Method for promoting coccidiosis immune cycle by controlling humidity of padding

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of chicken flock immunization, and provides a method for promoting coccidiosis immune cycle by controlling the humidity of padding. The method comprises the following steps: laying a drip irrigation humidity control device; mixed padding is prepared, and the drip irrigation humidity control device is placed in the mixed padding; a water outlet hole of the drip irrigation humidity control device is arranged to be in direct contact with the ground, and the water outlet amount of the drip irrigation humidity control device is controlled, so that the humidity of the mixed padding is 20-30%. According to the method, the humidity of the mixed padding can be rapidly adjusted, and the humidity of each area of the padding is uniform. Besides, when the humidity of the padding is adjusted to be within the range, the sporulation rate of coccidiosis is superior to that of other padding humidity, secondary circulation of tender and toxic oocysts can be effectively guaranteed, and the tender and toxic immune protection effect is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of chicken immunization technology, and in particular to a method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling the moisture content of bedding. Background Technology

[0002] The process of establishing immunity against coccidiosis in chickens involves the following: after the initial coccidiosis vaccination, the oocysts of offspring excreted in the feces are distributed in the litter. Under suitable temperature, humidity, and aerobic conditions, they undergo sporulation to develop into infective sporulated oocysts. When chickens ingest these sporulated oocysts, they enhance the immune response. In actual chicken farming, temperature and oxygen levels are sufficient for the sporulation of coccidia oocysts, but humidity control remains a challenge. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This application provides a method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture, comprising the following steps: S1: Install drip irrigation humidity control devices; S2: Preparation of mixed bedding material; S3: Bury the drip irrigation moisture control device in the mixed bedding material; S4: Set the water outlet of the drip irrigation humidity control device to be in direct contact with the ground, and control the water output of the drip irrigation humidity control device so that the humidity of the mixed bedding material is 20~30%.

[0004] In some embodiments, step S2, preparing the mixed pad material includes the following steps: S21: Prepare bedding materials containing natural materials; S22: The chickens are raised on bedding containing natural materials. After the chickens are vaccinated with live coccidiosis vaccine, they excrete feces containing coccidiosis oocysts. The feces fall on the bedding containing natural materials to obtain mixed bedding.

[0005] In some embodiments, preparing the mixed padding material includes the following steps: S21: Prepare bedding materials containing natural materials; S23: Mix bedding containing natural materials with feces containing chicken coccidia oocysts to obtain mixed bedding.

[0006] In some embodiments, in step S21, preparing a mattress containing natural materials includes: mixing water and natural materials to obtain a mattress containing natural materials.

[0007] In some embodiments, in step S21, preparing a pad containing natural materials includes mixing water, a moisturizer, and natural materials to obtain a pad containing natural materials.

[0008] In some embodiments, during the preparation of the natural materials, the mass ratio of water, humectant and natural materials is 1:(0.02-0.05):2.

[0009] In some embodiments, the moisturizer includes at least one of glycerin and xylitol.

[0010] In some embodiments, the natural material is selected from one or more of the group consisting of wood shavings, sawdust, dry weeds, rice husks, sawdust, wheat straw, rice bran, chopped corn stalks, rice husks, bagasse, and broken corn cobs.

[0011] In some embodiments, the drip irrigation humidity control device further includes a warm air device, and step S4 includes: Detect the moisture content of the mixed bedding material. If the moisture content of the mixed bedding material is less than 20%, turn on the drip irrigation moisture control device; if the moisture content of the mixed bedding material is between 20% and 30%, turn off the drip irrigation moisture control device; if the moisture content of the mixed bedding material is greater than 30%, turn on the warm air device for drying and turn off the drip irrigation moisture control device.

[0012] In some embodiments, the drip irrigation humidity control device includes a patch drip tape. The patch drip tape is selected from one or more of the group consisting of inlaid patch drip tape, flat patch drip tape, pressure-compensating patch drip tape, pressure-compensating patch drip tape, non-pressure-compensating patch drip tape, detachable patch drip tape, and anti-clogging patch drip tape. Attached Figure Description

[0013] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of a chicken coop according to an embodiment of this application.

[0014] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the installation of a drip irrigation humidity control device according to an embodiment of this application.

[0015] Figure 3 This is a schematic flowchart of a method for controlling bedding moisture to promote coccidia immune circulation according to an embodiment of this application.

[0016] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a process for preparing a mixed pad material according to an embodiment of this application.

[0017] Figure 5 This is another schematic diagram of the process for preparing the mixed padding material according to an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The following detailed description, with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings, discloses embodiments of the method for controlling bedding moisture to promote coccidia immune circulation according to this application. However, unnecessary details may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repetitive descriptions of essentially the same structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily lengthy descriptions and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand this application and are not intended to limit the subject matter of the claims.

[0019] The "range" disclosed in this application is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of a particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is stated as an integer ≥2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0020] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application may be combined with each other to form new technical solutions, and such technical solutions should be considered to be included in the disclosure of this application.

[0021] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this application may be combined to form new technical solutions, and such technical solutions shall be deemed to be included in the disclosure of this application.

[0022] Unless otherwise specified, all steps in this application may be performed sequentially or randomly. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the method may also include step (c), indicating that step (c) may be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0023] In this application, the terms "multiple" or "various" refer to two or more kinds.

[0024] Unless otherwise stated, the terms used in this application have the common meanings as commonly understood by those skilled in the art.

[0025] Unless otherwise stated, the values ​​of the parameters mentioned in this application can be determined using various testing methods commonly used in the art, for example, according to the testing methods given in the embodiments of this application.

[0026] In the poultry industry, coccidiosis is a significant disease affecting chicken flocks. Coccidia are single-host parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus *Eimeria* in the family Eimeriaceae, characterized by oval or elliptical oocysts. This genus contains several pathogenic species, among which *Eimeria tenella* and *Eimeria necatrix* are the most virulent, parasitizing the cecum and mid-small intestine, respectively, leading to acute bloody stools and intestinal mucosal damage. Chicks aged 15-50 days are the most susceptible group, with morbidity rates reaching 50%-70% and mortality rates 20%-80%. Control methods include chemical drugs (sulfonamides, polyether antibiotics), and live vaccines. Temperature and humidity significantly influence the occurrence and spread of coccidiosis in chickens. Insulation and ventilation effectively meet the temperature and oxygen requirements for coccidia oocyst development; however, controlling litter moisture is challenging, especially in dry areas.

[0027] This application provides a method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture, comprising the following steps: S1: Install a drip irrigation humidity control system. Related technologies typically use methods such as installing a spray humidifier, manually sprinkling water directly onto the bedding, or manually adding dry bedding material to control the humidity of the mixed bedding. However, these methods have drawbacks such as insignificant or imprecise control effects. For example, using a spray method only increases air humidity, but insufficient bedding humidity hinders coccidial oocyst sporulation. The disadvantage of sprinkling water is that limited manpower or uneven sporulation can lead to uneven bedding humidity. Some areas of bedding may be too wet, causing mold and compaction, resulting in rapid proliferation of other microorganisms. Increased bedding temperature (above 30°C) and insufficient oxygen can also affect coccidial sporulation. Conversely, some areas of bedding may be too dry, hindering coccidial sporulation and thus impairing coccidial circulation and the establishment of immunity. Some foreign studies have shown that adding biochar or bedding conditioners to the bedding, reducing its moisture content, or lowering the pH can control the proliferation of bacteria and microorganisms. This method is mainly applied to bedding that needs to be reused. For example, in some regions abroad, chicken litter is not readily available, so a single batch of litter is needed to feed several batches of chickens. In my country, however, litter is readily available, and each batch of chickens can use fresh litter, eliminating the need for reuse. Furthermore, imported products are expensive, thus limiting the market for litter conditioners in China.

[0028] S2: Prepare the mixed bedding material. The thickness of the mixed bedding material can be 3-10 cm. For example, in summer, a thinner bedding material can be used, with a mixed bedding material thickness of 3-5 cm; while in autumn and winter, the mixed bedding material thickness is 5-10 cm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the mixed bedding material can be 3 cm, 3.5 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm, 8 cm, 8.5 cm, 9 cm, 10 cm, etc., or any range of the above values.

[0029] In this case, steps S1 and S2 can be interchanged. That is, the drip irrigation moisture control device can be laid first, and then the mixed bedding material can be prepared; or the mixed bedding material can be prepared first, and then the drip irrigation moisture control device can be laid.

[0030] S3: Place the drip irrigation moisture control device in the mixed bedding. That is, completely cover the drip irrigation moisture control device with the mixed bedding.

[0031] S4: The water outlet of the drip irrigation humidity control device is set to directly contact the ground, and the water output of the drip irrigation humidity control device is controlled to ensure that the humidity of the mixed bedding material is 20-30%. Coccidia sporulation requires suitable humidity. Setting the bedding material humidity within the above range can achieve a good sporulation rate and ensure normal oocyst morphology, which is beneficial for oocyst sporulation development. In some embodiments, the humidity of the mixed bedding material is 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 29%, 30%, or any range of the above values. If the mixed bedding material is too dry, the coccidia oocysts cannot sporulate, the flock will not receive repeated immunization, and it is easy to cause problems such as dust flying; if the mixed bedding material is too wet, various microorganisms in the bedding material will multiply in large quantities and consume oxygen, and insufficient oxygen content is not conducive to the sporulation process. In addition, controlling the humidity of the mixed bedding material to 20-30% can indirectly control the humidity of the flock's feces, so that the ammonia produced by the flock is not released excessively, and it is not too dry, causing oocyst death.

[0032] In some embodiments, the moisture content of the mixed bedding is 20-25%. There is a direct relationship between the moisture content of the mixed bedding and ammonia levels. When the moisture content of the mixed bedding increases, especially exceeding 25%, the production of ammonia increases significantly. This is because ammonia primarily originates from the bacterial decomposition of uric acid in chicken manure, a process that is accelerated in high-humidity, warm, and poorly ventilated environments. Maintaining the moisture content of the mixed bedding between 20% and 25% is a reasonable range that balances ammonia control and the effectiveness of the coccidiosis vaccine. If the moisture content exceeds 25%, even if it is conducive to the development of certain pathogens, it will significantly increase ammonia odor and bacterial load, leading to greater health and production risks. Therefore, controlling the bedding moisture content between 20% and 25% can suppress excessive ammonia production without affecting the circulation effect of the coccidiosis vaccine.

[0033] Controlling the water output of the drip irrigation humidity control device includes two scenarios: turning the device on or off. For example, when the moisture content of the bedding material is between 20% and 30%, the drip irrigation humidity control device does not need to be turned on; when the moisture content of the bedding material is less than 20%, the device needs to be turned on.

[0034] The purpose of setting the water outlet of the drip irrigation humidity control device to be in direct contact with the ground is that after the water flows out of the water outlet and comes into contact with the ground, the water is quickly spread out, and then through the capillary action of the mixed bedding material and the evaporation of water, the humidity of the mixed bedding material is quickly and evenly increased.

[0035] In some embodiments, step S2, preparing the mixed pad material may include the following steps: S21: Prepare bedding containing natural materials. Natural materials can be commercially available.

[0036] S22: The chickens are raised on bedding containing natural materials. After immunization with a live coccidia vaccine, the chickens excrete feces containing coccidia oocysts. The feces fall onto the bedding containing natural materials, resulting in mixed bedding. In these embodiments, the above steps are applicable to the natural secondary and tertiary immunization cycles after the initial immunization of free-range chickens. For example, chickens aged 1-7 days can be raised on bedding containing natural materials. After immunization with a live coccidia vaccine, the chickens will excrete feces containing oocysts, which will fall onto the bedding and mix naturally, thus obtaining mixed bedding. Compared to the step of separating coccidia from feces, directly using feces containing sporulated coccidia oocysts mixed with bedding is consistent with the actual development cycle of coccidia oocysts in bedding during farm production, which helps reduce costs for production enterprises.

[0037] In some embodiments, preparing the mixed pad material may include the following steps: S21: Prepare bedding materials containing natural materials.

[0038] S23: Mix the bedding material containing natural materials with feces containing chicken coccidia oocysts to obtain mixed bedding. In these embodiments, the above steps are applicable to artificial secondary immunization of chicken flocks. For example, if artificial supplementary immunization is required for chickens older than 7 days, bedding such as sawdust or rice bran, disinfectant, and feces containing oocysts can be mixed, placed at room temperature for 1-2 days to allow the coccidia oocysts to complete sporulation, and then mixed with feed before feeding to the chicken flock.

[0039] The difference between initial immunization and supplementary immunization for chickens is as follows: supplementary immunization is suitable for caged chickens that cannot undergo secondary or tertiary immunization cycles, or for chickens raised on the ground that do not respond well to secondary or tertiary immunization. It is a supplement to the secondary and tertiary immunization cycles and strengthens the acquisition of anticoccidiosis immunity. Initial immunization usually involves administering coccidiosis vaccine to all chickens through drinking water, spraying, or mixing with feed, so that the flock can obtain a uniform initial immunization dose.

[0040] In some embodiments, the preparation of the mixed pad material may also include the following steps: S21: Prepare bedding materials containing natural materials.

[0041] S24: Mix natural materials with chicken coccidiosis vaccine to obtain mixed bedding. When artificial supplemental immunization of chickens is required, chicken manure can be collected, disinfected and cultured for 1-2 days, then processed and mixed with feed before feeding to chickens; or sporulated oocyst fluid, disinfectant and lignin can be mixed with feed before feeding to chickens. The inoculation rate and uniformity of direct oral administration are significantly higher than those of chickens directly pecking at bedding containing oocysts. In some embodiments, the chicken coccidiosis vaccine includes single or mixed coccidiosis vaccines of Eimeria tenella, Eimeria macrocarpa, Eimeria virulence, Eimeria spurulenta, Eimeria brevicornuate, Eimeria prematura, etc., and oocyst fluid.

[0042] In some embodiments, in step S21, preparing a bedding material containing natural materials includes: mixing water and natural materials to obtain a bedding material containing natural materials. For example, water and bedding material can be mixed at a ratio of 1:2, and then a layer of dry natural bedding material can be covered on its surface. The mixture can be placed in an environment with an ambient temperature of 32-35 degrees Celsius and a humidity of 50-70% for 6 days, and the humidity of the bedding material can be maintained between 20-30%.

[0043] In some embodiments, step S21, preparing a pad containing natural materials, includes mixing water, a humectant, and the natural materials to obtain a pad containing natural materials. Mixing or soaking the pad with a humectant can further improve its moisture retention, maintaining a pad humidity of 20-30% for up to 10 days.

[0044] In some embodiments, during the preparation of the natural material, the mass ratio of water, humectant, and natural material is 1:(0.02-0.05):2. For example, in some embodiments, the mass ratio of water, humectant, and natural material can be 1:0.02:2, 1:0.03:2, 1:0.04:2, 1:0.05:2, etc.

[0045] In some embodiments, the preparation process of the bedding material containing natural materials further includes: controlling the ambient temperature to 30-35°C and the ambient humidity to 40-80%; wherein the mass ratio of water, humectant, and natural materials is 1:(0.02-0.05):2. In some embodiments, the ambient temperature in the preparation process of the bedding material containing natural materials is 30°C, 31°C, 32°C, 32.5°C, 33°C, 33.5°C, 34°C, 34.5°C, 35°C, etc., or any range of the above values. In some embodiments, the ambient humidity in the preparation process of the bedding material containing natural materials is 40%, 45%, 50%, 52%, 55%, 60%, 62%, 64%, 66%, 70%, 75%, 80%, etc., or any range of the above values.

[0046] In some embodiments, the humectant includes at least one of glycerin and xylitol. Glycerin and xylitol have good moisturizing properties; when the moisture content of the mixed bedding is in the range of 20-30%, the moisture content will not fall below 20% after 10 days, and the mixed bedding is not prone to mold or compaction, thus not affecting the health of the chickens.

[0047] In some embodiments, the natural materials are selected from one or more of the group consisting of wood shavings, sawdust, dry weeds, rice husks, sawdust, wheat straw, rice bran, chopped corn stalks, rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and crushed corn cobs. Wood shavings, sawdust, dry weeds, rice straw, sawdust, wheat straw, rice bran, and chopped corn stalks are characterized by strong water absorption and a tendency to clump, while rice husks, rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and crushed corn cobs have moderate to poor water absorption. In some embodiments, the above materials can be combined to obtain suitable bedding. Among them, rice husks have good air permeability, are not prone to clumping, are easy to clean, are environmentally friendly, and are inexpensive. Most free-range chickens use rice husks as bedding. For example, when water is added to both wood shavings and rice husks, the water in wood shavings will quickly diffuse inside due to their strong water absorption, but they are prone to mold and caking when damp, which may lead to increased bedding temperature and insufficient oxygen, affecting coccidial sporulation. Rice husks, on the other hand, have moderate water absorption, larger and harder particles, are less prone to clumping, and mold growth is slower than that of wood shavings.

[0048] In some embodiments, the humidity of the environment where the drip irrigation humidity control device is located is 45%~60%, and the temperature is 26℃~33℃. For example, in some embodiments, the humidity of the environment where the drip irrigation humidity control device is located is 45%, 47%, 50%, 52%, 54%, 56%, 58%, 60%, etc., or any range of the above values. For example, in some embodiments, the temperature of the environment where the drip irrigation humidity control device is located is 26℃, 26.5℃, 27℃, 28℃, 29℃, 30℃, 31℃, 32℃, 33℃, etc., or any range of the above values. A warm and humid environment is conducive to the development of egg sacs, while a hot and dry environment is detrimental to their survival. The humidity and temperature of the environment where the drip irrigation humidity control device is located are controlled within the above ranges, which is consistent with the actual temperature and humidity control of the environment during the chicken brooding stage, and no additional adjustments are required.

[0049] The drip irrigation humidity control device of this application may also include a warm air device, and step S4 includes: Detect the moisture content of the mixed bedding material. If the moisture content of the mixed bedding material is less than 20%, turn on the drip irrigation moisture control device; if the moisture content of the mixed bedding material is between 20% and 30%, turn off the drip irrigation moisture control device; if the moisture content of the mixed bedding material is greater than 30%, turn on the warm air device for drying and turn off the drip irrigation moisture control device.

[0050] In some embodiments, the drip irrigation humidity control device includes a patch drip tape. A patch drip tape is a water-saving irrigation device with a plastic flexible tube as its core.

[0051] Patch-type drip irrigation tapes include inlaid patch-type drip irrigation tapes, flat patch-type drip irrigation tapes, pressure-compensating patch-type drip irrigation tapes, pressure-compensating patch-type drip irrigation tapes, non-pressure-compensating patch-type drip irrigation tapes, detachable patch-type drip irrigation tapes, and anti-clogging patch-type drip irrigation tapes, etc.

[0052] The key feature of inlaid patch drip irrigation tape is that the drippers are embedded inside the pipe. This design protects the drippers from the pipe wall, reducing the risk of external damage. Inlaid patch drip irrigation tape is typically made of plastic materials such as polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, which offer good durability and anti-aging properties. The drippers usually have a labyrinthine flow channel inside, effectively reducing water pressure and ensuring uniform water flow. Flat patch drip irrigation tape has a flatter shape, making it easy to lay and store. It returns to its flat shape after the water flows out quickly after the inlet valve is closed, preventing the material from being easily ripped out. The drippers of this type of tape are usually located on the pipe surface, forming a patch-like structure. The flat design makes it take up less space during transportation and storage. In terms of materials, it often uses flexible plastics. Pressure-compensating patch drip irrigation tape has an automatic water flow regulation function. When the water pressure in the pipe changes, the compensation mechanism inside the dripper maintains a stable water flow rate. Non-pressure-compensating patch drip irrigation tape does not have an automatic water flow regulation function; the drippers are usually designed with fixed flow channels, and the uniformity of water flow depends on a constant water pressure. In terms of materials, standard plastics are mostly used, offering good durability. Removable patch drip irrigation tapes allow for individual installation and removal of the drippers, facilitating replacement and maintenance. This design enhances the flexibility and maintainability of the drip irrigation tape, making it suitable for irrigation systems requiring frequent adjustments. The drippers are typically secured to the pipe with clips or threads; a good seal must be ensured during installation to prevent leakage. Both the drippers and pipes are typically made of durable, corrosion-resistant plastics. Anti-clogging patch drip irrigation tapes are specifically designed to reduce clogging issues. The drippers usually have a self-cleaning function or larger flow channels to effectively handle water containing impurities. They are often made of wear-resistant plastics, extending their service life. Anti-clogging designs include labyrinthine flow channels or removable filters for easy cleaning and maintenance.

[0053] In some embodiments, the thickness of the patch drip irrigation tape is 0.2~0.4mm, and the spacing between the outlet holes of the patch drip irrigation tape is 0.1~0.4m.

[0054] The present application will now be further described in conjunction with specific embodiments. It should be noted that, without conflict, the various embodiments or technical features described below can be arbitrarily combined to form new embodiments. In the following embodiments, all materials are purchased externally and will not be described in detail here.

[0055] Example 1

[0056] Results of oocyst sporulation rate under different bedding moisture conditions

[0057] (1) Test methods

[0058] Each sample pad weighed 30g and was 3-4cm high. Six humidity gradients were set up using water and a hygrometer: 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%. Each humidity gradient was repeated three times, resulting in a total of 18 samples. The prepared samples were left at room temperature for 3-4 hours to allow the pad to fully absorb moisture. At this time, the humidity measured by the hygrometer was closer to the value measured by the infrared thermal weight loss method.

[0059] Chicken feces collected during the peak oviposition period of *Eimeria brucellae* were thoroughly mixed. 1g of the mixture was divided into 8-10 small pieces and placed in bedding material with appropriate moisture levels, ensuring full contact and compaction. The feces-to-bedding mass ratio in each sample was 1:30. Samples were placed in a natural environment with humidity of 45%-60% and temperature of 26℃-33℃. Sporulation rate was measured at 36h and 72h. A random piece of feces from each container was floated in saline solution, and under a microscope, 200 oocysts were counted. Sporulation was defined as four clearly visible sporangia. In the control group, oocysts were sporulated in a 1% chloramine-T aqueous solution at a concentration below 250,000 per milliliter at a temperature of 28℃. *Eimeria brucellae* completes 80% sporulation in chloramine-T solution in approximately 36h, but requires a longer time in bedding material. Therefore, observations were conducted at 36h and 72h.

[0060] (2) Test results

[0061] Whether at 36h or 72h, the sporulation rates of bedding with moisture content of 10%, 15%, and 35% were significantly lower than those with moisture content of 20%, 25%, and 30%. Furthermore, the number of oocysts observed after 72h of sporulation in bedding with moisture content of 10% and 15% was significantly lower than that in bedding with other moisture contents.

[0062] Since dehydration may cause most of the egg sac walls to be rough and the internal condition of the egg sac to be unclear, the egg sac walls that are not completely smooth are all considered as heteromorphic egg sacs. At 72h of sporulation, one sample was selected from the bedding material at 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%, and the proportion of heteromorphic egg sacs was 90%, 80%, 50%, 23%, 20% and 10%, respectively.

[0063] Table 1. Results of oocyst sporulation rate under different humidity levels.

[0064]

[0065] Example 2

[0066] This embodiment is applicable to the initial immunization of free-range chicken flocks.

[0067] 1. Laying drip irrigation humidity control device: Drip irrigation material: 16mm patch drip irrigation tape, PE material, thickness 0.2~0.4mm, hole spacing 0.1~0.4m, single hole water output 2~3L / h, water flow diameter 16mm, flattened width 25mm.

[0068] In a brooding house measuring 3.2m x 2.4m, with a humidity of 40-80% and a temperature of 30-35℃, according to... Figure 2 A drip irrigation humidity control system is laid on the ground. Two sections run along the walls, secured to the corners. The central section contains evenly distributed flexible drip irrigation tubing with outlets facing the ground to prevent clogging by dust and impurities. Each drip tape is spaced 0.3–1 m apart, and the tape is securely connected to the rigid plastic tubing using locking tees / elbows. After installation, a 3–4 cm thick layer of bedding material is laid over the system. A warm air blower is included to deliver warm air.

[0069] 2. Preparation of mixed bedding: Under the conditions of an ambient temperature of 30-35℃ and an ambient humidity of 40-80%, mix 5kg of water and 10kg of rice husks evenly and spread them on the ground. Then, spread 5kg of dry rice husks on top. Place the chickens on the mixed bedding (3-4cm high) for rearing. After the chickens are vaccinated with live coccidiosis vaccine, they will excrete feces containing coccidiosis oocysts. The feces will fall on the rice husks to obtain the mixed bedding.

[0070] 3. Check the moisture content of the bedding material at a fixed time every day to ensure that the moisture content of the mixed bedding material is 20-30%.

[0071] Example 3

[0072] This embodiment is applicable to artificial supplementary immunization of chicken flocks.

[0073] The difference between Example 3 and Example 2 is that the process of preparing the mixed bedding is as follows: under the conditions of an ambient temperature of 25-33 ℃ and an ambient humidity of 40-80%, 7.5 kg of water, 18 ml of glutaraldehyde-decyl bromide disinfectant and 15 kg of sawdust are mixed, and then 15 kg of chicken manure collected during the peak period of multiple Eimeria coccidia oviposition is added. The mixture is evenly mixed and spread evenly on the ground to obtain mixed bedding with a height of 3-4 cm.

[0074] Example 4

[0075] This embodiment is applicable to the initial immunization of free-range chicken flocks.

[0076] The difference between Example 4 and Example 2 is that the process of preparing the mixed bedding is as follows: 7.5 kg of water, 0.15 kg of xylitol and 15 kg of rice husks are mixed and then the chickens are raised on the rice husk bedding (3-4 cm high). After the chickens are immunized with live coccidiosis vaccine, they excrete feces containing sporulated oocysts of coccidiosis. The feces fall on the rice husk bedding to obtain the mixed bedding.

[0077] Example 5

[0078] This embodiment is applicable to artificial supplementary immunization of chicken flocks.

[0079] The difference between Example 5 and Example 2 is that the process of preparing the mixed bedding is as follows: under the conditions of humidity of 40-80% and temperature of 30-35℃, 7.5kg of water, 0.375kg of xylitol, 18ml of glutaraldehyde-decyl bromide disinfectant and 15kg of sawdust are mixed, and then 15kg of chicken manure collected during the peak period of multiple Eimeria coccidia oviposition is added. The mixture is evenly mixed and spread evenly on the ground to obtain mixed bedding with a height of 3-4cm.

[0080] Example 6

[0081] This embodiment is applicable to the initial immunization of free-range chicken flocks.

[0082] The difference between Example 6 and Example 2 is that the process of preparing the mixed bedding is as follows: 7.5 kg of water, 0.15 kg of glycerin and 15 kg of rice husks are mixed and then the chickens are raised on the rice husk bedding (3-4 cm high). After the chickens are immunized with live coccidiosis vaccine, they excrete feces containing sporulated oocysts of coccidiosis. The feces fall on the rice husk bedding to obtain the mixed bedding.

[0083] Example 7

[0084] This embodiment is applicable to artificial supplementary immunization of chicken flocks.

[0085] The difference between Example 7 and Example 2 is that the process of preparing the mixed bedding is as follows: under the conditions of humidity of 40-80% and temperature of 30-35℃, 7.5kg of water, 0.375kg of glycerol, 18ml of glutaraldehyde-decyl bromide disinfectant and 15kg of rice husks are mixed, and then 15kg of chicken manure collected during the peak period of chicken multiple Eimeria oviposition cysts is added. The mixture is evenly mixed and spread evenly on the ground to obtain mixed bedding with a height of 3-4cm.

[0086] Example 8

[0087] This embodiment is applicable to the initial immunization of free-range chicken flocks.

[0088] The difference between Example 8 and Example 2 is that the process of preparing the mixed bedding is as follows: the chickens are placed on a bed of bedding... Figure 2 Chickens were fed on rice husks (15 kg, 3-4 cm high) using a drip irrigation humidity control system. The bedding moisture was checked at a fixed time each day. When the bedding moisture was below 20%, the drip irrigation humidity control device was turned on for 5-20 minutes to bring the mixed bedding moisture to 20-30%. After the flock was immunized with a live coccidiosis vaccine, they excreted feces containing sporulated oocysts of coccidia. The feces fell onto the bedding containing natural materials, resulting in mixed bedding.

[0089] Example 9

[0090] Suitable for artificial immunization of chickens.

[0091] The difference between Example 9 and Example 2 is that the process of preparing the mixed bedding is as follows: 15 kg of rice husks and wood shavings and 15 kg of chicken manure collected during the peak period of multiple Eimeria coccidia oviposition cysts are mixed evenly and spread evenly on the ground to obtain mixed bedding with a height of 3-4 cm.

[0092] Comparative Example 1

[0093] 1. Preparation of mixed bedding: Under the conditions of an ambient temperature of 30-35℃ and an ambient humidity of 40-80%, in a brooding house of 3.2m*2.4m, the chickens are raised on rice husk bedding (15kg, 3-4cm high). After the chickens are immunized with live coccidiosis vaccine, they excrete feces containing sporulated oocysts of coccidiosis. The feces fall on the bedding to obtain mixed bedding.

[0094] Comparative Example 2

[0095] 1. Preparation of mixed bedding: Under the conditions of an ambient temperature of 30-35℃ and an ambient humidity of 40-80%, mix 15kg of rice husks with 15kg of chicken manure collected during the peak period of multiple Eimeria coccidia oviposition, mix them evenly and spread them on the ground to obtain mixed bedding with a height of 3-4cm.

[0096] 2. Use the water-sprinkling method to humidify the bedding material. The amount of water sprinkled should be about 200-300ml, which is the amount of water that the drip irrigation humidity control device can handle for 6 minutes. After humidification, check the humidity of the bedding material at the four sides and the center.

[0097] Moisture test

[0098] Microcomputer Grain Moisture Rapid Analyzer. Model: LST-7D. Testing Method: Press and hold to turn on, select variety P1-Rice, and when measuring moisture, insert the sensor cone part into the bedding material to ensure close contact. Alternatively, the sensor can be inserted horizontally into the bedding material for measurement.

[0099] Test results

[0100] Table 2. Humidification Effect of Different Humidity Control Methods on Bedding

[0101]

[0102] Chicken group immunization test

[0103] The following immunization tests were conducted on Examples 2, 4, 6, 8 and Comparative Example 1 (applicable to the initial immunization of free-range chickens). Examples 3, 5, 7, 9 and Comparative Example 2 were only applicable to artificial supplementary immunization, and the intake of these chickens after free pecking was difficult to statistically determine, so immunization tests were not conducted on them.

[0104] (1) Test materials

[0105] Chicken coccidiosis quadrivalent live vaccine (batch number 20250401): 1000 doses / vial.

[0106] Microencapsulated suspending agent for drinking water (batch number 20250401): 20g diluted in 6L of water.

[0107] 500 one-day-old Ma Huang No. 3 chickens were purchased from Yong'an Breeding Farm of Xindadi Company.

[0108] (2) Experimental grouping and treatment

[0109] Five hundred two-day-old Ma Huang No. 3 chickens were selected, weighed, and divided into five groups of 100 chickens each. See Table 3 for detailed grouping.

[0110] Table 3 Immunization Groups and Treatments

[0111]

[0112] (3) Testing items

[0113] 3.1 Post-immunization fecal oocyst detection

[0114] Fresh mixed feces (small intestine feces to cecum feces ratio of 20:5) were collected from each group at 6 days and 16 days post-immunization, respectively, during the peak of Eimeria tenella ovocyst release after the first and second immunizations. The results are shown in Table 4.

[0115] Table 4. Results of fecal toxicity and Eimeria tenella OPG values ​​after immunization in each group.

[0116]

[0117] 3.2 Score of intestinal lesions during the vaccine response phase

[0118] Three chickens from each group were randomly selected daily from immunization days 13-16 days after immunization for weighing and necropsy to score intestinal lesions. The results are shown in Table 5.

[0119] Table 5. Intestinal lesion scores for each group during the vaccine response phase.

[0120]

[0121] 3.3 Ammonia detection of bedding material

[0122] At 10 days old, 50g of bedding material was taken from the four sides and five points in the center of each group and placed in wide-mouth sealed bottles. The bottles were stored at 35°C for 6 hours. Then, the ammonia levels were detected using a portable sensor. The results are shown in Table 6.

[0123] Table 6. Ammonia test results of each group of bedding materials after 6 hours of storage.

[0124]

[0125] Discussion and Conclusion

[0126] Example 1 shows that the sporulation rate at bedding moisture content of 20%, 25%, and 30% is better than that at bedding moisture content of 10%, 15%, and 35%.

[0127] Examples 2-7 and Comparative Examples 1-2 demonstrate that using the mixture of water and bedding material, or water and humectant and bedding material, as described in this application, can yield a uniformly mixed bedding material with a humidity of 20-30%, and the humidity remains stable for 6 days. After 6 days, when the humidity drops below 20%, turning on the drip irrigation humidity control device can quickly adjust the humidity of the mixed bedding material to within 20-30% within 5-20 minutes, and the humidity of each area of ​​the bedding material is uniform.

[0128] Examples 8-9 and Comparative Examples 1-2 show that using the drip irrigation humidity control device provided in this application to control the humidity of the bedding material can quickly control the humidity of the mixed bedding material within 20-30%, and the humidity of each area of ​​the bedding material is uniform.

[0129] Examples 2, 4, 6, and 8, as well as Comparative Example 1, show that when the bedding moisture content is maintained at 20%–30%, the amount of *Treponema pallidum* and *Virus* oocysts excreted is significantly greater than in Comparative Example 1. This indicates that maintaining bedding moisture content between 20% and 30% effectively ensures the secondary circulation of *Treponema pallidum* and *Virus* oocysts, thereby improving the immunoprotective effect of *Treponema pallidum* and *Virus*. The high proliferation rate of *Treponema pallidum* and *Virus* oocysts during the vaccine response phase also supports these conclusions.

[0130] Examples 2, 4, 6, 8 and Comparative Example 1 show that when the humidity of the mixed bedding is controlled at 20-25%, the ammonia values ​​of Examples 2, 4, 6, and 8 are slightly higher than those of Comparative Example 1, but none exceed 20 ppm, which is harmful to chickens. This indicates that the higher the humidity, the higher the ammonia value of the bedding.

[0131] The above embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of this application and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of this application. Any non-substantial changes and substitutions made by those skilled in the art based on this application shall fall within the scope of protection claimed by this application.

Claims

1. A method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: Install drip irrigation humidity control devices; S2: Preparation of mixed bedding material; S3: Place the drip irrigation humidity control device in the mixed bedding material; S4: Set the water outlet of the drip irrigation humidity control device to be in direct contact with the ground, and control the water output of the drip irrigation humidity control device so that the humidity of the mixed bedding material is 20~30%.

2. The method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the preparation of the mixed pad material includes the following steps: S21: Prepare bedding materials containing natural materials; S22: The chickens are raised on the bedding containing natural materials. After the chickens are immunized with a live coccidiosis vaccine, they excrete feces containing coccidiosis oocysts. The feces fall onto the bedding containing natural materials to obtain the mixed bedding.

3. The method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the preparation of the mixed pad material includes the following steps: S21: Prepare bedding materials containing natural materials; S23: The bedding material containing natural materials is mixed with feces containing chicken coccidia oocysts to obtain the mixed bedding material.

4. The method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, In step S21, the preparation of the bedding material containing natural materials includes: mixing water and natural materials to obtain the bedding material containing natural materials.

5. The method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, In step S21, the preparation of the padding material containing natural materials includes: mixing water, a moisturizer and natural materials to obtain the padding material containing natural materials.

6. The method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture according to claim 5, characterized in that, In the process of preparing the natural materials, the mass ratio of water, humectant and natural materials is 1:(0.02-0.05):

2.

7. The method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture according to claim 6, characterized in that, The moisturizer includes at least one of glycerin and xylitol.

8. The method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, The natural material is selected from one or more of the following groups: wood shavings, sawdust, dry weeds, rice husks, sawdust, wheat straw, rice bran, chopped corn stalks, rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and broken corn cobs.

9. The method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture according to claim 1, characterized in that, The drip irrigation humidity control device also includes a warm air device, and step S4 includes: The humidity of the mixed bedding material is detected. If the humidity of the mixed bedding material is less than 20%, the drip irrigation humidity control device is turned on; if the humidity of the mixed bedding material is between 20% and 30%, the drip irrigation humidity control device is turned off; if the humidity of the mixed bedding material is greater than 30%, the warm air device is turned on for drying, and the drip irrigation humidity control device is turned off.

10. The method for promoting coccidia immune circulation by controlling bedding moisture according to claim 1, characterized in that, The drip irrigation humidity control device includes a patch-type drip irrigation tape, which is selected from one or more of the following: inlaid patch-type drip irrigation tape, flat patch-type drip irrigation tape, pressure-compensating patch-type drip irrigation tape, pressure-compensating patch-type drip irrigation tape, non-pressure-compensating patch-type drip irrigation tape, detachable patch-type drip irrigation tape, and anti-clogging patch-type drip irrigation tape.

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