55m and a base diameter of 0.5cm), shrubs (Pittosporum tobira seedlings, with an average height of 0.2m and a base diameter of 1.5cm) and herbs (Symplocos edulis seedlings) cultivated in the nursery. Coral sand is used as the planting substrate. The coral sand substrate is made of crushed coral or shell fragments with a particle size of 0.5-1mm. Different habitat patch configurations were implemented using a grid planting method, with a plant spacing of 5cm × 5cm, planted within 60cm × 80cm × 40cm PVC frames filled with homogeneous coral sand substrate. Each habitat patch configuration consisted of four parallel forest belts, each 180cm wide and 360cm long, specifically including: Pure arbor type forest network: On the windward side, there is a casuarina forest belt with 5 rows and 1 strip, followed by a casuarina forest belt with 3 rows and 1 strip and two casuarina forest belts with 2 rows and 1 strip in sequence; Tree + shrub type forest network: Pittosporum tobira is planted alternately in the gaps between the tree belts; Tree + shrub + herbaceous forest network: Replant *Gnaphalium affine* on the ground surface of the tree + shrub forest network.

[0020] The planting process took place inside the shed where the wind tunnel experiment was conducted. After planting, according to... Figure 1 The habitat patch configuration shown places the seedlings in a shaded area inside the greenhouse for one month to allow them to recover. Artificial assistance measures are then used to promote healthy plant growth. These measures include replanting, reseeding, tending, thinning, removal of weeds and shrubs, and watering, all aimed at better promoting plant survival and growth.

[0021] S2. Wind Tunnel Simulation and Observation: The different habitat patch configurations mentioned above were placed in a wind tunnel experimental device to simulate three wind speed conditions (low (4 m / s), medium (6 m / s), and high (10 m / s) based on the average annual wind speed of a tropical coral island region. The wind field, windbreak effect, and water evaporation characteristics within the forest network under different configurations were tracked and observed, and observational data (wind speed flow field distribution, free water surface evaporation, soil evaporation, and quantitative indicators of windbreak effect) were obtained, including: The wind speed measurement method is as follows: First, establish an x-axis along the wide side of the first forest network and a y-axis along the prevailing wind direction or the long side of the forest network. The intersection of the two axes is the zero point, thus establishing a coordinate system. On the x-axis, take values ​​of 0cm, 30cm, 60cm, 90cm, 120cm, 150cm, and 180cm; on the y-axis, take values ​​of 0cm, 20cm, 40cm, 60cm, 80cm, 100cm, 120cm, 140cm, 160cm, 180cm, 200cm, 220cm, 240cm, 260cm, 280cm, 300cm, 320cm, and 340cm. This forms a grid matrix within the forest network, with each grid intersection serving as a wind speed measurement point. Wind speed measurements are then performed. An anemometer is fixed at each measurement point and wind speed is monitored for 10 seconds. The anemometer records 10 sets of data at each point, and the average value is calculated. This average value is used as the final wind speed data for that point. The windbreak effect is calculated based on the variation of wind speed within the forest belt. The formula for calculating the windbreak effect is: In the formula: Refers to windproof effect; Initial fore-forest wind speed; This refers to measuring wind speed; the wind energy density is calculated based on the variation of wind speed within the forest belt. The formula for calculating wind energy density is: In the formula: P Refers to wind energy density; ρ Air density; v This refers to the wind speed at the corresponding measuring point; the wind energy density attenuation rate is calculated based on the wind energy density, and the formula for calculating the wind energy density attenuation rate is: In the formula: R Wind energy density drag reduction rate; P 0 The wind energy density in front of the forest without obstruction or reduction; P i Wind energy density after drag reduction.

[0022] The measurement methods for free water surface evaporation and soil moisture evaporation are as follows: measuring points are set at the intersections of x-axis (60, 90, 120) and y-axis (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300), with a measurement frequency of once every 2 hours. Free water surface evaporation is measured using a self-made miniature evaporation dish with an inner diameter of 10 cm and a height of 2 cm. Before measurement, 100 g of pure water is added to the evaporation dish for zeroing. Soil moisture evaporation is measured using a self-made miniature lysimeter with an inner diameter of 10 cm and a height of 5 cm. The bottom is sealed and perforated to prevent water accumulation. Before measurement, 550 g (level with the top of the lysimeter) of dry coral sand is added to the lysimeter, and then the lysimeter is placed in a basin with water just covering the top, and soaked for 2 hours (to allow the coral sand to reach a water-holding protective state). The evaporation dish and lysimeter were then placed at the corresponding measuring points to conduct a simulated wind-blown experiment. The weight change of the entire dish was measured every 2 hours, and the final water evaporation was obtained by subtracting the initial weight from the final weight. The simulation experiment for free water surface evaporation and soil moisture evaporation lasted for 2 days, with continuous air blowing for 8 hours each day.

[0023] S3. Screening and Optimizing Vegetation Configurations: Based on observational data, the windbreak effectiveness and moisture retention of different configuration schemes under varying wind speeds were analyzed and compared to screen out the target vegetation configuration that can minimize moisture loss most efficiently. Results showed that the wind energy reduction effect of vegetation varies depending on the community structure, specifically: like Figure 2As shown, at the same wind speed, the wind shadow area of ​​a tree + shrub + herbaceous community is larger than that of a tree + shrub community and larger than that of a tree community. At different wind speeds, all configurations will cause airflow to rise to varying degrees; the more complex the vegetation structure, the greater the forced rise of the airflow.

[0024] Different configurations for single tree patches Figure 3 There are ventilation corridors between the canopy and the ground surface, resulting in poor wind protection on the ground surface.

[0025] In a tree and shrub community, the airflow penetrating the vegetation is blocked by the shrubs, resulting in a significant loss of energy. Figure 4 ).

[0026] A community of trees, shrubs, and herbs has stable internal airflow and sufficient energy dissipation. Figure 5 This leads to differences in the windbreak effect produced by the shelterbelt network. Figure 6 ).

[0027] like Figure 6 As shown, different configuration modes exhibit significant differences in windbreak performance under different initial wind speeds. When only tree communities are present, the windbreak effect achievable by the forest network in the effective protection area (surface layer, understory, and canopy layer) is relatively low. For example, at an initial wind speed of 4 m / s, the maximum windbreak effects achievable by the three layers of the effective protection area are 72.9%, 70.7%, and 69.6%, respectively; at an initial wind speed of 6 m / s, the maximum windbreak effects achievable by the three layers of the effective protection area are 72.6%, 71.9%, and 71.2%, respectively; and at an initial wind speed of 10 m / s, the maximum windbreak effects achievable by the three layers of the effective protection area are 71.7%, 61.3%, and 65.7%, respectively. Figure 6 When shrubs are planted under the forest canopy to form a tree + shrub community, the maximum windbreak effect is significantly improved. For example, at an initial wind speed of 4 m / s, the maximum windbreak effect achievable by the three layers of the effective protection area increases to 96.8%, 79.6%, and 70.7%, respectively; at an initial wind speed of 6 m / s, the maximum windbreak effect achievable by the three layers of the effective protection area increases to 96.0%, 95.2%, and 86.7%, respectively; and at an initial wind speed of 10 m / s, the maximum windbreak effect achievable by the three layers of the effective protection area increases to 86.6%, 84.4%, and 84.9%, respectively. Figure 6When the understory vegetation is further combined with herbaceous vegetation to form a tree + shrub + herbaceous community configuration, the protective effect of the shelterbelt network against high initial wind speeds is further enhanced. For example, at an initial wind speed of 4 m / s, the maximum wind protection effect achievable by the three layers of the effective protection area is 100%, 96.1%, and 70.7%, respectively; at an initial wind speed of 6 m / s, the maximum wind protection effect achievable by the three layers of the effective protection area is 97.1%, 96.0%, and 92.1%, respectively; and at an initial wind speed of 10 m / s, the maximum wind protection effect achievable by the three layers of the effective protection area is 98.3%, 91.7%, and 86.6%, respectively. Figure 6 ).

[0028] The rate of decrease in wind energy density further reflects the energy dissipation of the shelterbelt, such as... Figure 7 As shown, the wind energy density reduction rate in the upper canopy varies greatly under different configurations, reflecting the effect of turbulent flow in the upper canopy and the inability to stably reduce wind energy. However, in the three layers within the effective protection area, the wind energy density is effectively reduced after entering the first forest belt (0m), and eventually reaches an energy reduction effect of nearly 100%. Moreover, as the complexity of the shelterbelt community structure increases, the energy reduction effect of different layers within the effective protection area of ​​the shelterbelt on high wind speeds becomes more stable. For example, under a tree configuration, when the initial wind speed is 4 m / s, the three layers of the effective protection area (surface layer, understory, and canopy layer) can achieve wind energy reduction effects of 75.5%, 72%, and 67.85% respectively at the first forest belt; when the initial wind speed is 6 m / s, the three layers of the effective protection area can achieve wind energy reduction effects of 80.2%, 79.8%, and 80.8% respectively at the first forest belt; and when the initial wind speed is 10 m / s, the three layers of the effective protection area can achieve wind energy reduction effects of 78.6%, 64.4%, and 72.1% respectively at the first forest belt. Figure 7 With a combination of trees and shrubs, when the initial wind speed is 4 m / s, the three layers of the effective protection area at the first forest belt achieve wind energy reduction effects of 81.6%, 83.7%, and 64.2%, respectively; when the initial wind speed is 6 m / s, the three layers of the effective protection area at the first forest belt achieve wind energy reduction effects of 85.7%, 90.1%, and 87.9%, respectively; and when the initial wind speed is 10 m / s, the three layers of the effective protection area at the first forest belt achieve wind energy reduction effects of 90.9%, 79.2%, and 82.8%, respectively. Figure 7With a combination of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, when the initial wind speed is 4 m / s, the three layers of the effective protection area at the first forest belt achieve wind energy reduction effects of 88.3%, 75.8%, and 69.0%, respectively; when the initial wind speed is 6 m / s, the three layers of the effective protection area at the first forest belt achieve wind energy reduction effects of 91.3%, 92.1%, and 88.0%, respectively; and when the initial wind speed is 10 m / s, the three layers of the effective protection area at the first forest belt achieve wind energy reduction effects of 88.8%, 84.3%, and 82.5%, respectively. Figure 7 The above results indicate that a more complex community structure can produce a more durable and stable wind resistance effect.

[0029] like Figure 8 As shown, energy resistance reduced free water surface evaporation at this location by 15.2%, 37.6%, and 44.5%, respectively; soil evaporation decreased by 15.3%, 38.2%, and 45.1%. At 300cm below the canopy, the windbreak effect of each vegetation type exceeded 95%. The reduction rate of free water surface evaporation was: trees + shrubs + herbs (61.8%) > trees + shrubs (58.2%) > trees (53.2%), and the reduction rate of soil moisture was: trees + shrubs + herbs (58.4%) > trees + shrubs (58%) > trees (49.5%). High wind speed (10 m / s) -1 Under the following treatments, the reduction rates of free water surface evaporation and soil evaporation at 300 cm depth in tree communities were 38.2% and 28.6%, respectively, indicating a significantly lower capacity to reduce water loss compared to habitat patches with complex structures. Tree + shrub communities reduced free water surface evaporation by 49.3% and soil evaporation by 51.1%. Tree + shrub + herbaceous communities reduced free water surface evaporation and soil evaporation by 55.6% and 52.4%, respectively.

[0030] The above results demonstrate that community composition can influence vegetation structure differences, altering the three-dimensional wind field structure both horizontally and vertically. Complex vegetation types increase wind shadow area, raise airflow height, reduce near-surface wind speed, increase wind energy attenuation rate, eliminate ventilation corridors, and increase effective protection distance. Habitat patches also absorb turbulent kinetic energy from wind, reducing water evaporation and thus playing an ecological role in suppressing water loss. When constructing ecosystem vegetation on tropical coral islands, multi-layered, multi-species communities should be built based on regional characteristics, using different habitat patch combinations to achieve the goal of reducing freshwater loss and consumption.

[0031] Based on the above analysis, a tree + shrub + herbaceous forest network was selected as the optimal configuration mode, which is suitable for water resource protection and ecological construction of tropical coral islands.

[0032] As can be seen from the above description, the above embodiments of the present invention achieve the following technical effects: addressing the core contradiction of poor water retention and strong evaporation in tropical coral islands, the wind tunnel experiment quantitatively evaluates the reduction effect of different habitat patch configurations (pure trees, trees and shrubs, trees, shrubs and grasses) on wind field and water evaporation, and can scientifically screen out the optimal water-retaining vegetation configuration mode for different wind speed conditions.

[0033] This invention not only considers the horizontal configuration structure of vegetation, but also covers vertical wind field and moisture measurement, forming a complete technical system from construction, simulation, evaluation to optimization. It provides direct, reliable and efficient technical support for water resource conservation and ecological construction of tropical coral islands, and effectively reduces the cost of freshwater resource loss.

[0034] Those skilled in the art should understand that the discussion of any of the above embodiments is merely exemplary and is not intended to imply that the scope of the invention is limited to these examples; within the framework of the invention, the technical features of the above embodiments or different embodiments can also be combined, the steps can be implemented in any order, and there are many other variations of the different aspects of the invention as described above, which are not provided in detail for the sake of brevity.

[0035] This invention is intended to cover all such substitutions, modifications, and variations that fall within the broad scope of this specification. Therefore, any omissions, modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of this invention should be included within the scope of protection of this invention.

Claims

1. A method for configuring habitat patches to reduce water loss in tropical coral islands, characterized in that, include: Select plant species suitable for tropical coral islands, use coral sand as the planting substrate, and plant and maintain them according to different habitat patch configuration schemes. The constructed habitat patch configuration scheme was placed in a wind tunnel experimental device to simulate different wind speed modes. The wind field, windbreak effect and water evaporation characteristics in the forest network under different habitat patch configuration schemes were tracked and observed to obtain observation data. By analyzing and comparing the obtained observation data, the target vegetation configuration pattern that maximizes the reduction of water loss under different wind speed modes was selected.

2. The habitat patch configuration method for reducing water loss in tropical coral islands according to claim 1, characterized in that, The plant species suitable for tropical coral islands are those that grow naturally on tropical coral islands and have strong resistance, including trees, shrubs and herbs, with Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings, Pittosporum tobira seedlings and Sedum sarmentosum seedlings being preferred.

3. The habitat patch configuration method for reducing water loss in tropical coral islands according to claim 2, characterized in that, The different habitat patch configuration schemes include pure tree-type forest networks, tree + shrub-type forest networks, and composite forest networks of trees + shrubs + herbs.

4. The habitat patch configuration method for reducing water loss in tropical coral islands according to claim 1, characterized in that, The habitat patch configuration consists of four parallel forest belts, each 180cm wide and 360cm long. The four parallel forest belts are arranged sequentially at 0cm, 120cm, 240cm, and 360cm along the longitudinal direction, with a 10cm gap between each side and the wind tunnel wall.

5. A method for configuring habitat patches to reduce water loss in tropical coral islands according to claim 4, characterized in that, The forest belt is perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, and a coordinate system is established: the x-axis is along the wide edge of the first forest belt, ranging from 0 to 180 cm; the y-axis is along the wind direction, ranging from 0 to 340 cm; the intersection of the two forms a grid matrix, and each intersection point is a wind speed measuring point; at the same time, three miniature evaporation pans and lysimeters are arranged below the forest belt and at the center of the forest belt as moisture evaporation measuring points; in addition, the forest network is divided into four layers in the vertical direction: the ground surface, the understory, the canopy, and the upper canopy, and the wind speed of each layer is measured.

6. The habitat patch configuration method for reducing water loss in tropical coral islands according to claim 1, characterized in that, The different wind speed modes are low, medium, and high wind speed modes set with reference to the average annual wind speed in tropical coral island areas.

7. A method for configuring habitat patches to reduce water loss in tropical coral islands according to claim 1, characterized in that, The observation data includes wind speed flow field distribution, free water surface evaporation, soil evaporation, and quantitative indicators of windbreak effect.

8. A method for configuring habitat patches to reduce water loss in tropical coral islands according to claim 1, characterized in that, The tracking observations include: By using an anemometer to continuously record wind speed at each preset measuring point in the horizontal and vertical directions, the surface and vertical wind speed flow field distribution of different habitat patch configurations can be obtained. The windbreak effect and wind energy density reduction rate are calculated based on the changes in wind speed within the forest belt. Evaporation from the free water surface and lysimeter were used to measure the evaporation from the soil moisture surface, respectively.

9. A method for configuring habitat patches to reduce water loss in tropical coral islands according to claim 1, characterized in that, The implementation of maintenance includes: combining artificial assistance measures to promote the growth of target plants under the target configuration.

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