Straw feed formula for beef cattle breeding

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of animal feeds, and particularly relates to a beef cattle breeding straw feed formula, which takes sugarcane tail tips, corn straws, mulberry twigs, high-proportion cassava residues and other agricultural and forestry byproducts as base materials, and is matched with molasses, a composite biological leavening agent (containing trichoderma reesei, candida utilis, lactobacillus plantarum and laccase) and a nutrition additive. Through a synergistic process of mulberry branch steam explosion modification, pre-acidolysis stack retting and staged oxygen-controlled fermentation, resource utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes is realized, crude fibers are obviously degraded, cyanoglycoside residues are reduced, and the content of crude proteins is increased. The feed is good in palatability, stable in storage, capable of improving the daily gain of beef cattle and reducing the feed conversion rate in breeding, low in cost and controllable in process, has both environmental protection and economic benefits, and is suitable for large-scale application.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of animal feed technology, specifically relating to a straw feed formula for beef cattle breeding. Background Technology

[0002] The scale of beef cattle farming continues to expand, leading to a surge in feed demand. However, traditional beef cattle feed heavily relies on grains such as soybean meal and corn, which is not only costly but also susceptible to fluctuations in grain supply and demand, resulting in unstable farming profitability. Meanwhile, my country's agricultural and forestry production generates large quantities of straw-like waste such as sugarcane tops, corn stalks, and mulberry branches, as well as cassava residue, a byproduct of cassava processing. These resources are abundant, low-cost, and rich in essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, making them ideal alternatives to grains in the preparation of beef cattle feed.

[0003] However, straw-based raw materials have a dense coarse fiber structure, poor palatability, and low digestibility. Cassava residue contains cyanogenic glycoside toxins, and conventional treatment methods are not thorough in detoxification. In addition, the protein content is low, which limits its application in high proportions.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a straw feed formula for beef cattle that can achieve efficient utilization of agricultural and forestry by-products, thorough detoxification, balanced nutrition, excellent breeding results, and low cost. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the aforementioned shortcomings in the existing technology, this invention provides a straw feed formula for beef cattle farming, thereby solving the problems mentioned in the background section.

[0006] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: A formula for straw feed for beef cattle, wherein the straw feed is made by fermenting base material, energy supplement and compound biological fermentation agent in stages; The base material, by weight, comprises the following components: Sugarcane tops 30-45 parts, corn stalks 20-30 parts, rice stalks 10-15 parts, mulberry branches 8-15 parts, cassava residue 15-25 parts; The energy supplement is molasses, and its addition amount is 2%-3% of the total weight of the base material; The amount of the compound bio-fermentation agent added is 0.1%-0.5% of the total weight of the base material and energy supplement.

[0007] Optionally, the compound biological fermentation agent is composed of Trichoderma reesei, Candida utilis and Lactobacillus plantarum, with an effective viable count ratio of (1-2):(0.5-1):(2-3); the compound biological fermentation agent is also compounded with laccase, the mass percentage of laccase in the compound biological fermentation agent is 2%-5%, and the enzyme activity is 500-1000 U / g.

[0008] Alternatively, the cassava residue is fresh cassava residue with a moisture content of 65%-80% and which has not been dried, and the pH of its juice is 3.5-5.0.

[0009] Optionally, it may also include nutritional supplements; The nutritional additives, based on the weight of the base materials, include: 0.5-1 parts urea, 0.3-0.5 parts salt, and 0.5-1 parts premix; the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in the premix is ​​adjusted to 2:1.

[0010] This invention also discloses a method for preparing the above-mentioned beef cattle straw feed formula, comprising the following steps: S1, crush sugarcane tops, corn stalks, and rice stalks to a length of 2-4 cm; crush mulberry branches to a length of 0.5-1.5 cm, and subject the mulberry branches to steam explosion modification treatment; S2, the steam-explosion modified mulberry branches are mixed with cassava residue and pre-acidified composting is carried out at room temperature to obtain mixed base material; S3 involves mixing the treated sugarcane tops, corn stalks, and rice straw with the mixed substrate, adding nutrient additives, energy supplements, and compound biological fermentation agents, and adjusting the overall moisture content to 55%-65% to obtain the material to be fermented. S4: Fill and seal the material to be fermented, and anaerobic ferment it at 25-35℃ for 15-25 days.

[0011] Optionally, in step S1, the specific process of the steam explosion modification treatment is as follows: The crushed mulberry branches are placed in a steam explosion tank, and steam is introduced to raise the pressure to 1.4-1.6 MPa. The pressure is maintained for 3-4 minutes, and then the discharge valve is opened instantly, causing the mulberry branches to explode into an atmospheric pressure container, thus destroying the wood fiber structure of the mulberry branches.

[0012] Optionally, in step S2, the specific conditions for the pre-acidification composting are as follows: The acidic juice of cassava residue is used to permeate and soften the steam-explosion modified mulberry branches, and the moisture content of the material is adjusted to 65%-75%. The composting time is 4-6 hours. The weight ratio of the mulberry branches to the cassava residue is 1:(1.8-2.2).

[0013] Optionally, in step S4, the fermentation process is divided into three stages: the first 3-5 days are an aerobic oxygen-consuming stage, in which Trichoderma reesei and laccase degrade lignin; then the anaerobic acid-producing stage is entered, in which Lactobacillus plantarum produces acid and inhibits other bacteria.

[0014] Compared with existing technologies, this invention has the following beneficial effects: By scientifically proportioning agricultural wastes such as sugarcane tops, corn stalks, and mulberry branches, along with a high proportion of cassava residue, it achieves efficient resource utilization of agricultural and forestry by-products, reducing feed raw material costs and minimizing environmental pressure from waste accumulation, thus aligning with the concept of green development. Through a synergistic process design of "mulberry branch steam explosion modification + cassava residue pre-acidification composting + synergistic fermentation agent + staged oxygen-controlled fermentation," it not only efficiently degrades crude fiber in the raw materials but also significantly reduces cyanogenic glycoside residue in the cassava residue. Simultaneously, the protein conversion effect of Candida utilis increases the crude protein content of the feed, achieving the integrated goal of "detoxification, quality improvement, and efficiency enhancement" in feed. Detailed Implementation

[0015] This invention provides a straw feed formula for beef cattle and a method for preparing the formula. The formula overcomes the conventional addition limit of cassava residue by using a synergistic ratio of base materials, the action of a specific compound biological fermentation agent and a staged fermentation process, while ensuring the safety, digestibility and nutritional balance of the feed. It is suitable for feeding beef cattle in the fattening stage in hot and humid areas of southern China.

[0016] Specifically, this beef cattle straw feed formula is made through staged fermentation of base material, energy supplement, compound biological fermentation agent, and nutritional additives. The base material, by weight, includes 30-45 parts sugarcane tops, 20-30 parts corn stalks, 10-15 parts rice straw, 8-15 parts mulberry branches, and 15-25 parts cassava residue. The energy supplement is molasses, added at 2%-3% of the total weight of the base material. The compound biological fermentation agent is added at 0.1%-0.5% of the total weight of the base material and energy supplement. Molasses supplements the carbon source required during fermentation, enhances the metabolic activity of the microorganisms in the compound biological fermentation agent, improves feed palatability, and promotes beef cattle feed intake. The compound biological fermentation agent is added at 0.3% of the total weight of the base material and energy supplement; this ratio ensures that the microbial concentration meets fermentation requirements while avoiding metabolic imbalances caused by excessive microbial activity.

[0017] The compound bio-fermentation agent consists of *Trichoderma reesei*, *Candida utilis*, and *Lactobacillus plantarum*, with an effective viable cell ratio of (1-2):(0.5-1):(2-3). *Trichoderma reesei* secretes cellulase, efficiently degrading lignin in straw; *Candida utilis* converts sugars in molasses into microbial protein, increasing the crude protein content of the feed; and *Lactobacillus plantarum* produces acid in the later stages of fermentation, inhibiting the growth of unwanted microorganisms and extending the shelf life of the feed. The compound bio-fermentation agent also contains laccase, which accounts for 2%-5% of the total mass and has an enzyme activity of 500-1000 U / g. Laccase preferentially breaks phenolic bonds in mulberry lignin, providing more action sites for cellulase secreted by *Trichoderma reesei* and significantly improving lignin degradation efficiency.

[0018] Cassava residue should be fresh, with a moisture content of 65%-80% and without drying. The pH of its juice should be 3.5-5.0. Fresh cassava residue does not require drying, which maximizes the retention of its nutrients and natural acidic juice, avoiding nutrient loss and increased costs during the drying process. Its natural acidic juice not only provides an acidic environment for subsequent pre-acidification and composting but also preliminarily degrades the cyanogenic glycosides it contains, reducing feed toxicity.

[0019] The nutritional additives, based on the weight of the base feed, include: 0.5-1 parts urea, 0.3-0.5 parts salt, and 0.5-1 parts premix. Urea supplements non-protein nitrogen and, in conjunction with the protein conversion activity of Candida utilis, increases the crude protein content of the diet, meeting the protein requirements of beef cattle during the fattening period. Salt regulates the osmotic pressure of fermented materials, further promoting the metabolic activity of the microorganisms in the compound biological fermentation agent and improving fermentation efficiency. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in the premix is ​​adjusted to 2:1, and it also contains appropriate amounts of vitamins and trace elements, which can balance feed nutrition, solve the problem of calcium-to-phosphorus imbalance in cassava residue and straw raw materials, and promote bone development and nutrient absorption in beef cattle.

[0020] The specific steps for preparing this straw feed formula for beef cattle are as follows: The first step is raw material pretreatment. Sugarcane tops, corn stalks, and rice straw are crushed to a length of 2-4 cm to ensure sufficient contact between the materials and the inoculum during fermentation. Mulberry branches are crushed to a length of 0.5-1.5 cm and then subjected to steam explosion modification treatment. Specifically, the crushed mulberry branches are placed in a steam explosion tank, and steam is introduced to raise the pressure to 1.4-1.6 MPa. This pressure is maintained for 3-4 minutes, and then the discharge valve is opened instantly, causing the mulberry branches to explode into an atmospheric pressure container. This steam explosion process effectively breaks down the lignocellulose structure of the mulberry branches, exposing the lignin and creating favorable conditions for subsequent pre-acid hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis processes. It also reduces the crude fiber content of the mulberry branches and improves digestibility.

[0021] The second step is pre-acidification composting. The steam-explosion modified mulberry branches are mixed evenly with fresh cassava residue at a weight ratio of 1:1.8-2.2. The acidic juice of the cassava residue is used to permeate and soften the steam-explosion modified mulberry branches, adjusting the moisture content to 65%-75%. This moisture content ensures that the acidic juice fully wets the mulberry branches and provides a suitable environment for microbial activity. The mixture is then transferred to a composting pit, layered, compacted, and covered with a plastic film. Pre-acidification composting is carried out at room temperature for 4-6 hours. During the pre-acidification composting process, the acidic juice of the cassava residue further degrades the lignocellulose of the mulberry branches and initially hydrolyzes the cyanogenic glycosides in the cassava residue, reducing the pressure of subsequent fermentation, improving feed safety and digestibility, and yielding a mixed substrate.

[0022] The third step is material mixing and conditioning. The pretreated sugarcane tops, corn stalks, and rice straw are thoroughly mixed with the composted substrate. The prepared nutrient additives, energy supplements, and compound biological fermentation agent are added, and mixing continues until all components are evenly combined. The remaining acidic juice or molasses solution from the cassava residue is used to adjust the overall moisture content to 55%-65%. This moisture content balances the metabolic activity of the microorganisms in the subsequent aerobic consumption stage and the fermentation efficiency in the anaerobic acid production stage.

[0023] The fourth step is staged anaerobic fermentation. The prepared material to be fermented is filled into fermentation bags, with layers compacted during filling, controlling the compacted density to be 0.6-0.8 g / cm³. 3 After removing excess air from the bag, it is sealed and anaerobic fermentation is carried out at 25-35℃, with a total fermentation cycle of 15-25 days. The fermentation process is controlled in stages by maintaining the density of the sealed fermentation bag. The first 3-5 days are the aerobic oxygen-consuming stage. During this stage, the synergistic action of *Trichoderma reesei* and laccase in the compound biological fermentation agent efficiently degrades lignin in the material while consuming residual oxygen in the bag, creating an anaerobic environment for the subsequent anaerobic stage and inhibiting the growth of aerobic putrefactive bacteria. This stage can be assessed by the material temperature—aerobic microbial metabolism will raise the material temperature inside the bag to 38-42℃; when the temperature begins to drop, it indicates that the oxygen inside the bag is essentially depleted. Subsequently, the anaerobic acid-producing stage begins, where *Lactobacillus plantarum* proliferates and produces lactic acid, lowering the pH of the material to below 4.2, further inhibiting the growth of other bacteria, improving palatability and stability, and extending the shelf life of the feed.

[0024] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the technical solution of the present invention will be further described below with reference to embodiments.

[0025] Example 1: This embodiment represents the optimal parameter combination, with the specific parameters as follows: Base material by weight: 35 parts sugarcane tops, 25 parts corn stalks, 12 parts rice stalks, 10 parts mulberry branches, and 20 parts cassava residue (72% water content, pH 4.2 of juice). The amount of molasses added as an energy supplement is 2.5% of the total weight of the base material; The compound biological fermentation agent was added at 0.3% of the total weight of the base material and molasses, in which the effective live count ratio of Trichoderma reesei, Candida utilis and Lactobacillus plantarum was 1.5:0.8:2.5, the mass percentage of laccase was 3.5%, and the enzyme activity was 750 U / g; The nutritional additives are based on the following weight parts of the base material: 0.8 parts urea, 0.4 parts salt, and 0.7 parts premix. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in the premix is ​​2:1, and it contains vitamin A, vitamin D, and trace elements such as iron and zinc.

[0026] Preparation step parameters: The first step is raw material pretreatment: sugarcane tops, corn stalks, and rice straw are crushed to a length of 3cm; mulberry branches are crushed to a length of 1cm and then subjected to steam explosion modification treatment. Specifically, the crushed mulberry branches are placed in a steam explosion tank, steam is introduced to raise the pressure to 1.5MPa, and the pressure is maintained for 3 minutes. During the pressure maintenance, the temperature inside the tank is kept stable at 190℃. Then, the discharge valve is opened instantly to allow the mulberry branches to explode into an atmospheric pressure container.

[0027] The second step is pre-acidification and composting: The steam-explosion modified mulberry branches are mixed evenly with fresh cassava residue at a weight ratio of 1:2. The acidic juice of the cassava residue is used to permeate and soften the steam-explosion modified mulberry branches, adjusting the moisture content of the material to 70%. The mixture is then transferred to a composting pit, layered and compacted, covered with plastic film, and pre-acidified and composted at room temperature for 5 hours to obtain the mixed base material.

[0028] The third step is material mixing and conditioning: Thoroughly mix the pretreated sugarcane tops, corn stalks, rice straw, and composted base material. This mixture can be fed into a twin-shaft paddle mixer at 120 rpm for 10 minutes. Then add the prepared nutrient additives, energy supplements, and compound bio-fermentation agent, and continue mixing for 5 minutes until all components are evenly mixed. Adjust the overall moisture content to 60% using the remaining acidic juice or molasses solution from the cassava residue.

[0029] The fourth step is staged anaerobic fermentation. The prepared material to be fermented is filled into fermentation bags, with layers compacted during filling to control the compacted density at 0.8 g / cm³. 3 After removing excess air from the bag, seal it and carry out anaerobic fermentation at 30℃. The total fermentation cycle is 20 days.

[0030] Example 2: This embodiment uses a parameter combination for the low parameter range, and the specific parameters are as follows: Base material by weight: 30 parts sugarcane tops, 20 parts corn stalks, 10 parts rice straw, 8 parts mulberry branches, and 15 parts cassava residue (moisture content 65%, juice pH 3.5). The amount of molasses added as an energy supplement is 2% of the total weight of the base material; The compound biological fermentation agent is added at 0.1% of the total weight of the base material and molasses, in which the effective live bacteria ratio of Trichoderma reesei, Candida utilis and Lactobacillus plantarum is 1:0.5:2, the mass percentage of laccase is 2%, and the enzyme activity is 500U / g; The nutritional additives are based on the following weight parts of the base material: 0.5 parts urea, 0.3 parts salt, and 0.5 parts premix. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in the premix is ​​2:1, and it contains vitamin A, vitamin D, and trace elements such as iron and zinc.

[0031] Preparation step parameters: The first step is raw material pretreatment: sugarcane tops, corn stalks, and rice stalks are crushed to a length of 2cm; mulberry branches are crushed to a length of 0.5cm. The pressure of the steam explosion modification treatment is increased to 1.4MPa, held for 3 minutes, and the temperature inside the tank is maintained at 180℃ before being sprayed into an atmospheric pressure container.

[0032] The second step is pre-acidification and composting: the steam-exploded mulberry branches and cassava residue are mixed evenly at a weight ratio of 1:1.8, the moisture content of the material is adjusted to 65%, the mixture is layered, compacted, covered with a film, and pre-acidified and composted at room temperature for 4 hours to obtain the mixed base material.

[0033] The third step is material mixing and conditioning: put the pretreated base material and the mixed base material into a twin-shaft paddle mixer and stir at 120r / min for 8 minutes. Add the nutrient additives, molasses and fermentation agent and continue stirring for 4 minutes. Use the acidic juice of cassava residue to adjust the moisture content to 55%.

[0034] The fourth step is staged anaerobic fermentation: filling sealed fermentation bags and controlling the material compaction density to 0.8 g / cm³. 3 Fermentation takes place at 25℃ for 15 days. The first 3 days are the aerobic oxygen-consuming stage, and the subsequent days are the anaerobic acid-producing stage.

[0035] Example 3: Base material by weight: 45 parts sugarcane tops, 30 parts corn stalks, 15 parts rice stalks, 15 parts mulberry branches, and 25 parts cassava residue (80% water content, pH 5.0 of juice). The amount of molasses added as an energy supplement is 3% of the total weight of the base material; The compound biological fermentation agent is added at 0.5% of the total weight of the base material and molasses, in which the effective live bacteria ratio of Trichoderma reesei, Candida utilis and Lactobacillus plantarum is 2:1:3, the mass percentage of laccase is 5%, and the enzyme activity is 1000U / g. The nutritional additives are based on the following weight parts of the base material: 1 part urea, 0.5 parts salt, and 1 part premix. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in the premix is ​​2:1, and it contains vitamin A, vitamin D, and trace elements such as iron and zinc.

[0036] Preparation step parameters: The first step is raw material pretreatment: sugarcane tops, corn stalks, and rice stalks are crushed to a length of 4cm; mulberry branches are crushed to a length of 1.5cm. The pressure of the steam explosion modification treatment is increased to 1.6MPa, held for 4 minutes, and the temperature inside the tank is maintained at 200℃ before being sprayed into an atmospheric pressure container.

[0037] The second step is pre-acidification and composting: the steam-exploded mulberry branches and cassava residue are mixed evenly at a weight ratio of 1:2.2, the moisture content of the material is adjusted to 75%, the mixture is layered, compacted, covered with a film, and pre-acidified and composted at room temperature for 6 hours to obtain the mixed base material.

[0038] The third step is material mixing and conditioning: put the pretreated base material and the mixed base material into a twin-shaft paddle mixer and stir at 120 r / min for 12 minutes. Add the nutrient additives, molasses and fermentation agent and continue stirring for 6 minutes. Use the molasses aqueous solution to adjust the moisture content to 65%.

[0039] The fourth step is staged anaerobic fermentation: filling sealed fermentation bags and controlling the material compaction density to 0.8 g / cm³. 3 After removing excess air from the bag, seal it and ferment at 35℃ for 25 days. The first 5 days are the aerobic oxygen-consuming stage, and the subsequent days are the anaerobic acid-producing stage.

[0040] Comparative Example 1: The formulation parameters and other preparation steps are completely consistent with those in Example 1; The only variable is to cancel the steam explosion modification treatment of mulberry branches. After the mulberry branches are crushed to 1cm, they are directly used for subsequent mixing without undergoing the steam explosion process.

[0041] Comparative Example 2: The formulation parameters and other preparation steps are completely consistent with those in Example 1; The only variable is to cancel the pre-acidification and composting step, and directly mix the mulberry branches after steam explosion with fresh cassava residue and other pre-treated materials without composting.

[0042] Comparative Example 3: The formulation parameters and other preparation steps are completely consistent with those in Example 1; The only variable is that the compound biological fermentation agent does not contain laccase, while the proportions of other microorganisms (Trichoderma reesei: Candida utilis: Lactobacillus plantarum = 1.5:0.8:2.5), the amount added, and the total number of viable cells remain unchanged.

[0043] Comparative Example 4: The formulation parameters and other preparation steps are completely consistent with those in Example 1; The only variable: There is no staged oxygen control design in the fermentation process. The prepared material to be fermented is filled into the fermentation bag, strongly compacted to a density >0.9g / cm³, and sealed after all air is expelled. The fermentation is carried out in an anaerobic environment at 30℃ for 20 days without an aerobic oxygen consumption stage and without temperature-assisted judgment.

[0044] Comparative Example 5: All other formula parameters and preparation steps are completely consistent with those in Example 1; The only variable was that the amount of cassava residue added was changed to 8.3 parts (accounting for 10% of the total weight of the base material, the amount added in the conventional industry), the total weight of the base material remained unchanged, and the reduced share of cassava residue was made up by corn stalks (the amount of corn stalks was adjusted to 36.7 parts). The moisture content and pH of the cassava residue remained the same as in Example 1.

[0045] Comparative Example 6: The formulation parameters and other preparation steps are completely consistent with those in Example 1; The only variable is that the compound biological fermentation agent does not contain Candida utilis, the strain ratio is adjusted to Trichoderma reesei: Lactobacillus plantarum = 1.5:2.5, and the mass ratio, amount, and activity of laccase remain unchanged.

[0046] Comparative Example 7: Formula and preparation: Without the steam explosion, pre-acid hydrolysis, and bacterial-enzyme synergistic fermentation processes of this invention, commercially available conventional beef cattle fattening feed is directly selected.

[0047] Test results and analysis: Detection method: Cyanogenic glycoside residue: Referring to the isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone spectrophotometric method in GB / T5009.36-2016 "National Food Safety Standard for Determination of Cyanide in Food", the fermented feed sample was crushed and homogenized, and the absorbance was measured after distillation to calculate the cyanogenic glycoside content.

[0048] Crude fiber degradation rate: Referring to GB / T6434-2006 "Determination of crude fiber in feed by filtration method", the total crude fiber content of the raw material before fermentation and the crude fiber content of the feed after fermentation were determined respectively. The calculation formula is: Crude fiber degradation rate (%) = (Total crude fiber content before fermentation - Crude fiber content after fermentation) / Total crude fiber content before fermentation × 100%.

[0049] Crude protein content: Referring to GB / T6432-2018 "Determination of crude protein in feed by Kjeldahl method", the crude protein content was calculated by digesting, distilling and titrating the sample using a fully automated Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer.

[0050] Average daily weight gain: Healthy crossbred beef cattle with a weight of 220±5kg were selected. They were fasted for 12 hours before the experiment and weighed. The fasting and weighing were repeated in the middle (day 30) and end (day 60) of the experiment. The calculation formula is: Average daily weight gain (kg / head) = (weight at the end of the experiment - weight at the beginning of the experiment) / number of days in the experiment; the test results are the mean values ​​for each group.

[0051] Feed conversion ratio: Record the average daily feed supply and surplus for each beef cattle during the test period, and calculate the actual feed intake. The formula is: Feed conversion ratio (kg feed / kg weight gain) = average daily feed intake / average daily weight gain; the test results show the mean value for each group.

[0052] Feed intake rate: The calculation formula is: Feed intake rate (%) = (Actual feed intake / Feed supply) × 100%; The test results are the mean values ​​for each group.

[0053] Storage stability: The fermented feed is sealed and packaged, and placed in a constant temperature and humidity chamber at 30℃ and 85% relative humidity to simulate the high temperature and humidity environment in the south. Samples are taken monthly to observe whether the feed shows signs of mold, off-odor, clumping, etc. At the same time, the pH value of the feed is measured. The observation is carried out continuously for 12 months. The qualified standard is that the feed has no mold and the pH value is stable in the range of 3.8-4.5.

[0054] For Examples 1, 2, 3, Comparative Examples 2, 4, 6, and 7, five healthy local yellow cattle were selected for each group, with an initial weight controlled at 220±5kg. They were dewormed and immunized in advance, and the experiment began 7 days after they adapted to the breeding environment.

[0055] During the testing phase, each group of beef cattle was fed with their designated feed twice daily (8:00 AM and 6:00 PM), with a fixed amount of the corresponding feed administered. Two hours after each feeding, any remaining feed was removed, weighed, and recorded. The entire trial lasted 60 days. No other feeds or additives were allowed during the trial; only basic trace elements (consistent with the premix composition to avoid interference) were supplemented.

[0056] Test results: The feeds obtained in Comparative Example 1 and Examples 1-3 were tested, and the results are shown in Table 1: Table 1

[0057] Analysis: Examples 1-3 all employed the mulberry branch steam explosion process, and their crude fiber degradation rates were significantly higher than those of Comparative Example 1, which did not use the steam explosion process. The corresponding feed conversion rates were also significantly better. This result indicates that the mulberry branch steam explosion process can effectively disrupt the dense structure of lignocellulose, creating conditions for subsequent enzymatic and acid hydrolysis, and is a key technical feature for improving fiber utilization. Furthermore, Example 1 exhibited the highest crude fiber degradation rate and the lowest feed conversion rate, demonstrating the optimal synergistic effect under the best parameter combination.

[0058] The feed obtained from Comparative Example 2 and Examples 1-3 were tested, and the feed intake of the beef cattle in this group was compared. The results are shown in Table 2: Table 2

[0059] Analysis: Examples 1-3, through a pre-acidification and composting step, utilize the natural acidic juice of cassava residue to achieve pre-detoxification and fiber softening. The residual cyanogenic glycosides in all three examples are significantly lower than those in Comparative Example 2, and the feed intake is also significantly higher. This proves that pre-acidification and composting is a necessary step to ensure feed safety and palatability; the absence of this step will lead to insufficient degradation of cyanogenic glycosides and decreased feed palatability.

[0060] The feeds obtained in Comparative Example 3 and Examples 1-3 were tested, and the results are shown in Table 3: Table 3

[0061] Analysis: The compound fermentation agents in Examples 1-3 all contain laccase, which forms a synergistic degradation effect with Trichoderma reesei. Their crude fiber degradation rates are significantly higher than those in Comparative Example 3, which lacks laccase. This indicates that laccase can specifically cleave lignin phenolic bonds, providing more action sites for cellulase, and that relying solely on Trichoderma reesei cannot achieve efficient degradation.

[0062] The feed obtained from Comparative Example 4 and Examples 1-3 were tested, and the feed intake of the beef cattle in this group was compared. The results are shown in Table 4: Table 4

[0063] Analysis: Examples 1-3 all employed a staged controlled-oxygen fermentation process. By controlling the compaction density to match the metabolic needs of the microbial strain, their storage stability and feed intake far exceeded those of Comparative Example 4, which used full-process anaerobic fermentation. This demonstrates that staged fermentation is a key process of proactive design, rather than a natural fermentation process. This process can degrade lignin and consume oxygen in the aerobic stage, and then inhibit contaminating bacteria through anaerobic acid production, thereby improving feed shelf life and palatability.

[0064] The feeds obtained in Comparative Example 5 and Examples 1-3 were tested, and the results are shown in Table 5: Table 5

[0065] Analysis: Comparative Example 5, using a conventional 10% cassava residue addition, had the lowest cyanogenic glycoside residue, but its crude protein content was significantly lower than that of Examples 1-3. Examples 1-3, through a high proportion of cassava residue combined with pre-acid hydrolysis and synergistic fermentation of bacteria and enzymes, fully utilized the carbon source of cassava residue to synthesize microbial protein while ensuring that the cyanogenic glycoside residue met the standards, achieving the dual goals of efficient resource utilization and nutritional enhancement.

[0066] The feeds obtained in Comparative Example 6 and Examples 1-3 were tested, and the average daily weight gain of the beef cattle in this group was compared. The results are shown in Table 6. Table 6

[0067] Analysis: The compound fermentation agents in Examples 1-3 all contain *Candida utilis*, a strain that can convert carbohydrates in molasses and cassava residue into microbial protein. Therefore, the crude protein content and average daily weight gain of beef cattle in the three examples were significantly higher than in Comparative Example 6. This demonstrates that *Candida utilis* is an essential component for improving feed nutrition and breeding performance.

[0068] The feeds obtained in Comparative Example 7 and Examples 1-3 were tested, and the average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of the beef cattle in this group were compared. The results are shown in Table 7. Table 7

[0069] Analysis: The overall performance of Examples 1-3 is comprehensively superior to that of commercially available ordinary feed. The three examples show higher average daily weight gain, lower feed conversion ratio, and better crude protein content, and their storage stability far exceeds that of commercially available feed. This directly proves that the feed of this invention, through a combined process of "steam explosion + pre-acid hydrolysis + synergistic microbial and enzyme fermentation + staged fermentation," surpasses conventional commercially available products in terms of nutrient utilization, breeding effect, and storage period.

[0070] The above are merely embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the structure of the present invention, and these should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention. These modifications and improvements will not affect the effectiveness of the implementation of the present invention or the practicality of the patent.

Claims

1. A formula for straw feed for beef cattle, characterized in that, Straw feed is made from base material, energy supplement and compound biological fermentation agent through staged fermentation; The base material, by weight, comprises the following components: Sugarcane tops 30-45 parts, corn stalks 20-30 parts, rice stalks 10-15 parts, mulberry branches 8-15 parts, cassava residue 15-25 parts; The energy supplement is molasses, and its addition amount is 2%-3% of the total weight of the base material; The amount of the compound bio-fermentation agent added is 0.1%-0.5% of the total weight of the base material and energy supplement.

2. The beef cattle straw feed formula according to claim 1, characterized in that: The compound biological fermentation agent is composed of Trichoderma reesei, Candida utilis and Lactobacillus plantarum, with an effective live bacteria ratio of (1-2):(0.5-1):(2-3); the compound biological fermentation agent also contains laccase, which accounts for 2%-5% of the total mass of the compound biological fermentation agent and has an enzyme activity of 500-1000 U / g.

3. The beef cattle straw feed formula according to claim 1, characterized in that: The cassava residue is fresh cassava residue with a water content of 65%-80% and which has not undergone drying treatment, and the pH of its juice is 3.5-5.

0.

4. The beef cattle straw feed formula according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes nutritional supplements; The nutritional additives, based on the weight of the base materials, include: 0.5-1 parts urea, 0.3-0.5 parts salt, and 0.5-1 parts premix; the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in the premix is ​​adjusted to 2:

1.

5. A method for preparing a straw feed formula for beef cattle breeding according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1, crush sugarcane tops, corn stalks, and rice stalks to a length of 2-4 cm; crush mulberry branches to a length of 0.5-1.5 cm, and subject the mulberry branches to steam explosion modification treatment; S2, the steam-explosion modified mulberry branches are mixed with cassava residue and pre-acidified composting is carried out at room temperature to obtain mixed base material; S3 involves mixing the treated sugarcane tops, corn stalks, and rice straw with the mixed substrate, adding nutrient additives, energy supplements, and compound biological fermentation agents, and adjusting the overall moisture content to 55%-65% to obtain the material to be fermented. S4: Fill and seal the material to be fermented, and anaerobic ferment it at 25-35℃ for 15-25 days.

6. The preparation method according to claim 5, characterized in that: In step S1, the specific process of the steam explosion modification treatment is as follows: The crushed mulberry branches are placed in a steam explosion tank, and steam is introduced to raise the pressure to 1.4-1.6 MPa. The pressure is maintained for 3-4 minutes, and then the discharge valve is opened instantly, causing the mulberry branches to explode into an atmospheric pressure container, thus destroying the wood fiber structure of the mulberry branches.

7. The preparation method according to claim 5, characterized in that: In step S2, the specific conditions for the pre-acidification and composting are as follows: The acidic juice of cassava residue is used to permeate and soften the steam-explosion modified mulberry branches, and the moisture content of the material is adjusted to 65%-75%. The composting time is 4-6 hours. The weight ratio of the mulberry branches to the cassava residue is 1:(1.8-2.2).

8. The preparation method according to claim 5, characterized in that: In step S4, the fermentation process is divided into three stages: the first 3-5 days are the aerobic oxygen consumption stage, in which Trichoderma reesei and laccase degrade lignin; then the anaerobic acid production stage is entered, in which Lactobacillus plantarum produces acid and inhibits other bacteria.

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