Method for applying MSD and apparatus therefor

Abstract

The disclosure of the present specification provides a UE configured to operate in a wireless system, the UE comprising: a transceiver; and a processor operatively connectable to the transceiver, in which the processor is configured to apply a value of MSD (Maximum Sensitivity Degradation) to reception via performing transmission and reception for a band n8 and a band n79 for CA (Carrier Aggregation), in which the value of MSD is based on a reception band for reception, a transmission band for transmission, and a power level of the UE, in which the value of MSD is based on the power level of the UE. The value of MSD is 28.0 dB based on i) the receiving frequency band being band n8 and ii) the power level of the UE being power level 2.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This manual relates to mobile communications. Background Technology

[0002] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a technology for achieving high-speed packet communication. Many proposals have been put forward for LTE goals, including those aimed at reducing user and vendor costs, improving service quality, and expanding and increasing coverage and system capacity. 3GPP LTE requires lower cost per bit, increased service availability, flexible use of frequency bands, a simple architecture, open interfaces, and sufficient power consumption in terminals as upper-layer requirements.

[0003] Requirements and specifications for New Radio (NR) systems have begun to be developed within the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and 3GPP. 3GPP must identify and develop technical components that will be successfully standardized in the new RAT to meet both pressing market demands and the longer-term requirements outlined in the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2020 process. Furthermore, NR should be able to utilize any spectrum band within at least 100 GHz that can be used for wireless communication even in the more distant future.

[0004] The goal of NR is to address all use cases, requirements, and deployment scenarios with a single technology framework, including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC), and more. NR should be inherently backward compatible.

[0005] The mobile device should be configured to meet the reference sensitivity power level (REFSENS), which is the minimum average power of each antenna port of the mobile device when receiving downlink signals. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Solution to the problem

[0007] The UE can perform communication based on the proposed MSD. Attached Figure Description

[0008] Figure 1 An example of a communication system that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0009] Figure 2 An example of a wireless device that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0010] Figure 3 An example of a UE that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0011] Figure 4This is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication architecture that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0012] Figure 5 An example of the electromagnetic spectrum is shown.

[0013] Figure 6 A conceptual diagram illustrating an example of continuous CA within a frequency band is provided.

[0014] Figure 7 A conceptual diagram illustrating an example of non-continuous CA within a frequency band is provided.

[0015] Figure 8 A conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a combination of lower and higher frequency bands for inter-band CA.

[0016] Figure 9 A conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a combination of similar frequency bands for inter-band CA is provided.

[0017] Figure 10 An example of a UE architecture for CA_n8-n79 is shown in accordance with the disclosure in this specification.

[0018] Figure 11 An example of harmonic mixing is shown.

[0019] Figure 12 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of a UE process according to this disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0020] The following technologies, devices, and systems can be applied to a variety of wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) systems, and Multi-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA can be implemented using radio technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented using radio technologies such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), or Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented using radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA). UTRA is part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) is part of the Evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using E-UTRA. 3GPP LTE employs OFDMA in the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA in the uplink (UL). The evolution of 3GPP LTE includes LTE-A Advanced, LTE-A Pro, and / or 5G New Radio (NR).

[0021] For ease of description, the implementation of this disclosure is primarily described with respect to 3GPP-based wireless communication systems. However, the technical features of this disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, although the following detailed description is based on mobile communication systems corresponding to 3GPP-based wireless communication systems, the aspects of this disclosure that are not limited to 3GPP-based wireless communication systems are applicable to other mobile communication systems.

[0022] For any terms and techniques used in this disclosure that are not specifically described in this disclosure, please refer to wireless communication standards documents published prior to this disclosure.

[0023] In this disclosure, "A or B" may mean "A only", "B only", or "both A and B". In other words, "A or B" in this disclosure may be interpreted as "A and / or B". For example, "A, B or C" in this disclosure may mean "A only", "B only", "C only", or "any combination of A, B and C".

[0024] In this disclosure, a forward slash ( / ) or a comma (,) can mean "and / or". For example, "A / B" can mean "A and / or B". Therefore, "A / B" can mean "A only", "B only", or "both A and B". For example, "A, B, C" can mean "A, B, or C".

[0025] In this disclosure, "at least one of A and B" may mean "only A", "only B" or "both A and B". Furthermore, the expressions "at least one of A or B" or "at least one of A and / or B" in this disclosure may be interpreted as the same as "at least one of A and B".

[0026] Additionally, in this disclosure, "at least one of A, B, and C" may mean "A only", "B only", "C only" or "any combination of A, B, and C". Furthermore, "at least one of A, B, or C" or "at least one of A, B, and / or C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C".

[0027] Furthermore, the brackets used in this disclosure may mean "for example". Specifically, when it is shown as "Control Information (PDCCH)", "PDCCH" can be cited as an example of "Control Information". In other words, "Control Information" in this disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH", and "PDCCH" can be cited as an example of "Control Information". In addition, even when shown as "Control Information (i.e., PDCCH)", "PDCCH" can be cited as an example of "Control Information".

[0028] The technical features described individually in one of the accompanying drawings of this disclosure can be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0029] Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein can be applied to various fields that require wireless communication and / or connectivity between devices (e.g., 5G).

[0030] In the following description, this disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Unless otherwise stated, the same reference numerals in the following drawings and / or description may refer to the same and / or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks and / or functional blocks.

[0031] Figure 1 An example of a communication system that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0032] Figure 1 The 5G use cases shown are merely illustrative, and the technical features of this disclosure can be applied to... Figure 1 Other 5G use cases not shown.

[0033] The three main requirement categories for 5G include (1) Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), (2) Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC), and (3) Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC).

[0034] Reference Figure 1The communication system 1 includes wireless devices 100a to 100f, a base station (BS) 200, and a network 300. Although Figure 1 An example of a 5G network as a network of communication system 1 is illustrated, but the implementation of this disclosure is not limited to 5G systems and can be applied to future communication systems other than 5G systems.

[0035] BS 200 and network 300 can be implemented as wireless devices, and a particular wireless device can operate as a BS / network node relative to other wireless devices.

[0036] Wireless devices 100a to 100f represent devices that perform communication using radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G NR or LTE) and may be referred to as communication / radio / 5G devices. Wireless devices 100a to 100f may include, but are not limited to, robots 100a, vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2, extended reality (XR) devices 100c, handheld devices 100d, home appliances 100e, Internet of Things (IoT) devices 100f, and artificial intelligence (AI) devices / servers 400. For example, vehicles may include vehicles with wireless communication capabilities, autonomous vehicles, and vehicles capable of performing communication between vehicles. Vehicles may include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones). XR devices may include augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) / mixed reality (MR) devices and may be implemented in the form of head-mounted displays (HMDs), head-up displays (HUDs) installed in vehicles, televisions, smartphones, computers, wearable devices, home appliances, digital signage, vehicles, robots, etc. Handheld devices may include smartphones, smart tablets, wearable devices (e.g., smartwatches or smart glasses), and computers (e.g., laptops). Home appliances may include TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. IoT devices may include sensors and smart meters.

[0037] In this disclosure, wireless devices 100a to 100f may be referred to as user equipment (UE). UE may include, for example, cellular phones, smartphones, laptops, digital broadcasting terminals, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable multimedia players (PMPs), navigation systems, tablet PCs, tablet PCs, ultrabooks, vehicles, vehicles with autonomous driving capabilities, connected cars, UAVs, AI modules, robots, AR devices, VR devices, MR devices, holographic devices, public safety devices, MTC devices, IoT devices, medical devices, FinTech devices (or financial devices), security devices, weather / environment devices, devices related to 5G services, or devices related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

[0038] Wireless devices 100a to 100f can connect to network 300 via BS 200. AI technology can be applied to wireless devices 100a to 100f, and wireless devices 100a to 100f can connect to AI server 400 via network 300. Network 300 can be configured using 3G, 4G (e.g., LTE), 5G (e.g., NR), and super 5G networks. Although wireless devices 100a to 100f can communicate with each other via BS 200 / network 300, wireless devices 100a to 100f can also perform direct communication (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through BS 200 / network 300. For example, vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2 can perform direct communication (e.g., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) / vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices 100a to 100f.

[0039] Wireless communication / connections 150a, 150b, and 150c can be established between wireless devices 100a to 100f and / or between wireless devices 100a to 100f and BS 200 and / or between BS 200. In this document, wireless communication / connections can be established via various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink / downlink communication 150a, sidelink communication (or device-to-device (D2D) communication) 150b, and inter-base station communication 150c (e.g., relay, integrated access and backhaul (IAB)). Wireless devices 100a to 100f and BS 200 / wireless devices 100a to 100f can send / receive radio signals to / from each other via wireless communication / connections 150a, 150b, and 150c. For example, wireless communication / connections 150a, 150b, and 150c can send / receive signals via various physical channels. Therefore, at least a portion of various configuration information configuration processes, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel coding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, and resource mapping / demapping), and resource allocation processes for transmitting / receiving radio signals can be performed based on various proposals of this disclosure.

[0040] NR supports multiple parameter sets (and / or multiple subcarrier spacings (SCS)) to support a variety of 5G services. For example, if the SCS is 15 kHz, wide-area coverage can be supported in traditional cellular bands, and if the SCS is 30 kHz / 60 kHz, dense urban areas, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth can be supported. If the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, bandwidths greater than 24.25 GHz can be supported to overcome phase noise.

[0041] NR bands can be defined as two types of frequency ranges: frequency range 1 (FR1) and frequency range 2 (FR2). The numerical values ​​of the frequency ranges can vary. For example, the two types (FR1 and FR2) of frequency ranges can be shown in Table 1. For ease of explanation, in the frequency ranges used in NR systems, FR1 can refer to "below 6 GHz" and FR2 can refer to "above 6 GHz," and can also be referred to as millimeter wave (mmW).

[0042] [Table 1]

[0043] As described above, the frequency range of the NR system can be varied. For example, FR1 may include a frequency band from 410 MHz to 7125 MHz as shown in Table 2 below. That is, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850 MHz, 5900 MHz, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher. For example, the 6 GHz (or 5850 MHz, 5900 MHz, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher frequency band included in FR1 may include unlicensed frequency bands. Unlicensed frequency bands can be used for various purposes (e.g., for vehicle communications (e.g., autonomous driving)).

[0044] [Table 2]

[0045] Here, the radio communication technologies implemented in the wireless devices of this disclosure may include narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) technologies for low-power communication, as well as LTE, NR, and 6G. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology, implemented in specifications such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, and may not be limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally and / or alternatively, the radio communication technologies implemented in the wireless devices of this disclosure may communicate based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be referred to by various names such as enhanced MTC (eMTC). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of various specifications such as 1) LTE Cat 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-bandwidth limited (non-BL), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE machine-type communication, and / or 7) LTE M, and may not be limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally and / or alternatively, the radio communication technologies implemented in the wireless devices of this disclosure may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and / or LPWAN, which take into account low-power communication, and may not be limited to the names mentioned above. For example, ZigBee technology may generate personal area networks (PANs) associated with low-power / low-power digital communication based on various specifications such as IEEE 802.15.4, and may be referred to by various names.

[0046] Figure 2 An example of a wireless device that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0047] exist Figure 2 In this context, the first wireless device 100 and / or the second wireless device 200 can be implemented in various forms depending on the use case / service. For example, {the first wireless device 100 and the second wireless device 200} can correspond to... Figure 1 At least one of {wireless devices 100a to 100f and BS 200}, {wireless devices 100a to 100f and wireless devices 100a to 100f} and / or {BS 200 and BS 200}. The first wireless device 100 and / or the second wireless device 200 may be configured from various elements, devices / components and / or modules.

[0048] The first wireless device 100 may include at least one transceiver (such as transceiver 106), at least one processing chip (such as processing chip 101), and / or one or more antennas 108.

[0049] The processing chip 101 may include at least one processor (such as processor 102) and at least one memory (such as memory 104). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory 104 may be located outside the processing chip 101.

[0050] Processor 102 can control memory 104 and / or transceiver 106, and can be adapted to implement the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts described in this disclosure. For example, processor 102 can process information in memory 104 to generate first information / signal, and then transmit a radio signal including the first information / signal via transceiver 106. Processor 102 can receive a radio signal including a second information / signal via transceiver 106, and then store the information obtained by processing the second information / signal in memory 104.

[0051] Memory 104 may be operatively connected to processor 102. Memory 104 may store various types of information and / or instructions. Memory 104 may store firmware and / or software code 105 that implements code, commands, and / or command sets, which, when executed by processor 102, execute the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. For example, firmware and / or software code 105 may implement instructions that, when executed by processor 102, execute the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. For example, firmware and / or software code 105 may control processor 102 to execute one or more protocols. For example, firmware and / or software code 105 may control processor 102 to execute one or more layers of a radio interface protocol.

[0052] In this document, processor 102 and memory 104 may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). Transceiver 106 may be connected to processor 102 and transmit and / or receive radio signals via one or more antennas 108. Each of transceivers 106 may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. Transceivers 106 may be used interchangeably with radio frequency (RF) units. In this disclosure, first wireless device 100 may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0053] The second wireless device 200 may include at least one transceiver (such as transceiver 206), at least one processing chip (such as processing chip 201), and / or one or more antennas 208.

[0054] The processing chip 201 may include at least one processor (such as processor 202) and at least one memory (such as memory 204). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory 204 may be located outside the processing chip 201.

[0055] Processor 202 can control memory 204 and / or transceiver 206, and can be adapted to implement the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts described in this disclosure. For example, processor 202 can process information in memory 204 to generate third information / signal, and then transmit a radio signal including the third information / signal via transceiver 206. Processor 202 can receive a radio signal including a fourth information / signal via transceiver 106, and then store the information obtained by processing the fourth information / signal in memory 204.

[0056] Memory 204 may be operatively connected to processor 202. Memory 204 may store various types of information and / or instructions. Memory 204 may store firmware and / or software code 205 that implements code, commands, and / or command sets, which, when executed by processor 202, execute the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. For example, firmware and / or software code 205 may implement instructions that, when executed by processor 202, execute the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. For example, firmware and / or software code 205 may control processor 202 to execute one or more protocols. For example, firmware and / or software code 205 may control processor 202 to execute one or more layers of a radio interface protocol.

[0057] In this document, processor 202 and memory 204 may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). Transceiver 206 may be connected to processor 202 and transmit and / or receive radio signals via one or more antennas 208. Each of transceivers 206 may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. Transceivers 206 may be used interchangeably with RF units. In this disclosure, second wireless device 200 may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0058] The hardware elements of wireless devices 100 and 200 will be described in more detail below. One or more protocol layers can be implemented by (but are not limited to) one or more processors 102 and 202. For example, one or more processors 102 and 202 can implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as the Physical (PHY) layer, Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, and Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer). One or more processors 102 and 202 can generate one or more Protocol Data Units (PDUs), one or more Service Data Units (SDUs), messages, control information, data, or information in accordance with the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. One or more processors 102 and 202 may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information, in accordance with the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure, and provide the generated signals to one or more transceivers 106 and 206. One or more processors 102 and 202 may receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers 106 and 206, and acquire PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information, in accordance with the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure.

[0059] One or more processors 102 and 202 may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. One or more processors 102 and 202 may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), or one or more field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors 102 and 202. For example, one or more processors 102 and 202 may be configured by a set of communication control processors, application processors (APs), electronic control units (ECUs), central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), and memory control processors.

[0060] One or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to one or more processors 102 and 202 and store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, code, instructions, and / or commands. One or more memories 104 and 204 may be configured with random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, hard disk drive, registers, flash memory, computer-readable storage media, and / or combinations thereof. One or more memories 104 and 204 may be located internally and / or externally to one or more processors 102 and 202. One or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to one or more processors 102 and 202 via various technologies such as wired or wireless connections.

[0061] One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can transmit user data, control information, and / or radio signals / channels mentioned in the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can receive user data, control information, and / or radio signals / channels mentioned in the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers 106 and 206 can be connected to one or more processors 102 and 202 and transmit and receive radio signals. For example, one or more processors 102 and 202 can perform control to enable one or more transceivers 106 and 206 to transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one or more other devices. One or more processors 102 and 202 can perform control to enable one or more transceivers 106 and 206 to receive user data, control information, or radio signals from one or more other devices.

[0062] One or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be connected to one or more antennas 108 and 208. Additionally and / or alternatively, one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may include one or more antennas 108 and 208. One or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be adapted to transmit and receive user data, control information, and / or radio signals / channels mentioned in the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein via one or more antennas 108 and 208. In this disclosure, one or more antennas 108 and 208 may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).

[0063] One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can convert received user data, control information, radio signals / channels, etc., from RF band signals to baseband signals so that the received user data, control information, radio signals / channels, etc., can be processed by one or more processors 102 and 202. One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can also convert user data, control information, radio signals / channels, etc., processed by one or more processors 102 and 202 from baseband signals to RF band signals. For this purpose, one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may include (analog) oscillators and / or filters. For example, one or more transceivers 106 and 206, under the control of one or more processors 102 and 202, can upconvert OFDM baseband signals to OFDM signals using their (analog) oscillators and / or filters, and transmit the upconverted OFDM signals at a carrier frequency. One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can receive OFDM signals at a carrier frequency and, under the control of one or more processors 102 and 202, down-convert the OFDM signals into OFDM baseband signals via their (analog) oscillators and / or filters.

[0064] Despite Figure 2 Not shown, but wireless devices 100 and 200 may also include additional components. Additional component 140 may be configured differently depending on the type of wireless devices 100 and 200. For example, additional component 140 may include at least one of a power unit / battery, input / output (I / O) devices (e.g., audio I / O ports, video I / O ports), drive devices, and computing devices. Additional component 140 may be coupled to one or more processors 102 and 202 via various technologies such as wired or wireless connections.

[0065] In the implementation of this disclosure, the UE can operate as a transmitting device in the uplink (UL) and as a receiving device in the downlink (DL). In the implementation of this disclosure, the BS can operate as a receiving device in the UL and as a transmitting device in the DL. For ease of description, it is primarily assumed below that the first radio device 100 acts as the UE and the second radio device 200 acts as the BS. For example, a processor 102 connected to, installed on, or started in the first radio device 100 can be adapted to perform UE actions according to the implementation of this disclosure, or to control the transceiver 106 to perform UE actions according to the implementation of this disclosure. A processor 202 connected to, installed on, or started in the second radio device 200 can be adapted to perform BS actions according to the implementation of this disclosure, or to control the transceiver 206 to perform BS actions according to the implementation of this disclosure.

[0066] In this disclosure, BS is also referred to as Node B (NB), eNodeB (eNB), or gNB.

[0067] Figure 3 An example of a UE that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0068] Reference Figure 3 UE 100 can correspond to Figure 2 The first wireless device 100.

[0069] The UE 100 includes a processor 102, a memory 104, a transceiver 106, one or more antennas 108, a power management module 141, a battery 142, a display 143, a keypad 144, a subscriber identification module (SIM) card 145, a speaker 146, and a microphone 147.

[0070] Processor 102 may be adapted to implement the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. Processor 102 may be adapted to control one or more other components of UE 100 to implement the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. A layer of the radio interface protocol may be implemented in processor 102. Processor 102 may include an ASIC, other chipsets, logic circuits, and / or data processing means. Processor 102 may be an application processor. Processor 102 may include at least one of a DSP, CPU, GPU, and modem (modulator and demodulator). Examples of processor 102 can be found in [the following text is missing from the original] Manufactured Series processors, by Manufactured Series processors, by The A-series processors manufactured by Manufactured Series processors, by Manufactured It can be found in the series of processors or the corresponding next-generation processors.

[0071] Memory 104 is operatively coupled to processor 102 and stores various information to operate processor 102. Memory 104 may include ROM, RAM, flash memory, memory cards, storage media, and / or other storage devices. When the implementation is software-based, the techniques described herein can be implemented using modules (e.g., processes, functions, etc.) that perform the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein. Modules may be stored in memory 104 and executed by processor 102. Memory 104 may be implemented within or outside processor 102, in which case these memories may be communicatively coupled to processor 102 via various means known in the art.

[0072] Transceiver 106 is operatively coupled to processor 102 and transmits and / or receives radio signals. Transceiver 106 includes a transmitter and a receiver. Transceiver 106 may include baseband circuitry for processing radio frequency signals. Transceiver 106 controls one or more antennas 108 to transmit and / or receive radio signals.

[0073] The power management module 141 manages the power of the processor 102 and / or transceiver 106. The battery 142 supplies power to the power management module 141.

[0074] Display 143 outputs the results processed by processor 102. Keypad 144 receives input that will be used by processor 102. Keypad 144 can be displayed on display 143.

[0075] The SIM card 145 is an integrated circuit designed to securely store the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number and its associated keys used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile devices such as mobile phones and computers. Contact information can also be stored on many SIM cards.

[0076] Speaker 146 outputs the sound-related results processed by processor 102. Microphone 147 receives the sound-related inputs that will be used by processor 102.

[0077] <6G System Overview>

[0078] 6G (wireless communication) systems aim to achieve goals such as (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption for battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The concept of 6G systems can include four aspects: “intelligent connectivity,” “deep connectivity,” “holographic connectivity,” and “universal connectivity,” and 6G systems can meet the requirements shown in Table 3 below. In other words, Table 3 shows the requirements for 6G systems.

[0079] [Table 3]

[0080] 6G systems can have key elements such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), AI-integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0081] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication architecture that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0082] 6G systems will offer 50 times more simultaneous wireless connectivity than 5G systems. In 6G communication, URLLC (a key feature of 5G) will become even more important due to its ability to provide end-to-end latency of less than 1 ms. Unlike the frequently used regional spectral efficiency, 6G systems can achieve significantly better volumetric spectral efficiency. 6G systems can offer advanced battery technologies for energy harvesting and very long battery life, meaning mobile devices may not require separate charging. Furthermore, new network characteristics may emerge in 6G.

[0083] - Satellite-integrated networks: To provide global mobile coverage, 6G will be integrated with satellites. Integrating terrestrial waves, satellites, and public networks into a single wireless communication system will likely be crucial for 6G.

[0084] - Connecting Intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is revolutionary, and wireless evolution can be updated from "connecting things" to "connecting intelligence." AI can be applied to every step of the communication process (or every signal processing step described below).

[0085] - Seamless integration of wireless messaging and power transfer: 6G wireless networks can deliver power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless messaging and power transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

[0086] - Ubiquitous super 3-dimensional connectivity: Access to networks and core network functions for drones and very low Earth orbit satellites will establish ubiquitous super 3-dimensional connectivity in 6G.

[0087] Among the new network features of 6G, several general requirements may be as follows.

[0088] - Small Cell Networks: The concept of small cell networks was introduced to improve throughput, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency in cellular systems, thereby enhancing received signal quality. Therefore, small cell networks are a fundamental feature of 5G and beyond (5G) communication systems. Consequently, 6G communication systems will also adopt the characteristics of small cell networks.

[0089] - Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another important feature of 6G communication systems. Multi-layered networks composed of heterogeneous networks can improve overall QoS and reduce costs.

[0090] - High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized by a high-capacity backhaul network to support high-capacity services. High-speed fiber optic and free-space optics (FSO) systems may be a possible solution to this problem.

[0091] - Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision positioning (or location-based services) via communication is one of the functions of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

[0092] - Software and virtualization: Software and virtualization are two important features that form the basis of the design process in 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability and programmability.

[0093] <Core Implementation Technologies of 6G Systems>

[0094] AI

[0095] The most important and newly introduced technology in 6G systems is AI. 4G systems do not involve AI. 5G systems will support some or very limited AI. However, 6G systems will support AI for full automation. In 6G, advances in machine learning will create smarter networks for real-time communication. When AI is introduced into communication, it can simplify and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analyses to determine methods for performing complex tasks. In other words, AI can improve efficiency and reduce processing latency.

[0096] AI can be used to immediately execute time-consuming tasks such as switching, network selection, and resource scheduling. AI can even play a significant role in M2M, machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communication. Furthermore, AI can enable rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, smart structures, smart networks, smart devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-maintaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0097] Recently, attempts have been made to integrate AI with wireless communication systems at the application or network layers, but deep learning has been primarily focused on wireless resource management and allocation. However, this research is gradually expanding to the MAC and physical layers, specifically attempting to combine deep learning in the physical layer with wireless transmission. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of AI-driven signal processing and communication mechanisms, rather than traditional communication frameworks based on fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. Examples include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) mechanisms, and AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

[0098] Machine learning can be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, and for power allocation and interference cancellation in the physical layer of deep learning. Additionally, machine learning can be used for antenna selection, power control, and symbol detection in MIMO systems.

[0099] Machine learning refers to a series of operations used to train machines to perform tasks that are impossible or difficult for humans to perform. Machine learning requires data and a learning model. In machine learning, data learning methods can be broadly categorized into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

[0100] Neural network learning aims to minimize output error. It involves repeatedly feeding training data into the neural network, calculating the error between the network's output and the target value based on the training data, backpropagating the error from the output layer back to the input layer to reduce it, and updating the weights of each node in the neural network.

[0101] Supervised learning can use training data labeled with correct answers, while unsupervised learning can use training data without labeled correct answers. That is, for example, in supervised learning for data classification, training data can be labeled with categories. The labeled training data can be input into a neural network, and the network's output (category) can be compared with the labels of the training data to calculate the error. The calculated error is backpropagated from the neural network backward (that is, from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weights of each node in each layer of the neural network can be updated based on the backpropagation. The change in the updated connection weights of each node can be determined based on the learning rate. The computation of the neural network on the input data and the backpropagation of the error can be configured with a learning period (epoch). The learning data is adapted differently depending on the number of repetitions of the neural network's learning period. For example, a high learning rate can be used in the early stages of neural network learning to improve efficiency, allowing the neural network to quickly establish a certain level of performance, while a low learning rate can be used in the later stages of learning to improve accuracy.

[0102] Learning methods can vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, to accurately predict the data transmitted from the transmitter in a receiver of a communication system, supervised learning can be used instead of unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

[0103] The learning model corresponds to the human brain and can be viewed as the most basic linear model. However, the paradigm of machine learning that uses highly complex neural network structures (such as artificial neural networks) as learning models is called deep learning.

[0104] The core neural networks used as learning methods can broadly include deep neural networks (DNNs), convolutional deep neural networks (CNNs), recurrent Boltzmann machines (RNNs), and spiking neural networks (SNNs). Such learning models are applicable.

[0105] THz (Terahertz) communication

[0106] Data rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by using sub-THz communication with wide bandwidth and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves (also known as submillimeter radiation) typically refer to a frequency band between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, corresponding to wavelengths in the range of 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz frequency band (sub-THz band) is considered the main part of the THz band used for cellular communication. When the sub-THz band is added to the millimeter-wave band, 6G cellular communication capacity is increased. The 300 GHz to 3 THz band in the defined THz band is in the far-infrared (IR) band. The 300 GHz to 3 THz band is part of the optical band, but it is on the boundary of the optical band and just behind the RF band. Therefore, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band has similarities to RF.

[0107] Figure 5 An example of the electromagnetic spectrum is shown.

[0108] The key characteristics of THz communication include (i) a wide range of available bandwidth supporting very high data rates, and (ii) high path loss occurring at high frequencies (making highly directional antennas indispensable). The narrow beamwidth generated in highly directional antennas reduces interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for the integration of a larger number of antenna elements with devices and base stations operating in this band. Therefore, advanced adaptive placement techniques capable of overcoming range limitations can be used.

[0109] Massive MIMO

[0110] One of the core technologies used to improve spectral efficiency is MIMO (Multi-channel Mixing). As MIMO technology improves, spectral efficiency also increases. Therefore, massive MIMO will be crucial in 6G systems. Since MIMO uses multiple paths, emphasis should be placed on multiplexing and beamforming techniques suitable for the THz band to enable data signal transmission through one or more paths.

[0111] Holographic beamforming

[0112] Beamforming is the signal processing procedure of adjusting an antenna array to transmit radio signals in a specific direction. It is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology offers numerous advantages such as high signal-to-noise ratio, interference prevention and suppression, and high network efficiency. Holographic beamforming (HBF) is a novel beamforming method that differs significantly from MIMO systems because it uses software-defined antennas. HBF will be a highly effective method for efficiently and flexibly transmitting and receiving signals in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

[0113] Optical wireless technology

[0114] Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a form of optical communication that uses visible light, infrared light (IR), or ultraviolet light (UV) to transmit signals. OWC operating in the visible light band (e.g., 390 nm to 750 nm) is often referred to as visible light communication (VLC). VLC can be implemented using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). VLC can be used in a variety of applications, including wireless local area networks, wireless personal communication networks, and vehicular networks.

[0115] VLC offers several advantages over RF-based technologies. First, VLC occupies a largely untapped / unlicensed spectrum and provides extensive bandwidth (THz levels). Second, VLC causes minimal interference to other electromagnetic devices; therefore, it can be used in electromagnetically sensitive applications such as aircraft and hospitals. Third, VLC offers advantages in communication security and privacy. The transmission medium of VLC-based networks (i.e., visible light) cannot penetrate walls and other opaque obstacles. Therefore, VLC's transmission range can be limited to indoor environments, protecting user privacy and sensitive information. Fourth, VLC can use any light source as a base station, eliminating the need for expensive base stations.

[0116] Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space (such as air), outer space, and vacuum to wirelessly transmit data for use in telecommunications or computer networks. FSO can be used as a terrestrial point-to-point OWC system. FSO can operate in the near-infrared frequency range (750 nm–1600 nm). Laser transmitters can be used in FSO implementations, and FSO can provide high data rates (e.g., 10 Gbit / s), thus offering a potential solution to backhaul bottlenecks.

[0117] In addition to RF-based communication for any possible device-to-access network, these OWC technologies are also planned for 6G communication. These networks will connect access networks to backhaul / fronthaul networks. OWC technology has been in use since 4G communication systems, but will be more widely used to meet the needs of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as optical fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and FSO communication based on optical bands are already well-known. Optical wireless communication can provide very high data rates, low latency, and secure communication.

[0118] LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) can also be used for ultra-high resolution 3D mapping in 6G communications based on optical bands. LiDAR is a remote sensing method that uses near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light to illuminate an object and the reflected light is detected by a light sensor to measure distance. LiDAR can be used for fully autonomous driving in automobiles.

[0119] FSO Backhaul Network

[0120] The transmitters and receivers of an FSO system exhibit characteristics similar to those of a fiber optic network. Therefore, data transmission in an FSO system is analogous to that in a fiber optic system. Consequently, FSO can be a good technology for providing backhaul connectivity in 6G systems alongside fiber optic networks. When using FSO, very long-distance communication is possible, even at distances of 10,000 km or more. FSO supports extensive backhaul connectivity for both long-range and short-range areas such as oceans, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular base station connectivity.

[0121] NTN: Non-Terrestrial Networks

[0122] 6G systems will integrate terrestrial and airborne networks to support vertically extended user communications. 3D BS will be provided via LEO satellites and UAVs. Adding new dimensions in terms of altitude and associated degrees of freedom makes 3D connectivity quite different from traditional 2D networks. NR considers non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) as one way to achieve this. NTNs are networks or network segments that utilize RF resources on satellites (or UAS platforms). For NTNs providing access to user equipment, there are two common scenarios: transparent payloads and regenerative payloads. The following are the basic elements of NTNs.

[0123] - Connect the NTN to one or more SAT gateways in the public data network.

[0124] - GEO satellites are fed by one or more SAT gateways deployed across satellite target coverage areas (e.g., regional or continental coverage areas). We assume that a UE in a cell is served by only one SAT gateway.

[0125] - Non-GEO satellites continuously served by one or more satellite gateways. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between continuously serving satellite gateways for a duration sufficient to allow for mobility anchoring and handover.

[0126] - Feeder link or radio link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform).

[0127] - Service link or radio link between user equipment and satellite (or UAS platform).

[0128] - A satellite (or UAS platform) capable of providing transparent or regenerated (including airborne processing) payloads. The satellite (or UAS platform) generates beams, typically multiple beams for a given service area based on its field of view. The coverage area of ​​the beams is usually elliptical. The field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform) depends on the airborne antenna pattern and the minimum angle of attack.

[0129] - Transparent payload: RF filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload remains unchanged.

[0130] - Regenerated payload: RF filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decryption, switching and / or routing, and encoding / modulation. This is essentially the same as carrying all or part of the base station functions (e.g., gNB) on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0131] - Optionally, for satellite deployments, inter-satellite links (ISLs) are used. This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. ISLs can operate in RF frequencies or optical bands.

[0132] - User equipment is served by satellites (or UAS platforms) within the target coverage area.

[0133] Typically, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide services to a continent, region, or local area.

[0134] Typically, constellations in LEO and MEO are used to provide service in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In some cases, constellations can also provide global coverage, including polar regions. The latter requires appropriate orbital inclination, sufficient generated beams, and links between satellites.

[0135] Quantum communication

[0136] Quantum communication is a next-generation communication technology that overcomes the limitations of traditional communication (such as security and ultrafast computing) by applying the properties of quantum mechanics to the field of communication. Quantum communication provides a means to generate, send, process, and store information that cannot be expressed in the form of 0s and 1s using binary bits as in conventional communication technologies, or that is difficult to express. In conventional communication technologies, wavelength or amplitude is used to transmit information between the sender and receiver, but in quantum communication, photons, as the smallest unit of light, are used to transmit information between the sender and receiver. Specifically, in the case of quantum communication, quantum uncertainty and quantum irreversibility can be used to manipulate the polarization or phase difference of photons (light), thus quantum communication possesses the characteristic of being able to communicate with perfect security. Quantum communication can also achieve ultrafast communication under certain conditions using quantum entanglement.

[0137] Cellular communication

[0138] The tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is crucial for 6G systems. As a result, users will be able to seamlessly move from one network to another without having to create any manual configurations on their devices. The best network will be automatically selected from the available communication technologies. This will break down the limitations of the cell concept in wireless communication. Currently, moving from one cell to another in dense networks causes excessive handovers, resulting in handover failures, handover delays, data loss, and the ping-pong effect. 6G cell-free communication will overcome all of these and provide better QoS.

[0139] Cellular-free communication is defined as "a system in which multiple geographically distributed antennas (APs) collaboratively serve a small number of terminals using the same time / frequency resources, with the aid of a fronthaul network and a CPU." A single terminal is served by a collection of multiple APs (called an AP cluster). There are several ways to form AP clusters, one of which is a terminal-centric clustering method that utilizes APs that significantly improve the terminal's reception performance, and dynamically updates the configuration as the terminal moves. This device-centric AP clustering technique ensures that the device is always at the center of the AP cluster and is therefore unaffected by inter-cluster interference that may occur when the device is located at the cluster's boundary. This cellless communication is achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-layer hybrid technologies, as well as different heterogeneous radios within the device.

[0140] Integration of Wireless Information and Power Transfer (WIET)

[0141] WIET uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication systems. Specifically, sensors and smartphones will use wireless power transmission to charge during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the lifespan of wireless battery charging systems. Therefore, devices without batteries will be supported in 6G communications.

[0142] Integration of wireless communication and sensing

[0143] Autonomous wireless networks are capable of continuously detecting dynamically changing environmental conditions and exchanging information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communication to support autonomous systems.

[0144] Integrated access and backhaul networks

[0145] In 6G, the density of access networks will be enormous. Each access network will be connected via fiber optic cables and backhaul connections (such as FSO networks). To handle the very large number of access networks, there will be tight integration between the access networks and the backhaul networks.

[0146] Big data analytics

[0147] Big data analytics is a complex process used to analyze various large datasets or big data. This process uncovers information such as hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer actions to ensure comprehensive data management. Big data is collected from various sources such as videos, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used in 6G systems to process massive amounts of data.

[0148] Reconfigurable Intelligent Metasurface

[0149] Numerous studies have explored the radio environment as a variable to be optimized along with the transmitter and receiver. The radio environment created by this approach is termed a Smart Radio Environment (SRE) or Intelligent Radio Environment (IRE) to highlight its fundamental difference from past design and optimization criteria. Various terms have been proposed for reconfigurable smart antennas (or smart reconfigurable antenna technologies) used to enable SRE, including reconfigurable metasurfaces, large smart surfaces (SLIS), large smart surfaces (LIS), reconfigurable smart surfaces (RIS), and smart reflective surfaces (IRS).

[0150] In the case of THz band signals, numerous shadowed regions caused by obstacles exist due to the signal's rigidity. RIS (Radio Reflector Array) technology is important for extending communication range by enhancing communication stability and providing additional value-added services through the installation of RIS near these shadowed regions. RIS are artificial surfaces made of electromagnetic materials that can alter the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. While RIS can be considered an extension of massive MIMO, it has a different array structure and operating mechanism. RIS offers the advantage of low power consumption because it operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive components; that is, it passively reflects signals without using an active RF chain. Furthermore, each of the passive reflectors in the RIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incoming signal, which can be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By appropriately adjusting the phase shift using the RIS controller, the reflected signal can be collected at the target receiver to improve the received signal power.

[0151] In addition to reflecting radio signals, there are also radio signals that can be tuned for both transmission and refraction characteristics, and these radio signals are often used in outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) applications. Recently, STAR-RIS (simultaneous transmission and reflection radio signals) that provide transmission while reflecting signals have also been actively researched.

[0152] metaverse

[0153] The metaverse is a combination of the words "meta," "transcendent," and "universe," which refer to space. Generally, the term is used to describe a three-dimensional virtual space where social and economic activities are identical to those in the real world.

[0154] Extended Reality (XR) (a key technology for realizing the metaverse) is a fusion of virtual and real, extending real-world experiences and providing unique immersive experiences. The high bandwidth and low latency of 6G networks will enable users to experience more immersive virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) experiences.

[0155] Autonomous driving (autonomous driving)

[0156] For fully autonomous driving, vehicles need to communicate with each other to warn of dangerous situations, or with infrastructure such as parking lots and traffic lights to check information such as parking location and signal change times. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) (a key element in building autonomous driving infrastructure) is a technology that enables vehicles to communicate with various elements on the road and share information (such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)) to drive autonomously.

[0157] To maximize the performance and ensure high safety of autonomous driving, high-speed transmission and low-latency technologies are essential. Furthermore, in the future, autonomous driving will go beyond simply delivering warnings or guidance messages to the driver to proactively intervene in vehicle operation and directly control the vehicle in dangerous situations. The amount of information that needs to be sent and received will be enormous; therefore, 6G is expected to maximize autonomous driving with its faster transmission speeds and lower latency compared to 5G.

[0158] Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

[0159] Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, will be a crucial element in 6G wireless communication. In most cases, UAV technology will be used to provide high-speed data wireless connectivity. Base station entities are installed within UAVs to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs possess specific characteristics not found in fixed base station infrastructure, such as ease of deployment, strong line-of-sight links, and degrees of freedom in controlled mobility. During emergencies such as natural disasters, the deployment of terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure is economically infeasible and sometimes unable to provide service in volatile environments. UAVs can easily handle such situations. UAVs will be a new paradigm in the field of wireless communication. This technology contributes to the three fundamental requirements of wireless networks, such as eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC. UAVs can also serve numerous purposes, such as improving network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is considered one of the most important technologies for 6G communications.

[0160] Blockchain

[0161] Blockchain will be a crucial technology for managing massive amounts of data in future communication systems. Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology, and a distributed ledger is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores an identical copy of the ledger. Blockchain is managed through a peer-to-peer (P2P) network. This can exist without being managed by a centralized institution or server. Blockchain data is collected together and organized into blocks. Blocks are linked together and protected using encryption. Blockchain fully complements large-scale IoT through improved interoperability, security, privacy, stability, and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology offers multiple capabilities such as interoperability between devices, high-volume data traceability, autonomous interaction between different IoT systems, and the massive connectivity stability of 6G communication systems.

[0162] <Operating Frequency Band>

[0163] LTE / LTE-A based cells operate in the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) band. NR based cells operate in the NR band. Here, DC can be referred to as EN-DC.

[0164] Table 4 shows examples of E-UTRA operating frequency bands.

[0165] [Table 4]

[0166] The operating frequency bands in NR are as follows.

[0167] Table 5 shows an example of the operating frequency band on FR1. The operating frequency band shown in Table 5 is a reconstructed operating frequency band converted from the operating frequency band of LTE / LTE-A. This operating frequency band can be referred to as the FR1 operating frequency band.

[0168] [Table 5]

[0169] Table 6 shows an example of the operating frequency bands on FR2. The following shows the operating frequency bands defined at high frequencies. This operating frequency band is called the FR2 operating frequency band.

[0170] [Table 6]

[0171] Carrier aggregation

[0172] Now, let's describe a carrier aggregation system.

[0173] Carrier aggregation systems aggregate multiple component carriers (CCs). This carrier aggregation changes the meaning of a cell. Based on carrier aggregation, a cell can represent a combination of downlink and uplink component carriers or a single downlink component carrier.

[0174] Furthermore, cells in carrier aggregation can be categorized into primary cells, secondary cells, and serving cells. A primary cell refers to the cell operating on the primary frequency. The primary cell is the cell in which the UE performs the initial connection establishment procedure or connection re-establishment procedure, or the cell designated as the primary cell during handover. A secondary cell refers to the cell operating on a secondary frequency. Once an RRC connection is established, the secondary cell is used to provide additional radio resources.

[0175] As mentioned above, a carrier aggregation system can support multiple component carriers (CCs), which means multiple serving cells, unlike a single-carrier system.

[0176] Carrier aggregation systems can support cross-carrier scheduling. Cross-carrier scheduling is a scheduling method that can allocate resources to PDSCH transmitted via other component carriers and / or to PUSCH transmitted via other component carriers that are fundamentally different from the component carriers linked to the specific component carrier by utilizing PDCCH transmitted via a specific component carrier.

[0177] Carrier aggregation can also be divided into inter-band CA and intra-band CA. Inter-band CA is a method of aggregating and using each carrier (CC) existing in different operating frequency bands, while intra-band CA is a method of aggregating and using each CC in the same operating frequency band. In addition, CA techniques are more specifically categorized as intra-band continuous CA, intra-band discontinuous CA, and inter-band discontinuous (non-continuous) CA.

[0178] Figure 6 A conceptual diagram illustrating an example of continuous CA within a frequency band is provided.

[0179] Figure 7 A conceptual diagram illustrating an example of non-continuous CA within a frequency band is provided.

[0180] CA can be divided into Figure 6 The continuous CA and frequency band shown Figure 7 The frequency band shown is non-continuous CA.

[0181] Figure 8 A conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a combination of lower and higher frequency bands for inter-band CA.

[0182] Figure 9 A conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a combination of similar frequency bands for inter-band CA is provided.

[0183] Inter-band carrier aggregation can be divided into, for example Figure 8 The diagram shows inter-band CA between carriers in low-frequency and high-frequency bands with different RF characteristics of inter-band CA, and as shown in the diagram. Figure 9 The diagram shows inter-band CA at similar frequencies for common RF terminals that can use each component carrier due to similar RF (radio frequency) characteristics.

[0184] For inter-band carrier aggregation, the carrier aggregation configuration is a combination of working frequency bands, and each working frequency band supports carrier aggregation bandwidth levels.

[0185] I. Reference Sensitivity

[0186] The reference sensitivity power level (REFSENS) is the minimum average power applied to each of the UE antenna ports across all UE categories, at which the throughput should meet or exceed the requirements for the specified reference measurement channel.

[0187] For EN-DC, E-UTRA, and NR single-carrier configurations, the CA and MIMO operations defined by the REFSENS requirements apply to all downlink bands of the listed EN-DC configurations, unless sensitivity degradation exceptions are permitted in this clause of the specification. Permitted exceptions specified in this clause also apply to any higher-order EN-DC configuration combination that includes one of the permitted band combinations. Reference sensitivity exceptions are specified by applying the maximum sensitivity degradation (MSD) to the applicable REFSENS requirements. For NR uplink transmissions using QPSK DFT-s-OFDM waveforms as defined, the EN-DC REFSENS requirements must be met. Unless otherwise specified, UL allocations use the lowest SCS permitted for a given channel BW. Limitations on the maximum output power of the uplink configuration will apply.

[0188] In this specification, we analyze the harmonic mixing that occurs in the terminal during NR CA operation and propose relaxed requirements for its sensitivity.

[0189] Figure 10 An example of a UE architecture for CA_n8-n79 is shown in accordance with the disclosure in this specification.

[0190] exist Figure 10 In the middle, the left architecture can be the main transceiver, and the right architecture can be the diversity transceiver.

[0191] In the UE architecture, the characteristics of each component can be as follows: - Insertion loss of LH band dual-frequency combiner: 2 dB; Isolation factor of LH band dual-frequency combiner: 10. - Insertion loss of duplexers for FDD band: 1 dB; Isolation factor of duplexers for FDD band: 50 (for near-frequency band) and 15 (for high-frequency band). - Insertion loss of a single-pole multi-throw switch: 1 dB - Bandpass filter insertion loss: 1 dB, bandpass filter isolation factor: 20 - Insertion loss of the up / down selector switch: 1 dB - Isolation factor for PCB isolation: 60 Table 7 shows the PA characteristics.

[0192] [Table 7]

[0193] Table 8 shows the harmonic mixing conversion loss.

[0194] [Table 8]

[0195] There is a coexistence problem when the UE uses CA_n8-n79 for communication.

[0196] UL1_n79 may interfere with DL5_n8. In other words, the uplink fundamental signal via band n79 may interfere with the downlink fifth harmonic. This could lead to harmonic mixing.

[0197] Table 9 shows the UL and DL harmonics for bands n8 and n79.

[0198] [Table 9]

[0199] Figure 11 An example of harmonic mixing is shown.

[0200] like Figure 11 As shown, harmonic mixing refers to the REFSENS degradation that occurs when the harmonic frequencies of the UL's harmonic signal (including the fundamental frequency) and the DL LO (local oscillator) signal are matched.

[0201] Down-conversion may also occur in the DL LO harmonics of the DL mixer, thus affecting the original data.

[0202] Harmonic mixing analysis is performed for each frequency band combination based on the UE architecture and the characteristics of each component.

[0203] In harmonic mixing, the harmonic mixing interference of paths other than the coupling path is very small and does not affect the reference sensitivity. Therefore, only the coupling path is considered to analyze the MSD value.

[0204] 1. Power Rating 2

[0205] For the main Rx interference power, the MSD can be calculated using the following: - Tx power: 29 dBm - Coupling path loss: -31 dBm = Tx power - PCB isolation factor (=29-60) - Power after mixing: -65.8 dBm = coupling path loss - harmonic mixing conversion loss related DL5 (=-31-34.8) - Main path interference power: -65.8 dBm Regarding diversity Rx interference power, the MSD can be calculated using the following: - Tx power: 29 dBm - Coupling path loss: -31 dBm = Tx power - PCB isolation factor (=29-60) - Power after mixing: -65.8 dBm = coupling path loss - harmonic mixing conversion loss related DL5 (=-31-34.8) - Diversity path interference power: -65.8 dBm Table 10 shows the REFSENS for band n8 based on the bandwidth in PC2.

[0206] [Table 10]

[0207] The primary Rx1 can be -65.8. The diversity Rx2 can be -65.8. After MRC, it can be -68.8103 dBm.

[0208] After applying MRC (Maximum Ratio Combination), the interference (IMD interference power) amplitude can be indicated after MRC.

[0209] The MRC can be calculated as follows: - After MRC =

[0210] Therefore, the MSD could be 28.1897 dB.

[0211] The MSD value can be calculated as follows: - MSD = 97 (absolute value of REFSENS in the victim band) - 68.8103 (post-MRC interference power for main Rx and diversity Rx) = 28 dB 2. Power rating 1.5 Regarding the main Rx interference power, the MSD can be calculated using the following: - Tx power: 32 dBm - Coupling path loss: -28 dBm = Tx power - PCB isolation factor (=32-60) - Power after mixing: -62.8 dBm = coupling path loss - harmonic mixing conversion loss related DL5 (=-28-34.8) - Main path interference power: -62.8 dBm Regarding diversity Rx interference power, the MSD can be calculated using the following: - Tx power: 32 dBm - Coupling path loss: -28 dBm = Tx power - PCB isolation factor (=32-60) - Power after mixing: -62.8 dBm = coupling path loss - harmonic mixing conversion loss related DL5 (=-28-34.8) - Diversity path interference power: -62.8 dBm Table 11 shows the REFSENS for band n8 according to the bandwidth in PC1.5.

[0212] [Table 11]

[0213] The primary Rx1 can be -62.8. The diversity Rx2 can be -62.8. After MRC, it can be -65.8103 dBm.

[0214] Therefore, the MSD could be 31.1897 dB.

[0215] The MSD value can be calculated as follows: - MSD = 97 (absolute value of REFSENS in the victim band) - 65.8103 (post-MRC interference power for main Rx and diversity Rx) = 31 dB 3. MSD value Table 12 shows the reference sensitivity anomalies and uplink / downlink configurations caused by harmonic mixing from the PC2 attack targeting NR DL CA FR1 in the NR UL band.

[0216] [Table 12]

[0217] Note 1: For DL ​​NR-ARFCN in the victim (lower) frequency band (superscript LB), the verification requirement should be met so that " ",in It is the DL carrier frequency in a lower frequency band, and It is the UL carrier frequency in the higher frequency band, and both are in MHz.

[0218] When the UE performs transmission and reception via bands n8 and n79 for CA, if the band used for the UE's reception is n8, the UE can apply an MSD value (=28.0 dB) to the UE's reception. The MSD value (=28.0 dB) can be for a UE of power class 2.

[0219] Table 13 shows the reference sensitivity anomalies and uplink / downlink configurations caused by harmonic mixing from the PC1.5 attack targeting NR DL CA FR1 in the NR UL band.

[0220] [Table 13]

[0221] Note 1: For DL ​​NR-ARFCN in the victim (lower) frequency band (superscript LB), the verification requirement should be met so that " ",in It is the DL carrier frequency in a lower frequency band, and It is the UL carrier frequency in the higher frequency band, and both are in MHz.

[0222] When the UE performs transmission and reception via bands n8 and n79 for CA, if the band used for the UE's reception is n8, the UE can apply an MSD value (=31.0 dB) to the UE's reception. The MSD value (=31.0 dB) can be for a UE with a power class of 1.5.

[0223] The tolerance ±a can be applied to the MSD values ​​shown in Tables 12 and 13. For example, 'a' can be one of {0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, ..., 2.0}. That is, the range of MSD values ​​presented in this specification can include MSD values ​​with the tolerance ±a applied.

[0224] Because of the harmonic mixing for the CA_n8-n79 and CA_n28-n77-n79 frequency band combinations, MSD values ​​can be recommended for power level 2 and power level 1.5.

[0225] The following figures were created to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of particular devices or signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are provided by way of example, and therefore the technical features of this disclosure are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0226] Figure 12 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of a UE process according to this disclosure.

[0227] 1. The UE can perform transmission and reception via frequency bands n8 and n79 for CA (carrier aggregation).

[0228] 2. The UE can apply the value of MSD (Maximum Sensitivity Degradation) to reception.

[0229] The value of MSD can be based on the receive frequency band used for reception and the power level of the UE.

[0230] Based on i) the receiving frequency band is band n8 and ii) the UE's power level is power level 2, the value of MSD can be 28.0 dB.

[0231] Based on i) the receiving frequency band is band n8 and ii) the UE's power level is power level 1.5, the MSD value can be 31.0 dB.

[0232] MSD can be used to target interference caused by harmonic mixing.

[0233] MSD can be used to target interference caused by harmonic mixing.

[0234] Band n8 and band n79 can be used for NR (New Radio).

[0235] In the following, a device in mobile communication according to some embodiments of the present disclosure will be described.

[0236] For example, a device may include a processor, a transceiver, and memory.

[0237] For example, the processor can be configured to be operationally coupled to memory and processor.

[0238] The processor can be configured to perform transmission and reception via bands n8 and n79 for CA (carrier aggregation), and apply the value of MSD (maximum sensitivity degradation) to reception, wherein the value of MSD is based on the receive band used for reception, the transmit band used for transmission, and the power class of the UE, wherein the value of MSD is 28.0 dB based on i) the receive band is band n8 and ii) the power class of the UE is power class 2.

[0239] In the following, a processor in mobile communication according to some embodiments of the present disclosure will be described.

[0240] The processor can be configured to perform transmission and reception via bands n8 and n79 for CA (carrier aggregation), and apply the value of MSD (maximum sensitivity degradation) to reception, wherein the value of MSD is based on the receiving band used for reception and the power level of the UE, wherein the value of MSD is 28.0 dB based on i) the receiving band is band n8 and ii) the power level of the UE is power level 2.

[0241] In the following, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a plurality of instructions in a wireless communication system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure will be described.

[0242] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the technical features of this disclosure can be implemented directly in hardware, software executed by a processor, or a combination of both. For example, a method executed by a wireless device in wireless communication can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. For example, the software can reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, removable disk, CD-ROM, or any other storage medium.

[0243] In some examples, the storage medium is coupled to a processor, allowing the processor to read information from the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium can be integrated into the processor. The processor and storage medium can reside in an ASIC. For other examples, the processor and storage medium can exist as discrete components.

[0244] Computer-readable media may include tangible and non-transitory computer-readable storage media.

[0245] For example, non-transitory computer-readable media may include random access memory (RAM), such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, or any other medium that can be used to store instructions or data structures. Non-transitory computer-readable media may also include combinations of the foregoing.

[0246] Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or transmits code in the form of instructions or data structures, and can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer.

[0247] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores a plurality of instructions. The stored plurality of instructions can be executed by a processor of a UE.

[0248] The stored instructions enable the UE to: perform transmission and reception via bands n8 and n79 for CA (carrier aggregation), and apply the value of MSD (maximum sensitivity degradation) to reception, wherein the value of MSD is based on the receive band used for reception, the transmit band used for transmission, and the UE's power level, wherein the value of MSD is 28.0 dB based on i) the receive band is band n8 and ii) the UE's power level is power level 2.

[0249] This disclosure can have various beneficial effects.

[0250] For example, by implementing the disclosures in this specification, the UE can receive signals by applying the MSD value.

[0251] The effects achieved through the specific examples in this specification are not limited to those listed above. For example, there are various technical effects that can be understood or derived from this specification by one of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, the specific effects of this disclosure are not limited to those explicitly described herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or derived from the technical features of this disclosure.

[0252] The claims in this disclosure can be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features in the method claims of this disclosure can be combined to implement or perform in a device, and the technical features in the device claims can be combined to implement or perform in a method. Furthermore, the technical features in the method claims and device claims can be combined to implement or perform in a device. Other implementations are within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A UE user equipment configured to operate in a wireless system, the UE comprising: a transceiver, a processor operably connected to the transceiver, wherein the processor is configured to: perform transmitting and receiving via a frequency band n8 and a frequency band n79 for CA carrier aggregation, apply a value of MSD maximum sensitivity degradation to the receiving, wherein the value of the MSD is based on a receiving frequency band used for the receiving and a power class of the UE, wherein based on i) the receiving frequency band being the frequency band n8 and ii) the power class of the UE being power class 2, the value of the MSD is 28.0 dB.

2. The UE of claim 1, wherein based on i) the receiving frequency band being the frequency band n8 and ii) the power class of the UE being power class 1.5, the value of the MSD is 31.0 dB.

3. The UE of claim 1, wherein the MSD is for interference caused by harmonic mixing.

4. The UE of claim 2, wherein the MSD is for interference caused by harmonic mixing.

5. The UE of claim 1, wherein, the frequency band n8 and the frequency band n79 are used for NR new radio.

6. A method performed by a UE user equipment, the method comprising the steps of: performing transmitting and receiving via a frequency band n8 and a frequency band n79 for CA carrier aggregation, applying a value of MSD maximum sensitivity degradation to the receiving, wherein the value of the MSD is based on a receiving frequency band used for the receiving and a power class of the UE, wherein based on i) the receiving frequency band being the frequency band n8 and ii) the power class of the UE being power class 2, the value of the MSD is 28.0 dB.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein based on i) the receiving frequency band being the frequency band n8 and ii) the power class of the UE being power class 1.5, the value of the MSD is 31.0 dB.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the MSD is for interference caused by harmonic mixing.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein, the MSD is for interference caused by harmonic mixing.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein the frequency band n8 and the frequency band n79 are used for NR new radio.

11. An apparatus in mobile communications, the apparatus comprising: a processor; and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: perform transmitting and receiving via a frequency band n8 and a frequency band n79 for CA carrier aggregation, apply a value of MSD maximum sensitivity degradation to the receiving, wherein the value of the MSD is based on a receiving frequency band used for the receiving and a power class of the apparatus, wherein based on i) the receiving frequency band being the frequency band n8 and ii) the power class of the apparatus being power class 2, the value of the MSD is 28.0 dB.

12. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions recorded thereon, wherein the instructions, based on being executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: perform transmitting and receiving via a frequency band n8 and a frequency band n79 for CA carrier aggregation, apply a value of MSD maximum sensitivity degradation to the receiving, wherein the value of the MSD is based on a receiving frequency band used for the receiving and a power class of a UE user equipment comprising the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, wherein based on i) the receiving frequency band being the frequency band n8 and ii) the power class of the UE being power class 2, the value of the MSD is 28.0 dB.

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