Time or Doppler pre-compensated reference signal and associated assistance data and reporting enhancements

Abstract

Techniques for wireless communication are disclosed. In an aspect, a user equipment (UE) receives signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi-co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has a first source reference signal from a first transmit receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP. In some aspects, the UE transmits a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P. In another aspect, a positioning server may receive first signaling from a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information corresponding to an RS-P and second information corresponding to a QCL relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first TRP and a second source reference signal from a second TRP.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] All aspects of this disclosure relate to wireless technology. Background Technology

[0002] Wireless communication systems have evolved through many generations, including first-generation analog radiotelephone service (1G), second-generation (2G) digital radiotelephone service (including transitional 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third-generation (3G) high-speed data, wireless services with internet capabilities, and fourth-generation (4G) services (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). Currently, many different types of wireless communication systems are in use, including cellular systems and Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems. Known examples of cellular systems include cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), as well as digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and others.

[0003] The fifth-generation (5G) wireless standard, known as New Radio (NR), delivers higher data transfer speeds, more connections, better coverage, and other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance (NGC), the 5G standard is designed to provide higher data rates, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on Positioning Reference Signals (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink Positioning Reference Signals (PRS)), and other technological enhancements compared to previous standards. These enhancements, along with the use of higher frequency bands, advancements in the PRS process and technology, and the high-density deployment of 5G, enable high-accuracy positioning based on 5G. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The following is a simplified summary of the invention relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, this summary should not be considered an exhaustive overview relating to all conceived aspects, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements relating to all conceived aspects or to depict the scope associated with any particular aspect. Thus, the sole purpose of this summary is to present, in a simplified form, certain concepts relating to one or more aspects involving the mechanisms disclosed herein, prior to the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In one aspect, a method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE) includes: receiving signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmitting a measurement report corresponding to RS-P.

[0006] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates the common average delay channel characteristics between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0007] In some aspects, the method includes: receiving a first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and second information; receiving a second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; deriving a second average delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and second information; receiving RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0008] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates the common delay spread channel characteristics.

[0009] In some aspects, the method includes: receiving a first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and second information; receiving a second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; deriving a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and second information; receiving RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0010] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has already been pre-compensated in RS-P.

[0011] In some aspects, the method includes: receiving a first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and second information; receiving a second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; avoiding deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receiving RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0012] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has Doppler frequency shift channel characteristics that have been pre-compensated in RS-P.

[0013] In some aspects, the method includes: receiving a first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first Doppler frequency shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and second information; receiving a second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; avoiding deriving a second Doppler frequency shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receiving RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler frequency shift.

[0014] In some aspects, the method includes sending a request to a positioning server for an on-demand positioning process in which the RS-P is quasi-co-located with at least two source reference signals from different Transmit-Receive Points (TRPs), wherein signaling from the positioning server is received in response to the request.

[0015] In some respects, each of the first and second source reference signals includes at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0016] In some respects, RS-P includes at least one of the following: Positioning Reference Signal (PRS), Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), or Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS).

[0017] In one aspect, a method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE) includes: receiving signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receiving at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0018] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates the time-domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates the time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0019] In some aspects, the method includes: performing a first channel estimation relative to at least one of a first source reference signal or a second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation relative to a target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with time-domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0020] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates the time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the time domain relative to the second source reference signal.

[0021] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates the frequency domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency domain pre-compensation relationship indicates the frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0022] In some aspects, the method includes: performing a first channel estimation relative to at least one of a first source reference signal or a second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation relative to a target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0023] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates the frequency domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the frequency domain relative to the second source reference signal.

[0024] In some aspects, the signaling also includes third information corresponding to a group of transmitting devices, which includes a first transmitting device and a second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the group of transmitting devices indicates that the group of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single-frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multiple transmit-receive-point (multiple TRP) configuration.

[0025] In some aspects, the signaling also includes fourth information corresponding to the Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to a set of transmitting devices.

[0026] In some respects, the first transmitting device is the first transmitting and receiving point (TRP), and the second transmitting device is the second TRP.

[0027] In some respects, the first transmitting device is the first satellite in the non-terrestrial network (NTN), and the second transmitting device is the second satellite in the NTN.

[0028] In some respects, each of the first and second source reference signals includes at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0029] In one aspect, a method of communication performed by a positioning server includes: receiving first signaling from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmitting second signaling to a user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0030] In some aspects, the method includes: sending a request to an NG-RAN node for an on-demand positioning process, in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; and responding to the request and receiving a first signaling from the NG-RAN node, the first signaling including first information corresponding to RS-P and second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0031] In one aspect, a method of communication performed by a positioning server includes: receiving first signaling from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmitting second signaling to a user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0032] In some respects, the second signaling lacks second information, and the second signaling also includes third information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to a set of transmitting devices, including a first transmitting device and a second transmitting device.

[0033] In some respects, the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0034] In some respects, the target reference signal includes the downlink reference signal (DL-RS).

[0035] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive signaling via the one or more transceivers and from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit a measurement report corresponding to RS-P via the one or more transceivers.

[0036] In one aspect, a UE includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive signaling via the one or more transceivers and from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receive at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal via the one or more transceivers.

[0037] In one aspect, a positioning server includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive first signaling via the one or more transceivers and from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit second signaling via the one or more transceivers to a User Equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0038] In one aspect, a positioning server includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive first signaling via the one or more transceivers and from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship having between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmit second signaling via the one or more transceivers to a User Equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0039] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: components for receiving signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and components for transmitting a measurement report corresponding to RS-P.

[0040] In one aspect, a UE includes: components for receiving signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and components for receiving at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0041] In one aspect, a positioning server includes: components for receiving first signaling from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and components for transmitting second signaling to a user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0042] In one aspect, a positioning server includes: components for receiving first signaling from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and components for transmitting second signaling to a user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0043] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-co-addressable (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit a measurement report corresponding to RS-P.

[0044] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a UE, cause the UE to: receive signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receive at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0045] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a positioning server, cause the positioning server to: receive first signaling from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit second signaling to a user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0046] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a positioning server, cause the positioning server to: receive first signaling from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmit second signaling to a User Equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0047] Based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description, other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Attached Figure Description

[0048] The accompanying drawings are provided to help describe various aspects of this disclosure, and are provided for illustrative purposes only and not to limit the aspects.

[0049] Figure 1 Example wireless communication systems according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0050] Figure 2A , Figure 2B and Figure 2C Example wireless network architectures based on various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0051] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C It is a simplified block diagram of several example aspects of components that can be used in user equipment (UE), base stations and network entities and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0052] Figure 4 Examples of various positioning methods supported in new radios (NR) according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0053] Figure 5 Example location service processes are illustrated according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0054] Figure 6 It is a graph representing the radio frequency (RF) channel impulse response over time according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0055] Figure 7A Example wireless communication systems according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0056] Figure 7B Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 7A The example quasi-co-address (QCL) relationship of a wireless communication system is shown in the example.

[0057] Figure 7C Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 7B The example channel estimation operation is shown in the QCL relation example.

[0058] Figure 8A Example wireless communication systems according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0059] Figure 8B Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 8A Example QCL relationships in a wireless communication system.

[0060] Figure 8C Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 8B The example channel estimation operation is shown in the QCL relation example.

[0061] Figure 8D Examples of various aspects according to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 8A The example implementation of the wireless communication system is shown in the example.

[0062] Figure 9A Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 1 Example QCL relationships in a wireless communication system.

[0063] Figure 9B Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 9A The example channel estimation operation is shown in the QCL relation example.

[0064] Figure 10 This is a diagram illustrating an example PRS configuration for transmitting a Position Reference Signal (PRS) for a given base station, according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0065] Figure 11 This is a diagram illustrating an example downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS) configuration for two transmit-receive points (TRPs) operating in the same positioning frequency layer, according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0066] Figure 12 Example non-terrestrial network (NTN) systems according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0067] Figure 13 Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 12 The example pre-compensation relationship of the NTN system is shown in the example.

[0068] Figures 14 to 17Example methods of wireless communication according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated. Detailed Implementation

[0069] Various aspects of this disclosure are provided below in the description of various examples provided for illustrative purposes and in the accompanying drawings. Alternative aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of this disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of this disclosure.

[0070] The various aspects generally involve reference signals having quasi-co-location (QCL) relationships and / or being pre-compensated relative to one or more other reference signals. Some aspects more specifically involve using QCL and / or pre-compensation relationships in source reference signals transmitted from multiple transmitting devices to perform channel estimation of a target reference signal. In some examples, the target reference signal (e.g., for positioning) may have one or more QCL attributes identical to one or both of the two source reference signals, for example, where each source reference signal is transmitted from a different transmit-receive point (TRP). In some cases, QCL attributes or characteristics shared between the two source reference signals may include average delay, delay spread, Doppler shift, and / or Doppler spread. In some examples, a server (e.g., a positioning server, location server, sensing server, etc.) may send auxiliary data related to QCL and / or pre-compensation relationships to the user equipment (UE). That is, for example, the server may signal one or more QCL and / or pre-compensation relationships existing between the source reference signals and between each source reference signal and the target reference signal. In some cases, the server may signal the time offset parameters relative to the corresponding Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) resource, the corresponding Positioning Reference Signal (PRS), or the corresponding Tracking Reference Signal (TRS). In some cases, the server may signal the frequency offset parameters relative to the corresponding SSB resource, the corresponding PRS, or the corresponding TRS.

[0071] In some examples, the server may signal a list of Transmitter-Receiver Points (TRPs) from which the UE can receive source and target reference signals. In some cases, the TRP list may be included in a multi-TRP configuration or a single-frequency network (SFN) scheme. In some cases, the server may signal that one or more TRPs in a multi-TRP configuration or SFN scheme have a common expected reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window. In some examples, a set of source reference signals may be transmitted by one or more TRPs, and if a source reference signal in one set can no longer be received by the UE, another source reference signal may be transmitted to the UE by one or more TRPs.

[0072] Specific aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to achieve one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by signaling the QCL and / or pre-compensation relation, the described techniques can be used to more effectively estimate the channel associated with the target reference signal. In some examples, by signaling one or more TRPs having a common expected RSTD search window, the described techniques enable the UE to determine that the target reference signal has been pre-compensated, thereby reducing the amount of auxiliary data that needs to be transmitted.

[0073] The terms “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as superior to or better than other aspects. Similarly, the term “aspects of this disclosure” does not require that all aspects of this disclosure include the features, advantages, or modes of operation discussed.

[0074] Those skilled in the art will understand that any of a variety of different techniques and skills can be used to represent the information and signals described below. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the following description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, and so on.

[0075] Furthermore, many aspects are described according to a sequence of actions to be performed by elements of, for example, a computing device. It will be appreciated that the various actions described herein can be performed by a particular circuit (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence of actions described herein can be considered to be entirely embodied in any form of non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a corresponding set of computer instructions that, when executed, will cause or command the associated processor of the device to perform the functionality described herein. Therefore, various aspects of this disclosure can be embodied in a variety of different forms, all of which are contemplated within the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, for each aspect described herein, any corresponding form of any such aspect may be described herein as, for example, "a logical component configured to perform the described actions."

[0076] As used herein, unless otherwise stated, the terms “User Equipment” (UE) and “Base Station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT). In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network (e.g., mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset positioning device, wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., car, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.). A UE can be mobile or can (e.g., at certain times) be stationary and can communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” can be interchangeably referred to as “Access Terminal” or “AT”, “Client Equipment”, “Wireless Equipment”, “Subscriber Equipment”, “Subscriber Terminal”, “Subscriber Station”, “User Terminal” or “UT”, “Mobile Equipment”, “Mobile Terminal”, “Mobile Station”, or variations thereof. Overall, a UE can communicate with a core network via the RAN, and through the core network, a UE can connect to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as through wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, etc.).

[0077] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs (Rapid Access Points) to communicate with a UE, depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may alternatively be referred to as an Access Point (AP), Network Node, NodeB, Evolved NodeB (eNB), Next Generation eNB (ng-eNB), New Radio (NR) NodeB (also referred to as gNB or gNodeB), etc. The base station may primarily be used to support the UE's radio access, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UE. In some systems, the base station may only provide edge node signaling functions, while in others, it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. The communication link through which the UE can transmit signals to the base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., reverse traffic channel, reverse control channel, access channel, etc.). The communication link through which the base station can transmit signals to the UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., paging channel, control channel, broadcast channel, forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term “Traffic Channel (TCH)” may refer to either the uplink / reverse traffic channel or the downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0078] The term "base station" can refer to a single physical transmit / receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, when the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP can be the antenna of a base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. When the term "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP can be the antenna array of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming). When the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP can be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected via a transmission medium to a common source) or a remote radio headend (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, a non-co-located physical TRP can be the serving base station from which the UE receives measurement reports and a neighboring base station where the UE is measuring its reference radio frequency (RF) signal. Because, as used herein, a TRP is the point by which a base station transmits and receives radio signals, references to transmitting from or receiving at a base station should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of the base station.

[0079] In some specific implementations supporting UE positioning, the base station may not support the UE's radio access (e.g., it may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the UE), but may instead transmit reference signals to the UE for measurement and / or receive and measure signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., in the case of transmitting signals to the UE) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring signals from the UE).

[0080] An “RF signal” refers to an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transmits information across the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may send a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, where the context clearly indicates that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or RF signal, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal.”

[0081] Figure 1An example wireless communication system 100 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. The wireless communication system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled "BS") and various UEs 104. Base station 102 may include macro cell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, the macro cell base station may include an eNB and / or an ng-eNB (wherein the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network), or a gNB (wherein the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network), or a combination of both, and the small cell base station may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0082] Base station 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with core network 170 (e.g., evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC)) via backhaul link 122, and interface with one or more location servers 172 (e.g., location management function (LMF) or secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)) via core network 170. Location server 172 can be part of core network 170 or can be external to core network 170. Location server 172 can be integrated with base station 102. UE 104 can communicate with location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, UE 104 can communicate with location server 172 via base station 102 currently serving UE 104. UE 104 can also communicate with location server 172 via another path, such as via application server (not shown), via another network, such as via wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), etc. For signaling purposes, communication between UE 104 and location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., via core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), wherein intermediate nodes (if present) are omitted from the signaling diagram for clarity.

[0083] In addition to other functions, base station 102 may perform functions associated with one or more of the following: transmitting user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of Non-Access Stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN Information Management (RIM), paging, location, and delivery of warning messages. Base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via EPC / 5GC) on backhaul link 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0084] Base station 102 can wirelessly communicate with UE 104. Each base station in base station 102 can provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells can be supported by base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., via a frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.) and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCI), Enhanced Cell Identifier (ECI), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCI), Cell Global Identifier (CGI), etc.) used to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types that can provide access for different types of UEs (e.g., Machine Type Communication (MTC), Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), or other protocol types). Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station supporting the logical communication entity, depending on the context. Furthermore, since the TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" can be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" may also refer to the geographical coverage area of ​​a base station (e.g., a sector), provided that a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within a portion of the geographical coverage area 110.

[0085] While the geographic coverage areas 110 of adjacent macro cell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover area), some geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled "SC" for "small cell") may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage areas 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macro cell base stations may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a home eNB (HeNB) that can provide service to a restricted group referred to as a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG).

[0086] The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 may include uplink (also known as reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also known as forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna techniques, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may use one or more carrier frequencies. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric relative to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink).

[0087] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a WLAN access point (AP) 150 that communicates with a wireless local area network (WLAN) station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or WLAN AP 150 may perform a free channel assessment (CCA) or listen-before-talk (LBT) process before communication to determine whether the channel is available.

[0088] Small cell base station 102' can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in unlicensed spectrum, small cell base station 102' can employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5GHz unlicensed spectrum as WLAN AP 150. Small cell base station 102' employing LTE / 5G in unlicensed spectrum can improve access network coverage and / or increase access network capacity. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE. ® .

[0089] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a millimeter-wave (mmW) base station 180, which can operate at mmW and / or near-mmW frequencies to communicate with the UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains radio frequency (RF). EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, with wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 mm. Radio waves in this band are referred to as millimeter waves. Near-mmW extends down to frequencies of 3 GHz with wavelengths of 100 mm. Ultra-high frequency (SHF) bands extend between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, and are also referred to as centimeter waves. Communication using mmW / near-mmW radio bands has high path loss and relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) on the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Furthermore, it should be understood that, in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also use mmW or near-mmW and beamforming for transmission. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing examples are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0090] Transmit beamforming is a technique used to focus RF signals in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). Using transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thus providing the receiving device with a faster and stronger RF signal (in terms of data rate). To change the directivity of the RF signal during transmission, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters broadcasting the RF signal. For example, the network node can use an array of antennas (called a "phased array" or "antenna array") that forms an RF beam that can be "manipulated" to be pointed in different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, RF currents from the transmitters are fed to individual antennas with the correct phase relationship, such that radio waves from the individual antennas add up in the desired direction to increase radiation, while canceling out in the undesired direction to suppress radiation.

[0091] Transmit beams can be quasi-co-located, meaning they appear to the receiver (e.g., the UE) as having the same parameters regardless of whether the network node's own transmit antennas are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-located (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters of a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about the source reference RF signal on the source beam. Therefore, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0092] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify an RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver may increase the gain setting of an antenna array in a particular direction and / or adjust the phase setting of the antenna array in a particular direction to amplify the RF signal received from that direction (e.g., increase its gain level). Therefore, when a receiver is described as performing beamforming in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain of all other receive beams available to the receiver in that direction. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signal received from that direction.

[0093] The transmit and receive beams can be spatially correlated. Spatial correlation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived based on information about a first beam (e.g., receive or transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE can use a specific receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (DL-RS) (e.g., SSB) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for transmitting an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0094] It is important to note that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit or receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming a downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to the UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, the downlink beam is a receive beam for receiving DL-RS. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit or receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, while if the UE is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0095] The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc., based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been designated as frequency ranges FR1 (410MHz to 7.125GHz) and FR2 (24.25GHz to 52.6GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6GHz, in various documents and articles, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the "sub-6GHz" band. A similar naming issue sometimes occurs with FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the "millimeter wave" band in documents and articles, although this differs from the designation used by the International Telecommunication Union.® Extremely high frequency (EHF) bands (30 GHz to 300 GHz) are designated as “millimeter wave” bands.

[0096] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as intermediate frequency (IF) bands. Recent 5G NR studies have identified the operating bands used for these IF bands as the frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz). Bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 and / or FR2 characteristics, thus effectively extending the features of FR1 and / or FR2 to IF band frequencies. Furthermore, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating frequency bands have been identified as the frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz to 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0097] In light of the foregoing, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that, as used herein, the term "below 6 GHz" and the like can broadly refer to frequencies less than 6 GHz, within FR1, or including intermediate frequency band frequencies. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that, as used herein, the term "millimeter wave" and the like can broadly refer to frequencies that can include intermediate frequency band frequencies, within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1 and / or FR5, or within the EHF band.

[0098] In multi-carrier systems such as 5G, each carrier frequency is referred to as a "primary carrier," "anchor carrier," "primary serving cell," or "PCell," and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers," "secondary serving cells," or "SCell." In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) used by UE 104 / 182 and the cell, where UE 104 / 182 performs an initial Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). The secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured and used to provide additional radio resources once an RRC connection is established between UE 104 and the anchor carrier. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. Secondary carriers may contain only the necessary signaling information and signals. For example, since both the primary uplink and primary downlink carriers are typically UE-specific, the UE-specific signaling information and signals may not be present in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 within a cell can have different downlink primary carriers. The same applies to the uplink primary carrier. The network can change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to the carrier frequency / component carrier through which a base station communicates, the terms "cell," "serving cell," "component carrier," and "carrier frequency" can be used interchangeably.

[0099] For example, still refer to Figure 1 One of the frequencies used by macro cell base station 102 can be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies used by macro cell base station 102 and / or mmW base station 180 can be secondary carriers ("SCell"). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception on multiple carriers allows UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, compared to the data rate obtained by a single 20MHz carrier, two aggregated 20MHz carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (i.e., 40MHz).

[0100] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a UE 164, which can communicate with the macro cell base station 102 via communication link 120 and / or with the mmW base station 180 via mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support PCells and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0101] In some cases, UE 164 and UE 182 may be able to communicate via sidelink. A sidelink-capable UE (SL-UE) can communicate with base station 102 via communication link 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between the UE and the base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) can also communicate directly with each other via radio sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). Radio sidelink (or simply "sidelink") is an adaptation of core cellular technology (e.g., LTE, NR) standards that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the need for communication through a base station. Sidelink communication can be unicast or multicast and can be used for device-to-device (D2D) media sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more SL-UEs in a group of SL-UEs utilizing sidelink communication may be located within the geographical coverage area 110 of base station 102. Other SL-UEs in this group may be outside the geographical coverage area 110 of base station 102, or may be unable to receive transmissions from base station 102 for other reasons. In some cases, the groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communication may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system, where each SL-UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources used for sidelink communication. In other cases, sidelink communication is performed between the individual SL-UEs without involving base station 102.

[0102] On one hand, the sidelink 160 can operate via a wireless communication medium of interest that can be shared with other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points and other RATs for wireless communication. "Medium" can include one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g., covering one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. On another hand, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of unlicensed frequency bands shared among various RATs. While different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by government entities such as the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), these systems (particularly those employing small cell access points) have recently expanded their operation to unlicensed frequency bands such as those used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies (most notably the IEEE 802.11x WLAN technology commonly referred to as "Wi-Fi"). Example systems of this type include various variants of CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), and so on.

[0103] It should be noted that, although Figure 1 Only two of these UEs are exemplified as SL-UEs (i.e., UE 164 and UE 182), but any UE exemplified can be an SL-UE. Furthermore, although only UE 182 is described as capable of beamforming, any UE exemplified (including UE 164) can be capable of beamforming. When SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they can beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UE 104), towards base stations (e.g., base station 102, base station 180, small cell 102', access point 150), etc. Therefore, in some cases, UE 164 and UE 182 can utilize beamforming via sidelink 160.

[0104] exist Figure 1 In the example, the UE shown (for simplicity, in) Figure 1Any UE (shown as a single UE 104) may receive signal 124 from one or more Earth-orbiting spacecraft (SV) 112 (e.g., satellites). In one aspect, SV 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that allows UE 104 to use as an independent source of location information. Satellite positioning systems typically include a system of transmitters (e.g., SV 112) positioned such that a receiver (e.g., UE 104) can determine its location on or above the Earth based at least in part on positioning signals (e.g., signal 124) received from the transmitters. Such transmitters typically transmit signals marked with a set number of repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) codes. While typically located in SV 112, transmitters may sometimes be located at ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signal 124 in order to derive geographic location information from SV 112.

[0105] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signal 124 can be enhanced by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), which may be associated with or otherwise made available to one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, SBAS may include augmentation systems that provide integrity information, differential correction, etc., such as Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), European Geostationary Navigation Overlap Service (EGNOS), Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), GPS-assisted geographic augmentation navigation, or GPS and geographic augmentation navigation system (GAGAN). Therefore, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0106] On one hand, SV 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, SV 112 connects to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn connects to elements in the 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a ground antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element, in turn, provides access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities outside the 5G network, such as internet web servers and other user equipment. Thus, as a replacement or supplement to communication signals from ground base station 102, UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signal 124) from SV 112.

[0107] The wireless communication system 100 may also include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, which are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as "side links"). Figure 1 In one example, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity through this D2D P2P link), and has a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLAN STA 152 connected to a WLAN AP 150 (UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity through this D2D P2P link). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can utilize any known D2D RAT (such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), Wi-Fi Direct). ® ,Bluetooth ® (etc.) to support.

[0108] Figure 2A An example wireless network architecture 200 is illustrated. For instance, the 5GC 210 (also referred to as the Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be functionally viewed as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212 (e.g., UE gateway functions, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.), which work together to form the core network. The user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and the control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210, specifically to user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, the ng-eNB 224 can also connect to the 5GC 210 via the NG-C 215 to the control plane function 214 and the NG-U 213 to the user plane function 212. Furthermore, the ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with the gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the next-generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either or both of the gNBs 222 or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0109] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230 that can communicate with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The location server 230 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The location server 230 may be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204 that can be connected to the location server 230 via the core network, the 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Furthermore, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively, it may be located outside the core network (e.g., a third-party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or a service server).

[0110] Figure 2B Another example wireless network architecture 240.5GC 260 is illustrated (which can be used with...). Figure 2AThe 5GC 210 (corresponding to 5GC 210) can be functionally considered as a control plane function provided by the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 264 and a user plane function provided by the User Plane Function (UPF) 262, which work together to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of AMF 264 include: registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transmission of session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and the Session Management Function (SMF) 266, a transparent proxy service for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transmission of short message service (SMS) messages between UE 204 and the Short Message Service Function (SMSF) (not shown), and Secure Anchoring Functionality (SEAF). AMF 264 also interacts with the Authentication Server Function (AUSF) (not shown) and UE 204 and receives an intermediate key established as a result of the UE 204's authentication process. In the case of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) authentication, AMF 264 retrieves security material from the AMF. AMF 264 also includes Security Context Management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF and uses this key to derive an access network-specific key. AMF 264 functionality also includes location service management for regulated services, transmission of location service messages between UE 204 and Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (which acts as location server 230), transmission of location service messages between NG-RAN 220 and LMF 270, Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for EPS interoperability, and UE 204 mobility event notification. Furthermore, AMF 264 also supports non-3GPP... ® (Third Generation Partner Program) Access network functionality.

[0111] The functions of UPF 262 include: acting as an anchor point for intra-RAT / inter-RAT mobility (where applicable), acting as an external Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session point interconnecting to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., strobing, redirection, traffic steering), lawful eavesdropping (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in downlink), uplink traffic verification (Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport-level packet marking in uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and delivering and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. UPF 262 may also support the delivery of location service messages between UE 204 and location servers (such as SLP 272) on the user plane.

[0112] The functions of SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, service orientation configuration at UPF 262 for routing services to the correct destination, partial control of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface through which SMF 266 communicates with AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0113] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which can communicate with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The LMF 270 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 may be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204, which may connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, the 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). SLP 272 can support similar functions to LMF 270, but while LMF 270 can communicate with AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UE 204 on the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols designed to transmit signaling messages rather than voice or data), SLP 272 can communicate with UE 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) on the user plane (e.g., using protocols designed to carry voice and / or data, such as Transmit Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0114] Another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274 that can communicate with LMF 270, SLP 272, 5GC 260 (e.g., via AMF 264 and / or UPF 262), NG-RAN 220, and / or UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., location estimation) of UE 204. Therefore, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a Location Services (LCS) client or an external client. The third-party server 274 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server.

[0115] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect 5GC 260, and specifically connect UPF 262 and AMF 264 to one or more gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 in NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and AMF 264 is referred to as the "N2" interface, while the interface between gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and UPF 262 is referred to as the "N3" interface. The gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 of NG-RAN 220 can communicate directly with each other via backhaul connection 223, referred to as the "Xn-C" interface. One or more of gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 can communicate with one or more UEs 204 via a radio interface referred to as the "Uu" interface.

[0116] The functionality of the gNB 222 can be divided among the gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB Distributed Units (gNB-DU) 228, and one or more gNB Radio Units (gNB-RU) 229. The gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes base station functions other than those specifically allocated to the gNB-DU 228, including user data delivery, mobility control, radio access network sharing, location, and session management. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 typically hosts the Radio Resource Control (RRC), Serving Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. The gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that typically hosts the Radio Link Control (RLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and a cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between gNB-CU 226 and one or more gNB-DU 228 is referred to as the "F1" interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of gNB 222 is typically managed by one or more independent gNB-RU 229s, which perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between gNB-DU 228 and gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the "Fx" interface. Therefore, UE 204 communicates with gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0117] The deployment of communication systems such as 5G NR systems can be arranged in a variety of ways using various components or parts. In a 5G NR system or network, network nodes, network entities, network mobility elements, RAN nodes, core network nodes, network elements, or network equipment (such as base stations or one or more units (or components) performing base station functions) can be implemented in aggregated or decomposed architectures. For example, base stations (such as Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base stations, 5GNB, AP, TRP, cells, etc.) can be implemented as aggregated base stations (also known as standalone base stations or monolithic base stations) or decomposed base stations.

[0118] Aggregated base stations can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. Decentralized base stations can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed across two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs) (i.e., one or more central or centralized units). In some respects, the CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU may also be implemented as a virtual unit, namely a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0119] Base station type operation or network design can consider the aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, decomposed base stations can be used in Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) networks, Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) (such as those developed by the O-RAN Alliance), and other similar networks. ® This can be used in proposed network configurations or virtualized radio access networks (vRAN, also known as cloud radio access networks (C-RAN)). Decomposition can include distributing functionality across two or more units in various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing the functionality of at least one unit, which allows for flexibility in network design. Various units in a decomposed base station or decomposed RAN architecture can be configured to communicate wirelessly with at least one other unit.

[0120] Figure 2C An example disaggregated base station architecture 250 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with the core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 via one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a near real-time (near RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) framework 255, or both). CUs 280 may communicate with one or more duplex units (DUs) 285 (e.g., gNB-DU228) via a corresponding midhaul link (e.g., an F1 interface). DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RU 229) via a corresponding fronthaul link. RU 287 can communicate with the corresponding UE 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, UE 204 can be served by multiple RU 287s simultaneously.

[0121] Each of these units (i.e., CU 280, DU 285, RU 287, and near-RT RIC 259, non-RT RIC 257, and SMO frame 255) may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via wired or wireless transmission media. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of these units, may be configured to communicate with one or more other units via transmission media. For example, these units may include wired interfaces configured to receive signals or transmit signals to one or more other units via wired transmission media. Additionally, these units may include wireless interfaces that may include receivers, transmitters, or transceivers (such as RF transceivers) configured to receive signals via wireless transmission media or transmit signals to one or more other units, or both.

[0122] In some aspects, the CU 280 can host one or more higher-level control functions. Such control functions may include RRC, PDCP, or the Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function can be implemented using an interface configured to signal to other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-User Plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP units can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP units via an interface such as an E1 interface. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285 for network control and signaling, as needed.

[0123] DU 285 may correspond to a logic unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RU 287s. In some aspects, DU 285 may be at least partially based on functional partitioning (such as that provided by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)). ®The DU 285 is a functional partition defined to host one or more of the RLC layer, MAC layer, and one or more high PHY layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, or modulation and demodulation). In some respects, the DU 285 may also host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285 or with control functions hosted by the CU 280.

[0124] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RU 287s. In some deployments, an RU287 controlled by a DU 285 may correspond to a logical node that is at least partially based on functional decomposition, such as lower-layer functional decomposition, to host RF processing functions or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, or Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or both). In this architecture, the RU 287 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UE 204s. In some specific implementations, the real-time and non-real-time aspects of communication with the control plane and user plane of the RU 287 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration allows the DU 285 and CU 280 to be implemented in cloud-based RAN architectures such as vRAN architectures.

[0125] SMO framework 255 can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of both non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, SMO framework 255 can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which can be managed via operation and maintenance interfaces such as the O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, SMO framework 255 can be configured to interact with cloud computing platforms such as Open Cloud (O-Cloud) 269 to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via cloud computing platform interfaces such as the O2 interface. Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 280, DU 285, RU 287, and near-RT RIC 259. In some implementations, SMO framework 255 can communicate with hardware aspects of the 4G RAN, such as Open eNB (O-eNB) 261, via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, SMO framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RU 287s via the O1 interface. SMO framework 255 may also include a non-RT RIC 257 configured to support the functionality of SMO framework 255.

[0126] The non-RT RIC 257 can be configured to include logical functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, including artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows for model training and updates, or policy-based guidance for applications / features in the near-RT RIC 259. The non-RT RIC 257 can be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 259, such as via an A1 interface. The near-RT RIC 259 can be configured to include logical functions that enable near real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via an interface, such as via an E2 interface, through data collection and actions, connecting one or more CU 280s, one or more DU 285s, or both, and O-eNBs to the near-RT RIC 259.

[0127] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 259, the non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. This information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 259 and may be received from non-network data sources or network functions at the SMO framework 255 or the non-RT RIC 257. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 257 or the near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns in performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO framework 255 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or by creating RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0128] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C Examples are shown that can be incorporated into UE 304 (which may correspond to any UE described herein), base station 302 (which may correspond to any base station described herein), and network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any network function described herein, including location server 230 and LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent of UE 304). Figure 2A and Figure 2BSeveral example components (represented by corresponding boxes) of the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure (such as private networks) depicted herein support the operation as described herein. It should be understood that these components may be implemented in different specific implementations in different types of devices (e.g., in ASICs, in System-on-Chip (SoCs), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other devices in a communication system. For example, other devices in the system may include components similar to those described as providing similar functionality. Additionally, a given device may contain one or more of these components. For example, a device may include multiple transceiver components that enable the device to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0129] UE 304 and base station 302 each include one or more Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, which provide components (e.g., components for transmitting, components for receiving, components for measuring, components for tuning, components for avoiding transmission, etc.) for communicating via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as NR networks, LTE networks, and / or GSM networks. WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356 for communicating with other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNB, gNB), etc.) via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) through a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., a time / frequency resource set in a specific spectrum). WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 can be configured in different ways to transmit and encode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) according to a specified RAT, and conversely, to receive and decode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.). Specifically, WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 each include: one or more transmitters 314 and 354 for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352 for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0130] In at least some cases, UE 304 and base station 302 each further include one or more short-range radio transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. Short-range radio transceivers 320 and 360 can be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide the capability to communicate over a wireless communication medium of interest via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, Bluetooth). ® ZIGBEE ®Z-WAVE ® The short-range transceivers 320 and 360 can be configured in various ways to communicate with other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc.) using PC5, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), Wireless Access for Vehicle Environments (WAVE), Near Field Communication (NFC), Ultra Wideband (UWB), etc.) and other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc.). These components include (e.g., components for transmitting, components for receiving, components for measuring, components for tuning, components for avoiding transmission, etc.). The short-range transceivers 320 and 360 can be configured in different ways to transmit and encode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) according to a specified RAT, and conversely, to receive and decode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.). Specifically, the short-range transceivers 320 and 360 each include: one or more transmitters 324 and 364 for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively; and one or more receivers 322 and 362 for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be Wi-Fi transceivers, Bluetooth transceivers, etc. ® Transceiver, Zigbee ® and / or Z-WAVE ® Transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0131] In at least some cases, UE 304 and base station 302 also include satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 can be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and can provide components for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) signals, etc. ®The signals can include Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. When satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be communication signals originating from a 5G network (e.g., carrying control and / or user data). Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 can include any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and operations from other systems as needed, and in at least some cases, use measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm to perform calculations to determine the locations of UE 304 and base station 302, respectively.

[0132] Base station 302 and network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 390, which provide components (e.g., transmitting components, receiving components, etc.) for communicating with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 302, other network entities 306). For example, base station 302 may use one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 302 or network entities 306 via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. Similarly, network entity 306 may use one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base stations 302 via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or to communicate with other network entities 306 via one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0133] Transceivers can be configured to communicate via wired or wireless links. A transceiver (whether wired or wireless) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). In some embodiments, the transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., implementing transmitter and receiver circuitry in a single device), in some embodiments it may include separate transmitter and receiver circuitry, or in other embodiments it may be implemented in a different manner. The transmitter and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some embodiments) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, which permits the corresponding device (e.g., UE 304, base station 302) to perform transmit beamforming, as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, which permits the corresponding device (e.g., UE 304, base station 302) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In one aspect, the transmitter and receiver circuitry may share the same multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the corresponding device may perform only receive or only transmit at a given time, rather than both receive and transmit simultaneously. Wireless transceivers (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include network listening modules (NLMs) for performing various measurements.

[0134] As used herein, various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360 in some specific embodiments, and network transceivers 380 and 390) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some specific embodiments) may generally be described as "transceiver," "at least one transceiver," or "one or more transceivers." Therefore, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver can be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers typically involves signaling via a wired transceiver, while wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 304) and a base station (e.g., base station 302) will typically involve signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0135] UE 304, base station 302, and network entity 306 also include other components that can be used in conjunction with the operations disclosed herein. UE 304, base station 302, and network entity 306 each include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394 for providing functionality related to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. Thus, processors 332, 384, and 394 may provide components for processing, such as components for determining, components for calculating, components for receiving, components for transmitting, components for indicating, etc. In one aspect, processors 332, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general-purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuits, or various combinations thereof.

[0136] UE 304, base station 302, and network entity 306 each include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device) for maintaining information (e.g., information indicating reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, etc.). Therefore, memories 340, 386, and 396 can provide components for storage, retrieval, maintenance, etc. In some cases, UE 304, base station 302, and network entity 306 may each include positioning and QCL components 342, 388, and 398. Positioning and QCL components 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuitry that is part of or coupled to processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, which, when executed, enable UE 304, base station 302, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other respects, the positioning and QCL components 342, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the positioning and QCL components 342, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, which, when executed by the processors 332, 384, and 394 (or the modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), enable the UE 304, base station 302, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. Figure 3A Possible locations for the positioning and QCL component 342 are illustrated. The positioning and QCL component may be part of, for example, one or more WWAN transceivers 310, memory 340, one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3BPossible locations for the positioning and QCL component 388 are illustrated. This positioning and QCL component may be part of, for example, one or more WWAN transceivers 350, memory 386, one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3C Possible locations for the positioning and QCL component 398 are illustrated. The positioning and QCL component may be part of, for example, one or more network transceivers 390, memory 396, one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0137] UE 304 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to one or more processors 332 to provide components for sensing or detecting motion and / or orientation information independent of motion data derived from signals received by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or satellite signal receivers 330. By way of example, sensor 344 may include accelerometers (e.g., microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices), gyroscopes, geomagnetic sensors (e.g., compasses), altimeters (e.g., barometric altimeters), and / or any other type of motion detection sensor. Furthermore, sensor 344 may include multiple different types of devices and combine their outputs to provide motion information. For example, sensor 344 may use a combination of multi-axis accelerometers and orientation sensors to provide the ability to calculate positioning in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0138] In addition, UE 304 includes a user interface 346 that provides components for providing instructions to a user (e.g., audible and / or visual instructions) and / or for receiving user input (e.g., when the user actuates a sensing device such as a keypad, touchscreen, microphone, etc.). Although not shown, base station 302 and network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0139] Referring more specifically to one or more processors 384, in the downlink, IP packets from network entity 306 can be provided to processor 384. One or more processors 384 can implement functionality for the RRC layer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and Media Access Control (MAC) layer. One or more processors 384 may provide: RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting system information (e.g., Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the delivery of upper-layer PDUs, error correction via Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC Service Data Units (SDUs), resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0140] Transmitter 354 and receiver 352 implement Layer 1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, including the physical (PHY) layer, may include: error detection on the transport channel, forward error correction (FEC) decoding / decoding of the transport channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. Transmitter 354 processes the mapping to the signal constellation based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-phase shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The decoded and modulated symbols can then be split into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domains, and then combined using inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a stream of time-domain OFDM symbols. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially pre-decoded to generate multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from the channel estimator are used to determine the decoding and modulation schemes, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimates can be derived from reference signals and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by UE 304. Each spatial stream can then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate an RF carrier for transmission.

[0141] At UE 304, receiver 312 receives signals via its corresponding antenna 316. Receiver 312 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides this information to one or more processors 332. Transmitter 314 and receiver 312 implement Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Receiver 312 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for UE 304. If multiple spatial streams are destined for UE 304, they can be combined by receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. Receiver 312 then uses a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to transform the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain. The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, along with the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most probable signal constellation points transmitted by base station 302. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates calculated by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally transmitted by base station 302 on the physical channel. Then, data and control signals are provided to one or more processors 332, which implement layer 3 (L3) and layer 2 (L2) functionality.

[0142] In the downlink, one or more processors 332 provide demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between the transport and logical channels to recover IP packets from the core network. One or more processors 332 are also responsible for error detection.

[0143] Similar to the functionality described in conjunction with downlink transmissions performed by base station 302, one or more processors 332 provide: RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connectivity, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with upper-layer PDU delivery, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0144] The channel estimate derived by the channel estimator from the reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 302 can be used by the transmitter 314 to select an appropriate decoding and modulation scheme and facilitate spatial processing. The spatial stream generated by the transmitter 314 can be provided to different antennas 316. The transmitter 314 can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate the RF carrier for transmission.

[0145] Uplink transmissions are processed at base station 302 in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the receiver function at UE 304. Receiver 352 receives signals via its corresponding antenna 356. Receiver 352 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides this information to one or more processors 384.

[0146] In the uplink, one or more processors 384 provide demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between the transport channel and the logical channel to recover IP packets from the UE 304. IP packets from one or more processors 384 can be provided to the core network. One or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0147] For convenience, UE 304, base station 302 and / or network entity 306 are in Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C The document is shown as including various components that can be configured according to the various examples described herein. However, it should be understood that the illustrated components may have different functionalities in different designs. In particular, Figures 3A to 3C Various components are optional in alternative configurations, and various aspects include configurations that can vary due to design choices, cost, equipment usage, or other considerations. For example, in Figure 3A In certain cases, specific implementations of UE 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver 310 (e.g., wearable devices, tablets, personal computers (PCs), or laptops may have Wi-Fi and / or Bluetooth). ® (e.g., cellular only), or the short-range wireless transceiver 320 can be omitted (e.g., cellular only), or the satellite signal receiver 330 can be omitted, or the sensor 344 can be omitted, etc. For example, in Figure 3B In certain cases, specific implementations of base station 302 may omit WWAN transceiver 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi "hotspot" access point without cellular capabilities), or short-range wireless transceiver 360 (e.g., cellular only), or satellite signal receiver 370, etc. For the sake of brevity, examples of various alternative configurations are not provided herein, but will be readily understood by those skilled in the art.

[0148] Various components of UE 304, base station 302, and network entity 306 can be communicatively coupled to each other via data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392, respectively. In one aspect, data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392 can form or be part of a communication interface for UE 304, base station 302, and network entity 306, respectively. For example, in cases where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality integrated into the same base station 302), data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392 can provide communication between these different logical entities.

[0149] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C The components can be implemented in various ways. In some specific implementations, Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C The components may be implemented in one or more circuits, such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide that functionality. For example, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 310-346 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of UE 304 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 350-388 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of base station 302 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). Additionally, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 390-398 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of network entity 306 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). For simplicity, various operations, actions, and / or functions are described herein as being performed "by the UE," "by the base station," "by the network entity," etc. However, as will be understood, such operations, actions and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 304, base station 302, network entity 306, etc. (such as processors 332, 384, 394, transceivers 310, 320, 350 and 360, memory 340, 386 and 396, positioning and QCL components 342, 388 and 398, etc.).

[0150] In some designs, network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, network entity 306 may operate differently from the network operator or cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with UE 304 via base station 302 or independently of base station 302 (e.g., via a non-cellular communication link such as Wi-Fi).

[0151] NR supports various cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based positioning methods, uplink-based positioning methods, and positioning methods based on both downlink and uplink. Downlink-based positioning methods include: Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, Downlink Time Difference of Arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and Downlink Departure Angle (DL-AoD) in NR. Figure 4 Examples of various positioning methods according to aspects of this disclosure are illustrated. In the OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning process illustrated in scenario 410, the UE measures the difference between the times of arrival (ToA) of reference signals (e.g., PRS) received from paired base stations (referred to as RSTD or Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) measurement) and reports these differences to the positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and a plurality of non-reference base stations in auxiliary data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations. Based on the known locations of the base stations involved and the RSTD measurement, the positioning entity (e.g., a UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) can estimate the UE's location.

[0152] For the DL-AoD positioning illustrated in scenario 420, the positioning entity uses measurement reports from the UE regarding the received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmitted beams to determine the angle between the UE and the transmitting base station. The positioning entity can then estimate the UE's position based on the determined angle and the known location of the transmitting base station.

[0153] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, the UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals, which are measured by a reference base station and multiple non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time of the reference signal (referred to as relative time of arrival (RTOA)) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the location and relative timing of the base stations involved. Based on the received-receive (Rx-Rx) time difference between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known location of the base stations, and their known timing offsets, the positioning entity can use the TDOA to estimate the UE's location.

[0154] For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from the UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurement and the angle of the receive beam to determine the angle between the UE and the base station. Based on the determined angle and the known location of the base station, the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE.

[0155] Downlink and uplink-based positioning methods include Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID) positioning and Multiple Round-Trip Time (RTT) positioning (also known as "Multi-Cell RTT" and "Multi-RTT"). During RTT, a first entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) sends a first RTT-related signal (e.g., PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or a base station), which then sends a second RTT-related signal (e.g., SRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the time of arrival (ToA) of the received RTT-related signal and the time of transmission of the transmitted RTT-related signal. This time difference is called the receive-to-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement can be performed or adjusted to include only the time difference between the nearest time slot boundary of the received signal and the transmitted signal. The two entities can then transmit their Rx-Tx time difference measurements to a location server (e.g., LMF 270), which calculates the round-trip time (RTT) between the two entities based on these two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., calculated as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Alternatively, one entity can transmit its Rx-Tx time difference measurement to another entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined based on the RTT and a known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). For the multi-RTT positioning illustrated in scenario 430, a first entity (e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning process with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined based on the distance to the second entities and the known location of the second entities (e.g., using polygonal measurements). RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning technologies (such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD) to improve location accuracy, as illustrated in scenario 440.

[0156] The E-CID positioning method is based on Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, timing advance (TA), identifiers of detected neighboring base stations, estimated timing, and signal strength. The UE's location is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base stations.

[0157] To assist in positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide auxiliary data to the UE. For example, auxiliary data may include: the identifier of the base station (or the cell / TRP of the base station) from which the reference signal is measured, reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., including the number of consecutive time slots of the PRS, the periodicity of consecutive time slots of the PRS, silence sequences, frequency hopping sequences, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and / or other parameters applicable to a particular positioning method. Alternatively, auxiliary data may be derived directly from the base station itself (e.g., in periodically broadcast overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighboring network nodes without using auxiliary data.

[0158] In the case of OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedures, auxiliary data may also include the expected RSTD value and the associated uncertainty or search window around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the expected RSTD value may range from + / - 500 microseconds (µs). In some cases, when any of the resources used for positioning measurements is in FR1, the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may range from + / - 32 µs. In other cases, when all resources used for positioning measurements are in FR2, the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may range from + / - 8 µs.

[0159] Location estimates can be referred to by other names, such as location estimation, location, positioning, fixed location, etc. Location estimates can be geodesic and include coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possible elevation), or they can be municipal and include street addresses, postal addresses, or some other verbal description of the location. Location estimates can be further defined relative to some other known location or in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possible elevation). Location estimates can include expected errors or uncertainties (e.g., by including the area or volume that the location is expected to include with a specified or default confidence level).

[0160] Figure 5 An example location service procedure 500 is illustrated according to various aspects of this disclosure. The location service procedure 500 may be performed by UE 204, NG-RAN node 502 in NG-RAN 220 (e.g., gNB 222, gNB-CU 226, ng-eNB 224 or other nodes in NG-RAN 220), AMF 264, LMF 270 and 5GC Location Service (LCS) entity 580 (e.g., any third-party application requesting the location of UE 204, Public Service Access Point (PSAP), E-911 server, etc.).

[0161] Location service requests to obtain the location of a target (i.e., UE 204) can be initiated by 5GC LCS entity 580, AMF 264 serving UE 204, or UE 204 itself. Figure 5 These options are exemplified as stages 510a, 510b, and 510c, respectively. Specifically, at stage 510a, the 5GC LCS entity 580 transmits a location service request to the AMF 264. Alternatively, at stage 510b, the AMF 264 generates the location service request itself. Alternatively, at stage 510c, the UE 204 transmits the location service request to the AMF 264.

[0162] Once AMF 264 has received (or generated) a location service request, it forwards the request to LMF 270 at stage 520. LMF 270 then performs an NG-RAN positioning procedure with NG-RAN node 502 at stage 530a and a UE positioning procedure with UE 204 at stage 530b. The specific NG-RAN positioning procedure and UE positioning procedure may depend on the type of positioning method used to locate UE 204, which may depend on the capabilities of UE 204. The positioning method may be downlink-based (e.g., LTE-OTDOA, DL-TDOA, DL-AoD, etc.), uplink-based (e.g., UL-TDOA, UL-AoA, etc.), and / or downlink and uplink-based (e.g., LTE / NR E-CID, multiple RTT, etc.).

[0163] NG-RAN and UE location procedures can utilize LTE Location Protocol (LPP) signaling between UE 204 and LMF 270, and LPP Type A (LPPa) or New Radio Location Protocol Type A (NRPPa) signaling between NG-RAN node 502 and LMF 270. LPP is used point-to-point between the location server (e.g., LMF 270) and the UE (e.g., UE 204) to obtain location-related measurements or location estimates, or to transfer auxiliary data. A single LPP session is used to support a single location request (e.g., for a single Mobile Termination Location Request (MT-LR), Mobile Origin Location Request (MO-LR), or Network Induced Location Request (NI-LR)). Multiple LPP sessions can be used between the same endpoints to support multiple different location requests. Each LPP session includes one or more LPP transactions, where each LPP transaction performs a single operation (e.g., capability exchange, auxiliary data transfer, or location information transfer). An LPP transaction is referred to as an LPP procedure.

[0164] A prerequisite for Phase 530 is that the LCS-related identifier (ID) and AMF ID have been passed to LMF 270 by the serving AMF 264. Both the LCS-related ID and AMF ID can be represented as strings chosen by AMF 264. At Phase 520, the LCS-related ID and AMF ID are provided to LMF 270 by AMF 264 in the location service request. When LMF 270 then initiates Phase 530, LMF 270 also includes the LCS-related ID for that location session along with the AMF ID indicating the AMF instance serving UE 204. The LCS-related ID is used to ensure that during the location session between LMF 270 and UE 204, location response messages from UE 204 are returned by AMF 264 to the correct LMF 270, carrying an indication (LCS-related ID) that can be recognized by LMF 270.

[0165] It should be noted that the LCS-related ID is used as a location session identifier, which can be used to identify messages exchanged between AMF264 and LMF270 for a specific location session for UE 204, as described in more detail in 3GPP TS 23.273, which is publicly available and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As mentioned above and shown in Phase 520, the location session between AMF 264 and LMF 270 for a specific UE 204 is initiated by AMF 264, and the LCS-related ID can be used to identify that location session (e.g., it can be used by AMF 264 to identify status information, etc., of that location session).

[0166] LPP positioning methods and associated signaling content are defined in the 3GPP LPP standard (3GPP TS 37.355, which is publicly available and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). LPP signaling can be used to request and report measurements associated with the following positioning methods: LTE-OTDOA, DL-TDOA, A-GNSS, E-CID, sensor, TBS, WLAN, Bluetooth, DL-AoD, UL-AoA, and multiple RTT. Currently, LPP measurement reports may include the following measurements: (1) one or more ToA, TDOA, RSTD, or Rx-Tx time difference measurements, (2) one or more AoA and / or AoD measurements (currently only used by the base station to report UL-AoA and DL-AoD to LMF 270), (3) one or more multipath measurements (ToA, RSRP, AoA / AoD per path), (4) one or more motion states (e.g., walking, driving, etc.) and trajectories (currently only used by UE 204), and (5) one or more report quality indicators.

[0167] As part of the NG-RAN node localization process (phase 530a) and the UE localization process (phase 530b), the LMF270 can provide LPP auxiliary data to the NG-RAN node 502 and UE 204 in the form of downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS) configuration information for the selected localization method. Alternatively or additionally, the NG-RAN node 502 can provide DL-PRS and / or uplink PRS (UL-PRS) configuration information to the UE 204 for the selected localization method. It should be noted that, although... Figure 5 This example illustrates a single NG-RAN node 502, but multiple NG-RAN nodes 502 may be involved in a location session.

[0168] Once configured with DL-PRS and / or UL-PRS, NG-RAN node 502 and UE 204 send and receive / measure the corresponding PRS during the scheduled time. NG-RAN node 502 and UE 204 then transmit their respective measurements to LMF 270. In some cases, NG-RAN node 502 may transmit its measurements to UE 204, which can then forward them to LMF 270 using LPP signaling. Alternatively, NG-RAN node 502 may transmit its measurements directly to LMF 270 using LPPa or NRPPa signaling. In some cases, UE 204 may transmit its measurements to NG-RAN node 502 using RRC, Uplink Control Information (UCI), or MAC Control Element (MAC-CE) signaling, and NG-RAN node 502 may forward the measurements to LMF 270 using LPPa or NRPPa signaling. Alternatively, UE 204 may transmit its measurements directly to LMF 270 using LPP signaling.

[0169] Once LMF 270 obtains measurements (depending on the type of positioning method) from UE 204 and / or NG-RAN node 502, it uses those measurements to calculate an estimate of the location of UE 204. Then, at stage 540, LMF 270 transmits a location service response, including the location estimate of UE 204, to AMF 264. AMF 264 then forwards the location service response to the entity that generated the location service request at stage 550. Specifically, if the location service request was received from 5GC LCS entity 580 at stage 510a, then AMF 264 transmits the location service response to 5GC LCS entity 580 at stage 550a. However, if the location service request was received from UE 204 at stage 510c, then AMF 264 transmits the location service response to UE 204 at stage 550c. Alternatively, if AMF 264 generates a location service request at stage 510b, then at stage 550b, AMF264 stores / uses the location service response itself.

[0170] It should be noted that although the location service procedure 500 has been described as a UE-assisted location service procedure above, it can be replaced by a UE-based location service procedure. A UE-assisted location service procedure is one in which the LMF 270 calculates the location of the UE 204, while a UE-based location service procedure is one in which the UE 204 calculates its own location. In the case of a UE-based location service procedure, stages 510c and 550c will be executed. The LMF 270 can still coordinate the transmission / measurement of DL-PRS (and possibly UL-PRS), but the measurement will be forwarded to the UE 204 instead of the LMF 270. Therefore, the location service response at stages 540 and 550c can be a measurement from the involved NG-RAN node 502, rather than a location estimate from the UE 204. Alternatively, if the NG-RAN node 502 involved forwards its corresponding measurements directly to the UE 204 (e.g., via RRC signaling), the location service response at stage 540 may simply be an acknowledgment of the completion of the NG-RAN node and UE location process at stage 530.

[0171] Figure 6This is a diagram 600 illustrating an example channel estimation of a multipath channel between a receiver device (e.g., any of the UEs or base stations described herein) and a transmitter device (e.g., any other of the UEs or base stations described herein) according to various aspects of this disclosure. The channel estimation expresses the strength of a radio frequency (RF) signal (e.g., a positioning reference signal (PRS)) received through the multipath channel as a function of time delay and may be referred to as the channel energy response (CER), channel impulse response (CIR), or power delay distribution (PDP) of the channel. Therefore, the horizontal axis represents time (e.g., milliseconds), and the vertical axis represents signal strength (e.g., decibels). It should be noted that a multipath channel is a channel between a transmitter and a receiver where the RF signal follows multiple paths or multipaths due to transmission on multiple beams and / or due to the propagation characteristics of the RF signal (e.g., reflection, refraction, etc.).

[0172] exist Figure 6 In the example, the receiver detects / measures multiple (four) channel taps of the RF signal. Each channel tap is a cluster of one or more rays and corresponds to the multipath that the RF signal follows between the transmitter and receiver. Therefore, the channel tap represents the arrival time and signal strength of the RF signal on the multipath. Multiple channel taps may exist because the RF signal is transmitted on different transmit beams (and therefore at different angles), or due to the propagation characteristics of the RF signal (e.g., it may follow different paths due to reflection), or both. Note that although Figure 6 Channel taps with two to five rays are illustrated, but as will be understood, channel taps may have more or fewer rays than the illustrated number.

[0173] exist Figure 6 In the example, the channel tap detected at time T3 consists of stronger rays compared to the channel tap detected at time T1. This could be due to obstacles on the LOS path between the transmitter and receiver. Alternatively or additionally, there may be strong reflectors along the NLOS path corresponding to the channel tap detected at time T3.

[0174] Figure 7A An example wireless communication system 700 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. In some aspects, the wireless communication system 700 is a reference. Figures 1 to 6 and Figures 7B to 13 Examples of the corresponding elements described may include aspects of these corresponding elements. In some examples, the wireless communication system 700 includes a first TRP 702-a, a second TRP 702-b, and a UE 704 in an SFN scheme A configuration.

[0175] In other words, the wireless communication system 700 can correspond to a non-transparent SFN scheme that supports UE-based enhanced tracking and DMRS channel estimation operations. The first TRP 702-a can transmit a first TRS (TRS1), and the second TRP 702-b can transmit a second TRS (TRS2). TRS1 and TRS2 are source reference signals for UE 704.

[0176] refer to Figure 7B According to various aspects of this disclosure, an example of a QCL relationship 750 for a wireless communication system 700 is illustrated. That is, UE 704 can receive signaling via downlink control information (DCI) indicating a first TCI state and a second TCI state. The first TCI state indicates a QCL-Type A configuration for TRS1 708-a corresponding to DMRS 710 of PDSCH or PDCCH. The second TCI state indicates a QCL-Type A configuration for TRS2 708-b corresponding to DMRS 710 of PDSCH or PDCCH. This QCL relationship informs UE 704 how to estimate DMRS 701 of the corresponding PDSCH or PDCCH. Additionally or alternatively, when operating in the FR2 band, the first TCI state may indicate a QCL-Type D configuration for TRS1 708-a corresponding to DMRS 710 of PDSCH or PDCCH. The second TCI status can indicate the QCL-TypeD configuration for TRS2 708-b corresponding to DMRS 710 for PDSCH or PDCCH.

[0177] Figure 7C Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 7B Example of channel estimation technique 770 for QCL relationship 750. That is, UE 704 measures TRS1 and generates a first CIR 712-a. UE 704 also measures TRS2 and generates a second CIR 712-b. Based on the combination of the first CIR 712-a and the second CIR 712-b, UE 704 derives the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread associated with the reception of TS1 and TRS2.

[0178] refer to Figure 7A and Figure 7BWhen UE 704 receives and estimates DMRS 710 of PDSCH or PDCCH, UE 704 uses the derived Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread. That is, according to the SFN scheme A configuration, DMRS 710 is transmitted synchronously via both the first TRP 702-a and the second TRP 702-b. Therefore, UE 704 uses the first TCI state and the second TCI state associated with DMRS 710. When performing channel estimation for DMRS 710, UE 704 can apply the derived Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread to time interpolation / extrapolation, as follows:

[0179] .

[0180] Figure 8A An example wireless communication system 800 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. In some aspects, the wireless communication system 800 is a reference. Figures 1 to 7C and Figures 8B to 13 Examples of the corresponding elements described may include aspects of these corresponding elements. In some examples, the wireless communication system 800 includes a first TRP 802-a, a second TRP 802-b, and a UE 804 in an SFN scheme B configuration.

[0181] In other words, the wireless communication system 800 can correspond to an SFN scheme that supports differential frequency pre-compensation. The first TRP 802-a can transmit a first TRS (TRS1), and the second TRP 802-b can transmit a second TRS (TRS2). TRS1 and TRS2 are source reference signals for UE 804. UE 804 then transmits the SRS received by both the first TRP 802-a and the second TRP 802-b. Based on this information and configured according to SFN scheme B, the second TRP 802-b pre-compensates the DMRS and PDSCH in the frequency domain. That is, when transmitting the DMRS and PDSCH to UE 804, the second TRP 802-b uses the frequency difference used by the first TRP 802-a.

[0182] refer to Figure 8BAccording to various aspects of this disclosure, an example of a QCL relationship 850 for a wireless communication system 800 is illustrated. That is, UE 804 can receive signaling via a DCI indicating a first TCI state and a second TCI state. The first TCI state indicates a QCL-Type A configuration for TRS1 808-a corresponding to DMRS 810 of the PDSCH. The second TCI state indicates a QCL-Type A configuration for TRS2 808-b corresponding to DMRS 810 of the PDSCH. This QCL relationship informs UE 804 how to estimate DMRS 810 of the PDSCH. For example, based on the second TCI state indicating the QCL-Type A configuration for TRS2 808-b under SFN scheme B configuration (e.g., QCL-Type A... (Configuration), the UE is aware of the use of time-domain attributes (i.e., average delay and delay spread), but ignores frequency-domain attributes (i.e., Doppler shift and Doppler spread) when applying these QCL attributes of TRS2 808-b to estimate the DMRS 810 of the PDSCH.

[0183] Figure 8C Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 8B Example of channel estimation technique 870 for QCL relationship 850. That is, UE 804 measures TRS1 and generates a first CIR 812-a. UE 804 also measures TRS2 and generates a second CIR 812-b. Based on SFN scheme B configuration, UE 804 derives the Doppler shift and Doppler spread associated with the reception of TRS1 only from the first CIR 812-a. Based on the combination of the first CIR 812-a and the second CIR 812-b, UE 804 derives the average delay and delay spread associated with the reception of TRS1 and TRS2.

[0184] refer to Figure 8A and Figure 8B When UE 804 receives and estimates DMRS 810 of PDSCH, UE 804 uses the derived Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread. That is, according to the SFN scheme B configuration, DMRS 810 is transmitted synchronously via both the first TRP 802-a and the second TRP 802-b. When performing channel estimation for DMRS 810, UE 704 can apply the derived Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread to time interpolation / extrapolation.

[0185] Figure 8D Examples of various aspects according to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 8AExample implementation 890 of the wireless communication system 800 in the example. That is, in the context of UE 804 traveling on high-speed train 892, the first TRP 802-a and the second TRP 802-b can operate according to SFN scheme B, such that frequency tracking is performed based on the first CIR 812-a of TRS1, and time tracking is based on a combination of the first CIR 812-a and the second CIR 812-b of both TRS1 and TRS2.

[0186] Figure 9A Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 1 The example QCL relation 950 is an example of a wireless communication system. In some respects, a communication system including QCL relation 950 is a reference. Figures 1 to 8D and Figures 9B to 13 Examples of the corresponding elements described may include aspects of these corresponding elements. In some examples, the QCL relationship 950 includes a first source reference signal 908-a, a second source reference signal 908-b, and a target reference signal 910.

[0187] In some examples, a UE (e.g., UE 104) may receive signaling (e.g., auxiliary data) from a positioning server (e.g., location server 172). This signaling includes first information and second information. The first information corresponds to a target reference signal 910 (e.g., RS-P), and the second information corresponds to a QCL relationship 950 between the target reference signal 910 and the first source reference signal 908-a and the second source reference signal 908-b. The first source reference signal 908-a may be transmitted from TRP0 (e.g., first base station 102) in a multi-TRP scheme, and the second source reference signal 908-b may be transmitted from TRP1 (e.g., second base station 102) in a multi-TRP scheme. The positioning server may be part of the core network or may be external to the core network. In some examples, the positioning server may cooperate with the UE and TRP in a multi-TRP scheme to perform positioning procedures, sensing procedures, etc. For example, the UE may send a measurement report corresponding to the target reference signal 910, wherein the measurement report includes the results of the positioning process. In some examples, one or more of the first source reference signal 908-a, the second source reference signal 908-b, and the target reference signal 910 may be a PRS. Depending on some specific implementations, the PRS may be based on, for example, relative to... Figure 10 and Figure 11 The described PRS configuration.

[0188] Figure 10 This is a diagram illustrating an example PRS configuration 1000 for PRS transmission of a given base station, based on various aspects of this disclosure. Figure 10In the diagram, time is represented horizontally, increasing from left to right. Each long rectangle represents a time slot, while each short (shaded) rectangle represents an OFDM symbol. Figure 10 In the example, PRS resource set 1010 (labeled "PRS resource set 1") includes two PRS resources: first PRS resource 1012 (labeled "PRS resource 1") and second PRS resource 1014 (labeled "PRS resource 2"). The base station transmits PRS on PRS resources 1012 and 1014 in PRS resource set 1010.

[0189] PRS resource set 1010 has a timing length of two time slots (N_PRS) and a periodicity of, for example, 160 time slots or 160 milliseconds (ms) (for a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing). Therefore, PRS resources 1012 and 1014 are both two consecutive time slots in length and repeat once every T_PRS time slot, starting from the time slot where the first symbol of the corresponding PRS resource appears. Figure 10 In the example, PRS resource 1012 has a symbol length of two symbols (N_symb), and PRS resource 1014 has a symbol length of four symbols (N_symb). PRS resource 1012 and PRS resource 1014 can be transmitted on separate beams of the same base station.

[0190] Each instance of PRS resource set 1010 (exemplified as instances 1020-a, 1020-b, and 1020-c) includes a '2'-length timing (i.e., N_PRS = 2) for each PRS resource 1012, 1014 in the PRS resource set. PRS resources 1012 and 1014 repeat once per T_PRS slot until the silence sequence is periodically T_REP. Therefore, a bitmap of length T_REP may be needed to indicate which timings of instances 1020-a, 1020-b, and 1020-c of PRS resource set 1010 are silenced (i.e., not sent).

[0191] On the one hand, additional constraints may exist for PRS configuration 1000. For example, for all PRS resources (e.g., PRS resources 1012, 1014) in a PRS resource set (e.g., PRS resource set 1010), the base station may configure the following parameters to be the same: (a) timing length (N_PRS), (b) number of symbols (N_symb), (c) comb type, and / or (d) bandwidth. Furthermore, for all PRS resources in all PRS resource sets, the subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix may be configured to be the same for one base station or for all base stations. Whether it is for one base station or for all base stations depends on the UE's ability to support the first and / or second options.

[0192] Figure 11Figure 1100 illustrates an example PRS configuration for two TRPs (labeled "TRP1" and "TRP2") operating in the same positioning frequency layer (labeled "Positioning Frequency Layer 1") according to various aspects of this disclosure. For a positioning session, auxiliary data indicative of the illustrated PRS configuration may be provided to the UE. Figure 11 In the example, a first TRP (“TRP1”) is associated with two PRS resource sets labeled “PRS Resource Set 1” and “PRS Resource Set 2” (e.g., sending these resource sets), and a second TRP (“TRP2”) is associated with one PRS resource set labeled “PRS Resource Set 3”. Each PRS resource set includes at least two PRS resources. Specifically, the first PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 1”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 1” and “PRS Resource 2”, the second PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 2”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 3” and “PRS Resource 4”, and the third PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 3”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 5” and “PRS Resource 6”.

[0193] When a UE configures multiple PRS resources beyond its capacity in the auxiliary data for a positioning method, the UE assumes that the PRS resources in the auxiliary data are sorted in descending order of measurement priority. In some cases, the 64 TRPs for each frequency layer are sorted according to priority, and the two PRS resource sets for each TRP of the frequency layer are also sorted according to priority. However, it is possible or not to sort all four frequency layers according to priority, and it is possible or not to sort the 64 PRS resources in the PRS resource set for each TRP of each frequency layer according to priority. The reference indicated by the auxiliary data parameter "nr-DL-PRS-ReferenceInfo" for each frequency layer has the highest priority at least for the DL-TDOA positioning procedure.

[0194] refer to Figure 9AThe first source reference signal 908-a can be a first initial PRS, and the second source reference signal 908-b can be a second initial PRS. The UE can receive the first initial PRS from TRP0 and the second initial PRS from TRP1. One or more QCL attributes can be indicated in QCL relationship 950. That is, QCL relationship 950 can indicate how the first and second initial PRS are QCL-compliant with the target reference signal 910 (which can be a single target PRS). Then, when performing channel estimation for a single target PRS in a multi-TRP scheme, the UE can apply one or more QCL attributes. That is, for example, the target PRS can be transmitted synchronously via both TRP0 and TRP1. Advantageously, depending on some specific implementations, the positioning information generated by the positioning process involving a single target PRS may be more accurate.

[0195] In some examples, the first source reference signal 908-a may be a first SSB resource, and the second source reference signal 908-b may be a second SSB resource. The target reference signal 910 may be a single PRS having one or more QCL attributes indicated in the QCL relationship 950 relative to the first and second SSB resources. Additionally or alternatively, the target reference signal 910 may be a single TRS or a single CSI-RS having one or more QCL attributes indicated in the QCL relationship 950 relative to the first and second SSB resources. Then, when channel estimation of a single target PRS, a single target TRS, or a single target CSI-RS is performed in a multi-TRP configuration, the UE may apply one or more QCL attributes. That is, for example, a single target PRS, a single target TRS, or a single target CSI-RS may be transmitted synchronously via both the first TRP and the second TRP.

[0196] In some aspects, the QCL attributes of QCL relation 950 may correspond to one or more of Doppler frequency shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread, and spatial receiving beam. That is, for example, QCL type X configuration includes various permutations of these QCL attributes. For example, QCL relation 950 may correspond to the average delay QCL attribute. In some cases, the average delay QCL attribute identified in QCL relation 950 may not include other QCL attributes. In some cases, the average delay QCL attribute may be included together with one or more other QCL attributes identified in QCL relation 950. That is, for example, QCL relation 950 may include information indicating common average delay channel characteristics. For example, common average delay channel characteristics may indicate that the average delay QCL attribute applies to both the first source reference signal 908-a and the second source reference signal 908-b. In some cases, the common average delay channel characteristic refers to the average delay QCL of the first source reference signal 908-a and the target reference signal 910, and the average delay QCL of the second source reference signal 908-b and the target reference signal 910.

[0197] Figure 9B Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 9A Example QCL relation 950 example channel estimation operation 970. Reference Figure 9A and Figure 9B In some examples, after receiving a first source reference signal 908-a, the UE may perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may measure the first source reference signal 908-a and generate a first CIR 912-a. The UE may derive a first average delay based at least in part on the first CIR 912-a and a QCL relationship 950 indicating common average delay channel characteristics. Additionally, after receiving a second source reference signal 908-b, the UE may perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal 908-b. The UE may also measure the second source reference signal 908-b and generate a second CIR 912-b. The UE may derive a second average delay channel characteristic based at least in part on the second CIR 912-b and a QCL relationship 950 indicating common average delay channel characteristics. The UE may receive a target reference signal 910 and perform a third channel estimation relative to the target reference signal 910. For example, when estimating the channel and subsequently demodulating the target reference signal 910, the UE may apply one or more channel estimation techniques (e.g., adjusting receiver timing) associated with the first average delay and the second average delay. That is, for example, the average delay channel characteristics may be related to time tracking and may be used as a correction for receive timing errors and propagation delay variations.

[0198] For example, QCL relation 950 may correspond to a delay-spread QCL attribute. In some cases, the delay-spread QCL attribute identified in QCL relation 950 may not include other QCL attributes. In some cases, the delay-spread QCL attribute may be included together with one or more other QCL attributes identified in QCL relation 950. In some cases, the common delay-spread channel characteristic refers to the delay spread of the first source reference signal 908-a and the delay-spread QCL of the target reference signal 910, and the delay spread of the second source reference signal 908-b and the delay-spread QCL of the target reference signal 910. In other words, the two delay spreads expected to be measured in the first source reference signal 908-a and the second source reference signal 908-b also appear in the target reference signal 910 around the corresponding average delay of each of the first source reference signal 908-a and the second source reference signal 908-b.

[0199] refer to Figure 9A and Figure 9B In some examples, after receiving a first source reference signal 908-a, the UE may perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may measure the first source reference signal 908-a and generate a first CIR 912-a. The UE may derive the first delay spread at least in part based on the first CIR 912-a and a QCL relationship 950 indicating common delay spread channel characteristics. Additionally, after receiving a second source reference signal 908-b, the UE may perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal 908-b. The UE may also measure the second source reference signal 908-b and generate a second CIR 912-b. The UE may derive the second delay spread at least in part based on the second CIR 912-b and a QCL relationship 950 indicating common delay spread channel characteristics. The UE may receive a target reference signal 910 and perform a third channel estimation relative to the target reference signal 910. For example, when estimating the channel and subsequently demodulating the target reference signal 910, the UE may apply one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread (e.g., frequency domain filtering used when processing the received signal). That is, for example, the delay spread channel characteristics may be related to time-domain dispersion caused by multipath propagation in the frequency domain.

[0200] In some examples, the QCL relationship 950 may include information indicating that the average delay channel characteristic associated with one of the source reference signals from the TRP (e.g., the second source reference signal 908-b from the second TRP) has been pre-compensated in the target reference signal 910. For example, the QCL relationship 950 may indicate that the average delay QCL attribute of the first source reference signal 908-a should be applied to the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the first TRP, but the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the second TRP has already been pre-compensated using the average delay based on the average delay of the first source reference signal 908-a. In other words, when transmitting the target reference signal 910 corresponding to the average delay from the first source reference signal 908-a, the second TRP is applying a delay shift in the average delay.

[0201] refer to Figure 9A and Figure 9B In some examples, after receiving a first source reference signal 908-a, the UE may perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may measure the first source reference signal 908-a and generate a first CIR 912-a. The UE may derive the first average delay based at least in part on the first CIR 912-a and a QCL relationship 950 indicating that the average delay QCL attribute applies to the first source reference signal 908-a. Additionally, after receiving a second source reference signal 908-b, the UE may perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal 908-b. The UE may also measure the second source reference signal 908-b and generate a second CIR 912-b. Although in some cases the UE may use the second CIR 912-b for certain QCL parameters, the UE avoids deriving the second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the QCL relationship 950 indicating that the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the second TRP has been pre-compensated using the average delay based on the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may receive a target reference signal 910 and perform a third channel estimation relative to the target reference signal 910. For example, when estimating the channel and subsequently demodulating the target reference signal 910, the UE may apply one or more channel estimation techniques associated with a first average delay (e.g., adjusting receiver timing).

[0202] In some examples, the QCL relationship 950 may include information indicating that the Doppler shift channel characteristics associated with one of the source reference signals from the TRP (e.g., the second source reference signal 908-b from the second TRP) have been pre-compensated in the target reference signal 910. For example, the QCL relationship 950 may indicate that the Doppler shift QCL attribute of the first source reference signal 908-a should be applied to the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the first TRP, but the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the second TRP has already been pre-compensated using the Doppler shift based on the Doppler shift of the first source reference signal 908-a. In other words, when transmitting the target reference signal 910 corresponding to the Doppler shift from the first source reference signal 908-a, the second TRP is applying the rotation phase in the Doppler shift.

[0203] refer to Figure 9A and Figure 9B In some examples, after receiving a first source reference signal 908-a, the UE may perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may measure the first source reference signal 908-a and generate a first CIR 912-a. The UE may derive the first Doppler frequency shift based at least in part on the first CIR 912-a and a QCL relationship 950 indicating that the Doppler frequency shift QCL attribute applies to the first source reference signal 908-a. Additionally, after receiving a second source reference signal 908-b, the UE may perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal 908-b. The UE may also measure the second source reference signal 908-a and generate a second CIR 912-b. While the UE may use the second CIR 912-b for certain QCL parameters in some cases, the UE can avoid deriving the second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the indication from the QCL relationship 950 that the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the second TRP has been pre-compensated using the Doppler shift based on the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may receive the target reference signal 910 and perform a third channel estimation relative to the target reference signal 910. For example, when estimating the channel and subsequently demodulating the target reference signal 910, the UE may apply one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift (e.g., correction for receiver oscillator frequency errors and / or frequency offsets associated with linear motion).

[0204] In some examples, the UE may send a request to the positioning server for an on-demand positioning procedure in which the target reference signal 910 is quasi-co-located with at least two source reference signals from different TRPs. In some cases, the positioning server may signal that the QCL relationship 950 can respond to a request from the UE. In some examples, the positioning server may send a request for an on-demand positioning procedure to a base station (e.g., base station 102) or another NG-RAN node in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship. In some cases, the positioning server may receive at least some signaling in response to the request. That is, for example, the positioning server may receive at least some signaling corresponding to the QCL relationship 950 from the base station, and then forward the at least some signaling to the UE.

[0205] For example, the positioning server may receive signaling from the base station including information corresponding to the target reference signal 910. The positioning server may also receive signaling from the base station including information corresponding to the QCL relationship 950. The positioning server may then send signaling to the UE including at least some information associated with the first source reference signal 908-a, the second source reference signal 908-b, the target reference signal 910, and / or the QCL relationship 950.

[0206] Figure 12 An example NTN system 1200 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. In some aspects, the NTN system is a reference. Figures 1 to 11 and Figure 13 Examples of the corresponding elements described may include aspects of these corresponding elements. In some examples, the NTN system 1200 includes a first satellite 1202-a and a second satellite 1202-b. In some examples, the first satellite 1202-a may correspond to a first TRP, and the second satellite 1202-b may correspond to a second TRP.

[0207] The first satellite 1202-a may transmit a first wide beam 1220. The first wide beam 1220 may have a coverage area 1230 and may include a plurality of narrow beams 1222. For example, the first satellite 1202-a may transmit a first narrow beam 1222-a, which provides coverage for a first lateral area and is associated with TRS1. The first satellite 1202-a may transmit a second narrow beam 1222-b, which provides coverage for a central area and is associated with TRS0. The first satellite 1202-a may transmit a third narrow beam 1222-c, which provides coverage for a second lateral area and is associated with TRS2.

[0208] Similarly, the second satellite 1202-b may transmit a second wide beam 1224. The second wide beam 1224 may have a coverage area 1230 that is at least partially identical to that of the first wide beam 1220. The second wide beam 1224 may include a plurality of narrow beams 1226. For example, the second satellite 1202-b may transmit a first narrow beam 1226-a, which also provides coverage for the first side region and is associated with TRS1. The second satellite 1202-b may transmit a second narrow beam 1222-b, which also provides coverage for the central region and is associated with TRS0. The second satellite 1202-b may transmit a third narrow beam 1222-c, which also provides coverage for the second side region and is associated with TRS2.

[0209] In some examples, to support multi-TRP configurations in wide-beam environments, multiple “sub-beams” (e.g., narrow beams 1222, 1226) are provided for each wide beam 1220, 1224. Therefore, UEs configurable for multi-TRP can be configured in wide-beam environments. For example, the SSB defined by the cell for both first satellite 1202-a and second satellite 1202-b can be transmitted such that the difference at the beam center is approximately zero. Thus, the SSB can be a QCL source relative to other DL-RSs near the beam center of the UE. However, when moving to the sides and edges of each wide beam 1220, 1224, the time difference between the two TRPs (e.g., first satellite 1202-a and second satellite 1202-b) may exceed the achievable multi-TRP coverage area. Therefore, in some cases, the QCL source can be changed to another SSB / TRS (transmitted from the same physical beam of wide beams 1220 and 1224, but delayed, resulting in the existence of "sub-beams / sub-cells" created as narrow beams 1222 and 1226). The UE is aware of the SSB defined by the cell, and the "sub-beam" TRS / SSB can be equivalent except for the delayed component, which can be signaled to the UE.

[0210] Figure 13 Examples of various aspects relative to this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 12 The example pre-compensation relationship 1350 for the NTN system 1200 is shown in the example. In some respects, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 is a reference. Figures 1 to 12 Examples of the corresponding elements and aspects described may include aspects of these corresponding elements and aspects. In some examples, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may correspond to other wireless communication systems different from the NTN system 1200, including various multi-TRP configurations.

[0211] The pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include one or more relationships associated with a plurality of reference signals 1308 and a plurality of target reference signals 1310. That is, for example, depending on some aspects, pre-compensation may be applied to reference signals that would otherwise be broadcast-type signals (e.g., PRS, TRS, etc.). For example, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include a first source reference signal 1308-a, a second source reference signal 1308-b, a first target reference signal 1310-a, a second target reference signal 1310-b, and a third target reference signal 1310-c. One or more pre-configuration factors 1332 may be included in the pre-compensation relationship 1350. For example, a first pre-configuration factor 1332-a may correspond to the relationship between the second source reference signal 1308-b and the first target reference signal 1310-a. A second pre-configuration factor 1332-b may correspond to the relationship between the second source reference signal 1308-b and the second target reference signal 1310-b. The third pre-configuration factor 1332-c corresponds to the relationship between the second source reference signal 1308-b and the third target reference signal 1310-c.

[0212] In some examples, each preconfiguration factor in the preconfiguration factors 1332 may be associated with a time-domain preconfiguration factor. For example, a first preconfiguration factor 1332-a may have a first time-domain factor or value (e.g., μ1), a second preconfiguration factor 1332-b may have a second time-domain factor or value (e.g., μ0), and a third preconfiguration factor 1332-c may have a third time-domain factor or value (e.g., μ2). That is, for example, each target reference signal 1310 may have a different time-domain preconfiguration factor (e.g., μi). In some examples, each preconfiguration factor in the preconfiguration factors 1332 may be associated with a frequency-domain preconfiguration factor. For example, a first preconfiguration factor 1332-a may have a first frequency-domain factor or value (e.g., Δf1), a second preconfiguration factor 1332-b may have a second frequency-domain factor or value (e.g., Δf0), and a third preconfiguration factor 1332-c may have a third frequency-domain factor or value (e.g., Δf2). That is, for example, each target reference signal 1310 may have a different frequency domain preconfiguration factor (e.g., Δfi). In some cases, one or more preconfiguration factors in the preconfiguration factors 1332 may have the same factor or value. In some cases, the precompensation relationship 1350 may include both time-domain and frequency-domain preconfiguration factors.

[0213] refer to Figure 12 and Figure 13The target reference signal 1310 may be a DL-RS (e.g., TRS, PRS, CSI-RS, etc.). The target reference signal 1310 may have time-domain pre-compensation relative to one or more source reference signals in the source reference signals 1308. For example, a first satellite 1202-a may transmit a first source reference signal 1308-a, and a second satellite 1202-b may transmit a second source reference signal 1308-b. In some cases, the first source reference signal 1308-a is a first SSB (e.g., SSB0), and the second source reference signal 1308-b is a second SSB (e.g., SSB1). SSB0 may correspond to a first wide beam 1220, and SSB1 may correspond to a second wide beam 1224. In some cases, the target reference signal 1310 may be a TRS used for positioning. The second target reference signal 1310-b corresponding to the central area of ​​the coverage area 1230 may be TRS0 and has a second pre-configured factor 1332-b with a second time-domain factor or value (e.g., μ0).

[0214] That is, for example, TRS0 can be transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a, having time-domain channel characteristics corresponding to the first source reference signal 1308-a. TRS0 can also be transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b in a coordinated manner, having time-domain channel characteristics different from the second source reference signal 1308-b. Conversely, TRS0 can be transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b, having time-domain channel characteristics pre-compensated by a second pre-configuration factor 1332-b with a second time-domain factor or value (e.g., μ0). The second pre-configuration factor 1332-b can be selected such that TRS0 transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b arrives at the UE in the central area of ​​coverage area 1230 at approximately the same time as TRS0 transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a. Therefore, TRS0 can be associated with a second narrow beam 1222-b transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a and a second narrow beam 1226-b transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b.

[0215] In some examples, the first target reference signal 1310-a corresponding to the first side area of ​​coverage 1230 may be TRS1 and has a second pre-configuration factor 1332-b with a first time-domain factor or value (e.g., μ1). TRS1 may be transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a and has time-domain channel characteristics corresponding to the first source reference signal 1308-a. TRS1 may be transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b in a coordinated manner and has time-domain channel characteristics different from those of the second source reference signal 1308-b. Alternatively, TRS1 may be transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b and has time-domain channel characteristics pre-compensated by the first pre-configuration factor 1332-a with a first time-domain factor or value (e.g., μ1). The first pre-configuration factor 1332-a may be selected such that TRS1 transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b arrives at the UE in the first side area of ​​coverage 1230 at approximately the same time as TRS1 transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a. Therefore, TRS1 can be associated with the first narrow beam 1222-a transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a and the first narrow beam 1226-a transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b. TRS2 associated with the second side region of coverage area 1230 can be similarly pre-compensated in the time domain.

[0216] In some examples, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include information indicating a time-domain pre-compensation configuration, rather than indicating various time-domain factors or values ​​associated with the target reference signal 1310, in which a first source reference signal 1308-a from the first satellite 1202-a is pre-compensated in the time domain relative to a second source reference signal 1308-b from the second satellite 1202-b. Based on this time-domain pre-compensation configuration, the UE can infer that time-domain pre-compensation has also been applied to the target reference signal 1310.

[0217] Additionally or alternatively, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include information indicating a time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which a first transmission of a target reference signal 1310 from a first satellite 1202-a is pre-compensated in the time domain relative to a second transmission of a target reference signal 1310 from a second satellite 1202-b. That is, for example, although in some implementations the first source reference signal 1308-a from the first satellite 1202-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b from the second satellite 1202-b may not be transmitted using time-domain pre-compensation, the UE knows that the corresponding target reference signal 1310 is transmitted using time-domain pre-compensation. In other words, for example, regardless of whether the UE is located in a first side area, a central area, or a second side area of ​​coverage area 1230, the corresponding target reference signals 1310-a, 1310-b, or 1310-c will be transmitted using time-domain pre-compensation from at least one of the satellites 1202 that are cooperatively transmitted according to a multi-TRP configuration or an SFN scheme.

[0218] refer to Figure 12 and Figure 13 The target reference signal 1310 may have frequency domain pre-compensation relative to one or more source reference signals in the source reference signals 1308. That is, for example, each satellite in satellite 1202 may be traveling in a different direction. To counteract this travel of satellite 1202 and any travel of the UE, frequency pre-compensation may be applied to certain reference signals. In some examples, a first satellite 1202-a may transmit a first source reference signal 1308-a, and a second satellite 1202-b may transmit a second source reference signal 1308-b. In some cases, the first source reference signal 1308-a is a first SSB (e.g., SSB0), and the second source reference signal 1308-b is a second SSB (e.g., SSB1). SSB0 may correspond to a first wide beam 1220, and SSB1 may correspond to a second wide beam 1224. In some cases, the first source reference signal 1308-a is a first TRS (e.g., TRS00), and the second source reference signal 1308-b is a second TRS (e.g., TRS01). TRS00 may correspond to a first wide beam 1220, and TRS01 may correspond to a second wide beam 1224. In some cases, the target reference signal 1310 may be a TRS or PRS used for positioning. In some cases, the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b are SSBs corresponding to the first wide beam 1220 and the second wide beam 1224, respectively. The third target reference signal 1310-c corresponding to the second side region of the coverage area 1230 may be TRS2 and has a third pre-configuration factor 1332-c with a third frequency domain factor or value (e.g., Δf2).

[0219] That is, for example, TRS2 can be transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a, having frequency domain channel characteristics corresponding to the first source reference signal 1308-a. TRS2 can also be transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b in a coordinated manner, having frequency domain channel characteristics different from the second source reference signal 1308-b. Conversely, TRS2 can be transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b, having frequency domain channel characteristics pre-compensated by a third pre-configuration factor 1332-c having a third frequency domain factor or value (e.g., Δf2). The third pre-configuration factor 1332-c can be selected such that TRS2 transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b arrives at the UE in the second side area of ​​coverage 1230 at approximately the same frequency as TRS2 transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a. Therefore, TRS2 can be associated with a third narrow beam 1222-c transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a and a third narrow beam 1226-c transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b. TRS1 and TRS2, which are associated with the central region and the second side region of the coverage area 1230, can be pre-compensated similarly in the frequency domain.

[0220] In some examples, the UE may receive signaling from the positioning server including information corresponding to the target reference signal 1310 and the pre-compensation relationship 1350. In some cases, such as when the target reference signal 1310 is a PRS or other positioning reference signal, this information may be received by the UE from the positioning server in the form of auxiliary data. That is, for example, auxiliary data from the positioning server may enable the UE to effectively use the target reference signal 1310 for TOA or Doppler estimation.

[0221] In some examples, the positioning server may receive at least some signaling from a base station (e.g., base station 202 or gNB-CU 226) operating in a multi-TRP configuration or SFN scheme, including information corresponding to the target reference signal 1310 and the pre-compensation relationship 1350. In some cases, such as when the target reference signal 1310 is a PRS or other positioning signal, this information may be received by the positioning server from the base station in the form of auxiliary data. That is, for example, auxiliary data from the base station may enable the positioning server to accurately determine distance measurements by knowing what pre-compensation (if any) is applied to a particular target reference signal 1310.

[0222] The UE may receive a first source reference signal 1308-a and / or a second source reference signal 1308-b from the base station. The UE may perform channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal 1308-a and / or the second source reference signal 1308-b. For example, the UE may perform channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal 1308-a and also relative to the second source reference signal 1308-b. The UE may derive various QCL attributes associated with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b.

[0223] The UE can use pre-compensation relation 1350 to determine how to apply various QCL attributes associated with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b to the reception of the target reference signal 1310. For example, pre-compensation relation 1350 can indicate a first pre-configuration factor 1332-a as a time-domain pre-compensation factor μ1 relative to the first target reference signal 1310-a as TRS1, a second pre-configuration factor 1332-b as a time-domain pre-compensation factor μ0 relative to the second target reference signal 1310-b as TRS0, and a third pre-configuration factor 1332-c as a time-domain pre-compensation factor μ2 relative to the third target reference signal 1310-c as TRS2.

[0224] For example, when the UE receives TRS0 according to a multi-TRP configuration or SFN scheme, the UE can apply certain channel estimation techniques based on various QCL attributes associated with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b. However, the UE will determine that the time-domain pre-compensation factor μ0 has been applied to the TRS0 transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b, and will ignore at least some time-domain QCL attributes derived from the second source reference signal 1308-b when estimating the channel associated with TRS0.

[0225] When the UE travels to another area within coverage area 1230 (e.g., a first side area of ​​coverage area 1230), the UE receives TRS1 according to a multi-TRP configuration or SFN scheme. The UE may reapply certain channel estimation techniques based on various QCL attributes associated with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b. However, the UE will determine that the time-domain pre-compensation factor μ1 has been applied to the TRS1 transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b, and will ignore at least some time-domain QCL attributes derived from the second source reference signal 1308-b when estimating the channel associated with TRS1.

[0226] In some examples, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may indicate a first pre-configuration factor 1332-a as a frequency domain pre-compensation factor Δf1 relative to a first target reference signal 1310-a as TRS1, a second pre-configuration factor 1332-b as a frequency domain pre-compensation factor Δf0 relative to a second target reference signal 1310-b as TRS0, and a third pre-configuration factor 1332-c as a frequency domain pre-compensation factor Δf2 relative to a third target reference signal 1310-c as TRS2.

[0227] For example, when the UE receives TRS2 according to a multi-TRP configuration or SFN scheme, the UE may apply certain channel estimation techniques based on various QCL attributes associated with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b. However, the UE will determine that the frequency domain pre-compensation factor Δf2 has been applied to the TRS2 transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b, and will ignore at least some frequency domain QCL attributes derived from the second source reference signal 1308-b when estimating the channel associated with TRS2. When the UE travels to another area in coverage area 1230 (e.g., the central area of ​​coverage area 1230), the UE receives TRS0 according to a multi-TRP configuration or SFN scheme, and may similarly determine that the frequency domain pre-compensation factor Δf0 has been applied to the TRS0 transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b based on the pre-compensation relationship 1350 that signals the UE.

[0228] In some examples, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include information indicating a frequency domain pre-compensation configuration, rather than indicating various frequency domain factors or values ​​associated with the target reference signal 1310, in which a first source reference signal 1308-a from the first satellite 1202-a is pre-compensated in the frequency domain relative to a second source reference signal 1308-b from the second satellite 1202-b. Based on this frequency domain pre-compensation configuration, the UE can infer that frequency domain pre-compensation has also been applied to the target reference signal 1310.

[0229] Additionally or alternatively, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include information indicating a frequency domain pre-compensation configuration in which a first transmission of a target reference signal 1310 from a first satellite 1202-a is pre-compensated in the frequency domain relative to a second transmission of a target reference signal 1310 from a second satellite 1202-b. That is, for example, although in some implementations the first source reference signal 1308-a from the first satellite 1202-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b from the second satellite 1202-b may not be transmitted using frequency domain pre-compensation, the UE knows that the corresponding target reference signal 1310 is transmitted using frequency domain pre-compensation. In other words, for example, regardless of whether the UE is located in a first side area, a central area, or a second side area of ​​coverage area 1230, the corresponding target reference signals 1310-a, 1310-b, or 1310-c will be transmitted using frequency domain pre-compensation from at least one of the satellites 1202 that are cooperatively transmitted according to a multi-TRP configuration or an SFN scheme.

[0230] In some examples, the positioning server may provide a list of TRPs (e.g., satellite 1202) that are part of an SFN scheme (e.g., SFN-ized) or a multi-TRP configuration in the auxiliary data message. For example, a set of source reference signals may be transmitted by one or more TRPs in the TRP list. If a source reference signal in that set of source reference signals can no longer be received by the UE, another source reference signal may be transmitted to the UE by one or more TRPs. For example, if the UE travels beyond the first lateral area of ​​coverage 1230 and can no longer receive SSB0 from satellite 1202-a, the UE may subsequently receive SSB2 from the third satellite if the third satellite is in the TRP list. In some cases, the positioning server may provide QCL associated information for each reference signal participating in the SFN scheme or multi-TRP configuration. In some cases, the positioning server may provide a time offset (e.g., time-domain pre-compensation factor) relative to the corresponding SSB or the corresponding reference signal (e.g., SSB, TRS, PRS, etc.). In some cases, the positioning server can provide a frequency offset (e.g., a frequency domain pre-compensation factor) relative to the corresponding SSB or the corresponding reference signal (e.g., SSB, TRS, PRS, etc.).

[0231] In some examples, the UE may receive signaling from the positioning server including information corresponding to the RSTD search window. In some cases, the TRPs participating in the SFN scheme or multi-TRP configuration (e.g., satellite 1202) have common expected RSTD and common expected uncertainty. Additionally or alternatively, according to some examples, the TRPs participating in the SFN scheme or multi-TRP configuration (e.g., satellite 1202) have common expected Doppler shift and common expected uncertainty. That is, for example, the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to the first satellite 1202-a and the second satellite 1202-b. In some cases, the information from the positioning server corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal 1310 has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal 1308. Based on this information, the UE can infer that pre-compensation is applied to certain reference signals in the multi-TRP configuration. In other words, for example, the signaling from the positioning server may lack explicit information corresponding to any reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal 1310 may have with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b.

[0232] Figure 14 This is a flowchart of an example process 1400 associated with time or Doppler pre-compensation reference signals and associated auxiliary data and report enhancements, based on various aspects of this disclosure. In some specific implementations, Figure 14 One or more process frames can be executed by the UE (e.g., UE 304). In some specific implementations, Figure 14 One or more process frames may be executed by another device or a group of devices, separate from or including the UE. Additionally or alternatively, Figure 14 One or more process frames may be executed by one or more components of the device (such as a processor, memory, transceiver), and any or all of these components may be parts for performing the operations of process 1400.

[0233] like Figure 14As shown, process 1400 may include, at block 1402, receiving signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), and the second information corresponding to a quasi-co-addressing (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP. Components for performing the operation of block 1402 may include a processor, memory, or transceiver of any of the devices described herein. For example, a UE may use WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 to receive signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to the positioning reference signal (RS-P), and the second information corresponding to a quasi-co-addressing (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP.

[0234] like Figure 14 As further shown, process 1400 may include, at block 1404, sending a measurement report corresponding to RS-P. Components used to perform the operation of block 1404 may include a processor, memory, or transceiver of any of the devices described herein. For example, the UE may use WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 to send a measurement report corresponding to RS-P.

[0235] Process 1400 may include additional embodiments, such as those described below and / or any single embodiment or any combination of embodiments described in conjunction with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0236] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates the common average delay channel characteristics between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0237] In some aspects, process 1400 includes: receiving a first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and second information; receiving a second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; deriving a second average delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and second information; receiving RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0238] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates the common delay spread channel characteristics.

[0239] In some aspects, process 1400 includes: receiving a first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and second information; receiving a second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; deriving a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and second information; receiving RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0240] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has already been pre-compensated in RS-P.

[0241] In some aspects, process 1400 includes: receiving a first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and second information; receiving a second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; avoiding deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receiving RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0242] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has Doppler frequency shift channel characteristics that have been pre-compensated in RS-P.

[0243] In some aspects, process 1400 includes: receiving a first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first Doppler frequency shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and second information; receiving a second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; avoiding deriving a second Doppler frequency shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receiving RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler frequency shift.

[0244] In some aspects, process 1400 includes sending a request to a positioning server for an on-demand positioning process in which the RS-P is quasi-co-located with at least two source reference signals from different transmit-receive points (TRPs), wherein signaling from the positioning server is received in response to the request.

[0245] In some respects, each of the first and second source reference signals includes at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0246] In some respects, RS-P includes at least one of a Position Reference Signal (PRS), a Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), or a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS).

[0247] although Figure 14 An example block for process 1400 is shown, but in some specific implementations, it differs from... Figure 14 Compared to the boxes depicted, process 1400 may include additional boxes, fewer boxes, different boxes, or boxes arranged in a different manner. Additionally or alternatively, two or more boxes in the process 1400 may be executed in parallel.

[0248] As will be understood, the technical advantages of process 1400 may include more efficient reception of RS-P, resulting in more accurate positioning information associated with the positioning process. That is, for example, reception of RS-P can be more efficient by signaling the QCL and / or pre-compensation relationship associated with the source reference signal.

[0249] Figure 15 This is a flowchart of an example process 1500 associated with time or Doppler pre-compensation reference signals and associated auxiliary data and report enhancements, based on various aspects of this disclosure. In some specific implementations, Figure 15 One or more process frames can be executed by the UE (e.g., UE 304). In some specific implementations, Figure 15 One or more process frames may be executed by another device or a group of devices, separate from or including the UE. Additionally or alternatively, Figure 15 One or more process frames may be executed by one or more components of the device (such as a processor, memory, transceiver), and any or all of these components may be parts for performing the operations of process 1500.

[0250] like Figure 15 As shown, process 1500 may include, at block 1502, receiving signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, and the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device. Components for performing the operation of block 1502 may include a processor, memory, or transceiver of any of the devices described herein. For example, the UE may use WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 to receive signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, and the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device.

[0251] like Figure 15 As further shown, process 1500 may include: at block 1504, receiving at least one of a first source reference signal or a second source reference signal. Components for performing the operation of block 1504 may include a processor, memory, or transceiver of any of the devices described herein. For example, the UE may use WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 to receive at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0252] Process 1500 may include additional embodiments, such as those described below and / or any single embodiment or any combination of embodiments described in conjunction with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0253] In some aspects, process 1500 includes: second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicating a time-domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal, a second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain pre-compensation relationship indicating a time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device or a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device.

[0254] In some aspects, process 1500 includes: performing a first channel estimation relative to at least one of a first source reference signal or a second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation relative to a target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with time-domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0255] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates the time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the time domain relative to the second source reference signal.

[0256] In some aspects, process 1500 includes: second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicating a frequency domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal, a second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency domain pre-compensation relationship indicating a frequency domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device or a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device.

[0257] In some aspects, process 1500 includes: performing a first channel estimation relative to at least one of a first source reference signal or a second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation relative to a target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0258] In some respects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates the frequency domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the frequency domain relative to the second source reference signal.

[0259] In some aspects, process 1500 includes: the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a set of transmitting devices, the set of transmitting devices including a first transmitting device and a second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the set of transmitting devices indicates that the set of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single-frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multiple transmit-receive-point (multiple TRP) configuration.

[0260] In some aspects, process 1500 includes: the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to a set of transmitting devices.

[0261] In some respects, the first transmitting device is the first transmitting and receiving point (TRP), and the second transmitting device is the second TRP.

[0262] In some respects, the first transmitting device is the first satellite in the non-terrestrial network (NTN), and the second transmitting device is the second satellite in the NTN.

[0263] In some respects, each of the first and second source reference signals includes at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0264] although Figure 15 An example block for process 1500 is shown, but in some specific implementations, it differs from... Figure 15 Compared to the boxes depicted, process 1500 may include additional boxes, fewer boxes, different boxes, or boxes arranged in a different manner. Additionally or alternatively, two or more boxes in process 1500 may be executed in parallel.

[0265] As will be understood, the technical advantages of process 1500 may include more efficient reception of the target reference signal. That is, for example, reception of the target reference signal can be more efficient by signaling the QCL and / or pre-compensation relationship associated with the source reference signal. Another technical advantage of process 1500 may include enabling the NTN system to operate efficiently in a multi-TRP configuration.

[0266] Figure 16 This is a flowchart of an example process 1600 associated with time or Doppler pre-compensation reference signals and associated auxiliary data and report enhancements, based on various aspects of this disclosure. In some specific implementations, Figure 16One or more process frames can be executed by a location server (e.g., network entity 306). In some specific implementations, Figure 16 One or more process frames may be executed by another device or a group of devices, separate from or including the location server. Additionally or alternatively, Figure 16 One or more process frames may be executed by one or more components of the device (such as a processor, memory, transceiver), and any or all of these components may be parts for performing the operations of process 1600.

[0267] like Figure 16 As shown, process 1600 may include, at block 1602, receiving first signaling from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), and the second information corresponding to a quasi-co-addressable (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first Transmitter-Receiver Point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP. Components for performing the operation of block 1602 may include a processor, memory, or transceiver of any of the devices described herein. For example, a positioning server may use network transceiver 390 to receive the first signaling from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), and the second information corresponding to a quasi-co-addressable (QCL) relationship between RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first Transmitter-Receiver Point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP.

[0268] like Figure 16 As further shown, process 1600 may include, at block 1604, sending a second signaling to the user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship. Components for performing the operation of block 1604 may include a processor, memory, or transceiver of any of the devices described herein. For example, a positioning server may use network transceiver 390 to send the second signaling to the user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0269] Process 1600 may include additional embodiments, such as those described below and / or any single embodiment or any combination of embodiments described in conjunction with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0270] In some aspects, process 1600 includes: sending a request to an NG-RAN node for an on-demand positioning process, in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; and responding to the request and receiving first signaling from the NG-RAN node, the first signaling including first information corresponding to RS-P and second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0271] although Figure 16 An example block for process 1600 is shown, but in some specific implementations, it differs from... Figure 16 Compared to the boxes depicted, process 1600 may include additional boxes, fewer boxes, different boxes, or boxes arranged in a different manner. Additionally or alternatively, two or more boxes in the process 1600 may be executed in parallel.

[0272] As will be understood, the technical advantages of process 1600 may include receiving more efficient information related to the reference signal used by the positioning server in the positioning process. Another technical advantage of process 1600 may include more efficient reception of RS-P, resulting in more accurate positioning information associated with the positioning process that can be used by the positioning server. That is, for example, reception of RS-P can be more efficient by signaling the QCL and / or pre-compensation relationship associated with the source reference signal.

[0273] Figure 17 This is a flowchart of an example process 1700 associated with time or Doppler pre-compensation reference signals and associated auxiliary data and report enhancements, based on various aspects of this disclosure. In some specific implementations, Figure 17 One or more process frames can be executed by a location server (e.g., network entity 306). In some specific implementations, Figure 17 One or more process frames may be executed by another device or a group of devices, separate from or including the location server. Additionally or alternatively, Figure 17 One or more process frames may be executed by one or more components of the device (such as a processor, memory, transceiver), and any or all of these components may be parts for performing the operations of process 1700.

[0274] like Figure 17As shown, process 1700 may include, at block 1702, receiving first signaling from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, and the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device. Components for performing the operation of block 1702 may include a processor, memory, or transceiver of any of the devices described herein. For example, a positioning server may use network transceiver 390 to receive the first signaling from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, and the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device.

[0275] like Figure 17 As further shown, process 1700 may include, at block 1704, sending a second signaling to the user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to a target reference signal or the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship. Components for performing the operation of block 1704 may include a processor, memory, or transceiver of any of the devices described herein. For example, a positioning server may use network transceiver 390 to send the second signaling to the user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to a target reference signal or the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0276] Process 1700 may include additional embodiments, such as those described below and / or any single embodiment or any combination of embodiments described in conjunction with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0277] In some aspects, process 1700 includes: a second signaling lacks second information, the second signaling also includes third information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to a set of transmitting devices, the set of transmitting devices including a first transmitting device and a second transmitting device.

[0278] In some respects, the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0279] In some respects, the target reference signal includes the downlink reference signal (DL-RS).

[0280] although Figure 17 An example block for process 1700 is shown, but in some specific implementations, it differs from... Figure 17 Compared to the boxes depicted, process 1700 may include additional boxes, fewer boxes, different boxes, or boxes arranged in a different manner. Additionally or alternatively, two or more boxes in process 1700 may be executed in parallel.

[0281] As will be understood, the technical advantages of process 1700 may include receiving more efficient information related to the reference signal used by the positioning server during the positioning process. Another technical advantage of process 1700 may include more efficient reception of the target reference signal, resulting in more accurate positioning information associated with the positioning process that can be used by the positioning server. That is, for example, reception of the target reference signal can be more efficient by signaling the QCL and / or pre-compensation relationship associated with the source reference signal. Another technical advantage of process 1700 may include reducing the amount of auxiliary data that needs to be transmitted to the UE by signaling one or more TRPs that they have a common expected RSTD search window. That is, for example, common expected RSTD search window signaling enables the UE to determine that a pre-compensation relationship has been applied to the target reference signal without additional auxiliary data associated with a particular pre-compensation relationship.

[0282] As can be seen in the detailed description above, different features are grouped together in the examples. This manner of disclosure should not be construed as an intention to include more features in the example clauses than are expressly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of this disclosure may include fewer features than those in the individual example clauses disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should be regarded accordingly as incorporated into the description, where each clause may serve as a separate example. Although each dependent clause may refer in the clause to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspects of that dependent clause are not limited to that specific combination. It should be understood that other example clauses may also include combinations of aspects of a dependent clause with the subject matter of any other dependent or independent clause, or combinations of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations unless expressly stated or readily inferred that a particular combination is not intended for use (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is contemplated that aspects of a clause may be included in any other independent clause, even if that clause does not directly depend on the independent clause.

[0283] Specific implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0284] Clause 1. A method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between the RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmitting a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

[0285] Clause 2. The method according to Clause 1, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates the common average delay channel characteristics between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0286] Clause 3. The method according to Clause 2, the method further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; deriving a second average delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0287] Clause 4. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 3, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates common delay spread channel characteristics.

[0288] Clause 5. The method according to Clause 4, the method further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; deriving a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0289] Clause 6. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 5, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0290] Clause 7. The method according to Clause 6, the method further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; avoiding deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0291] Clause 8. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 7, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler frequency shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0292] Clause 9. The method according to Clause 8, the method further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; deriving a first Doppler shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; avoiding deriving a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

[0293] Clause 10. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 9, the method further comprising: sending a request to the positioning server for an on-demand positioning process, wherein the RS-P is quasi-co-located with at least two source reference signals from different Transmit-Receive Points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received in response to the request.

[0294] Clause 11. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 10, wherein each of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0295] Clause 12. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 11, wherein the RS-P includes at least one of: Position Reference Signal (PRS), Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), or Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS).

[0296] Clause 13. A method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receiving at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0297] Clause 14. The method according to Clause 13, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0298] Clause 15. The method according to Clause 14, the method further comprising: performing a first channel estimation relative to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation relative to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the time-domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0299] Clause 16. The method according to any one of Clauses 13 to 15, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the time domain relative to the second source reference signal.

[0300] Clause 17. The method according to any one of Clauses 13 to 16, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates the frequency domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency domain pre-compensation relationship indicates frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0301] Clause 18. The method according to Clause 17, the method further comprising: performing a first channel estimation relative to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation relative to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0302] Clause 19. The method according to any one of Clauses 13 to 18, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated relative to the second source reference signal in the frequency domain.

[0303] Clause 20. The method according to any one of Clauses 13 to 19, wherein: the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a group of transmitting devices, the group of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the group of transmitting devices indicates that the group of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single-frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multiple transmit-receive-point (multiple TRP) configuration.

[0304] Clause 21. The method according to Clause 20, wherein: the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

[0305] Clause 22. The method according to any one of Clauses 13 to 21, wherein the first transmitting device is a first transmitting and receiving point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

[0306] Clause 23. The method according to any one of Clauses 13 to 22, wherein the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN), and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

[0307] Clause 24. The method according to any one of Clauses 13 to 23, wherein each of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0308] Clause 25. A method of communication performed by a positioning server, the method comprising: receiving first signaling from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between the RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmitting second signaling to a user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0309] Clause 26. The method according to Clause 25, the method further comprising: sending a request to the NG-RAN node for an on-demand positioning process, wherein at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; and responding to the request and receiving first signaling from the NG-RAN node, the first signaling including first information corresponding to the RS-P and second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0310] Clause 27. A method of communication performed by a positioning server, the method comprising: receiving first signaling from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship having the target reference signal with respect to a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmitting second signaling to a user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0311] Clause 28. The method according to Clause 27, wherein: the second signaling lacks the second information, the second signaling further includes third information corresponding to a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to a set of transmitting devices, the set of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device.

[0312] Clause 29. The method according to Clause 28, wherein the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0313] Clause 30. The method according to any one of Clauses 27 to 29, wherein the target reference signal includes a downlink reference signal (DL-RS).

[0314] Clause 31. A user equipment (UE) comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive signaling via the one or more transceivers and from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between the RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P via the one or more transceivers.

[0315] Clause 32. The UE as described in Clause 31, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates the common average delay channel characteristics between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0316] Clause 33. The UE according to Clause 32, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: receive the first source reference signal via the one or more transceivers; perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; derive a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal via the one or more transceivers; perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; derive a second average delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receive the RS-P via the one or more transceivers; and perform a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0317] Clause 34. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 31 to 33, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates common delay spread channel characteristics.

[0318] Clause 35. The UE according to Clause 34, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: receive the first source reference signal via the one or more transceivers; perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; derive a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal via the one or more transceivers; perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; derive a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receive the RS-P via the one or more transceivers; and perform a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0319] Clause 36. The UE according to any one of Clauses 31 to 35, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0320] Clause 37. The UE according to Clause 36, wherein the one or more processors are individually or in combination further configured to: receive the first source reference signal via the one or more transceivers; perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; derive a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal via the one or more transceivers; perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; avoid deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receive the RS-P via the one or more transceivers; and perform a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0321] Clause 38. The UE according to any one of Clauses 31 to 37, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler frequency shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0322] Clause 39. The UE according to Clause 38, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: receive the first source reference signal via the one or more transceivers; perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; derive a first Doppler shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal via the one or more transceivers; perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; avoid deriving a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receive the RS-P via the one or more transceivers; and perform a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

[0323] Clause 40. The UE according to any one of Clauses 31 to 39, wherein the one or more processors are individually or in combination further configured to: send a request for an on-demand positioning process to the positioning server via the one or more transceivers, wherein the RS-P is quasi-co-located with at least two source reference signals from different Transmit / Receive Points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received in response to the request.

[0324] Clause 41. The UE according to any one of Clauses 31 to 40, wherein each of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0325] Clause 42. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 31 to 41, wherein the RS-P includes at least one of: Position Reference Signal (PRS), Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), or Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS).

[0326] Clause 43. A UE comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive signaling via the one or more transceivers and from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receive at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal via the one or more transceivers.

[0327] Clause 44. The UE according to Clause 43, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0328] Clause 45. The UE according to Clause 44, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: perform a first channel estimation relative to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and perform a second channel estimation relative to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the time-domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0329] Clause 46. The UE according to any one of Clauses 43 to 45, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the time domain relative to the second source reference signal.

[0330] Clause 47. The UE according to any one of Clauses 43 to 46, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates the frequency domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency domain pre-compensation relationship indicates frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0331] Clause 48. The UE according to Clause 47, wherein the one or more processors are individually or in combination further configured to: perform a first channel estimation relative to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and perform a second channel estimation relative to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0332] Clause 49. The UE according to any one of Clauses 43 to 48, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the frequency domain relative to the second source reference signal.

[0333] Clause 50. The UE according to any one of Clauses 43 to 49, wherein: the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a group of transmitting devices, the group of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the group of transmitting devices indicates that the group of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single-frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multiple transmit-receive-point (multiple TRP) configuration.

[0334] Clause 51. The UE as described in Clause 50, wherein: the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

[0335] Clause 52. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 43 to 51, wherein the first transmitting device is a first transmitting and receiving point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

[0336] Clause 53. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 43 to 52, wherein the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN), and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

[0337] Clause 54. The UE according to any one of Clauses 43 to 53, wherein each of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0338] Clause 55. A positioning server comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive first signaling via the one or more transceivers and from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between the RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit second signaling via the one or more transceivers to a User Equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0339] Clause 56. The positioning server according to Clause 55, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: send a request for an on-demand positioning process to the NG-RAN node via the one or more transceivers, wherein at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; and receive, in response to the request and from the NG-RAN node via the one or more transceivers, the first signaling including first information corresponding to the RS-P and second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0340] Clause 57. A positioning server comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive first signaling via the one or more transceivers and from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship having the target reference signal with respect to a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmit second signaling via the one or more transceivers to a User Equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0341] Clause 58. The positioning server according to Clause 57, wherein: the second signaling lacks the second information, the second signaling further includes third information corresponding to a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to a set of transmitting devices, the set of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device.

[0342] Clause 59. The positioning server according to Clause 58, wherein the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0343] Clause 60. The positioning server according to any one of Clauses 57 to 59, wherein the target reference signal includes a downlink reference signal (DL-RS).

[0344] Clause 61. A user equipment (UE) comprising: components for receiving signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between the RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and components for transmitting a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

[0345] Clause 62. The UE as described in Clause 61, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates the common average delay channel characteristics between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0346] Clause 63. The UE according to Clause 62, the UE further comprising: means for receiving the first source reference signal; means for performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; means for deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; means for receiving the second source reference signal; means for performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; means for deriving a second average delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; means for receiving the RS-P; and means for performing a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0347] Clause 64. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 61 to 63, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates common delay spread channel characteristics.

[0348] Clause 65. The UE according to Clause 64, the UE further comprising: means for receiving the first source reference signal; means for performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; means for deriving a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; means for receiving the second source reference signal; means for performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; means for deriving a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; means for receiving the RS-P; and means for performing a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0349] Clause 66. The UE according to any one of Clauses 61 to 65, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0350] Clause 67. The UE according to Clause 66, the UE further comprising: means for receiving the first source reference signal; means for performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; means for deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; means for receiving the second source reference signal; means for performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; means for avoiding deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; means for receiving the RS-P; and means for performing a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0351] Clause 68. The UE according to any one of Clauses 61 to 67, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler frequency shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0352] Clause 69. The UE according to Clause 68, the UE further comprising: means for receiving the first source reference signal; means for performing a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; means for deriving a first Doppler shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; means for receiving the second source reference signal; means for performing a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; means for avoiding deriving a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; means for receiving the RS-P; and means for performing a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

[0353] Clause 70. The UE according to any one of Clauses 61 to 69, the UE further comprising: a component for sending a request to the positioning server for an on-demand positioning process, wherein the RS-P is quasi-co-located with at least two source reference signals from different Transmit / Receive Points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received in response to the request.

[0354] Clause 71. The UE according to any one of Clauses 61 to 70, wherein each of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0355] Clause 72. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 61 to 71, wherein the RS-P includes at least one of: Position Reference Signal (PRS), Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), or Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS).

[0356] Clause 73. A UE, the UE comprising: components for receiving signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and components for receiving at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0357] Clause 74. The UE according to Clause 73, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0358] Clause 75. The UE according to Clause 74, the UE further comprising: means for performing a first channel estimation relative to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and means for performing a second channel estimation relative to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the time-domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0359] Clause 76. The UE according to any one of Clauses 73 to 75, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the time domain relative to the second source reference signal.

[0360] Clause 77. The UE according to any one of Clauses 73 to 76, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates the frequency domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency domain pre-compensation relationship indicates frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0361] Clause 78. The UE according to Clause 77, the UE further comprising: means for performing a first channel estimation relative to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and means for performing a second channel estimation relative to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0362] Clause 79. The UE according to any one of Clauses 73 to 78, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the frequency domain relative to the second source reference signal.

[0363] Clause 80. The UE according to any one of Clauses 73 to 79, wherein: the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a group of transmitting devices, the group of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the group of transmitting devices indicates that the group of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single-frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multiple transmit-receive-point (multiple TRP) configuration.

[0364] Clause 81. The UE as described in Clause 80, wherein: the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

[0365] Clause 82. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 73 to 81, wherein the first transmitting device is a first transmitting and receiving point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

[0366] Clause 83. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 73 to 82, wherein the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN), and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

[0367] Clause 84. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 73 to 83, wherein each of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0368] Clause 85. A positioning server comprising: means for receiving first signaling from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between the RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and means for transmitting second signaling to a user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0369] Clause 86. The positioning server according to Clause 85, further comprising: a component for sending a request to the NG-RAN node for an on-demand positioning process, wherein at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; and a component for responding to the request and receiving first signaling from the NG-RAN node, the first signaling including first information corresponding to the RS-P and second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0370] Clause 87. A positioning server comprising: means for receiving first signaling from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship having the target reference signal with respect to a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and means for transmitting second signaling to a user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0371] Clause 88. The positioning server as described in Clause 87, wherein: the second signaling lacks the second information, the second signaling further includes third information corresponding to a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to a set of transmitting devices, the set of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device.

[0372] Clause 89. The positioning server according to Clause 88, wherein the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0373] Clause 90. The positioning server according to any one of Clauses 87 to 89, wherein the target reference signal includes a downlink reference signal (DL-RS).

[0374] Clause 91. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-co-addressable (QCL) relationship between the RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

[0375] Clause 92. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 91, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates the common average delay channel characteristics between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0376] Clause 93. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 92, further comprising computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; derive a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; derive a second average delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receive the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0377] Clause 94. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 91 to 93, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates common delay spread channel characteristics.

[0378] Clause 95. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 94, further comprising computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; derive a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; derive a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receive the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0379] Clause 96. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 91 to 95, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0380] Clause 97. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 96, further comprising computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; derive a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; avoid deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receive the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0381] Clause 98. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 91 to 97, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler frequency shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0382] Clause 99. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 98 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; derive a first Doppler shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; avoid deriving a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receive the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

[0383] Clause 100. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 91 to 99, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: send a request to the positioning server for an on-demand positioning process, wherein the RS-P is quasi-co-addressed with at least two source reference signals from different Transmit-Receive Points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received in response to the request.

[0384] Clause 101. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 91 to 100, wherein each of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0385] Clause 102. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 91 to 101, wherein the RS-P includes at least one of: a Position Reference Signal (PRS), a Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), or a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS).

[0386] Clause 103. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a UE, cause the UE to: receive signaling from a positioning server, the signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receive at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0387] Clause 104. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 103, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0388] Clause 105. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 104 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: perform a first channel estimation relative to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and perform a second channel estimation relative to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the time-domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0389] Clause 106. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 103 to 105, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the time domain relative to the second source reference signal.

[0390] Clause 107. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 103 to 106, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0391] Clause 108. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 107 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: perform a first channel estimation relative to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and perform a second channel estimation relative to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0392] Clause 109. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 103 to 108, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated relative to the second source reference signal in the frequency domain.

[0393] Clause 110. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 103 to 109, wherein: the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a group of transmitting devices, the group of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the group of transmitting devices indicates that the group of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single-frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multiple transmit-receive-point (multiple TRP) configuration.

[0394] Clause 111. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 110, wherein: the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

[0395] Clause 112. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 103 to 111, wherein the first transmitting device is a first transmitting-receiving point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

[0396] Clause 113. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 103 to 112, wherein the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN), and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

[0397] Clause 114. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 103 to 113, wherein each of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0398] Clause 115. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a positioning server, cause the positioning server to: receive first signaling from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a positioning reference signal (RS-P), the second information corresponding to a quasi-co-addressable (QCL) relationship between the RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first transmit-receive point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit second signaling to a user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0399] Clause 116. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 115 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the positioning server, cause the positioning server to: send a request to the NG-RAN node for an on-demand positioning process, in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; and, in response to the request, receive first signaling from the NG-RAN node, the first signaling including first information corresponding to the RS-P and second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0400] Clause 117. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a positioning server, cause the positioning server to: receive first signaling from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship having the target reference signal with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmit second signaling to a User Equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0401] Clause 118. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 117, wherein: the second signaling lacks the second information, the second signaling further includes third information corresponding to a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to a set of transmitting devices, the set of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device.

[0402] Clause 119. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 118, wherein the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0403] Clause 120. A non-transitory computer-readable medium pursuant to any one of Clauses 117 to 119, wherein the target reference signal includes a downlink reference signal (DL-RS).

[0404] Those skilled in the art will understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and arts. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the above description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0405] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability between hardware and software, various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above in general terms of their functionality. Whether this functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such specific implementation decisions should not be construed as departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0406] The various exemplary logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. The general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in alternative embodiments, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0407] The methods, sequences, and / or algorithms described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or a combination of both. The software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disks, removable disks, CD-ROMs, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. Example storage media are coupled to a processor such that the processor can read information from and write information to the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be integral with the processor. The processor and storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., a UE). Alternatively, the processor and storage medium may reside as discrete components in the user terminal.

[0408] In one or more examples, the described functionality may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functionality may be stored as one or more instructions or code on or transmitted via a computer-readable medium. A computer-readable medium includes both computer storage media and communication media, which includes any medium that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage medium may be any available medium accessible to a computer. By way of example and not limitation, such computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disc storage devices, disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store the desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and is accessible to a computer. Additionally, any connection is appropriately referred to as a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included within the definition of a medium. As used herein, disks and optical discs include: compact optical discs (CDs), laser discs, optical discs, digital versatile discs (DVDs), floppy disks, and Blu-ray discs. Disks typically reproduce data magnetically, while optical discs reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of these should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0409] While the foregoing disclosure illustrates exemplary aspects of this disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the scope of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps, and / or actions of the method claims according to aspects of this disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, no component, function, action, or instruction described or claimed herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly stated otherwise. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “set,” “group,” etc., are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “having,” “comprising,” “including,” etc., do not exclude the presence of one or more additional elements (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B). Moreover, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “at least partially based on” unless otherwise explicitly stated. Additionally, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be open-ended when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or” unless otherwise expressly stated (e.g., if used in conjunction with “any” or “only one”), or these alternatives are mutually exclusive (e.g., “one or more” should not be interpreted as “one and more”). Furthermore, although components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, plural forms may also be considered unless expressly stated as limited to the singular. Thus, as used herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “the” are intended to include one or more of the described elements. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” include “one” component, function, action, or instruction that performs or is capable of performing the described or claimed functionality, and also include “two or more” components, functions, actions, or instructions that perform or are capable of performing the described or claimed functionality in combination.

Claims

1. A method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: The signaling received from the positioning server includes first information and second information. The first information corresponds to the positioning reference signal (RS-P), and the second information corresponds to the quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship between the RS-P and the first source reference signal from the first transmit-receive point (TRP) and the second source reference signal from the second TRP. as well as Send the measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates the common average delay channel characteristics between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: Receive the first source reference signal; Perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; The first average delay is derived at least in part based on the first channel estimation and the second information; Receive the second source reference signal; Perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; The second average delay is derived at least in part based on the second channel estimation and the second information; Receive the RS-P; as well as A third channel estimation is performed relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates common delay spread channel characteristics.

5. The method according to claim 4, further comprising: Receive the first source reference signal; Perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; The first delay spread is derived at least in part based on the first channel estimation and the second information; Receive the second source reference signal; Perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; The second delay spread is derived at least in part based on the second channel estimation and the second information; Receive the RS-P; as well as A third channel estimation is performed relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: Receive the first source reference signal; Perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; The first average delay is derived at least in part based on the first channel estimation and the second information; Receive the second source reference signal; Perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; Avoid deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimate based at least in part on the second information; Receive the RS-P; as well as A third channel estimation is performed relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler frequency shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising: Receive the first source reference signal; Perform a first channel estimation relative to the first source reference signal; The first Doppler frequency shift is derived at least in part based on the first channel estimation and the second information; Receive the second source reference signal; Perform a second channel estimation relative to the second source reference signal; Avoid deriving the second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimate based at least in part on the second information; Receive the RS-P; as well as A third channel estimation is performed relative to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: A request for an on-demand positioning process is sent to the positioning server, wherein the RS-P is quasi-co-located with at least two source reference signals from different Transmit / Receive Points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received in response to the request.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the RS-P comprises at least one of the following: Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), or Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS).

13. A method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: The signaling is received from the positioning server. The signaling includes first information and second information. The first information corresponds to the target reference signal. The second information corresponds to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device and the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device. as well as Receive at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein: The second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates the time-domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both. The time-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising: Perform a first channel estimation relative to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; as well as A second channel estimation is performed relative to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the time-domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the time domain relative to the second source reference signal.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein: The second information, corresponding to the pre-compensation relationship of the reference signal, indicates the frequency domain pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both. The frequency domain pre-compensation relationship indicates frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising: Perform a first channel estimation relative to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; as well as A second channel estimation is performed relative to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequency domain pre-compensation parameters corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

19. The method of claim 13, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the frequency domain relative to the second source reference signal.

20. The method of claim 13, wherein: The signaling also includes third information corresponding to a group of transmitting devices, the group of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and The third information corresponding to the group of transmitting devices indicates that the group of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single-frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multiple transmit-receive-point (multiple TRP) configuration.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein: The signaling also includes fourth information corresponding to the Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) search window, and The fourth information, corresponding to the RSTD search window, indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

22. The method of claim 13, wherein the first transmitting device is a first transmitting-receiving point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

23. The method of claim 13, wherein the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN), and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

24. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

25. A method of communication performed by a location server, the method comprising: First signaling is received from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node. The first signaling includes first information and second information. The first information corresponds to a Positioning Reference Signal (RS-P), and the second information corresponds to the Quasi-Co-location (QCL) relationship between the RS-P and a first source reference signal from a first Transmit-Receive Point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP. as well as Send a second signaling message to the user equipment (UE), the second signaling message including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

26. The method according to claim 25, further comprising: Send a request for an on-demand positioning process to the NG-RAN node, in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; as well as In response to the request and receiving the first signaling from the NG-RAN node, the first signaling includes the first information corresponding to the RS-P and the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

27. A method of communication performed by a location server, the method comprising: Receive first signaling from a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) node, the first signaling including first information and second information, the first information corresponding to a target reference signal, and the second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship between the target reference signal and a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; as well as Send a second signaling to the user equipment (UE), the second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein: The second signaling lacks the second information. The second signaling also includes third information corresponding to the reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and The third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmission corresponding to a set of transmitting devices, including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

30. The method of claim 27, wherein the target reference signal includes a downlink reference signal (DL-RS).

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