Maximum power reduction for sidelink communications

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a UE. The UE comprises: at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions and operatively electrically connectable to the at least one processor. Operations performed based on execution of the command by the at least one processor may include: determining a transmit power for the SL signal based on a configured maximum output power; and transmitting the SL signal to the other UE based on the transmission power.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This instruction manual relates to radio communications. Background Technology

[0002] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a technology for achieving high-speed packet communication. Many proposals have been put forward for LTE goals, including those aimed at reducing user and vendor costs, improving service quality, and expanding and increasing coverage and system capacity. 3GPP LTE requires lower cost per bit, increased service availability, flexible use of frequency bands, a simple architecture, open interfaces, and sufficient power consumption in terminals as upper-layer requirements.

[0003] Requirements and specifications for New Radio (NR) systems have begun to be developed within the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and 3GPP. 3GPP must identify and develop technical components that will be successfully standardized in the new RAT to meet both pressing market demands and the longer-term requirements outlined in the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2020 process. Furthermore, NR should be able to utilize any spectrum band within at least 100 GHz that can be used for wireless communication even in the more distant future.

[0004] The goal of NR is to address all use cases, requirements, and deployment scenarios with a single technology framework, including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC), and more. NR should be inherently backward compatible.

[0005] According to existing technology, sidelink communication based on the FR 1 unlicensed band is not supported. Furthermore, no transmit (Tx) radio frequency (RF) requirements are defined for sidelink power level 5. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Technical solution

[0007] In one aspect, a UE is provided for performing wireless communication by a first device. The UE may include: at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions and operatively electrically connectable to the at least one processor. Operations performed based on instructions executed by the at least one processor may include: determining a transmission power for an SL signal based on a configured maximum output power; and transmitting the SL signal to other UEs based on the transmission power.

[0008] In one implementation, a method for performing wireless communication by a UE is provided. The method may include the steps of: determining a transmission power for an SL signal based on a configured maximum output power; and transmitting the SL signal to other UEs based on the transmission power.

[0009] In one implementation, a method for performing wireless communication by a base station is provided. The method may include the following steps: receiving a random access preamble from a UE; sending a response message to the UE; receiving capability information related to power level 5 from the UE; and sending information related to RB allocation to the UE.

[0010] In one embodiment, an apparatus for implementing the above method is provided. Attached Figure Description

[0011] Figure 1 An example of a communication system that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0012] Figure 2 An example of a wireless device that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0013] Figure 3 An example of a wireless device that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0014] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication architecture that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0015] Figure 5 An example of the electromagnetic spectrum is shown.

[0016] Figures 6a to 6e An example of a RACH process applicable to embodiments of this disclosure is shown.

[0017] Figure 7 An example is illustrated of a terminal according to an embodiment of the present disclosure performing V2X or SL communication according to a transmission mode.

[0018] Figure 8 Examples of allocation for PSCCH or PSSCH according to embodiments of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0019] Figure 9 Examples of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 40 MHz CBW according to embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated.

[0020] Figure 10 A first example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 60 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 11 A second example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 60 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 12A third example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 60 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 13 A first example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for an 80 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 14 A second example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for an 80 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 15 A first example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 100 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 16 A second example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 100 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 17 Examples of operations performed by a UE according to embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated.

[0028] Figure 18 Examples of operation according to embodiments of this disclosure are illustrated. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The following technologies, devices, and systems can be applied to a variety of wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) systems, and Multi-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA can be implemented using radio technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented using radio technologies such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), or Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented using radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA). UTRA is part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) is part of the Evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using E-UTRA. 3GPP LTE uses OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL.

[0030] For ease of description, the implementation of this disclosure is primarily described with respect to 3GPP-based wireless communication systems. However, the technical features of this disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, although the following detailed description is based on mobile communication systems corresponding to 3GPP-based wireless communication systems, the aspects of this disclosure that are not limited to 3GPP-based wireless communication systems are applicable to other mobile communication systems.

[0031] For any terms and techniques used in this disclosure that are not specifically described in this disclosure, please refer to wireless communication standards documents published prior to this disclosure.

[0032] In this disclosure, "A or B" can mean "A only", "B only", or "both A and B". In other words, "A or B" in this disclosure can be interpreted as "A and / or B". For example, "A, B or C" in this disclosure can mean "A only", "B only", "C only", or "any combination of A, B and C".

[0033] In this disclosure, a forward slash ( / ) or a comma (,) can mean "and / or". For example, "A / B" can mean "A and / or B". Therefore, "A / B" can mean "A only", "B only", or "both A and B". For example, "A, B, C" can mean "A, B, or C".

[0034] In this disclosure, "at least one of A and B" can mean "only A", "only B" or "both A and B". Furthermore, the expressions "at least one of A or B" or "at least one of A and / or B" in this disclosure can be interpreted as the same as "at least one of A and B".

[0035] Additionally, in this disclosure, "at least one of A, B, and C" may mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B, and C." Furthermore, "at least one of A, B, or C" or "at least one of A, B, and / or C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

[0036] Furthermore, the brackets used in this disclosure may mean "for example". Specifically, when it is shown as "Control Information (PDCCH)", "PDCCH" can be cited as an example of "Control Information". In other words, "Control Information" in this disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH", and "PDCCH" can be cited as an example of "Control Information". In addition, even when shown as "Control Information (i.e., PDCCH)", "PDCCH" can be cited as an example of "Control Information".

[0037] The technical features described individually in one of the accompanying drawings of this disclosure can be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0038] Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein can be applied to various fields that require wireless communication and / or connectivity between devices (e.g., 5G).

[0039] In the following description, this disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Unless otherwise stated, the same reference numerals in the following drawings and / or description may refer to the same and / or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks and / or functional blocks.

[0040] Although the user equipment (UE) is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawings, the UE shown may be referred to as a terminal, mobile device (ME), etc. Furthermore, the UE may be a portable device such as a laptop, mobile phone, PDA, smartphone, and multimedia device, or a non-portable device such as a PC or in-vehicle device.

[0041] In the following text, UE is used as an example of a wireless communication device (or wireless apparatus or wireless equipment) capable of wireless communication. Operations performed by the UE can be performed by the wireless communication device. The wireless communication device may also be referred to as a wireless apparatus, wireless equipment, etc. In the following text, AMF may refer to an AMF node, SMF may refer to an SMF node, and UPF may refer to a UPF node.

[0042] The base station referred to below is usually a fixed station that communicates with wireless devices, and may also be called evolved NodeB (eNodeB), evolved NodeB (eNB), basic transceiver system (BTS), access point, and next-generation NodeB (gNB).

[0043] Figure 1 An example of a communication system that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0044] Figure 1 The 5G use cases shown are merely illustrative, and the technical features of this disclosure can be applied to... Figure 1 Other 5G use cases not shown.

[0045] The three main requirement categories for 5G include (1) Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), (2) Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), and (3) Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC).

[0046] Some use cases may require multiple categories for optimization, while others may focus solely on key performance indicators (KPIs). 5G uses a flexible and reliable approach to support these diverse use cases.

[0047] eMBB goes far beyond basic mobile internet access, encompassing a vast array of two-way operations in the cloud and augmented reality, as well as media and entertainment applications. Data is one of the core drivers of 5G, and for the first time in the 5G era, dedicated voice services may not be available. In 5G, the expectation is to use the data connection provided by the communication system to simply process voice as an application. The primary reason for the increase in traffic is the increase in content size and the number of applications requiring high data transmission rates. As more devices connect to the internet, streaming services (audio and video), conversational video, and mobile internet access will be more widely used. Many of these applications require always-on connectivity to push real-time information and alerts to users. Cloud storage and applications are rapidly increasing in mobile communication platforms and can be applied to both operations and entertainment. Cloud storage is a specific use case for accelerating the growth of uplink data transmission rates. 5G is also used for remote cloud operations. When using haptic interfaces, 5G requires lower end-to-end latency to maintain a good user experience. Entertainment (e.g., cloud gaming and video streaming) is another core element increasing the demand for mobile broadband capabilities. Entertainment is essential for smartphones and tablets in any highly mobile environment, including trains, vehicles, and airplanes. Other use cases include augmented reality for entertainment and information retrieval. In this case, augmented reality requires very low latency and extremely low instantaneous data volumes.

[0048] Additionally, one of the most anticipated 5G use cases involves the ability to seamlessly connect embedded sensors across all sectors (i.e., mMTC). The number of potential Internet of Things (IoT) devices is expected to reach 20.4 billion by 2020. Industrial IoT is one of the categories playing a leading role in enabling smart cities, asset tracking, smart utilities, agriculture, and security infrastructure through 5G.

[0049] URLLC encompasses new services that will transform industries through remote control of key infrastructure and ultra-reliable / available low-latency links (e.g., autonomous vehicles). For controlling smart grids, automating industry, enabling robotics, and controlling and regulating drones, levels of reliability and latency are critical.

[0050] 5G is the means to provide streaming services rated at hundreds of megabits per second to gigabits per second, and can complement fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and cable-based broadband (or DOCSIS). Such high speeds are needed to deliver 4K or higher (6K, 8K, and higher) resolution TV, as well as virtual reality and augmented reality. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications include near-immersive sports events. Specific applications may require special network configurations. For example, for VR games, game companies need to integrate their core servers into the network operator's edge network servers to minimize latency.

[0051] Along with numerous use cases for mobile communications in vehicles, automobiles are expected to become a significant new driving force in 5G. For example, passenger entertainment requires high concurrent capacity and highly mobile broadband. This is because future users will continue to expect high-quality connectivity regardless of location and speed. Another use case in the automotive sector is AR dashboards. AR dashboards allow drivers to identify objects in the dark in addition to those seen through the windshield, displaying distances and movement of objects through overlapping information. In the future, wireless modules will enable communication between vehicles, information exchange between vehicles and supporting infrastructure, and information exchange between vehicles and other connected devices (e.g., pedestrian-attached devices). Safety systems will guide alternative driving processes to allow drivers to drive more safely, thereby reducing the risk of accidents. The next stage will be remotely controlled or autonomous vehicles. This requires very high reliability and very fast communication between different autonomous vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure. In the future, autonomous vehicles will perform all driving activities, and drivers will only focus on abnormal traffic that the vehicle cannot identify. The technical requirements for autonomous vehicles necessitate ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability to increase traffic safety to levels unattainable by humans.

[0052] Smart cities and smart homes / buildings, termed smart societies, will be embedded in high-density wireless sensor networks. Distributed networks of smart sensors will identify conditions for cost-effective and energy-efficient maintenance in cities or homes. Similar configurations can be implemented for individual homes. Temperature sensors, window and heating controllers, burglar alarms, and home appliances will all be wirelessly connected. Many of these sensors typically have low data transmission rates, low power consumption, and low cost. However, certain types of devices may require real-time HD video for monitoring.

[0053] The consumption and distribution of energy, including heat or gas, are distributed at a higher level, necessitating automated control through distributed sensor networks. Smart grids collect information and use digital information and communication technologies to connect sensors to each other to act based on the collected information. Because this information can include the behavior of power companies and consumers, smart grids can improve fuel distribution, such as electricity, through methods that are efficient, reliable, economically feasible, production sustainable, and automated. Smart grids can also be viewed as another sensor network with low latency.

[0054] Mission-critical applications (such as e-health) are one of the use cases for 5G. The health sector encompasses numerous applications that can benefit from mobile communications. Communication systems can support telemedicine, enabling the delivery of clinical care in remote locations. Telemedicine can help reduce distance barriers and improve access to healthcare services that are not readily available in remote rural areas. Telemedicine is also used to administer critical treatments and save lives in emergencies. Mobile communication-based wireless sensor networks can provide remote monitoring and sensing of parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure.

[0055] Wireless and mobile communications are becoming increasingly important in industrial applications. The installation and maintenance costs of cabling are high. Therefore, the possibility of replacing cables with reconfigurable wireless links presents an attractive opportunity in many industrial sectors. However, to achieve this replacement, wireless connections need to be established with similar latency, reliability, and capacity as cables, and the management of wireless connections needs to be simplified. When connecting to 5G, low latency and a very low error probability become new requirements.

[0056] Logistics and freight tracking are important use cases for mobile communications, allowing inventory and packages to be tracked anywhere using location-based information systems. Logistics and freight use cases typically require low data rates, but demand location information with wide coverage and reliability.

[0057] Reference Figure 1 The communication system 1 includes wireless devices 100a to 100f, a base station (BS) 200, and a network 300. Although Figure 1 An example of a 5G network as a network of communication system 1 is shown, but the implementation of this disclosure is not limited to 5G systems and can be applied to future communication systems other than 5G systems.

[0058] BS 200 and network 300 can be implemented as wireless devices, and a particular wireless device can operate as a BS / network node relative to other wireless devices.

[0059] Wireless devices 100a to 100f represent devices that perform communication using radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G New RAT (NR) or LTE) and may be referred to as communication / radio / 5G devices. Wireless devices may include (but are not limited to) robots 100a, vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2, extended reality (XR) devices 100c, handheld devices 100d, home appliances 100e, IoT devices 100f, and artificial intelligence (AI) devices / servers 400. For example, vehicles may include vehicles with wireless communication capabilities, autonomous vehicles, and vehicles capable of performing communication between vehicles. Vehicles may include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones). XR devices may include AR / VR / mixed reality (MR) devices and may take the form of head-up displays (HMDs), head-up displays (HUDs) installed in vehicles, televisions, smartphones, computers, wearable devices, home appliance devices, digital signage, vehicles, robots, etc. Handheld devices may include smartphones, smart tablets, wearable devices (e.g., smartwatches or smart glasses), and computers (e.g., laptops). Home appliances may include TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. IoT devices may include sensors and smart meters.

[0060] In this disclosure, wireless devices 100a to 100f may be referred to as user equipment (UE). UE may include, for example, cellular phones, smartphones, laptop computers, digital broadcasting terminals, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable multimedia players (PMPs), navigation systems, tablet PCs, tablet PCs, ultrabooks, vehicles, vehicles with autonomous driving capabilities, connected cars, UAVs, AI modules, robots, AR devices, VR devices, MR devices, holographic devices, public safety devices, MTC devices, IoT devices, medical devices, FinTech devices (or financial devices), security devices, weather / environment devices, devices related to 5G services, or devices related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

[0061] UAVs can be, for example, aircraft that are airborne by wireless control signals without anyone on board.

[0062] VR devices may include, for example, means for realizing objects or backgrounds in a virtual world. AR devices may include, for example, means for connecting objects or backgrounds in a virtual world to objects or backgrounds in the real world. MR devices may include, for example, means for merging objects or backgrounds in a virtual world into objects or backgrounds in the real world. Holographic devices may include, for example, means for recording and reproducing stereoscopic information using the interference phenomenon of light generated when two lasers, known as holography, meet.

[0063] Public safety devices may include, for example, image relay devices or image devices that can be worn on a user's body.

[0064] MTC devices and IoT devices can be, for example, devices that do not require direct human intervention or manipulation. For example, MTC devices and IoT devices can include smart meters, vending machines, thermometers, smart light bulbs, door locks, or various sensors.

[0065] For example, a medical device can be a device for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, alleviating, treating, or preventing disease. For example, a medical device can be a device for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, alleviating, or correcting injury or impairment. For example, a medical device can be a device for the purpose of examining, replacing, or modifying a structure or function. For example, a medical device can be a device for the purpose of regulating pregnancy. For example, a medical device can include a device for treatment, a device for surgery, a device for (in vitro) diagnosis, a hearing aid, or a device for surgical procedures.

[0066] For example, a safety device can be a device installed to prevent potential dangers and maintain safety. For example, a safety device can be a camera, closed-circuit television (CCTV), a recorder, or a black box.

[0067] For example, a FinTech device can be a device capable of providing financial services such as mobile payments. For instance, a FinTech device can include a payment device or a point-of-sale (POS) system.

[0068] Weather / environment devices may include, for example, devices for monitoring or predicting weather / environment.

[0069] Wireless devices 100a to 100f can connect to network 300 via BS 200. AI technology can be applied to wireless devices 100a to 100f, and wireless devices 100a to 100f can connect to AI server 400 via network 300. Network 300 can be configured using 3G, 4G (e.g., LTE), 5G (e.g., NR), and super 5G networks. Although wireless devices 100a to 100f can communicate with each other via BS 200 / network 300, wireless devices 100a to 100f can also perform direct communication (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through BS 200 / network 300. For example, vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2 can perform direct communication (e.g., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) / vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices 100a to 100f.

[0070] Wireless communication / connections 150a, 150b, and 150c can be established between wireless devices 100a to 100f and / or between wireless devices 100a to 100f and BS 200 and / or between BS 200. In this document, wireless communication / connections can be established via various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink / downlink communication 150a, sidelink communication (or device-to-device (D2D) communication) 150b, and inter-base station communication 150c (e.g., relay, integrated access and backhaul (IAB)). Wireless devices 100a to 100f and BS 200 / wireless devices 100a to 100f can send / receive radio signals to / from each other via wireless communication / connections 150a, 150b, and 150c. For example, wireless communication / connections 150a, 150b, and 150c can send / receive signals via various physical channels. Therefore, at least a portion of various configuration information configuration processes, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel coding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, and resource mapping / demapping), and resource allocation processes for transmitting / receiving radio signals can be performed based on various proposals of this disclosure.

[0071] AI refers to the field of studying artificial intelligence or the methods that can create it, and machine learning refers to the field that defines the various problems to be solved within the AI ​​and its methodologies. Machine learning is also defined as algorithms that improve the performance of a task through a stable experience of that task.

[0072] A robot is a machine that automatically processes or operates a given task through its own capabilities. Specifically, a robot with the ability to recognize its environment and make its own decisions to perform actions can be called an intelligent robot. Depending on its purpose or field of use, robots can be classified as industrial, medical, domestic, military, etc. Robots can utilize actuators or motors to perform various physical operations such as moving their joints. Mobile robots also include wheels, brakes, propellers, etc., on their actuators, allowing them to move on the ground or fly in the air.

[0073] Autonomous driving refers to the technology of driving itself, and autonomous vehicles refer to vehicles that drive with little or no user control. For example, autonomous driving can include lane keeping, automatic speed adjustment (e.g., adaptive cruise control), automatic driving along a set route, and automatic route planning when a destination is set. Vehicles include vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines, hybrid vehicles equipped with both internal combustion engines and electric motors, and electric vehicles equipped with electric motors, and can include trains, motorcycles, and automobiles. Autonomous vehicles can be considered as robots with autonomous driving capabilities.

[0074] Extended reality is collectively referred to as VR, AR, and MR. VR technology provides real-world objects and backgrounds solely through computer graphics (CG) images. AR technology provides virtual CG images on top of real-world object images. MR technology is a CG technique that combines virtual objects into the real world. MR technology is similar to AR technology in that they display real and virtual objects together. However, the difference lies in that in AR technology, virtual objects serve as a complementary form to real objects, while in MR technology, virtual and real objects serve as identical features.

[0075] NR supports multiple parameter sets (and / or multiple subcarrier spacings (SCS)) to support a variety of 5G services. For example, if the SCS is 15 kHz, wide-area coverage can be supported in traditional cellular bands, and if the SCS is 30 kHz / 60 kHz, dense urban areas, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth can be supported. If the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, bandwidths greater than 24.25 GHz can be supported to overcome phase noise.

[0076] NR bands can be defined as two types of frequency ranges, namely FR1 and FR2. The numerical values ​​of the frequency ranges can vary. For example, the frequency ranges of the two types (FR1 and FR2) can be as shown in Table 1. For ease of explanation, in the frequency ranges used in NR systems, FR1 can represent "below 6 GHz range," FR2 can represent "above 6 GHz range," and can be referred to as millimeter wave (mmW). FR2 can include FR 2-1 and FR 2-2 as shown in the examples in Tables 1 and 2.

[0077] [Table 1]

[0078] As described above, the frequency range of the NR system can be varied. For example, FR1 may include a frequency band from 410 MHz to 7125 MHz as shown in Table 2 below. That is, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850 MHz, 5900 MHz, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher. For example, the 6 GHz (or 5850 MHz, 5900 MHz, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher frequency band included in FR1 may include unlicensed frequency bands. Unlicensed frequency bands can be used for various purposes (e.g., for vehicle communications (e.g., autonomous driving)).

[0079] [Table 2]

[0080] Here, the radio communication technologies implemented in the wireless devices of this disclosure may include narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technologies for low-power communication, as well as LTE, NR, and 6G. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology, implemented in specifications such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, and may not be limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally and / or alternatively, the radio communication technologies implemented in the wireless devices of this disclosure may communicate based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be referred to by various names such as enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of various specifications such as 1) LTE Cat 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-bandwidth limited (non-BL), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE machine-type communication, and / or 7) LTE M, and may not be limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally and / or alternatively, the radio communication technologies implemented in the wireless devices of this disclosure may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and / or LPWAN, which take into account low-power communication, and may not be limited to the names mentioned above. For example, ZigBee technology may generate personal area networks (PANs) associated with low-power / low-power digital communication based on various specifications such as IEEE 802.15.4, and may be referred to by various names.

[0081] Figure 2 An example of a wireless device that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0082] Reference Figure 2 The first wireless device 100 and the second wireless device 200 can transmit radio signals to / receive radio signals from external devices via various RATs (e.g., LTE and NR).

[0083] exist Figure 2 In this context, {first wireless device 100 and second wireless device 200} can correspond to Figure 1 At least one of {wireless devices 100a to 100f and BS 200}, {wireless devices 100a to 100f and wireless devices 100a to 100f} and / or {BS 200 and BS200}.

[0084] The first wireless device 100 may include at least one transceiver (e.g., transceiver 106), at least one processing chip (e.g., processing chip 101), and / or one or more antennas 108.

[0085] The processing chip 101 may include at least one processor (e.g., processor 102) and at least one memory (e.g., memory 104). Figure 2 The memory 104 is shown as being included in the processing chip 101. Alternatively and / or alternatively, the memory 104 may be located outside the processing chip 101.

[0086] Processor 102 can control memory 104 and / or transceiver 106, and can be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts described in this disclosure. For example, processor 102 can process information in memory 104 to generate first information / signal, and then transmit a radio signal including the first information / signal via transceiver 106. Processor 102 can receive a radio signal including a second information / signal via transceiver 106, and then store the information obtained by processing the second information / signal in memory 104.

[0087] Memory 104 may be operatively connected to processor 102. Memory 104 may store various types of information and / or instructions. Memory 104 may store software code 105 that implements instructions, which, when executed by processor 102, perform the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. For example, software code 105 may implement instructions that, when executed by processor 102, perform the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. For example, software code 105 may control processor 102 to execute one or more protocols. For example, software code 105 may control processor 102 to execute one or more layers of a radio interface protocol.

[0088] In this document, processor 102 and memory 104 may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). Transceiver 106 may be connected to processor 102 and transmit and / or receive radio signals via one or more antennas 108. Each transceiver 106 may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. Transceiver 106 may be used interchangeably with radio frequency (RF) units. In this disclosure, first wireless device 100 may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0089] The second wireless device 200 may include at least one transceiver (e.g., transceiver 206), at least one processing chip (e.g., processing chip 201), and / or one or more antennas 208.

[0090] The processing chip 201 may include at least one processor (e.g., processor 202) and at least one memory (e.g., memory 204). Figure 2The memory 204 is shown as being included in the processing chip 201. Alternatively and / or alternatively, the memory 204 may be located outside the processing chip 201.

[0091] Processor 202 can control memory 204 and / or transceiver 206, and can be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts described in this disclosure. For example, processor 202 can process information in memory 204 to generate third information / signal, and then transmit a radio signal including the third information / signal via transceiver 206. Processor 202 can receive a radio signal including a fourth information / signal via transceiver 106, and then store the information obtained by processing the fourth information / signal in memory 204.

[0092] Memory 204 may be operatively connected to processor 202. Memory 204 may store various types of information and / or instructions. Memory 204 may store software code 205 that implements instructions, which, when executed by processor 202, perform the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. For example, software code 205 may implement instructions that, when executed by processor 202, perform the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. For example, software code 205 may control processor 202 to execute one or more protocols. For example, software code 205 may control processor 202 to execute one or more layers of a radio interface protocol.

[0093] In this document, processor 202 and memory 204 may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). Transceiver 206 may be connected to processor 202 and transmit and / or receive radio signals via one or more antennas 208. Each transceiver 206 may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. Transceiver 206 may be used interchangeably with an RF unit. In this disclosure, second wireless device 200 may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0094] The hardware elements of wireless devices 100 and 200 will be described in more detail below. One or more protocol layers can be implemented by (but are not limited to) one or more processors 102 and 202. For example, one or more processors 102 and 202 can implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as the Physical (PHY) layer, Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, and Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer). One or more processors 102 and 202 can generate one or more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and / or one or more Service Data Units (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. One or more processors 102 and 202 can generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure. One or more processors 102 and 202 may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information, in accordance with the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure, and provide the generated signals to one or more transceivers 106 and 206. One or more processors 102 and 202 may receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers 106 and 206, and acquire PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information, in accordance with the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure.

[0095] One or more processors 102 and 202 may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. One or more processors 102 and 202 may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), or one or more field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors 102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be configured to include modules, processes, or functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure may be included in one or more processors 102 and 202 or stored in one or more memories 104 and 204 for being driven by one or more processors 102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure can be implemented using software or firmware in the form of code, commands and / or command sets.

[0096] One or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to one or more processors 102 and 202 and store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, code, instructions, and / or commands. One or more memories 104 and 204 may be configured with read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, hard disk drive, registers, flash memory, computer-readable storage media, and / or combinations thereof. One or more memories 104 and 204 may be located internally and / or externally to one or more processors 102 and 202. One or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to one or more processors 102 and 202 via various technologies such as wired or wireless connections.

[0097] One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can transmit user data, control information, and / or radio signals / channels mentioned in the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can receive user data, control information, and / or radio signals / channels mentioned in the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers 106 and 206 can be connected to one or more processors 102 and 202 and transmit and receive radio signals. For example, one or more processors 102 and 202 can perform control to enable one or more transceivers 106 and 206 to transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one or more other devices. One or more processors 102 and 202 can perform control to enable one or more transceivers 106 and 206 to receive user data, control information, or radio signals from one or more other devices.

[0098] One or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be connected to one or more antennas 108 and 208, and one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, and / or radio signals / channels mentioned in the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein via one or more antennas 108 and 208. In this disclosure, one or more antennas 108 and 208 may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).

[0099] One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can convert received user data, control information, radio signals / channels, etc., from RF band signals into baseband signals so that the received user data, control information, radio signals / channels, etc., can be processed by one or more processors 102 and 202. One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can also convert user data, control information, radio signals / channels, etc., processed by one or more processors 102 and 202 from baseband signals into RF band signals. For this purpose, one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may include (analog) oscillators and / or filters. For example, one or more transceivers 106 and 206, under the control of one or more processors 102 and 202, can up-convert OFDM baseband signals to OFDM signals using their (analog) oscillators and / or filters, and transmit the up-converted OFDM signals at the carrier frequency. One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can receive OFDM signals at a carrier frequency and, under the control of one or more processors 102 and 202, downconvert the OFDM signals to OFDM baseband signals via their (analog) oscillators and / or filters.

[0100] In the implementation of this disclosure, the UE can operate as a transmitting device in the uplink (UL) and as a receiving device in the downlink (DL). In the implementation of this disclosure, the BS can operate as a receiving device in the UL and as a transmitting device in the DL. Hereinafter, for ease of description, it is primarily assumed that the first wireless device 100 acts as the UE and the second wireless device 200 acts as the BS. For example, a processor 102 connected to, installed on, or started in the first wireless device 100 can be configured to perform UE actions according to the implementation of this disclosure, or to control the transceiver 106 to perform UE actions according to the implementation of this disclosure. A processor 202 connected to, installed on, or started in the second wireless device 200 can be configured to perform BS actions according to the implementation of this disclosure, or to control the transceiver 206 to perform BS actions according to the implementation of this disclosure.

[0101] In this disclosure, BS is also referred to as Node B (NB), eNodeB (eNB), or gNB.

[0102] Figure 3 An example of a wireless device that applies the implementation of this disclosure is shown.

[0103] Based on use cases / services (see reference) Figure 1 Wireless devices can be implemented in various forms.

[0104] Reference Figure 3Wireless devices 100 and 200 can correspond to Figure 2 The wireless devices 100 and 200 can be configured with various elements, components, units / parts, and / or modules. For example, each of the wireless devices 100 and 200 may include a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130, and an additional component 140. The communication unit 110 may include a communication circuit 112 and a transceiver 114. For example, the communication circuit 112 may include... Figure 2 One or more processors 102 and 202 and / or Figure 2 One or more memories 104 and 204. For example, transceiver 114 may include Figure 2 One or more transceivers 106 and 206 and / or Figure 2 One or more antennas 108 and 208. Control unit 120 is electrically connected to communication unit 110, memory unit 130, and add-on components 140, and controls the overall operation of each of wireless devices 100 and 200. For example, control unit 120 can control the electromechanical operation of each of wireless devices 100 and 200 based on programs / code / commands / information stored in memory unit 130. Control unit 120 can transmit information stored in memory unit 130 to an external source (e.g., other communication devices) via communication unit 110 through a wireless / wired interface, or store information received from an external source (e.g., other communication devices) via communication unit 110 through a wireless / wired interface in memory unit 130.

[0105] The add-on component 140 can be configured in various ways depending on the type of wireless devices 100 and 200. For example, the add-on component 140 may include at least one of a power supply unit / battery, an input / output (I / O) unit (e.g., an audio I / O port, a video I / O port), a drive unit, and a computing unit. Wireless devices 100 and 200 can be used in (but are not limited to) robotic applications. Figure 1 100a), vehicles ( Figure 1 100b-1 and 100b-2), XR device ( Figure 1 100c), handheld device ( Figure 1 100d), home appliances ( Figure 1 100e), IoT devices ( Figure 1 100f), digital broadcasting terminals, holographic devices, public safety devices, MTC devices, medical devices, FinTech devices (or financial devices), security devices, climate / environment devices, AI servers / devices ( Figure 1 400), BS ( Figure 3in the form of wireless devices 100, 200), network nodes, etc. The wireless devices 100 and 200 can be used in mobile or fixed positions according to usage examples / services.

[0106] In Figure 4 , various elements, components, units / parts, and / or modules in the wireless devices 100 and 200 can be connected to each other through a wired interface, or at least a part of them can be wirelessly connected through the communication unit 110. For example, in each of the wireless devices 100 and 200, the control unit 120 and the communication unit 110 can be wired-connected, and the control unit 120 and the first units (e.g., 130 and 140) can be wirelessly connected through the communication unit 110. Each element, component, unit / part, and / or module within the wireless devices 100 and 200 can also include one or more elements. For example, the control unit 120 can be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, the control unit 120 can be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor (AP), an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphics processing unit, and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory unit 130 can be configured by RAM, DRAM, ROM, flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and / or a combination thereof.

[0107] <Working frequency bands of NR>

[0108] The working frequency bands in NR are as follows.

[0109] The working frequency bands in Table 3 below are the working frequency bands converted (refarmed) from the working frequency bands of LTE / LTE-A. This can be referred to as the FR1 band.

[0110] [Table 3]

[0111] The following table shows the NR working frequency bands defined at high frequencies. This is called the FR2 band.

[0112] [Table 4]

[0113] <Overview of 6G systems>

[0114] 6G (wireless communication) systems aim to achieve goals such as (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption for battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The concept of 6G systems can include four aspects: “intelligent connectivity,” “deep connectivity,” “holographic connectivity,” and “universal connectivity,” and 6G systems can meet the requirements shown in Table 5 below. In other words, Table 5 shows the requirements for 6G systems.

[0115] [Table 5]

[0116] 6G systems can have key elements such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), AI-integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0117] Artificial intelligence This is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication architecture that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0118] 6G systems will offer 50 times more simultaneous wireless connectivity than 5G systems. In 6G communication, URLLC (a key feature of 5G) will become even more important by providing end-to-end latency of less than 1 ms. Unlike the frequently used regional spectral efficiency, 6G systems can achieve significantly better volumetric spectral efficiency. 6G systems can offer advanced battery technologies for energy harvesting and very long battery life; therefore, mobile devices may not require separate charging in 6G systems. Additionally, new network characteristics may emerge in 6G.

[0119] - Satellite-integrated networks: To provide global mobile coverage, 6G will be integrated with satellites. Integrating terrestrial waves, satellites, and public networks into a single wireless communication system will likely be crucial for 6G.

[0120] - Connecting Intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is revolutionary, and wireless evolution can be updated from "connecting things" to "connecting intelligence." AI can be applied to every step of the communication process (or every step of the signal processing process described below).

[0121] - Seamless integration of wireless messaging and power transfer: 6G wireless networks can deliver power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless messaging and power transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

[0122] - Ubiquitous super 3-dimensional connectivity: Access to networks and core network functions for drones and very low Earth orbit satellites will establish ubiquitous super 3-dimensional connectivity in 6G.

[0123] Among the new network features of 6G, several general requirements can be summarized as follows:

[0124] - Small Cell Networks: The concept of small cell networks was introduced to improve throughput, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency in cellular systems, thereby enhancing received signal quality. Therefore, small cell networks are a fundamental feature of 5G and beyond (5G) communication systems. Consequently, 6G communication systems will also adopt the characteristics of small cell networks.

[0125] - Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another important feature of 6G communication systems. Multi-layered networks composed of heterogeneous networks will improve overall QoS and reduce costs.

[0126] - High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized by a high-capacity backhaul network to support high-capacity services. High-speed fiber optic and free-space optics (FSO) systems may be a possible solution to this problem.

[0127] - Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision positioning (or location-based services) via communication is one of the functions of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

[0128] - Software-defined networking and virtualization: Software-defined networking and virtualization are two important features that form the basis of the design process in 5G networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability, and programmability. Furthermore, a shared physical infrastructure can support billions of devices.

[0129] <Core Implementation Technologies of 6G Systems>

[0130] THz (Terahertz) communications

[0131] The most important and newly introduced technology in 6G systems is AI. 4G systems do not involve AI. 5G systems will support some or very limited AI. However, 6G systems will support AI for full automation. In 6G, advances in machine learning will create smarter networks for real-time communication. With AI introduced into communication, real-time data transmission can be simplified and improved. AI can use numerous analyses to determine methods for performing complex target operations. In other words, AI can improve efficiency and reduce processing latency.

[0132] AI can be used to immediately execute time-consuming tasks such as switching, network selection, and resource scheduling. AI can even play a significant role in M2M, machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communication. Furthermore, AI can enable rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, smart structures, smart networks, smart devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-maintaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0133] Recently, attempts have been made to integrate AI with wireless communication systems at the application or network layers, but deep learning has been primarily focused on wireless resource management and allocation. However, this research is gradually expanding to the MAC and physical layers, specifically attempting to combine deep learning in the physical layer with wireless transmission. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of AI-driven signal processing and communication mechanisms, rather than traditional communication frameworks based on fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. Examples include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) mechanisms, and AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

[0134] Machine learning can be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, and for power allocation and interference cancellation in the physical layer of deep learning. Additionally, machine learning can be used for antenna selection, power control, and symbol detection in MIMO systems.

[0135] Machine learning refers to a series of operations used to train machines to perform tasks that are impossible or difficult for humans to perform. Machine learning requires data and a learning model. In machine learning, data learning methods can be broadly categorized into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

[0136] Neural network learning aims to minimize output error. It involves repeatedly inputting training data into the neural network, calculating the error between the network's output and the target value based on the training data, backpropagating the error from the output layer back to the input layer to reduce the error, and updating the weights of each node in the neural network.

[0137] Supervised learning can use training data labeled with correct answers, while unsupervised learning can use training data without labeled correct answers. That is, for example, in supervised learning for data classification, training data can be labeled with categories. The labeled training data can be input into a neural network, and the network's output (category) can be compared with the labels of the training data to calculate the error. The calculated error is backpropagated from the neural network backward (that is, from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weights of each node in each layer of the neural network can be updated based on the backpropagation. The change in the updated connection weights of each node can be determined based on the learning rate. The computation of the neural network on the input data and the backpropagation of the error can be configured with a learning period (epoch). The learning data is adapted differently depending on the number of repetitions of the neural network's learning period. For example, a high learning rate can be used in the early stages of neural network learning to improve efficiency, allowing the neural network to quickly establish a certain level of performance, while a low learning rate can be used in the later stages of learning to improve accuracy.

[0138] Learning methods can vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, to accurately predict the data transmitted from the transmitter in a receiver of a communication system, supervised learning can be used instead of unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

[0139] The learning model corresponds to the human brain and can be viewed as the most basic linear model. However, the paradigm of machine learning that uses highly complex neural network structures (such as artificial neural networks) as learning models is called deep learning.

[0140] The core neural networks used as learning methods can broadly include deep neural networks (DNNs), convolutional deep neural networks (CNNs), recurrent Boltzmann machines (RNNs), and spiking neural networks (SNNs). Such learning models are applicable.

[0141] Figure 5

[0142] Data rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by using sub-THz communication with wide bandwidth and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves (also known as submillimeter radiation) typically refer to a frequency band between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, corresponding to wavelengths in the range of 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz frequency band (sub-THz band) is considered the main part of the THz frequency band used for cellular communication. Adding the sub-THz band to the millimeter-wave band increases 6G cellular communication capacity. The 300 GHz to 3 THz band in the defined THz frequency band is in the far-infrared (IR) band. The 300 GHz to 3 THz band is part of the optical band, but it is on the boundary of the optical band and just behind the RF band. Therefore, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band has similarities to RF.

[0143] Massive MIMO An example of the electromagnetic spectrum is shown.

[0144] The key characteristics of THz communication include (i) a wide range of available bandwidth supporting very high data rates, and (ii) high path loss occurring at high frequencies (making highly directional antennas indispensable). The narrow beamwidth generated in highly directional antennas reduces interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for the integration of a larger number of antenna elements with devices and base stations operating in this band. Therefore, advanced adaptive placement techniques capable of overcoming range limitations can be used.

[0145] Holographic beamforming

[0146] One of the core technologies used to improve spectral efficiency is MIMO (Multi-channel Mixing). As MIMO technology improves, spectral efficiency also increases. Therefore, massive MIMO will be crucial in 6G systems. Since MIMO uses multiple paths, emphasis should be placed on multiplexing and beamforming techniques suitable for the THz band to enable data signal transmission through one or more paths.

[0147] Optical wireless technology

[0148] Beamforming is the signal processing procedure of adjusting an antenna array to transmit radio signals in a specific direction. It is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology offers numerous advantages such as high signal-to-noise ratio, interference prevention and suppression, and high network efficiency. Holographic beamforming (HBF) is a novel beamforming method that differs significantly from MIMO systems because it uses software-defined antennas. HBF will be a highly effective method for efficiently and flexibly transmitting and receiving signals in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

[0149] FSO backhaul networks

[0150] Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a form of optical communication that uses visible light, infrared light (IR), or ultraviolet light (UV) to carry signals. OWC operating in the visible light band (e.g., 390 nm to 750 nm) is often called visible light communication (VLC). VLC can be implemented using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). VLC can be used in a variety of applications, including wireless LANs, wireless personal area networks, and vehicular networks.

[0151] VLC offers several advantages over RF-based technologies. First, VLC occupies a largely untapped / unlicensed spectrum and provides extensive bandwidth (THz levels). Second, VLC causes minimal interference to other electromagnetic devices; therefore, it can be used in electromagnetically sensitive applications such as aircraft and hospitals. Third, VLC offers advantages in communication security and privacy. The transmission medium of VLC-based networks (i.e., visible light) cannot penetrate walls and other opaque obstacles. Therefore, VLC's transmission range can be limited to indoor environments, protecting user privacy and sensitive information. Fourth, VLC can use any light source as a base station, eliminating the need for expensive base stations.

[0152] Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space (such as air), outer space, and vacuum to wirelessly transmit data for use in telecommunications or computer networks. FSO can be used as a terrestrial point-to-point OWC system. FSO can operate in the near-infrared frequency range (750 nm–1600 nm). Laser transmitters can be used in FSO implementations, and FSO can provide high data rates (e.g., 10 Gbit / s), thus offering a potential solution to backhaul bottlenecks.

[0153] In addition to RF-based communication for all possible devices to access networks, these OWC technologies are also planned for 6G communication. These networks will connect access networks to backhaul / fronthaul networks. OWC technology has been used since 4G communication systems, but will be used more extensively to meet the needs of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as optical fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and FSO communication based on optical bands are already well-known. Optical wireless communication can provide extremely high data rates, low latency, and secure communication.

[0154] Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is also based on optical frequency bands and can be used for ultra-high resolution 3D mapping in 6G communications. LiDAR is a remote sensing method that uses near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light to illuminate objects and the reflected light is detected by a light sensor to measure distance. LiDAR can be used for fully autonomous driving in automobiles.

[0155] Non-terrestrial networks (NTN)

[0156] The transmitters and receivers of an FSO system exhibit characteristics similar to those of a fiber optic network. Therefore, data transmission in an FSO system is analogous to that in a fiber optic system. Consequently, FSO can be a good technology for providing backhaul connectivity in 6G systems alongside fiber optic networks. When using FSO, very long-distance communication is possible, even at distances of 10,000 km or more. FSO supports extensive backhaul connectivity for both long-range and short-range areas such as oceans, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular base station connectivity.

[0157] Quantum communications

[0158] 6G systems will integrate terrestrial and airborne networks to support vertically extended user communications. 3D BS will be delivered via LEO satellites and UAVs. Adding new dimensions in terms of altitude and associated degrees of freedom makes 3D connectivity quite different from traditional 2D networks. NR considers non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) as one way to achieve this. NTNs are networks or network segments that utilize RF resources on satellites (or UAS platforms). For NTNs providing access to user equipment, there are two common scenarios: transparent payloads and regenerative payloads. The following are the basic elements of NTNs.

[0159] - Connect the NTN to one or more SAT gateways in the public data network.

[0160] - GEO satellites are fed by one or more satellite gateways deployed across satellite target ranges (e.g., regional or continental coverage areas). We assume that a UE in a cell is served by only one SAT gateway.

[0161] - Non-GEO satellites continuously served by one or more satellite gateways. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between continuously serving satellite gateways for a duration sufficient to allow mobility anchoring and handover.

[0162] - Feeder link or radio link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform).

[0163] - Service link or radio link between user equipment and satellite (or UAS platform).

[0164] - Satellites (or UAS platforms) capable of providing transparent or regenerated (with onboard processing) payloads. Depending on the field of view, the beams generated by the satellite (or UAS platform) typically produce multiple beams for a given service area. The coverage area of ​​the beams is usually elliptical. The field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform) depends on the onboard antenna pattern and the angle of attack.

[0165] - Transparent payload: RF filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, so the waveform signal repeated by the payload remains unchanged.

[0166] - Regenerated payload: RF filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decryption, switching and / or routing, and encoding / modulation. This is essentially the same as all or part of a base station function (e.g., gNB) on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0167] - For satellite deployments, optionally, inter-satellite links (ISL) are available. This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. ISLs can operate in RF frequencies or optical bands.

[0168] - User equipment is served by satellites (or UAS platforms) within the target coverage area.

[0169] Typically, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide services to a continent, region, or local area.

[0170] Typically, constellations in LEO and MEO are used to provide coverage in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In some cases, constellations can also provide global coverage, including polar regions. The latter requires appropriate orbital inclination, sufficient generated beams, and links between satellites.

[0171] Cell-less communications

[0172] Quantum communication is a next-generation communication technology that overcomes the limitations of traditional communication (such as security and high-speed computing) by applying the properties of quantum mechanics to the field of information and communication. Quantum communication provides a means to generate, transmit, process, and store information that cannot be expressed in the form of 0s and 1s, based on the binary bit information used in existing communication technologies. In conventional communication technologies, information is transmitted between the sender and receiver using wavelength or amplitude; however, in quantum communication, photons, as the smallest unit of light, are used to transmit information between the sender and receiver. Specifically, in the case of quantum communication, quantum uncertainty and quantum irreversibility can be applied to the polarization or phase difference of photons (light), thus quantum communication possesses the characteristic of being able to communicate with perfect security. Furthermore, quantum communication can also achieve ultra-high-speed communication under certain conditions using quantum entanglement.

[0173] Integration of wireless information and energy transfer (WIET)

[0174] The tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is key in 6G systems. As a result, users can seamlessly move from one network to another without having to create any manual configurations on their devices. The optimal network is automatically selected from the available communication technologies. This will break the limitations of the cell concept in wireless communication. Currently, user movement from one cell to another causes excessive handovers in dense networks, leading to handover failures, handover delays, data loss, and the ping-pong effect. 6G cell-free communication will overcome all of these and provide better QoS.

[0175] Cellular-free communication is defined as "a system in which a large number of geographically distributed antennas (APs) collaboratively serve a small number of terminals using the same time / frequency resources, with the aid of a fronthaul network and a CPU." A single terminal is served by a collection of multiple APs (called an AP cluster). There are several ways to form AP clusters, one of which, configuring AP clusters to significantly improve terminal reception performance, is called a terminal-centric clustering method, and when using this method, the configuration is dynamically updated as the terminal moves. By employing this device-centric AP clustering technique, the device is always at the center of the AP cluster, thus eliminating inter-cluster interference that can occur when the device is located at the edge of the AP cluster. This cellless communication will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-layer hybrid technologies, as well as different heterogeneous radios within the device.

[0176] Integration of wireless communications and sensing

[0177] WIET uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication systems. Specifically, sensors and smartphones will use wireless power delivery to charge during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the lifespan of wireless battery charging systems. Therefore, devices without batteries will be supported in 6G communications.

[0178] Integrated access and backhaul networks

[0179] Autonomous wireless networks are capable of continuously detecting dynamically changing environmental conditions and exchanging information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communication to support autonomous systems.

[0180] Big data analytics

[0181] In 6G, the density of access networks will be enormous. Each access network will be connected via fiber optic cables and backhaul connections (such as FSO networks). To handle the very large number of access networks, there will be tight integration between the access networks and the backhaul networks.

[0182] Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces

[0183] Big data analytics is a complex process used to analyze various large datasets or big data. This process uncovers information such as hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer actions to ensure comprehensive data management. Big data is collected from various sources such as videos, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used in 6G systems to process massive amounts of data.

[0184] Metaverse

[0185] Numerous studies have explored the radio environment as a variable to be optimized along with the transmitter and receiver. The radio environment created by this approach is termed a Smart Radio Environment (SRE) or Intelligent Radio Environment (IRE) to highlight its fundamental difference from past design and optimization guidelines. Various terms have been proposed for SRE-enabled reconfigurable smart antenna (or smart reconfigurable antenna technology) techniques, including reconfigurable metasurfaces, large smart surfaces (SLIS), large smart surfaces (LIS), reconfigurable smart surfaces (RIS), and smart reflective surfaces (IRS).

[0186] In the case of THz band signals, numerous shadowed regions caused by obstacles exist due to the signal's rigidity. RIS (Radio Reflector Array) technology is important for extending communication ranges by enhancing communication stability and enabling additional value-added services through the installation of RIS near these shadowed regions. RIS are artificial surfaces made of electromagnetic materials that can alter the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. While RIS can be considered an extension of massive MIMO, it has a different array structure and operating mechanism. RIS also offers the advantage of lower power consumption because it operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive components, meaning it passively reflects signals without using an active RF chain. Furthermore, each of the passive reflectors in the RIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incident signal, which can be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By appropriately adjusting the phase shift using the RIS controller, the reflected signal can be collected at the target receiver to improve the received signal power.

[0187] In addition to reflecting radio signals, there are also radio signal reflectors (RIS) that can adjust their transmission and refraction characteristics, and these RIS are mainly used for O2I (outdoor to indoor). Recently, STAR-RIS (simultaneous transmission and reflection RIS), which provides transmission while reflecting, has also been actively researched.

[0188] Autonomous driving, self-driving

[0189] The metaverse is a portmanteau of the words "meta" (virtual), "transcendent" (transcendental), and "universe" (space). Generally speaking, the metaverse is a three-dimensional virtual space in which social and economic activities identical to those in the real world are common.

[0190] Extended Reality (XR) (a key technology for realizing the metaverse) is a fusion of virtual and real, extending real-world experiences and providing a unique sense of immersion. The high bandwidth and low latency of 6G networks will enable users to experience more immersive virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) experiences.

[0191] Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

[0192] For perfect autonomous driving, vehicles must communicate with each other to notify each other of dangerous situations, or with infrastructure such as parking lots and traffic lights to check information such as parking location and signal change times. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) (a key element in building autonomous driving infrastructure) is a technology that enables vehicles to communicate with various elements on the road and share information (such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)) for autonomous driving.

[0193] To maximize the performance and ensure high safety of autonomous driving, high-speed transmission and low-latency technologies are essential. Furthermore, in the future, autonomous driving will go beyond simply delivering warnings or guidance messages to the driver to proactively intervene in vehicle operation and directly control the vehicle in dangerous situations. The amount of information that needs to be sent and received will be enormous; therefore, 6G is expected to maximize autonomous driving with its faster transmission speeds and lower latency compared to 5G.

[0194] Blockchain

[0195] Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, will be a crucial element in 6G wireless communication. In most cases, UAV technology will be used to provide high-speed data wireless connectivity. Base station entities are installed within UAVs to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs possess specific characteristics not found in fixed base station infrastructure, such as ease of deployment, strong line-of-sight links, and degrees of freedom in controlled mobility. During emergencies such as natural disasters, the deployment of terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure is economically infeasible and sometimes unable to provide service in volatile environments. UAVs can easily handle such situations. UAVs will be a new paradigm in the field of wireless communication. This technology contributes to the three fundamental requirements of wireless networks, such as eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC. UAVs can also serve numerous purposes, such as improving network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is considered one of the most important technologies for 6G communications.

[0196] Figures 6a to 6e

[0197] Blockchain will be a crucial technology for managing massive amounts of data in future communication systems. Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology, and a distributed ledger is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores an identical copy of the ledger. Blockchain is managed through a peer-to-peer (P2P) network. This can exist without being managed by a centralized institution or server. Blockchain data is collected together and organized into blocks. Blocks are linked together and protected using encryption. Blockchain fully complements large-scale IoT through improved interoperability, security, privacy, stability, and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology offers multiple capabilities such as interoperability between devices, high-volume data traceability, autonomous interaction between different IoT systems, and the massive connectivity stability of 6G communication systems.

[0198] <Random Access Channel (RACH) Procedure>

[0199] Figures 6a to 6e An example of a RACH process applicable to embodiments of this disclosure is shown.

[0200] Reference Figures 6a to 6e This describes a RACH process according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Figures 6a to 6e The implementation methods can be combined with various implementation methods of this disclosure.

[0201] In one embodiment of this disclosure, when RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and / or Rx RF performance requirements) are described, the UE can meet these RF requirements. For example, according to one embodiment of this disclosure, the UE can be tested to meet the RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and / or Rx RF performance requirements). In one embodiment of this disclosure, a UE that meets these RF requirements can perform a RACH procedure. When the UE sends messages, data, signals, etc. to the gNB, the UE meets the Tx RF performance requirements described in the first embodiment of this specification. When the UE receives messages, data, signals, etc. from the gNB, the UE meets the Rx RF performance requirements described in the first embodiment of this specification.

[0202] For a UE to connect to a 5G network, the UE and the 5G network must synchronize on both the uplink and downlink. Downlink synchronization is performed when the UE successfully decodes the SSB sent by the gNB. To establish uplink synchronization and an RRC connection, the UE should perform the RACH random access procedure.

[0203] Two types of random access procedures are supported. The two types of random access procedures include a four-step random access (RA) type using MSG1 and a two-step RA type using MSGA.

[0204] The two types of RA procedures can support contention-based random access (CBRA) and contention-free random access (CFRA), as follows: Figure 6a As shown. Depending on network settings, the UE can select the random access type when starting the random access procedure.

[0205] Reference Figure 6c and Figure 6a This example illustrates a four-step RA type using MSG1.

[0206] The four-step RA type MSG1 includes the PRACH preamble. The UE sends MSG1. After sending MSG1, the UE monitors the network's response within the configured window.

[0207] According to Figure 6c In the example CBRA, when the UE receives a Random Access Response (MSG2) from the gNB, the UE can use the UL permission scheduled by the response message to send MSG3. The UE can then monitor contention resolution. If contention resolution fails after the (re)transmission of MSG3, the UE will perform an MSG1 transmission again.

[0208] According to Figure 6bIn the example of CFRA, the network assigns a dedicated preamble for MSG1 transmission. The gNB sends the RA preamble assignment to the UE. The UE sends MSG1 containing the random access preamble to the gNB. After receiving the random access response from the network, the UE terminates the random access procedure.

[0209] Reference Figure 6d , Figure 6e and Figure 6b This describes the two-step RA type. The MSGA of the two-step RA type includes the random access preamble on PRACH and the PUSCH payload. After the UE sends the MSGA, the UE monitors the response from the network within a set window.

[0210] According to Figure 6e In the example of CBRA, after the UE receives a network response (e.g., MSGB), if contention resolution is successful, the UE terminates the random access procedure. If a backoff indication is received within the MSGB, such as... Figure 6d As shown, the UE uses the UL permission scheduled in the fallback instruction to perform the MSG3 transmission and monitors contention resolution. If contention resolution fails after the (re)transmission of MSG3, the UE will perform the MSGA transmission again.

[0211] According to Figure 7 In the example of CFRA, the UE can receive the RA preamble allocation and PUSCH allocation from the gNB. Then, dedicated preamble and PUSCH resources can be configured for MSGA transmission. The UE transmits the MSGA. When the UE receives a network response, the UE terminates the random access procedure.

[0212] If a two-step RA type random access procedure is not completed after multiple MSGA transmissions, the UE can be set to switch to a four-step RA type CBRA.

[0213] The following describes V2X or SL communication.

[0214] A sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) is an SL-specific sequence that may include a primary sidelink synchronization signal (PSSS) and a secondary sidelink synchronization signal (SSSS). The PSSS can be called the primary sidelink synchronization signal (S-PSS), and the SSSS can be called the secondary sidelink synchronization signal (S-SSS). For example, an M sequence of length -127 can be used for S-PSS, and a Gold sequence of length -127 can be used for S-SSSS. For example, a terminal can use S-PSS to perform initial signal detection and obtain synchronization. For example, a terminal can use S-PSS and S-SSS to obtain detailed synchronization and can detect the synchronization signal ID.

[0215] The Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH) can be a (broadcast) channel for transmitting basic (system) information, which is the first thing a terminal needs to know before sending or receiving SL signaling. For example, basic information could include SLSS-related information, duplex mode (DM), time-division duplex uplink / downlink (TDD UL / DL) configuration, resource pool information, the type of application related to the SLSS, subframe offset, broadcast information, etc. For example, in NRV2X, for PSBCH performance evaluation, the PSBCH payload size can be 56 bits, including 24 bits of cyclic redundancy check (CRC).

[0216] S-PSS, S-SSS, and PSBCH can be included in a block format supporting periodic transmission (e.g., a side-link synchronization signal (S-SS) / PSBCH block (S-SSB)). The S-SSB can have the same new set of parameters (i.e., SCS and CP lengths) as the Physical Side-Link Control Channel (PSCCH) / Physical Side-Link Shared Channel (PSSCH) in the carrier, and the transmission bandwidth can be within a (pre-)configured side-link BWP (SL BWP). For example, the bandwidth of the S-SSB can be 11 resource blocks (RBs). Similarly, the PSBCH can span 11 RBs. Furthermore, the frequency location of the S-SSB can be (pre-)set. Therefore, the terminal does not need to perform hypothesis detection on the frequency to discover the S-SSB on the carrier.

[0217] Figure 7 An example is illustrated of a terminal according to an embodiment of the present disclosure performing V2X or SL communication according to a transmission mode.

[0218] Figure 7 The implementation methods can be combined with various implementation methods of this disclosure. In various implementation methods of this disclosure, the transmission mode can be referred to as a mode or resource allocation mode. Hereinafter, for ease of description, the transmission mode in LTE can be referred to as an LTE transmission mode, and the transmission mode in NR can be referred to as an NR resource allocation mode.

[0219] For example, Figure 7 Example (a) illustrates terminal operation associated with LTE transmission mode 1 or LTE transmission mode 3. Alternatively, for example, Figure 7 (a) illustrates terminal operations associated with NR resource allocation mode 1. For example, LTE transmission mode 1 can be applied to typical SL communication, and LTE transmission mode 3 can be applied to V2X communication.

[0220] For example, Figure 7 Example (b) illustrates terminal operation associated with LTE transmission mode 2 or LTE transmission mode 4. Alternatively, for example, Figure 7(b) illustrates terminal operations related to NR resource allocation mode 2.

[0221] Reference Figure 7 In (a) of LTE transmission mode 1, LTE transmission mode 3, or NR resource allocation mode 1, the base station can schedule SL resources for use by the terminal for SL transmission. For example, in step S700, the base station can send information related to SL resources and / or information related to UL resources to the first terminal. For example, UL resources may include PUCCH resources and / or PUSCH resources. For example, UL resources may be resources used to report SL HARQ feedback to the base station.

[0222] For example, the first terminal can receive information associated with Dynamic Grant (DG) resources and / or with Configuration Grant (CG) resources from the base station. For example, CG resources may include CG Type 1 resources or CG Type 2 resources. In this disclosure, DG resources can be resources configured / assigned by the base station to the first terminal via Downlink Control Information (DCI). In this disclosure, CG resources can be (periodic) resources configured / allocated by the base station to the first terminal via DCI and / or RRC messages. For example, for CG Type 1 resources, the base station can send an RRC message to the first terminal including information related to the CG resource. For example, for CG Type 2 resources, the base station can send an RRC message to the first terminal including information related to the CG resource, and the base station can send a DCI message to the first terminal related to the activation or release of the CG resource.

[0223] In step S710, the first terminal may send a PSCCH (e.g., Side Link Control Information (SCI) or Level 1 SCI) to the second terminal based on the resource scheduling. In step S720, the first terminal may send a PSSCH associated with the PSCCH (e.g., Level 2 SCI, MAC PDU, data, etc.) to the second terminal. In step S730, the first terminal may receive a PSFCH associated with the PSCCH / PSSCH from the second terminal. For example, HARQ feedback information (e.g., NACK or ACK information) may be received from the second terminal via the PSFCH. In step S740, the first terminal may send / report HARQ feedback information to the base station via PUCCH or PUSCH. For example, the HARQ feedback information reported to the base station may be information generated by the first terminal based on the HARQ feedback information received from the second terminal. For example, the HARQ feedback information reported to the base station may be information generated by the first terminal based on pre-configured rules. For example, the DCI may be a DCI used for scheduling SL. For example, the format of the DCI may be DCI format 3_0 or DCI format 3_1.

[0224] Reference Figure 7(b) In LTE transmission mode 2, LTE transmission mode 4, or NR resource allocation mode 2, the terminal can determine SL transmission resources within SL resources set by the base station / network or preset SL resources. For example, the configured or pre-configured SL resources can be a resource pool. For example, the terminal can autonomously select or schedule resources for SL transmission. For example, the terminal can autonomously select resources within the set resource pool to perform SL communication. For example, the terminal can perform a sensing process and a resource (re)selection process to select resources within a selection window. For example, sensing can be performed based on sub-channels. For example, in step S710, after the first terminal selects resources within the resource pool, the first terminal can use that resource to send a PSCCH (e.g., Side Link Control Information (SCI) or Level 1 SCI) to the second terminal. In step S720, the first terminal can send a PSSCH (e.g., Level 2 SCI, MAC PDU, data, etc.) associated with the PSCCH to the second terminal. In step S730, the first terminal can receive a PSFCH associated with the PSCCH / PSSCH from the second terminal.

[0225] Reference Figure 7 (a) or (b), for example, the first terminal may send an SCI to the second terminal on the PSCCH. Alternatively, for example, the first terminal may send two consecutive SCIs (e.g., two-level SCIs) to the second terminal on the PSCCH and / or PSSCH. In this case, the second terminal may decode the two consecutive SCIs (e.g., two-level SCIs) to receive the PSSCH from the first terminal. As used herein, an SCI sent on the PSCCH may be referred to as the first SCI, first-level SCI, first-level SCI, or first-level SCI format, and an SCI sent on the PSSCH may be referred to as the second SCI, second-level SCI, second-level SCI, or second-level SCI format. For example, a first-level SCI format may include SCI format 1-A, and a second-level SCI format may include SCI format 2-A and / or SCI format 2-B.

[0226] Reference Figure 7 In step S730, either (a) or (b), the first terminal may receive the PSFCH. For example, the first terminal and the second terminal may determine the PSFCH resource, and the second terminal may use the PSFCH resource to send HARQ feedback to the first terminal.

[0227] Reference Figure 8 In step S740, the first terminal may send SLHARQ feedback to the base station via PUCCH and / or PUSCH.

[0228] Sidelink terminals based on the FR1 unlicensed band are not supported. As a result, terminals (e.g., UEs) cannot perform sidelink communication based on the FR1 unlicensed band.

[0229] Furthermore, no UE transmit (Tx) radio frequency (RF) performance specifications are defined for SL power level 5 (20 dBm) terminals. Standard UE Tx RF performance specifications will be defined for SL power level 5 (20 dBm) terminals. Among these, maximum power reduction will be defined, which is a representative Tx RF performance specification.

[0230] This disclosure describes an example of the transmit power of a terminal performing sidelink communication in an unlicensed frequency band. For example, the power level of the terminal could be power level 5 (20 dBm). In this case, a maximum allowable power backoff value can be proposed as an MPR performance requirement to meet the spectrum masking specifications (e.g., adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR), spectrum emission masking (SEM), spurious emissions (SE), in-band transmission) and error vector magnitude (EVM) specifications.

[0231] Examples of sidelink power level 5 (20 dBm) terminals, UE Tx RF performance specifications, and PSCCH / PSSCH MPR values ​​in the FR1 unlicensed band are described.

[0232] Examples of unlicensed frequency bands in 3GPP are the n46, n96, and n102 bands. Table 6 below shows examples of unlicensed frequency band definitions.

[0233] [Table 6]

[0234] Table 6 shows the NR operating frequency band in FR1.

[0235] For SL-U communication based on unlicensed frequency bands, subcarrier spacing (SCS) of 15 kHz and 30 kHz can be applied. SL-U stands for unlicensed sidelink.

[0236] SL-U terminals can be terminals that support side-link (SL) communication based on unlicensed frequency bands.

[0237] Explain MOP (Maximum Output Power).

[0238] The SL-U terminal can notify the network (NW) (e.g., a base station) of its power level information based on "per band" or "per band combination" (for CA, DC). The SL-U terminal can transmit signals based on the maximum output power corresponding to its power level. The maximum output power corresponding to power level 5 can be 20 dBm.

[0239] Within FR1, there is a Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) specification, which is defined as a standard to ensure that the transmit power of a device will not cause harm to humans or affect medical devices. Typically, devices must meet the SAR specification. If a device's MOP is greater than 23 dBm, the device can change its MOP to be equal to or less than 23 dBm to meet the SAR specification.

[0240] According to this disclosure, for power class 5 SL-U terminals, it is not necessary to set a smaller MOP to meet the additional operations required by the SAR specification.

[0241] SL-U UE MOP can be used for a single carrier in FR1 unlicensed bands (e.g., n46, n96, n102).

[0242] An example of MPR is explained.

[0243] When a terminal transmits a signal, a power class 5 SL-U terminal must meet spectrum masking specifications (e.g., ACLR, SEM, SE, in-band transmit) and EVM specifications. To this end, the terminal can transmit signals by reducing its maximum transmit power by “X” dB from 20 dBm. Here, the maximum permissible value of “X” can be specified as the maximum power reduction (MPR) (or maximum transmit power reduction).

[0244] The MPR for SL-UUE can vary depending on the actual number of resource blocks (RBs), RB locations, modulation order, and wideband operation transmission method. The CP-OFDM method is used for SL communication. ACLR, SEM, SE, in-band transmission, and EVM can be defined as follows: - ACLR: Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio - SEM: Spectrum Emission Mask - SE: Stray Emissions - In-band transmission (general in-band transmission, carrier leakage, I / Q pattern) - EVM: Error Vector Magnitude MPR for SL-U UE can be used for communication on a single carrier based on the FR1 unlicensed frequency bands (n46, n96, n102).

[0245] Based on the agreed TP [R4-2310378], the following is considered for SL-U power level 5 MPR.

[0246] The basic RF parameters for MPR of a single-carrier SL-U UE can be considered as follows: - Waveform: CP-OFDM for SL-U - Supported channel bandwidth (CBW): 20 MHz 40 MHz / 60 MHz / 80 MHz / 100 MHz.

[0247] - Modulation: QPSK / 16-QAM / 64-QAM / 256-QAM

[0248] - SCS: 15 kHz / 30 kHz

[0249] - C-IMD: 60 dBc

[0250] - EVM and damage

[0251] [Table 7]

[0252] Table 7 shows the system EVM (Error Vector Magnitude) including PA, image, and other impairments. Here, for QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, and 256QAM, the EVM from the PA (power amplifier) ​​is assumed to be 10%, 8%, 4%, and 1.8%, respectively. For QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM, the impairment caused by the I / Q image is assumed to be 28 dB, and for 256QAM, it is 34 dB. For QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, and 256QAM, the EVM from the PA and I / Q image are assumed to be 10.0%, 8.0%, 5.65%, and 2.69%, respectively.

[0253] - IBE and impairment anomalies are the same as NR-U. The IBE mask from TS 38.101-1 V17.10.0 Table 6.4F.2.3-1 can be reused. Use the image / carrier anomaly location and according to the specific test of interleaving.

[0254] - ACLR: 27 dBc for PC5 UE with NR MBW

[0255] - SEM according to Clause 6.5F.2.2 of 38.101-1 V17.10.0

[0256] - PA calibration and PA configuration can be considered. For example, a DFT-s-OFDM QPSK 100RB320 MHz waveform with 27 dB ACLR and 1 dB MPR can be applied to PC5 (single PA).

[0257] - MPR will be applied to all SCSs in all active 20 MHz subbands continuously allocated in the channel.

[0258] - For RB interleaving allocation, refer to interleaving allocation with uplink resource allocation type 2 as specified in TS 38.214 V17.6.0.

[0259] For SL-U in a single CC operation, simultaneous transmission of PSCCH and PSSCH in the same subframe is supported, and the following constraints in Table 8 can be assumed.

[0260] [Table 8]

[0261] Table 8 can be used as assumptions for MPR simulations of SL-U operations. Here, L CRB It refers to the transmission bandwidth that represents the length of the allocated contiguous resource blocks.

[0262] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0263] Figure 8 Examples of allocation for PSCCH or PSSCH according to embodiments of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0264] PSCCH is located at SL symbol index 1-3.

[0265] PSSCH is located at SL symbol indices 1-3, 5-9, and 11-12.

[0266] DMRS is located at SL symbol indices 4 and 10.

[0267] For AGC (Automatic Gain Control), the symbol at SL symbol index 1 is copied to SL symbol index 0.

[0268] Figure 8 An example of allocation is shown. For instance, when the UE sends a 3-symbol PSCCH, it can use... Figures 9 to 16 The allocation within.

[0269] In addition, the following test scenarios in Table 9 were considered in this disclosure.

[0270] [Table 9]

[0271] RB settings can be based on the following.

[0272] For example, for the RB set, "105RB0" indicates that the RB starts at RB index "0" and the transmitted RB size is 105 RB. Furthermore, a bitmap "1" indicates transmitting the corresponding RB set, and "0" indicates not transmitting the corresponding RB set for broadband operation. Each bit in the bitmap corresponds to 20 MHz.

[0273] Table 10 shows all possible bitmaps for subband configurations for wideband operation. Wideband operation can be aggregated with multiple 20 MHz-based subbands. For SL-U PSSCH / PSCCH MPR simulations, only consecutive RB set bitmaps are considered.

[0274] [Table 10]

[0275] Table 10 shows examples of bitmaps for all possible RB sets in the subband configuration.

[0276] Tables 11 and 12 show the MPR simulation results for the scenario.

[0277] [Table 11]

[0278] Table 11 shows the MPR simulation results for the scenario. In this paper, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 60 MHz, 80 MHz, and 100 MHz can represent the channel bandwidth. The scenario numbers in Table 11 correspond to the scenario numbers in Table 9. The MPR values ​​in Table 11 are based on RB allocation, modulation, and channel bandwidth according to the scenario number. Table 12 shows the remaining MPR simulation results.

[0279] [Table 12]

[0280] Based on the MPR simulation results in Tables 11 and 12, the following observations were made.

[0281] Observation 1: - For 256QAM, for all test scenarios, Tx power back-off is in the range of 5.0 dB to 6.0 dB.

[0282] - For 64QAM, Tx power back-off ranges from 2.0 dB to 3.5 dB for all test scenarios.

[0283] - For 16QAM, for test scenarios #1~#15, #17~#19, #22~#25, #30~#32, #34~#36, and #39~#42, the Tx power back-off ranges from 2.0 dB to 3.0 dB. For 16QAM, for test scenarios #16, #20, #21, #26~#29, #33, #37, #38, and #43~#46, the Tx power back-off ranges from 0.3 dB to 1.3 dB.

[0284] - For QPSK, in test scenarios #1~#15, #17~#19, #22~#25, #30~#32, #34~#36, and #39~#42, the Tx power backoff ranges from 2.0 dB to 3.0 dB. For QPSK, in test scenarios #16, #20, #21, #26~#29, #33, #37, #38, and #43~#46, the Tx power backoff is less than 0.5 dB.

[0285] The RB set bitmap associated with lower Tx power back-off for QPSK and 16QAM is shown below.

[0286] - 60 MHz (3 RB sets): "010" (Scene #16, Scene #33)

[0287] - 80 MHz (4 RB sets): "0100" (Scene #20, Scene #37), "0110" (Scene #21, Scene #38)

[0288] 100 MHz (5 RB sets): "01000" (Scene #26, Scene #43), "01100" (Scene #27, Scene #44), "01110" (Scene #28, Scene #45), "00100" (Scene #29, Scene #46)

[0289] These RB set bitmaps can be named "Internal RB Set Bitmaps".

[0290] According to Tables 9 and 10, the following RB set bitmaps can be "internal RB set bitmaps".

[0291] 60 MHz (3 RB sets): "010"

[0292] 80 MHz (4 RB sets): "0100", "0010", "0110"

[0293] 100 MHz (5 RB sets): "01000", "00010", "01100", "00110", "01110", "00100"

[0294] Other RB set bitmaps can be "external RB set bitmaps".

[0295] In TS 38.101-1 V18.2.0, for NR-U, full RB allocation and partial RB allocation are specified to follow notes 2 and 3.

[0296] Note 2: MPR for full RB allocation applies to all RBs in all fully allocated transmit channels of 20 MHz or greater, or to all RBs in all transmit subbands for wideband operation that are not included in the wideband configuration in Table 13.

[0297] Note 3: MPR for partial RB allocation applies to interleaved allocations with uplink resource allocation type 2 as specified in TS 38.214 v 17.6.0, or transmits the transmit subband for broadband operation according to the broadband configuration in Table 13.

[0298] Table 13 in this paper shows examples of subband configuration anomalies for broadband operating channel bandwidth.

[0299] [Table 13]

[0300] Table 13 shows subband configuration anomalies based on the bandwidth of the wideband operating channel. Table 13 can be identical to Table 6.2F.2-2 of TS 38.101-1V18.2.0. In the bitmap, the I / Q image of bitmap "1" appears at bitmap "0". For example, subband configuration anomalies can be defined for considerations that are highly affected by MPR.

[0301] Considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, based on the simulation results explained above, the PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can be proposed as shown in Table 14.

[0302] [Table 14]

[0303] Table 14 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power level 5.

[0304] UEs supporting SL communication based on unlicensed frequency bands can use the MPR values ​​in Table 14. The UE can configure the transmission power for SL signals based on the examples of MPR values ​​in Table 14.

[0305] [Table 15]

[0306] Table 15 shows an example of external / internal subband configurations for SL-U wideband operation. Each bit of the subband configuration can correspond to 20 MHz.

[0307] Proposal Example 1: Consider internal and external subband configurations for SL-U MPR.

[0308] Proposal Example 2: For SL-U UE power class 5, the MPR in Table 14 can be used.

[0309] Alternatively, considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, a PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can also be proposed based on simulation results, as shown in Table 16.

[0310] [Table 16]

[0311] Table 16 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power class 5.

[0312] Alternatively, considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, based on the simulation results, a PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can be proposed as shown in Table 17.

[0313] [Table 17]

[0314] Table 17 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power class 5.

[0315] Alternatively, considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, based on simulation results, a PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can be proposed as shown in Table 18.

[0316] [Table 18]

[0317] Table 18 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power level 5.

[0318] Alternatively, considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, based on simulation results, a PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can be proposed as shown in Table 19.

[0319] [Table 19]

[0320] Table 19 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power level 5.

[0321] Alternatively, considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, based on the simulation results, a PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can be proposed as shown in Table 20.

[0322] [Table 20]

[0323] Table 20 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power level 5.

[0324] The SL-U power class 5 MPR can be used with the NR-U power class 5 MPR operating in n46, n96 and n102.

[0325] To define the MPR value, both carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM can be considered.

[0326] Both the carrier SEM (spectrum transmit mask) and the intra-carrier SEM considered in R4-2008438 in NR-U (NR unlicensed band) can be reused in SL-U.

[0327] exist Figure 9 Examples of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM are shown in the figure.

[0328] In detail, Figures 10 to 12 Examples of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 40 MHz CBW are shown. Figure 13 Examples of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 60 MHz CBW are shown. Figure 14 and Figure 15 Examples of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for 80 MHz CBW are shown. Figure 16 and Figures 9 to 16 Examples of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 100 MHz CBW are shown.

[0329] exist Figures 9 to 16 In the diagram, solid lines represent carrier SEMs, and dashed lines represent intra-carrier SEMs. Figures 9 to 16 Examples of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM based on sub-band allocation are shown. Figures 9 to 16 Examples of some of the possible allocations are shown.

[0330] In this disclosure, Figures 9 to 16These are merely some examples of carrier SEMs and intra-carrier SEMs used to derive MPR, and the scope of this disclosure is not limited to these examples. Figure 12 Limitations. For example, all possible assignments, such as the examples in Tables 9, 10, and 11, are also considered in this disclosure.

[0331] fc represents the center frequency. The diagram shows the location of the sub-bands. The center of the sub-band location is fc. Carrier SEM indicates that the SEM (Spectrum Transmit Mask) is based on the configured channel bandwidth. In-carrier SEM indicates that the SEM is based on the transmitted sub-band channel within the configured channel bandwidth. For example, in... Figure 9 In this configuration, the carrier SEM is based on a 60 MHz channel bandwidth, and the intra-carrier SEM is based on a bitmap "101," in other words, the transmit sub-bands, 20 MHz-0-20 MHz. Each sub-band is numbered. Each sub-band corresponds to a 20 MHz bandwidth.

[0332] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0333] Figure 9 Examples of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 40 MHz CBW according to embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated.

[0334] exist Figure 10 The total channel bandwidth is 40 MHz. The 40 MHz CBW comprises two sub-bands. One sub-band (sub-band #1) is allocated. Carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on the 40 MHz CBW. Intra-carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on sub-band #1.

[0335] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0336] Figure 10 A first example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 60 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0337] exist Figure 11 The total channel bandwidth is 60 MHz. The 60 MHz CBW comprises three sub-bands. One sub-band (sub-band #1) is allocated. Carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on the 60 MHz CBW. Intra-carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on sub-band #1.

[0338] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0339] Figure 11 A second example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 60 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0340] exist Figure 12 The total channel bandwidth is 60 MHz. The 60 MHz CBW comprises three sub-bands. One sub-band (sub-band #2) is allocated. Carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on the 60 MHz CBW. Intra-carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on sub-band #2.

[0341] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0342] Figure 12 A third example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 60 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0343] exist Figure 13 The total channel bandwidth is 60 MHz. The 60 MHz CBW comprises three sub-bands. Two sub-bands are allocated (sub-band #1 and sub-band #3). Carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on the 60 MHz CBW. Intra-carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on sub-band #1 and sub-band #3.

[0344] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0345] Figure 13 A first example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for an 80 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0346] exist Figure 14 The total channel bandwidth is 80 MHz. The 80 MHz CBW comprises three sub-bands. One sub-band (sub-band #1) is allocated. Carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on the 80 MHz CBW. Intra-carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on sub-band #1.

[0347] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0348] Figure 14 A second example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for an 80 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0349] exist Figure 15 The total channel bandwidth is 80 MHz. The 80 MHz CBW comprises four sub-bands. Two sub-bands are allocated (sub-band #1 and sub-band #3). Carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on the 80 MHz CBW. Intra-carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on sub-band #1 and sub-band #3.

[0350] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0351] Figure 15 A first example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 100 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0352] exist Figure 16 The total channel bandwidth is 100 MHz. The 100 MHz CBW comprises 5 sub-bands. Three sub-bands are allocated (sub-band #1, sub-band #2, and sub-band #4). Carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on the 100 MHz CBW. Intra-carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on sub-band #1, sub-band #2, and sub-band #4.

[0353] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0354] Figure 16 A second example of carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM for a 100 MHz CBW is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0355] exist Figure 17The total channel bandwidth is 100 MHz. The 100 MHz CBW comprises 5 sub-bands. Four sub-bands are allocated (sub-band #1, sub-band #2, sub-band #4, and sub-band #5). Carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on the 100 MHz CBW. Intra-carrier SEM needs to be satisfied based on sub-band #1, sub-band #2, sub-band #4, and sub-band #5.

[0356] Table 21 shows the definition of the intra-carrier SEM for the gap between transmission channels. In this disclosure, the intra-carrier SEM used to define the MPR value can be based on Table 21.

[0357] [Table 21]

[0358] Table 21 shows an example of intra-carrier SEM for SL-U wideband operation. As shown in Table 21, the gap represents the frequency difference between two sub-bands allocated based on the Tx bitmap. Tx BW represents the total bandwidth based on the allocated sub-bands. (By gap) This represents the frequency difference from the lower or upper edge of the sub-band corresponding to the transmission channel. Based on gaps... Define the mask level.

[0359] For example, given a carrier BW of 80 and a Tx bitmap of 1001, two of the four sub-bands are allocated. Based on the upper edge of the first sub-band, the following conditions must be met: 0 dBr at the upper edge, -20 dBr at a position 1 MHz from the upper edge of the first sub-band, -25 dBr at a position 10 MHz from the upper edge of the first sub-band, and -25 dBr at a position 20 MHz from the upper edge of the first sub-band.

[0360] Here, the relative power transmitted by any UE should not exceed the strongest level given by the spectrum transmission mask. For example, the spectrum transmission mask includes a spectrum transmission mask (carrier SEM) for operation of shared spectrum channel access with full channel bandwidth and a spectrum transmission mask (intra-carrier SEM) for non-transmit channels with channel bandwidth at the edge of the assigned channel bandwidth.

[0361] Based on carrier SEM (spectral transmit mask) and intra-carrier SEM, MPR simulation results are shown in Tables 22 and 23 for the scenario in Table 9.

[0362] Tables 22 and 23 show the MPR simulation results for the scenario in Table 9. The MPR simulation results are derived based on carrier SEM (spectral transmit mask) and intra-carrier SEM.

[0363] [Table 22]

[0364] Table 22 shows the MPR simulation results for the scenario. Here, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 60 MHz, 80 MHz, and 100 MHz can represent the channel bandwidth. The scenario numbers in Table 22 correspond to the scenario numbers in Table 9. The MPR values ​​in Table 22 are based on RB allocation, modulation, and channel bandwidth according to the scenario number. Table 23 shows the remaining MPR simulation results.

[0365] [Table 23]

[0366] For SL-U power level 5, the MPR simulation results in Tables 22 and 23 are derived based on two SEMs (e.g., carrier SEM and intra-carrier SEM).

[0367] Based on the MPR simulation results in Tables 22 and 23, the following observations were made: Observation 2: - For 256QAM, for all test scenarios, Tx power back-off is in the range of 5.0 dB to 6.0 dB.

[0368] - For 64QAM, Tx power back-off ranges from 2.0 dB to 3.5 dB for all test scenarios.

[0369] - For 16QAM, in test scenarios #1~#15, #17~#19, #22~#25, #30~#32, #34~#36, and #39~#42, the Tx power backoff ranges from 2.0 dB to 3.0 dB. For 16QAM, in test scenarios #33, #37, #38, and #43~#46, the Tx power backoff is less than 1.0 dB.

[0370] - For QPSK, in test scenarios #1~#15, #17~#19, #22~#25, #30~#32, #34~#36, and #39~#42, the Tx power backoff ranges from 2.0 dB to 3.0 dB. For QPSK, in test scenarios #33, #37, #38, and #43~#46, the Tx power backoff is less than 0.5 dB.

[0371] The bitmap for the corresponding RB set for lower Tx power back-off is as follows for QPSK and 16QAM.

[0372] 60 MHz (3 RB sets): "010" (Scene #33)

[0373] 80 MHz (4 RB sets): "0100" (Scene #37), "0110" (Scene #38)

[0374] 100 MHz (5 RB sets): "01000" (Scene #43), "01100" (Scene #44), "01110" (Scene #45), "00100" (Scene #46)

[0375] These RB set bitmaps can be named "Internal RB Set Bitmaps".

[0376] According to Tables 9 and 10, the following RB set bitmaps can be "internal RB set bitmaps".

[0377] 60 MHz (3 RB sets): "010"

[0378] 80 MHz (4 RB sets): "0100", "0010", "0110"

[0379] 100 MHz (5 RB sets): "01000", "00010", "01100", "00110", "01110", "00100"

[0380] Other RB set bitmaps can be "external RB set bitmaps".

[0381] In TS 38.101-1 V18.2.0, for NR-U, full RB allocation and partial RB allocation are specified to follow notes 2 and 3.

[0382] Note 2: MPR for full RB allocation applies to all RBs in all fully allocated transmit channels of 20 MHz or greater, or to all RBs in all transmit subbands for wideband operation that are not included in the wideband configuration in Table 13.

[0383] Note 3: MPR for partial RB allocation applies to interleaved allocations with uplink resource allocation type 2 as specified in TS 38.214 v 17.6.0, or transmits the transmit subband for broadband operation according to the broadband configuration in Table 13.

[0384] Considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, based on the simulation results, the PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can be proposed as shown in Table 24.

[0385] [Table 24]

[0386] Table 24 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power level 5.

[0387] Proposal Example 1A: Consider internal and external subband configurations for SL-U MPR.

[0388] Proposal Example 2A: Define MPR for SL-U UE power class 5 as shown in Table 3-12.

[0389] Alternatively, considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, based on the simulation results, a PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can be proposed as shown in Table 25.

[0390] [Table 25]

[0391] Table 25 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power level 5.

[0392] Alternatively, considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, based on the simulation results, a PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can be proposed as shown in Table 26.

[0393] [Table 26]

[0394] Table 26 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power level 5.

[0395] Alternatively, considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, based on simulation results, a PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can be proposed as shown in Table 27.

[0396] [Table 27]

[0397] Table 27 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power level 5.

[0398] Alternatively, considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, based on simulation results, a PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can be proposed as shown in Table 28.

[0399] [Table 28]

[0400] Table 28 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power level 5.

[0401] Alternatively, considering the internal RB set bitmap and external RB set bitmap above the full / partial RB allocation, based on the simulation results, a PSSCH / PSCCH MPR for SL-U power level 5 can be proposed as shown in Table 29.

[0402] [Table 29]

[0403] Table 29 shows an example of the maximum power reduction (MPR) for SL-U UE power level 5.

[0404] The SL-U power class 5 MPR can be used with the NR-U power class 5 MPR operating in n46, n96 and n102.

[0405] The configured transmit power has been explained.

[0406] Power Class 5 SL-U terminals can set (or configure) their transmit power. The terminal can transmit signals based on the configured transmit power. For example, the terminal can set the configured maximum transmit power based on additional MPR (A-MPR), MPR, and / or power specified by the network (e.g., PEMAX) that meet national power regulations for unlicensed bands.

[0407] The configured maximum transmit power can be P CMAX P-type ... CMAX .

[0408] Allowing SL-U power level 5 UEs to set their configured maximum output power for carrier f of the serving SL in each time slot. Maximum output power configured Set within the following limits: ,in

[0409] in

[0410] - It is configured accordingly for PSSCH / PSCCH; - Regarding total transmit power , This value is given by IE sl-maxTransPower, which is defined by TS 38.331 V17.3.0. :sl-maxTransPower indicates the maximum SL transmission power of the UE on this resource pool.

[0411] - P-MPRc is the maximum power reduction for power management.

[0412] a) For scenarios not covered by the 3GPP RAN specification, ensure compliance with applicable electromagnetic energy absorption requirements and address undesirable transmit / self-inductance reduction requirements when transmitting simultaneously on multiple RATs. b) Ensure compliance with applicable electromagnetic energy absorption requirements when proximity detection is used to address the requirement of lower maximum output power.

[0413] SL-U UE should only apply P-MPR to the above situations. c Applied to SL-U service. For SL-U, the conformance test P-MPRc performed on the UE should be 0 dB.

[0414] Note 1: Introducing P-MPRc into the equation PCMAX,f,c allows the SL-U UE to report the maximum available output transmit power to the gNB. This information can then be used by the gNB for scheduling decisions.

[0415] Note 2: P-MPRc may affect the maximum SL performance for the selected SL transport path.

[0416] sl-MaxTransPower indicates the maximum sidelink transmission power of the UE on that resource pool when performing sidelink transmissions only on that resource pool.

[0417] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0418] Figure 17 Examples of operations performed by the UE according to embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated.

[0419] Figure 17 The UE operations shown in the example are merely illustrative. UE operations are not limited to... Figures 6a to 6e Examples of this disclosure, and the UE can perform the operations described in the various examples of this disclosure.

[0420] UE can execute Figure 18 The random access procedure shown.

[0421] According to this disclosure, a sub-band can represent the following: For a UE supporting shared spectrum channel access in wideband operation, a sub-band is a set of RBs within an approximately 20 MHz segment of the channel, wherein the wideband channel is uniformly divided into an integer number of 20 MHz sub-bands. Sub-bands can be allocated separately in the uplink and downlink.

[0422] According to this disclosure, broadband operation can refer to the following: For a UE supporting shared spectrum channel access, broadband operation refers to operation within a channel greater than 20 MHz, wherein the intra-cell guard band can be configured to distinguish individual RB sets.

[0423] In step S1701, the UE can determine the transmission power.

[0424] For example, the UE can determine the transmission power for side link (SL) signals based on the configured maximum output power.

[0425] In step S1702, the UE can send a sidelink signal.

[0426] For example, the SL signal may include PSSCH and / or PSCCH.

[0427] For example, a UE can send SL signals to other UEs based on its transmission power.

[0428] For example, the UE can support new radio (NR) sidelink operation in unlicensed bands and power level 5 associated with a maximum output power of 20 dBm.

[0429] For example, the maximum output power configured is based on MPR.

[0430] For example, based on the UE's support for NR sidelink operation in unlicensed frequency bands and power level 5, MPR can be based on modulation, resource block (RB) allocation, and modulation.

[0431] For example, for broadband operation, for PSCCH / PSSCH, the continuously transmitted subbands can be considered in Tables 13-19 and 23-28.

[0432] For example, when the UE determines the transmission power for sidelink signals (e.g., PSCCH and / or PSSCH), the MPR values ​​in Table 14 or Table 24 may be allowed.

[0433] For continuous allocation of simultaneous PSCCH and PSSCH transmissions, for power class 5 NR sidelink UEs, specify the allowed MPR for maximum output power in Table 14 or Table 24.

[0434] For example, RB-based allocation is configured based on an external RB set: for full or partial RB allocation, where the modulation is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and the MPR is equal to or less than 3.5 dB; for full or partial RB allocation, where the modulation is 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16 QAM) and the MPR is equal to or less than 4.0 dB; for full or partial RB allocation, where the modulation is 64 QAM and the MPR is equal to or less than 5.5 dB; and for full or partial RB allocation, where the modulation is 256 QAM and the MPR is equal to or less than 7.0 dB.

[0435] For example, RB-based allocation is configured based on an internal RB set: for partial RB allocation, where the modulation is 16 QAM and the MPR is equal to or less than 3.0 dB; for full or partial RB allocation, where the modulation is 64 QAM and the MPR is equal to or less than 5.5 dB; and for full or partial RB allocation, where the modulation is 256 QAM and the MPR is equal to or less than 7.0 dB.

[0436] For example, for continuous subband configurations, the external RB set configuration and the internal RB set configuration can be based on Tables 9 and 10.

[0437] For example, the UE can be configured for NR sidelink transmission in the unlicensed operating band of FR1 as defined in Table 6.

[0438] For example, the UE can perform PSCCH / PSSCH, PSFCH, and / or S-SSB transmissions. The permissible MPR power for the NR sidelink physical channel can be based on Tables 12 to 28.

[0439] For example, the UE can send capability information related to power level 5 to the base station.

[0440] For example, the UE can receive information related to RB allocation from the base station. Alternatively, the UE can perform RB allocation itself.

[0441] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of this disclosure. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following figures.

[0442] Figure 18 Examples of operation according to embodiments of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0443] in addition, Figures 6a to 6eThe operations of UE1, UE2, and the base station (e.g., gNB) shown in the example are merely illustrative. The operations of UE1, UE2, and the base station are not limited to... Figure 17 Examples of this disclosure, and UE1, UE2 and the base station can perform the operations described in various examples of this disclosure.

[0444] UE1, UE2 and the base station can perform Figure 17 The random access procedure shown.

[0445] UE1 can execute with Figures 1 to 4 The operation is the same as the operation in the example.

[0446] In step S1801, UE 1 can send an uplink signal to the base station.

[0447] For example, UE1 can send a random access preamble.

[0448] For example, UE1 can send capability information related to power level 5.

[0449] In step S1802, the base station can send a downlink signal to UE1.

[0450] For example, the base station can send a response message to UE1 in response to the random access preamble.

[0451] For example, the base station can send information related to RB allocation to the UE.

[0452] For example, the UE uses information related to RB allocation to determine the transmission power for the SL signal based on the configured maximum output power.

[0453] For example, the UE supports NR sidelink operation in unlicensed bands and power level 5 associated with a maximum output power of 20 dBm.

[0454] For example, the maximum output power configured is based on MPR.

[0455] For example, based on the UE's support for NR sidelink operation and power level 5 in unlicensed frequency bands, MPR can be based on modulation, RB allocation, and modulation.

[0456] In step S1803, UE1 can send a sidelink signal to UE2. For example, step S1803 can be used in conjunction with... Figure 2 The same procedure is followed in step S1702.

[0457] This instruction manual can have various effects.

[0458] For example, a UE Tx RF performance specification is defined for a sidelink power level 5 (20 dBm) terminal in the FR1 unlicensed band. According to one embodiment of this disclosure, the terminal can effectively perform sidelink communication in the FR1 unlicensed band. Sidelink communication between terminals can be guaranteed. Sidelink power level 5 (20 dBm) terminals can be commercialized.

[0459] The effects that can be obtained from the specific examples of this disclosure are not limited to those listed above. For example, there may be various technical effects that a person skilled in the art can understand or infer from this disclosure. Therefore, the specific effects of this disclosure are not limited to those explicitly set forth herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or inferred from the technical features of this disclosure.

[0460] For reference, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in this specification can be achieved through the above... Figures 1 to 3 This is implemented using a device. For example, the terminal (e.g., UE) can be... Figure 2 The first device 100 or the second device 200. For example, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described herein can be processed by one or more processors 102 or 202. The operation of the terminal described herein can be stored in one or more memories 104 or 204 in the form of instructions / programs (e.g., instructions, executable code) executable by one or more processors 102 or 202. One or more processors 102 or 202 can control one or more memories 104 or 204 and one or more transceivers 105 or 206, and can perform the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described herein by executing the instructions / programs stored in one or more memories 104 or 204.

[0461] Additionally, instructions for performing operations of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in this disclosure may be stored in a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium. The storage medium may be included in one or more memories 104 or 204. Furthermore, the instructions recorded in the storage medium may be executed by one or more processors 102 or 202 to perform operations of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in this disclosure.

[0462] For reference, the operation of network nodes (e.g., AMF, SMF, UPF, test equipment, AUSF, etc.) or base stations (e.g., NG-RAN, gNB, eNB, RAN, E-UTRAN, etc.) described in this document can be performed as described below. Figure 2 This is achieved through devices. For example, a network node or base station could be... ​ First device 100 or ​The second device 100. For example, the operation of the network node or base station described herein can be processed by one or more processors 102 or 202. The operation of the terminal described herein can be stored in one or more memories 104 or 204 in the form of instructions / programs (e.g., instructions, executable code) executable by one or more processors 102 or 202. One or more processors 102 or 202 can perform the operation of the network node or base station described herein by controlling one or more memories 104 or 204 and one or more transceivers 106 or 206 and executing the instructions / programs stored in one or more memories 104 or 204.

[0463] Additionally, instructions for performing the operations of the network node or base station described in this disclosure may be stored in a non-volatile (or non-transitory) computer-readable storage medium. The storage medium may be included in one or more memories 104 or 204. Furthermore, the instructions recorded in the storage medium may be executed by one or more processors 102 or 202 to perform the operations of the network node or base station.

[0464] Preferred embodiments have been described above by way of example, but the present disclosure of this specification is not limited to this specific embodiment, and therefore modifications, changes or improvements can be made.

[0465] In the exemplary system described above, the method is described as a series of steps or blocks based on the flowchart, but is not limited to the order of the described steps, and some steps may occur in a different order or simultaneously with the other steps described above. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the steps shown in the flowchart are not exclusive and may include other steps, or one or more steps of the flowchart may be deleted without affecting the scope of permissions.

[0466] The claims described herein can be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of this specification can be combined and implemented as a device, and the technical features of the device claims of this specification can be combined and implemented as a method. Furthermore, the technical features of the method claims and the device claims of this specification can be combined and implemented as a device, and the technical features of the method claims and the device claims of this specification can be combined and implemented as a method.

Claims

1. A user equipment (UE) configured to operate in a wireless communication system, the UE comprising: At least one transceiver; At least one processor; as well as At least one memory, which stores instructions and is operatively electrically connectable to the at least one processor. The operations performed based on the instructions executed by the at least one processor include: The transmission power for the side link SL signal is determined based on the configured maximum output power; and Based on the transmission power, the SL signal is sent to other UEs. The UE supports new radio NR sidelink operation in unlicensed frequency bands and power level 5 associated with a maximum output power of 20 dBm. The maximum output power configuration is based on the maximum power reduction MPR, and Among them, based on the UE's support for NR sidelink operation in unlicensed frequency bands and power level 5, the MPR is based on modulation, resource block (RB) allocation and modulation.

2. The UE according to claim 1, in, Based on the UE's support for NR sidelink operation in the unlicensed frequency band and power level 5, the MPR is permitted for continuous allocation of simultaneous PSCCH and PSSCH transmissions.

3. The UE according to claim 1, wherein the RB allocation is configured based on an external RB set: For full RB allocation or partial RB allocation, where, Based on the fact that the modulation is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), the MPR is equal to or less than 3.5 dB; For the full RB allocation or the partial RB allocation, wherein the MPR is equal to or less than 4.0 dB based on the modulation being 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM); For the full RB allocation or the partial RB allocation, wherein, based on the modulation being 64 QAM, the MPR is equal to or less than 5.5 dB; and For the full RB allocation or the partial RB allocation, wherein the MPR is equal to or less than 7.0 dB based on the modulation being 256 QAM.

4. The UE according to claim 1, wherein the RB allocation is configured based on an internal RB set: For the aforementioned RB allocation, wherein, Based on the modulation being 16 QAM, the MPR is equal to or less than 3.0 dB; For the full RB allocation or the partial RB allocation, wherein, based on the modulation being 64 QAM, the MPR is equal to or less than 5.5 dB; and For the full RB allocation or the partial RB allocation, wherein the MPR is equal to or less than 7.0 dB based on the modulation being 256 QAM.

5. The UE according to claim 3, in, Based on the broadband operating channel bandwidth of 40 MHz, the configuration of the external RB set for the continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 11, 10 and / or 01; Wherein, the external RB set configuration for the continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 111, 110, 011, 100 and / or 001, with a broadband operating channel bandwidth of 60 MHz. Wherein, based on the wideband operating channel bandwidth of 80 MHz, the external RB set configuration for the continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 1111, 1110, 0111, 1100, 0011, 1000 and / or 0001; Wherein, based on the broadband operating channel bandwidth of 100 MHz, the external RB set configuration for the continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 11111, 11110, 01111, 11100, 00111, 11000, 00011, 10000 and / or 00001; Among them, the bandwidth of the broadband operating channel is 60 MHz, and the internal RB set configuration for the continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmap 010; Wherein, based on a wideband operating channel bandwidth of 80 MHz, the external RB set configuration for continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 0110, 0100, and / or 0010; and Wherein, the external RB set configuration for continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 01110, 01100, 00110, 01000, 00010 and / or 00100, with a broadband operating channel bandwidth of 100 MHz.

6. The UE according to claim 1, in, The SL signal includes PSSCH and / or PSCCH.

7. The UE according to claim 1, in, The operation also includes: Send a random access preamble to the base station; and Receive a response message from the base station.

8. The UE according to claim 1, in, The operation also includes: Send capability information related to power level 5 to the base station.

9. The UE according to claim 1, in, The operation also includes: Receive information related to the RB allocation from the base station.

10. A method for performing communication, the method being performed by a user equipment (UE), and the method comprising the following steps: The transmission power for the side link SL signal is determined based on the configured maximum output power; as well as Based on the transmission power, the SL signal is sent to other UEs. The UE supports new radio NR sidelink operation in unlicensed frequency bands and power level 5 associated with a maximum output power of 20 dBm. The maximum output power configuration is based on the maximum power reduction MPR, and Among them, based on the UE's support for NR sidelink operation in unlicensed frequency bands and power level 5, the MPR is based on modulation, resource block (RB) allocation and modulation.

11. The method according to claim 10, in, Based on the UE's support for NR sidelink operation in the unlicensed frequency band and power level 5, the MPR is permitted for continuous allocation of simultaneous PSCCH and PSSCH transmissions.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the RB allocation is configured based on an external RB set: For full RB allocation or partial RB allocation, where, Based on the fact that the modulation is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), the MPR is equal to or less than 3.5 dB; For the full RB allocation or the partial RB allocation, wherein the MPR is equal to or less than 4.0 dB based on the modulation being 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM); For the full RB allocation or the partial RB allocation, wherein, based on the modulation being 64 QAM, the MPR is equal to or less than 5.5 dB; and For the full RB allocation or the partial RB allocation, wherein the MPR is equal to or less than 7.0 dB based on the modulation being 256 QAM.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the RB allocation is based on an internal RB set configuration: For the aforementioned RB allocation, wherein, Based on the modulation being 16 QAM, the MPR is equal to or less than 3.0 dB; For the full RB allocation or the partial RB allocation, wherein, based on the modulation being 64 QAM, the MPR is equal to or less than 5.5 dB; and For the full RB allocation or the partial RB allocation, wherein the MPR is equal to or less than 7.0 dB based on the modulation being 256 QAM.

14. The method according to claim 12, in, Based on the broadband operating channel bandwidth of 40 MHz, the configuration of the external RB set for the continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 11, 10 and / or 01; Wherein, the external RB set configuration for the continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 111, 110, 011, 100 and / or 001, with a broadband operating channel bandwidth of 60 MHz. Wherein, based on the wideband operating channel bandwidth of 80 MHz, the external RB set configuration for the continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 1111, 1110, 0111, 1100, 0011, 1000 and / or 0001; Wherein, based on the broadband operating channel bandwidth of 100 MHz, the external RB set configuration for the continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 11111, 11110, 01111, 11100, 00111, 11000, 00011, 10000 and / or 00001; Among them, the bandwidth of the broadband operating channel is 60 MHz, and the internal RB set configuration for the continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmap 010; Wherein, based on a wideband operating channel bandwidth of 80 MHz, the external RB set configuration for continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 0110, 0100, and / or 0010; and Wherein, the external RB set configuration for continuous sub-band configuration is based on bitmaps 01110, 01100, 00110, 01000, 00010 and / or 00100, with a broadband operating channel bandwidth of 100 MHz.

15. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of: Send a random access preamble to the base station; Receive a response message from the base station; Send capability information related to power level 5 to the base station; as well as Receive information related to the RB allocation from the base station.

16. An apparatus for performing communication, the apparatus comprising: At least one processor; as well as At least one memory storing instructions operatively electrically connectable to the at least one processor, wherein the instructions are executed by the at least one processor to perform operations including: The transmission power for the side link SL signal is determined based on the configured maximum output power; and The SL signal is sent to other devices based on the transmission power. The device supports new radio NR sidelink operation in unlicensed frequency bands and power level 5 associated with a maximum output power of 20 dBm. The maximum output power configuration is based on the maximum power reduction MPR, and Among them, based on the fact that the device supports NR sidelink operation in unlicensed frequency bands and power level 5, the MPR is based on modulation, resource block (RB) allocation and modulation.

17. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for recording instructions, in, The instructions, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations, the operations including: The transmission power for the side link SL signal is determined based on the configured maximum output power; and The SL signal is transmitted to other devices based on the transmission power. The device, including one or more processors, supports new radio NR sidelink operation in unlicensed frequency bands and power level 5 associated with a maximum output power of 20 dBm. The maximum output power configuration is based on the maximum power reduction MPR, and Among them, the device supports NR sidelink operation in unlicensed frequency bands and power level 5, and the MPR is based on modulation, resource block (RB) allocation and modulation.

18. A method for performing communication, the method being performed by a base station and comprising the following steps: Receive random access preamble from user equipment (UE); Send a response message to the UE; Receive capability information related to power level 5 from the UE; as well as Send information related to resource block (RB) allocation to the UE. Specifically, the information related to the RB allocation is used by the UE to determine the transmission power for the sidelink SL signal based on the configured maximum output power. The UE supports new radio NR sidelink operation in unlicensed frequency bands and power level 5 associated with a maximum output power of 20 dBm. The maximum output power configuration is based on the maximum power reduction MPR, and Among them, based on the UE supporting NR sidelink operation in the unlicensed frequency band and power level 5, the MPR is based on modulation, the RB allocation and modulation.

19. A base station configured to operate in a wireless communication system, the base station comprising: At least one transceiver; At least one processor; as well as At least one memory, which stores instructions and is operatively electrically connectable to the at least one processor. The operations performed based on the instructions executed by the at least one processor include: Receive random access preamble from user equipment (UE); Send a response message to the UE; Receive capability information related to power level 5 from the UE; and Send information related to resource block (RB) allocation to the UE. Specifically, the information related to the RB allocation is used by the UE to determine the transmission power for the sidelink SL signal based on the configured maximum output power. The UE supports new radio NR sidelink operation in unlicensed frequency bands and power level 5 associated with a maximum output power of 20 dBm. The maximum output power configuration is based on the maximum power reduction MPR, and Among them, based on the UE supporting NR sidelink operation in the unlicensed frequency band and power level 5, the MPR is based on modulation, the RB allocation and modulation.

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