Fast body posture assessment system and method based on millimeter wave imaging

Abstract

The present application relates to human posture assessment, in particular to a fast posture assessment system and method based on millimeter wave imaging, an antenna array and a frequency source, fixed on a driving device, under the control of a controller, millimeter wave signals are emitted to the back surface of the target to be measured, and the reflected echo signals are received and sent to a signal processing and calculation module; the driving device is fixed on the support frame, under the control of the controller, the antenna array and the frequency source are driven to move along the height direction to adapt to different heights of the target to be measured; the signal processing and calculation module processes the echo signal, three-dimensional reconstruction, feature extraction and evaluation judgment, and obtains the three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target to be measured and the posture assessment result; the output module displays the three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target to be measured and the posture assessment result; the present application can effectively overcome the defects that it is difficult to meet the requirements of safe and non-radiation, objective quantitative evaluation and non-contact rapid detection at the same time.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to human body posture assessment, and more specifically to a rapid body posture assessment system and method based on millimeter-wave imaging. Background Technology

[0002] In the field of human body posture measurement, the following are the main existing technologies: 1) Artificial physical examination and visual observation method: It relies on the visual observation and manual palpation of doctors or therapists. Its core defects are strong subjectivity and poor repeatability. The conclusions are heavily dependent on the examiner's personal experience and it is difficult to form quantifiable objective indicators. 2) Imaging examination methods (such as X-ray, CT, etc.): Although they are regarded as the "gold standard" for measuring skeletal posture such as pelvic tilt, and can achieve precise quantification of angle and position, they pose a risk of ionizing radiation, are not suitable for long-term and repeated measurements in sensitive groups such as adolescents and pregnant women, and are expensive and complicated, making them difficult to popularize. 3) Optical three-dimensional scanning method: Although it avoids radiation problems, the measurement accuracy is easily affected by factors such as clothing and ambient light. Subjects usually need to wear tight clothing or expose the measurement area, which infringes on personal privacy and has a poor experience.

[0003] However, the aforementioned existing technologies cannot simultaneously meet the requirements of safety without radiation, objective quantitative assessment, and non-contact rapid detection. Millimeter-wave imaging technology has previously been mainly used in the field of security inspection for "foreign object identification." Its technical logic is to suppress human body signals to highlight contraband. Applying millimeter-wave imaging to human body posture assessment requires solving technical challenges such as how to use the echo signals obtained by millimeter waves penetrating clothing to indirectly and accurately quantify and assess abnormal body postures related to skeletal alignment.

[0004] In summary, existing technologies lack a solution that can quickly, synchronously, and objectively screen multiple abnormal body postures using a single device and a single scan. Summary of the Invention

[0005] (a) Technical problems to be solved In view of the above-mentioned shortcomings of the existing technology, the present invention provides a rapid body posture assessment system and method based on millimeter-wave imaging, which can effectively overcome the shortcomings of the existing technology in that it is difficult to simultaneously meet the requirements of safety and radiation-free, objective quantitative assessment and non-contact rapid detection.

[0006] (II) Technical Solution To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A rapid body posture assessment system based on millimeter-wave imaging includes a millimeter-wave scanning module, a signal processing and calculation module, an output module, and a controller. The millimeter-wave scanning module includes an antenna array and a frequency source, a driving device, and a support frame. The antenna array and frequency source are fixed on the drive device. Under the control of the controller, the antenna array transmits millimeter-wave signals to the back surface of the target under test, and receives the reflected echo signals. The echo signals are then sent to the signal processing and calculation module. The drive unit, fixed to the support frame, drives the antenna array and frequency source to move along the height direction under the control of the controller, so as to adapt to the target of different heights. The signal processing and computation module performs signal processing, three-dimensional reconstruction, feature extraction and evaluation on the echo signal to obtain a three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target and the body posture evaluation result. The output module displays a three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target under test and the postural assessment results in a visual, auditory, or physical form.

[0007] Preferably, the antenna array in the antenna array and frequency source includes a millimeter-wave transmitter and a millimeter-wave receiver; The frequency source, under the control of the controller, generates millimeter-wave signals and sends them to the millimeter-wave transmitter;

[0008] A millimeter-wave transmitter emits millimeter-wave signals toward the back surface of the target being measured. The millimeter-wave receiver receives the reflected echo signal and sends the echo signal to the signal processing and computing module.

[0009] Preferably, the signal processing and calculation module performs signal processing, three-dimensional reconstruction, feature extraction, and evaluation on the echo signal to obtain a three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target and a posture evaluation result, including: A1. Signal Processing: Signal processing including Kalman filtering and range-Doppler analysis on the raw echo signal; A2. 3D Reconstruction: A 3D reconstruction algorithm is used to generate 3D point cloud data of the back surface and project it into a 2D grayscale image along the distance direction; A3. Feature Extraction: Simultaneously calculate body surface morphological parameters, including neck shadow area parameters, shoulder shadow area parameters, waist shadow area parameters, and hip asymmetry assessment parameters. A4. Assessment and Judgment: Based on the preset assessment rule library, the body surface morphological parameters are compared, assessed and intelligently judged to obtain the body posture assessment result of the target to be tested; The postural assessment results include assessments of neck forward extension, rounded shoulders, anterior pelvic tilt, and lateral pelvic tilt.

[0010] Preferably, feature extraction in A3 includes: Calculate the shaded area S of the neck region neck : ; Where G(i) is the gray value of the i-th pixel, and T neck The preset grayscale threshold for the neck region, This indicates an indicator function that has a value of 1 when the condition is true and 0 otherwise. N neck This represents the total number of pixels in the neck region. Calculate the neck shadow area parameter R neck : .

[0011] Preferably, feature extraction in A3 includes: Calculate the shadow area S of the shoulder region shoulder : ; Among them, T shoulder N is the preset grayscale threshold for the shoulder region. shoulder This represents the total number of pixels in the shoulder region. Calculate the shoulder shadow area parameter R shoulder : .

[0012] Preferably, feature extraction in A3 includes: Calculate the shaded area S of the waist region waist : ; Among them, T waist N is the preset grayscale threshold for the waist region. waist This represents the total number of pixels in the waist region. Calculate the waist shadow area parameter R waist : .

[0013] Preferably, feature extraction in A3 includes: The parameters for assessing hip asymmetry include the hip asymmetry area ratio parameter A1 and the normalized difference parameter A2; Calculate the parameter A1 for the ratio of asymmetrical hip area: ; Calculate the normalized difference parameter A2; ; Among them, S left S right The shaded areas are the left and right hip regions, respectively.

[0014] Preferably, the evaluation and judgment in A4 includes: Based on a pre-defined assessment rule base, each body surface morphology parameter is compared and assessed with its corresponding clinical calibration threshold using intelligent judgment to obtain the body posture assessment result of the target being tested. If the neck shadow area parameter R neck If the percentage is >70%, it is considered a positive result for neck extension. If the shoulder shadow area parameter R shoulder If the percentage is >80%, it is considered a positive result for rounded shoulders. If the waist shadow area parameter R waist If the percentage is >85%, it is considered a positive result for anterior pelvic tilt. If the ratio of the asymmetric area of ​​the buttocks to parameter A1 is less than 90%, or the ratio of the asymmetric area of ​​the buttocks to parameter A1 is greater than 110%, and the normalized difference parameter A2 is greater than 10%, then the pelvic tilt is considered positive.

[0015] A rapid posture assessment method based on millimeter-wave imaging includes the following steps: S1. Preparation: The target under test stands naturally on the support frame with its back to the antenna array and frequency source. The position of the target under test is detected. The controller controls the drive device to move the antenna array and frequency source along the height direction to a suitable height. S2. Signal Acquisition: Under the control of the controller, the antenna array and frequency source transmit millimeter-wave signals to the back surface of the target under test, perform rapid scanning of the back surface of the target under test, receive the reflected echo signals, and send the echo signals to the signal processing and calculation module. S3, Signal Processing: The signal processing and calculation module performs signal processing on the raw echo signal, including Kalman filtering and range-Doppler analysis. S4. 3D Reconstruction: The signal processing and calculation module uses a 3D reconstruction algorithm to generate 3D point cloud data of the back surface and projects it into a 2D grayscale image along the distance direction. S5. Feature Extraction: The signal processing and calculation module simultaneously calculates surface morphological parameters, including neck shadow area parameters, shoulder shadow area parameters, waist shadow area parameters, and hip asymmetry assessment parameters. S6. Evaluation and Judgment: The signal processing and calculation module compares, evaluates and intelligently judges the morphological parameters of each body surface according to the preset evaluation rule library. S7. Result Output: The signal processing and calculation module generates the neck extension assessment result, rounded shoulder assessment result, anterior pelvic tilt assessment result, and lateral pelvic tilt assessment result, and obtains the postural assessment result of the target under test. The output module displays the three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target under test and the postural assessment result in a visual, auditory, or physical form. The postural assessment results include assessments of neck forward extension, rounded shoulders, anterior pelvic tilt, and lateral pelvic tilt.

[0016] (III) Beneficial Effects Compared with existing technologies, the rapid body posture assessment system and method based on millimeter-wave imaging provided by this invention has the following advantages: 1) Safe and radiation-free: Millimeter wave photons have low energy and are non-ionizing radiation, posing no risk of tissue damage. They can be safely used for long-term and repeated measurements in sensitive groups such as children and pregnant women. 2) Privacy protection: Millimeter waves can penetrate everyday clothing, so subjects do not need to undress or change clothes and can be tested in their natural attire, thus protecting their personal privacy; 3) Objective quantification: The algorithm automatically extracts body surface morphological parameters, eliminating subjective factors, and the results are accurate and repeatable, which is conducive to accurate diagnosis and rehabilitation tracking; 4) High efficiency and convenience: The entire testing process can be completed within 2 seconds, making it suitable for large-scale screening scenarios and reducing the requirements for operators' professional skills; 5) Multifunctional integration: A single scan can simultaneously assess multiple abnormal body postures, resulting in a high degree of system integration and ease of promotion. Attached Figure Description

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the system of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the process of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional image of the back surface in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0019] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0020] The following describes the specific functional modules of the rapid body posture assessment system based on millimeter-wave imaging provided by this invention, using concrete examples (such as...). Figure 1 (as shown) and technical effects.

[0021] The system functional modules include: millimeter wave scanning module, signal processing and calculation module 5, output module 6 and controller 4. The millimeter wave scanning module (with an effective wide field of view of 150° and sensitive to changes in body angle of more than 15°) includes antenna array and frequency source 1, drive device 2 and support frame 3. The antenna array and frequency source 1 are fixed on the drive device 2. Under the control of the controller 4, the antenna array transmits millimeter wave signals to the back surface of the target under test, and receives the reflected echo signals. The echo signals are then sent to the signal processing and calculation module 5. The drive device 2, fixed on the support frame 3, drives the antenna array and frequency source 1 to move along the height direction under the control of the controller 4, so as to adapt to the target of different heights. Signal processing and calculation module 5 performs signal processing, three-dimensional reconstruction, feature extraction and evaluation on the echo signal to obtain a three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target under test and the body posture evaluation result. Output module 6 displays the three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target under test and the postural assessment results in a visual (such as screen display), auditory, or physical form.

[0022] I. Antenna Array and Frequency Source The antenna array in antenna array and frequency source 1 includes a millimeter-wave transmitter and a millimeter-wave receiver; The frequency source, under the control of controller 4, generates millimeter-wave signals (30~300GHz) and sends them to the millimeter-wave transmitter; A millimeter-wave transmitter emits millimeter-wave signals toward the back surface of the target being measured. The millimeter-wave receiver receives the reflected echo signal and sends the echo signal to the signal processing and calculation module 5.

[0023] II. Signal Processing and Computation Module Signal processing and computation module 5 performs signal processing, 3D reconstruction, feature extraction, and evaluation on the echo signal to obtain a 3D image of the back surface of the target (e.g., Figure 3 (as shown) and the postural assessment results, including: A1. Signal Processing: Signal processing including Kalman filtering and range-Doppler analysis on the raw echo signal; A2. 3D Reconstruction: A 3D reconstruction algorithm is used to generate 3D point cloud data of the back surface (e.g., ...). Figure 3 As shown in the figure, it is projected as a two-dimensional grayscale image along the distance direction; A3. Feature Extraction: Simultaneously calculate body surface morphological parameters, including neck shadow area parameters, shoulder shadow area parameters, waist shadow area parameters, and hip asymmetry assessment parameters. A4. Assessment and Judgment: Based on the preset assessment rule library, the body surface morphological parameters are compared, assessed and intelligently judged to obtain the body posture assessment result of the target to be tested; The postural assessment results include assessments of neck forward extension, rounded shoulders, anterior pelvic tilt, and lateral pelvic tilt.

[0024] Specifically, feature extraction in A3 includes: 1) Neck shadow area parameters Calculate the shaded area S of the neck region neck : ; Where G(i) is the gray value of the i-th pixel, and T neck The preset grayscale threshold for the neck region, This indicates an indicator function that has a value of 1 when the condition is true and 0 otherwise. N neck This represents the total number of pixels in the neck region. Calculate the neck shadow area parameter R neck : ; 2) Shoulder shadow area parameters Calculate the shadow area S of the shoulder region shoulder : ; Among them, T shoulder N is the preset grayscale threshold for the shoulder region. shoulder This represents the total number of pixels in the shoulder region. Calculate the shoulder shadow area parameter R shoulder : ; 3) Waist shadow area parameters Calculate the shaded area S of the waist region waist : ; Among them, T waist N is the preset grayscale threshold for the waist region. waist This represents the total number of pixels in the waist region. Calculate the waist shadow area parameter R waist : ; 4) Parameters for assessing hip asymmetry The parameters for assessing hip asymmetry include the hip asymmetry area ratio parameter A1 and the normalized difference parameter A2; Calculate the parameter A1 for the ratio of asymmetrical hip area: ; Calculate the normalized difference parameter A2; ; Among them, S left S right The shaded areas are the left and right hip regions, respectively.

[0025] Specifically, the assessment and judgment in A4 include: Based on a pre-defined assessment rule base, each body surface morphology parameter is compared and assessed with its corresponding clinical calibration threshold using intelligent judgment to obtain the body posture assessment result of the target being tested. If the neck shadow area parameter R neck If the percentage is >70%, it is considered a positive result for neck extension. If the shoulder shadow area parameter R shoulder If the percentage is >80%, it is considered a positive result for rounded shoulders. If the waist shadow area parameter R waist If the percentage is >85%, it is considered a positive result for anterior pelvic tilt. If the ratio of the asymmetric area of ​​the buttocks to parameter A1 is less than 90%, or the ratio of the asymmetric area of ​​the buttocks to parameter A1 is greater than 110%, and the normalized difference parameter A2 is greater than 10%, then the pelvic tilt is considered positive.

[0026] Based on the aforementioned rapid posture assessment system based on millimeter-wave imaging, this application also discloses a rapid posture assessment method based on millimeter-wave imaging, such as... Figure 2 As shown, it includes the following steps: S1. Preparation: The target to be tested stands naturally on the support frame 3 with its back to the antenna array and frequency source 1. The position of the target to be tested is detected. The controller 4 controls the drive device 2 to move the antenna array and frequency source 1 along the height direction to a suitable height. S2. Signal Acquisition: Under the control of the controller 4, the antenna array and frequency source 1 transmit millimeter wave signals to the back surface of the target under test, perform rapid scanning of the back surface of the target under test (not exceeding 2s), and simultaneously receive the reflected echo signals and send the echo signals to the signal processing and calculation module 5. S3, Signal Processing: Signal processing and calculation module 5 performs signal processing on the raw echo signal, including Kalman filtering and range-Doppler analysis; S4. 3D Reconstruction: Signal Processing and Computation Module 5 uses a 3D reconstruction algorithm to generate 3D point cloud data of the back surface (e.g., ...). Figure 3As shown in the figure, it is projected as a two-dimensional grayscale image along the distance direction; S5. Feature Extraction: Signal processing and calculation module 5 simultaneously calculates surface morphological parameters, including neck shadow area parameters, shoulder shadow area parameters, waist shadow area parameters, and hip asymmetry assessment parameters. S6. Evaluation and Judgment: The signal processing and calculation module 5 compares, evaluates and intelligently judges the morphological parameters of each body surface according to the preset evaluation rule library. S7. Result Output: Signal processing and calculation module 5 generates assessment results for neck extension, rounded shoulders, anterior pelvic tilt, and lateral pelvic tilt, obtaining the postural assessment results of the target. Output module 6 displays the three-dimensional image of the target's back surface in a visual (e.g., screen display), auditory, or physical form (e.g., ...). Figure 3 (as shown) and the results of the posture assessment; The postural assessment results include assessments of neck forward extension, rounded shoulders, anterior pelvic tilt, and lateral pelvic tilt.

[0027] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. Such modifications or substitutions will not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A rapid body posture assessment system based on millimeter-wave imaging, characterized in that: It includes a millimeter-wave scanning module, a signal processing and calculation module (5), an output module (6) and a controller (4). The millimeter-wave scanning module includes an antenna array and a frequency source (1), a driving device (2) and a support frame (3). The antenna array and frequency source (1) are fixed on the drive device (2). Under the control of the controller (4), the antenna array transmits millimeter wave signals to the back surface of the target under test, receives the reflected echo signals, and sends the echo signals to the signal processing and calculation module (5). The drive device (2) is fixed on the support frame (3). Under the control of the controller (4), it drives the antenna array and frequency source (1) to move along the height direction to adapt to the target of different heights. The signal processing and calculation module (5) performs signal processing, three-dimensional reconstruction, feature extraction and evaluation on the echo signal to obtain the three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target under test and the body posture evaluation result. Output module (6) displays the three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target under test and the postural assessment results in a visual, auditory or physical form; The signal processing and calculation module (5) performs signal processing, three-dimensional reconstruction, feature extraction, and evaluation on the echo signal to obtain a three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target and a posture evaluation result, including: A1. Signal Processing: Signal processing including Kalman filtering and range-Doppler analysis on the raw echo signal; A2. 3D Reconstruction: A 3D reconstruction algorithm is used to generate 3D point cloud data of the back surface and project it into a 2D grayscale image along the distance direction; A3. Feature Extraction: Simultaneously calculate body surface morphological parameters, including neck shadow area parameters, shoulder shadow area parameters, waist shadow area parameters, and hip asymmetry assessment parameters. A4. Assessment and Judgment: Based on the preset assessment rule library, the body surface morphological parameters are compared, assessed and intelligently judged to obtain the body posture assessment result of the target to be tested; The postural assessment results include assessments of neck forward extension, rounded shoulders, anterior pelvic tilt, and lateral pelvic tilt.

2. The rapid body posture assessment system based on millimeter-wave imaging according to claim 1, characterized in that: The antenna array in the antenna array and frequency source (1) includes a millimeter-wave transmitter and a millimeter-wave receiver; The frequency source, under the control of the controller (4), generates millimeter-wave signals and sends them to the millimeter-wave transmitter; A millimeter-wave transmitter emits millimeter-wave signals toward the back surface of the target being measured. The millimeter-wave receiver receives the reflected echo signal and sends the echo signal to the signal processing and calculation module (5).

3. The rapid body posture assessment system based on millimeter-wave imaging according to claim 1, characterized in that: Feature extraction in A3 includes: Calculate the shaded area S of the neck region neck : ； Where G(i) is the gray value of the i-th pixel, and T neck The preset grayscale threshold for the neck region, This indicates an indicator function that has a value of 1 when the condition is true and 0 otherwise. N neck This represents the total number of pixels in the neck region. Calculate the neck shadow area parameter R neck : 。 4. The rapid body posture assessment system based on millimeter-wave imaging according to claim 3, characterized in that: Feature extraction in A3 includes: Calculate the shadow area S of the shoulder region shoulder : ； Among them, T shoulder N is the preset grayscale threshold for the shoulder region. shoulder This represents the total number of pixels in the shoulder region. Calculate the shoulder shadow area parameter R shoulder : 。 5. The rapid body posture assessment system based on millimeter-wave imaging according to claim 4, characterized in that: Feature extraction in A3 includes: Calculate the shaded area S of the waist region waist : ； Among them, T waist N is the preset grayscale threshold for the waist region. waist This represents the total number of pixels in the waist region. Calculate the waist shadow area parameter R waist : 。 6. The rapid body posture assessment system based on millimeter-wave imaging according to claim 5, characterized in that: Feature extraction in A3 includes: The parameters for assessing hip asymmetry include the hip asymmetry area ratio parameter A1 and the normalized difference parameter A2; Calculate the parameter A1 for the ratio of asymmetrical hip area: ； Calculate the normalized difference parameter A2; ； Among them, S left S right The shaded areas are the left and right hip regions, respectively.

7. The rapid body posture assessment system based on millimeter-wave imaging according to claim 6, characterized in that: The assessment and judgment in A4 include: Based on a pre-defined assessment rule base, each body surface morphology parameter is compared and assessed with its corresponding clinical calibration threshold using intelligent judgment to obtain the body posture assessment result of the target being tested. If the neck shadow area parameter R neck If the percentage is >70%, it is considered a positive result for neck extension. If the shoulder shadow area parameter R shoulder If the percentage is >80%, it is considered a positive result for rounded shoulders. If the waist shadow area parameter R waist If the percentage is >85%, it is considered a positive result for anterior pelvic tilt. If the ratio of the asymmetric area of ​​the buttocks to parameter A1 is less than 90% and the normalized difference parameter A2 is greater than 10%, or if the ratio of the asymmetric area of ​​the buttocks to parameter A1 is greater than 110% and the normalized difference parameter A2 is greater than 10%, then the condition is considered positive for pelvic tilt.

8. A rapid posture assessment method based on millimeter-wave imaging, applied to the rapid posture assessment system based on millimeter-wave imaging as described in claim 1, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: S1. Preparation: The target to be tested stands naturally on the support frame (3) with its back to the antenna array and frequency source (1). The position of the target to be tested is detected. The controller (4) controls the drive device (2) to move the antenna array and frequency source (1) along the height direction to a suitable height. S2, Signal Acquisition: Under the control of the controller (4), the antenna array and frequency source (1) transmit millimeter wave signals to the back surface of the target under test, perform rapid scanning of the back surface of the target under test, receive the reflected echo signals, and send the echo signals to the signal processing and calculation module (5). S3, Signal Processing: The signal processing and calculation module (5) performs signal processing on the original echo signal, including Kalman filtering and range-Doppler analysis. S4, Three-dimensional reconstruction: Signal processing and calculation module (5) uses a three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm to generate three-dimensional point cloud data of the back surface and projects it into a two-dimensional grayscale image along the distance direction; S5, Feature Extraction: Signal Processing and Calculation Module (5) synchronously calculates the body surface morphology parameters, including the neck shadow area parameter, shoulder shadow area parameter, waist shadow area parameter, and hip asymmetry assessment parameter; S6. Evaluation and Judgment: The signal processing and calculation module (5) compares, evaluates and intelligently judges the morphological parameters of each body surface according to the preset evaluation rule library; S7. Output of results: The signal processing and calculation module (5) generates the neck extension assessment results, rounded shoulder assessment results, pelvic tilt assessment results and pelvic lateral tilt assessment results, and obtains the body posture assessment results of the target under test. The output module (6) displays the three-dimensional image of the back surface of the target under test and the body posture assessment results in visual, auditory or physical form. The postural assessment results include assessments of neck forward extension, rounded shoulders, anterior pelvic tilt, and lateral pelvic tilt.

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