Compound slow-release fertilizer for cultivating flammulina velutipes and preparation method of compound slow-release fertilizer

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation fertilizers, in particular to a compound slow-release fertilizer for cultivating flammulina velutipes and a preparation method thereof.The compound slow-release fertilizer is prepared from, by weight, 40-180 parts of an organic matrix, 5-30 parts of inorganic nutrients, 3-20 parts of a compound slow-release carrier, 0.5-5 parts of a biological synergist, 0.1-2 parts of microelements and 1-8 parts of a conditioner; the organic substrate is one or more of rice bran and sawdust, and at least one of humic acid and soybean meal can be added; the inorganic nutrient is a combination of diammonium hydrogen phosphate and potassium sulfate. According to the compound slow-release fertilizer for cultivating the flammulina velutipes and the preparation method of the compound slow-release fertilizer, a plurality of technical defects of the existing flammulina velutipes cultivation fertilizer are overcome, and the compound slow-release fertilizer has remarkable technical effects in multiple aspects.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of fertilizer technology for edible fungi cultivation, specifically to a compound slow-release fertilizer for cultivating enoki mushrooms and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] As a common edible fungus used for both food and medicine, the supply and release of nutrients from fertilizers during the artificial cultivation of enoki mushrooms are the core factors affecting mycelial growth, fruiting body yield, and quality.

[0003] Currently, there are still many technical shortcomings in the field of fertilizers for enoki mushroom cultivation. Existing slow-release fertilizers mostly use a single slow-release carrier and single-layer coating technology, resulting in poor slow-release effects. The nutrient release pattern is difficult to match with the growth cycle of enoki mushrooms, easily leading to problems such as waste due to sudden nutrient release in the early stage and insufficient nutrients affecting growth in the later stage. Some fertilizers only add a single biological agent and omit professional fermentation and activation processes, resulting in low biological activity, poor utilization of organic nutrients, and inability to effectively improve the micro-ecological environment of the cultivation substrate. In scenarios such as continuous cropping in greenhouses where miscellaneous bacteria are prone to proliferate, existing fertilizers have weak resistance to miscellaneous bacteria, resulting in a high rate of contamination and seriously restricting the normal growth of enoki mushrooms. Pure inorganic fertilizers lack the supply of diverse organic nutrients, which can easily lead to a single nutrient composition and reduced quality of enoki mushroom fruiting bodies; while conventional organic-inorganic mixed fertilizers are merely a physical superposition of raw materials and fail to achieve synergistic effects among the components.

[0004] In addition, existing fertilizers have poor storage stability, and long-term storage can easily lead to particle breakage and nutrient loss. Furthermore, their slow-release performance fluctuates greatly under different humidity conditions. They also lack specific designs for different scenarios such as small-scale home cultivation, greenhouse cultivation, and large-scale factory cultivation, making it difficult to meet the industrial development needs of large-scale, efficient, and high-quality enoki mushroom cultivation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a compound slow-release fertilizer that is suitable for the growth characteristics of enoki mushrooms. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The primary objective of this invention is to provide a compound slow-release fertilizer for cultivating enoki mushrooms and its preparation method.

[0006] A further objective of this invention is to provide a compound slow-release fertilizer for cultivating enoki mushrooms, comprising 40-180 parts by weight of organic substrate, 5-30 parts by weight of inorganic nutrients, 3-20 parts by weight of compound slow-release carrier, 0.5-5 parts by weight of bio-synergist, 0.1-2 parts by weight of trace elements, and 1-8 parts by weight of conditioner; wherein the organic substrate is one or more of rice bran and sawdust, and may also include at least one of humic acid and soybean meal; the inorganic nutrients are a combination of diammonium hydrogen phosphate and potassium sulfate; the compound slow-release carrier is one or two of chitosan and sodium alginate; the bio-synergist is Bacillus subtilis, and may also include at least one of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis; the trace elements are EDTA-chelated zinc, and may also include at least one of EDTA-chelated iron and EDTA-chelated manganese; the conditioner is lime, and may also include gypsum.

[0007] Preferably, the organic matrix is ​​a combination of rice bran and sawdust, or a combination of rice bran, sawdust and humic acid, or a combination of rice bran, sawdust, humic acid and soybean meal; the bio-synergist is a combination of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, or a combination of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis.

[0008] A method for preparing a compound slow-release fertilizer for cultivating enoki mushrooms includes the following steps: (1) Raw material pretreatment: The organic matrix is ​​crushed, sun-dried and sterilized and dehumidified, the composite slow-release carrier is prepared into a corresponding aqueous solution, and the bio-synergist is activated with sterile physiological saline to prepare a bacterial suspension; (2) Stepwise fermentation activation: Mix the pretreated organic matrix evenly, add the above bacterial suspension, adjust the water content and ferment at a controlled temperature of 55℃-62℃ for 7-10 days. Turn the pile at least once during the fermentation process to obtain the fermented organic matrix. (3) Nutrient compounding: After the inorganic nutrients, trace elements and conditioners are crushed and passed through an 80-100 mesh sieve, they are added to the fermentation organic matrix and stirred evenly to obtain a mixed nutrient material; (4) Coating: The mixed nutrient material is put into the coating machine and the aqueous solution of the composite slow-release carrier is sprayed for coating. The mixture is continuously stirred during the coating process to obtain coated particles. (5) Drying and granulation: The coated particles are dried to a moisture content of 5%-8% and then granulated, with the particle size controlled to be 1 mm-4 mm. (6) Screening and sterilization: The granulated particles are screened to remove impurities, sterilized and cooled to obtain the compound slow-release fertilizer.

[0009] Preferably, in step (1), chitosan is dissolved in acetic acid solution to prepare chitosan aqueous solution, and sodium alginate is dissolved in deionized water to prepare sodium alginate aqueous solution; when there are multiple bio-enhancing agents, they are activated separately by sterile physiological saline and then mixed to prepare a compound bacterial suspension.

[0010] Preferably, in step (2), the pile is turned over according to the temperature change during fermentation to adjust the moisture content of the organic substrate to 60%-68%.

[0011] Preferably, in step (3), a high-speed stirring method is used for mixing, with a stirring speed of 300 revolutions per minute and a stirring time of 20 minutes.

[0012] Preferably, in step (4), the coating is a single-layer coating or a multi-layer coating. A single-layer coating is achieved by spraying chitosan aqueous solution onto the mixed nutrient material, while a multi-layer coating is achieved by spraying sodium alginate aqueous solution and chitosan aqueous solution onto the mixed nutrient material alternately.

[0013] Preferably, in step (5), the drying method is gradient drying or constant temperature drying, and the temperature is controlled at 45℃-52℃ during the drying process.

[0014] Preferably, in step (5), the granules are polished after granulation to improve the integrity of the granules.

[0015] Preferably, in step (6), the sterilization method is atmospheric pressure steam sterilization, high pressure steam sterilization, or a combination of ultraviolet sterilization and high pressure steam sterilization.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: 1. The compound slow-release fertilizer for cultivating enoki mushrooms and its preparation method provided by the present invention solve many technical defects of existing enoki mushroom cultivation fertilizers and have many significant technical effects.

[0017] 2. This invention achieves synergistic effects between organic and inorganic nutrients through the scientific ratio of multiple organic substrates and inorganic nutrients. It can provide a comprehensive and balanced supply of nutrients for the entire growth cycle of enoki mushrooms, and effectively improve the micro-ecological environment of the cultivation substrate, laying a good foundation for mycelial growth and fruiting body development.

[0018] 3. The combination of the composite slow-release carrier and multi-layer coating technology in this invention can precisely control the nutrient release rate, ensuring that the nutrient release pattern is highly compatible with the growth cycle of enoki mushrooms. This completely avoids the problems of sudden nutrient release or later depletion, significantly improving fertilizer efficiency. The composite bio-enhancing agent, combined with a stepwise fermentation and activation process, effectively improves the activity and colonization ability of the microorganisms, further promoting the decomposition and transformation of organic nutrients and enhancing the bio-enhancing effect of the fertilizer.

[0019] 4. The fertilizer of this invention also possesses excellent resistance to contaminating microorganisms, effectively inhibiting the growth and reproduction of common contaminating microorganisms during enoki mushroom cultivation, significantly reducing the contamination rate, and is particularly suitable for continuous cropping in greenhouses, improving cultivation stability. The compound slow-release fertilizer prepared by this invention has good storage stability and environmental adaptability, maintaining high particle integrity and nutrient retention rate even after long-term storage, and exhibiting stable slow-release performance under different humidity conditions, requiring no special storage conditions.

[0020] 5. Furthermore, this invention offers different gradient implementations, adaptable to various scenarios such as small-scale home cultivation, greenhouse cultivation, and large-scale factory cultivation, thus having a wide range of applications. Using the compound slow-release fertilizer of this invention to cultivate enoki mushrooms can significantly improve mycelial growth rate, shorten the time for mycelium to fully fill the bag, effectively increase the yield and marketability of enoki mushroom fruiting bodies, reduce the deformity rate, and simultaneously increase the content of nutrients such as protein and amino acids in the fruiting bodies. It balances cultivation efficiency and product quality, possessing good industrial application value and promising prospects for promotion. Detailed Implementation

[0021] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0022] Example 1:

[0023] The organic matrix used in this embodiment is selected from rice bran and sawdust, the inorganic nutrients are selected from diammonium hydrogen phosphate and potassium sulfate, the composite slow-release carrier is selected from chitosan, the bio-synergist is selected from Bacillus subtilis, the trace element is selected from EDTA chelated zinc, and the conditioner is selected from lime.

[0024] Raw material ratio: The organic matrix consists of 40 parts, including 25 parts rice bran and 15 parts sawdust; the inorganic nutrients consist of 5 parts, including 3 parts diammonium hydrogen phosphate and 2 parts potassium sulfate; the composite slow-release carrier consists of 3 parts chitosan; the bio-synergist consists of 0.5 parts Bacillus subtilis; the trace element consists of 0.1 parts EDTA chelated zinc; and the conditioner consists of 1 part lime.

[0025] Preparation method: Step 1: Raw material pretreatment: Crush rice bran and sawdust into 2 mm, and sun-dry them for 3 days to sterilize and dehumidify them for later use; Dissolve chitosan in 1% acetic acid solution to prepare a 0.5% chitosan solution for later use; Activate Bacillus subtilis with sterile physiological saline to prepare a bacterial suspension with 2 billion CFU per milliliter for later use.

[0026] The second step is stepwise fermentation and activation: the pretreated rice bran and sawdust are mixed evenly, the activated Bacillus subtilis suspension is added, the moisture content is adjusted to 60%, the pile temperature is controlled at 55℃, and fermentation is carried out for 7 days. During the period, the pile is turned over once on the 3rd day. After the fermentation is completed, the fermented organic matrix is ​​obtained.

[0027] The third step is nutrient compounding: diammonium hydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate, EDTA chelated zinc, and lime are crushed and passed through an 80-mesh sieve, then added to the fermentation organic matrix and stirred evenly to obtain a mixed nutrient feed.

[0028] Step 4: Multi-layer coating: The mixed nutrient material is put into the coating machine, the prepared chitosan solution is sprayed, the coating temperature is controlled at 40℃, and the coating time is 15 minutes to form single-layer coated particles.

[0029] Step 5: Drying and granulation: Place the coated granules into a dryer, control the drying temperature at 45℃, and dry until the granule moisture content is 8%. Then, granulate them through a granulator, controlling the particle size to 1 mm.

[0030] Step 6: Screening and sterilization: The granulated particles are screened to remove impurities and unqualified particles. Then, they are sterilized with atmospheric pressure steam at 100℃ for 2 hours. After cooling, the basic compound slow-release fertilizer is obtained.

[0031] Example 2:

[0032] This embodiment optimizes the composition and coating process of the composite slow-release carrier to suit greenhouse cultivation. The remaining raw materials are the same as in Example 1, representing a progression from the basic to the optimized type. This embodiment improves slow-release stability through the combined use of the composite slow-release carrier, adapting to the stage-specific nutrient requirements of enoki mushrooms in greenhouse cultivation.

[0033] Raw material ratio: The organic matrix consists of 80 parts, including 45 parts rice bran and 35 parts sawdust; the inorganic nutrients consist of 15 parts, including 9 parts diammonium hydrogen phosphate and 6 parts potassium sulfate; the composite slow-release carrier consists of 10 parts, including 6 parts chitosan and 4 parts sodium alginate; the biosynthetic agent consists of 2 parts Bacillus subtilis; the trace element consists of 0.8 parts EDTA chelated zinc; and the conditioner consists of 4 parts lime.

[0034] Preparation method: Step 1: Raw material pretreatment: Crush rice bran and sawdust to 3 mm, and sun-dry for 3 days to sterilize and dehumidify; Dissolve chitosan in 1.5% acetic acid solution to prepare a 1.0% chitosan solution; Dissolve sodium alginate in deionized water to prepare a 0.8% sodium alginate solution; Activate Bacillus subtilis with sterile physiological saline to prepare a bacterial suspension with 2.5 billion CFU per milliliter.

[0035] The second step is stepwise fermentation and activation: the pretreated rice bran and sawdust are mixed evenly, the activated Bacillus subtilis suspension is added, the moisture content is adjusted to 62%, the pile temperature is controlled at 58℃, and fermentation is carried out for 7 days. During the period, the pile is turned over once on the 3rd day. After the fermentation is completed, the fermented organic matrix is ​​obtained.

[0036] The third step is nutrient compounding: diammonium hydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate, EDTA chelated zinc, and lime are crushed and passed through an 80-mesh sieve, then added to the fermentation organic matrix and stirred evenly to obtain a mixed nutrient feed.

[0037] Step 4: Multi-layer coating: The mixed nutrient material is put into the coating machine. First, the prepared sodium alginate solution is sprayed, and the coating temperature is controlled at 42℃ for 10 minutes to form the inner coating. Then, the prepared chitosan solution is sprayed, and the coating temperature is controlled at 45℃ for 20 minutes to form the outer coating, resulting in double-layer coated particles.

[0038] Step 5: Drying and granulation: Place the double-coated granules into a dryer, control the drying temperature at 48℃, and dry until the granule moisture content is 7%. Then, granulate them through a granulator, controlling the particle size to 2 mm.

[0039] Step 6: Screening and sterilization: The granulated particles are screened to remove impurities and unqualified particles. Then, they are sterilized with atmospheric pressure steam at 100℃ for 2 hours. After cooling, the optimized coated compound slow-release fertilizer is obtained.

[0040] Example 3:

[0041] This embodiment optimizes the composition of the organic substrate, the ratio of bio-enhancing agents, and the composition of conditioners. It adds humic acid to supplement organic nutrients, adds Bacillus amyloliquefaciens to enhance bioactivation, and combines it with gypsum to optimize the conditioning effect. This makes it suitable for continuous cropping in greenhouses, achieving a progression from optimized coating-type to organic-enhanced type, further improving resistance to contaminating bacteria and fertilizer utilization. The organic substrate used in this embodiment includes added humic acid, the bio-enhancing agent includes Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and the conditioner includes gypsum; the raw material combination is more suitable for the needs of continuous cropping.

[0042] Raw material ratio: The organic matrix consists of 130 parts, including 60 parts rice bran, 50 parts sawdust, and 20 parts humic acid; inorganic nutrients consist of 22 parts, including 13 parts diammonium hydrogen phosphate and 9 parts potassium sulfate; a composite slow-release carrier consists of 15 parts, including 9 parts chitosan and 6 parts sodium alginate; a biosynergist consists of 3.5 parts, including 2 parts Bacillus subtilis and 1.5 parts Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; trace elements consist of 1.5 parts, including 0.6 parts EDTA-chelated zinc and 0.9 parts EDTA-chelated iron; and a conditioner consists of 6 parts, including 4 parts lime and 2 parts gypsum.

[0043] Preparation method: Step 1: Raw material pretreatment: Crush rice bran, sawdust, and humic acid to 3 mm, and sun-dry for 4 days to sterilize and dehumidify; Dissolve chitosan in 1.5% acetic acid solution to prepare a 1.0% chitosan solution; Dissolve sodium alginate in deionized water to prepare a 0.8% sodium alginate solution; Activate Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens separately with sterile physiological saline, and mix to prepare a compound bacterial suspension with 3.5 billion CFU per milliliter for later use.

[0044] The second step is stepwise fermentation and activation: the pretreated rice bran, sawdust, and humic acid are mixed evenly, compound bacterial suspension is added, the moisture content is adjusted to 65%, the pile temperature is controlled at 60℃, and fermentation is carried out for 8 days. During this period, the pile is turned over once on the 3rd and 6th days. After the fermentation is completed, a highly active fermented organic substrate is obtained.

[0045] The third step is nutrient compounding: diammonium hydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate, EDTA chelated zinc, EDTA chelated iron, lime, and gypsum are pulverized and passed through an 80-mesh sieve, then added to the fermentation organic matrix and stirred evenly to obtain a high-nutrient mixture.

[0046] Step 4: Multi-layer coating: The high-nutrient mixture is put into the coating machine. First, the prepared sodium alginate solution is sprayed, and the coating temperature is controlled at 42℃ for 10 minutes to form the inner coating. Then, the prepared chitosan solution is sprayed, and the coating temperature is controlled at 45℃ for 20 minutes to form the middle coating. Finally, the prepared sodium alginate solution is sprayed, and the coating temperature is controlled at 43℃ for 15 minutes to form the outer coating, resulting in three-layer coated particles.

[0047] Step 5: Drying and granulation: Place the three-layer coated granules into a dryer, control the drying temperature at 50℃, and dry until the granule moisture content is 6%. Then, granulate them through a granulator, and control the particle size to 3 mm.

[0048] Step 6: Screening and sterilization: The granulated particles are screened to remove impurities and unqualified particles. Then, they are sterilized by high-pressure steam at 121°C for 1.5 hours. After cooling, the organic-fortified compound slow-release fertilizer is obtained.

[0049] Example 4:

[0050] This embodiment further optimizes the composition of the organic matrix, the ratio of bio-synergists, the concentration of the composite slow-release carrier solution, and the preparation process parameters. It adds soybean meal to enrich the variety of organic nutrients, increases the synergistic effect of Bacillus licheniformis, and optimizes the coating solution concentration and gradient drying process. It is suitable for large-scale industrial cultivation scenarios and is the optimal embodiment of the invention, completing a full progression from a basic to a highly efficient comprehensive model. This embodiment adds soybean meal to the organic matrix and Bacillus licheniformis to the bio-synergist, improving fertilizer stability and efficiency through process optimization to meet the needs of high-efficiency industrial cultivation.

[0051] Raw material ratio: The organic matrix consists of 180 parts, including 80 parts rice bran, 60 parts sawdust, 25 parts humic acid, and 15 parts soybean meal; inorganic nutrients consist of 30 parts, including 18 parts diammonium hydrogen phosphate and 12 parts potassium sulfate; a compound slow-release carrier consists of 20 parts, including 12 parts chitosan and 8 parts sodium alginate; a biosynthetic agent consists of 5 parts, including 2.5 parts Bacillus subtilis, 1.5 parts Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and 1 part Bacillus licheniformis; trace elements consist of 2 parts, including 0.8 parts EDTA-chelated zinc, 0.7 parts EDTA-chelated iron, and 0.5 parts EDTA-chelated manganese; and a conditioner consists of 8 parts, including 5 parts lime and 3 parts gypsum.

[0052] Preparation method: Step 1: Raw material pretreatment: Crush rice bran, sawdust, humic acid, and soybean meal to 4 mm, and sun-dry for 4 days to sterilize and dehumidify; Dissolve chitosan in 2% acetic acid solution to prepare a 1.5% chitosan solution; Dissolve sodium alginate in deionized water to prepare a 1.2% sodium alginate solution; Activate Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus licheniformis separately with sterile physiological saline, and mix them to prepare a compound bacterial suspension with 4 billion CFU per milliliter.

[0053] The second step is step-by-step fermentation and activation: the pretreated rice bran, sawdust, humic acid and soybean meal are mixed evenly, compound bacterial suspension is added, the moisture content is adjusted to 68%, the pile temperature is controlled at 62℃, and fermentation is carried out for 10 days. During this period, the pile is turned over once on the 2nd, 5th and 8th days. The pile temperature is monitored regularly during the fermentation process. If the pile temperature exceeds 65℃, the pile is turned over in time to cool down and avoid inactivation of the biological bacteria. After the fermentation is completed, a highly efficient activated fermentation organic substrate is obtained.

[0054] The third step is nutrient compounding: Diammonium hydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate, EDTA chelated zinc, EDTA chelated iron, EDTA chelated manganese, lime, and gypsum are pulverized and passed through a 100-mesh sieve, then added to the fermentation organic substrate. The mixture is stirred for 20 minutes using a high-speed mixer at a speed of 300 rpm to ensure that the nutrients are mixed evenly and to obtain a uniformly mixed nutrient feed.

[0055] Step 4: Multi-layer coating: The uniformly mixed nutrient material is put into the coating machine and an alternating coating process is adopted. First, sodium alginate solution is sprayed at a coating temperature of 45°C for 15 minutes; then chitosan solution is sprayed at a coating temperature of 48°C for 25 minutes. The above alternating steps are repeated to form a four-layer coating structure. During the coating process, the mixture is continuously stirred to ensure uniform coating without any leakage, resulting in four-layer coated particles.

[0056] Step 5: Drying and granulation: Place the four-layer coated particles into a dryer and use a gradient drying method. First, dry at 45℃ for 2 hours, then at 52℃ for 1 hour, until the particle moisture content is 5%. Then, granulate them using a granulator, controlling the particle size to 4 mm. After granulation, polish them using a polishing machine to improve particle stability.

[0057] Step 6: Screening and sterilization: The granulated particles are screened to remove impurities and unqualified particles. Then, they are sterilized by a combination of ultraviolet light and high-pressure steam. First, ultraviolet light sterilization is performed for 30 minutes, followed by high-pressure steam sterilization for 1 hour at a temperature of 121℃. After cooling, a high-efficiency comprehensive compound slow-release fertilizer is obtained.

[0058] Comparative Example 1: The raw material ratio is the same as in Example 2. The composite slow-release carrier uses only chitosan. The preparation method adopts a single-layer coating process, which only sprays chitosan solution. The remaining steps are exactly the same as in Example 2, thus obtaining the conventional single slow-release carrier single-layer coated slow-release fertilizer.

[0059] This comparative example corresponds to the existing single-layer coating technology of a single sustained-release carrier. Its core deficiency lies in the lack of synergistic effect of composite sustained-release carrier and the structural advantages of multi-layer coating, resulting in poor sustained-release effect and antibacterial ability. Compared with Example 2 of this invention, the technical advantages of the composite sustained-release system of this invention are highlighted.

[0060] Comparative Example 2: The raw material ratio is the same as in Example 3. Only Bacillus subtilis is used as the bio-enhancing agent. The stepwise fermentation and activation steps are omitted in the preparation method. The organic matrix is ​​directly mixed with other ingredients after being exposed to the sun. The remaining steps are exactly the same as in Example 3, resulting in conventional single-bacterial organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer.

[0061] This comparative example corresponds to the existing technology of simple organic-inorganic mixing of single biological bacteria. Its core deficiency lies in the lack of synergistic effect of compound biological bacteria and stepwise fermentation activation process, resulting in low utilization rate of organic nutrients and limited resistance to contaminants. Compared with Example 3 of this invention, it highlights the technical advantages of the multi-element organic matrix and compound biological bacteria synergy and stepwise fermentation process of this invention.

[0062] Comparative Example 3: The raw material ratio is the same as in Example 1, except that the composite slow-release carrier and bio-enhancing agent are removed. The multi-layer coating step and the biological activation and stepwise fermentation activation steps are omitted in the preparation method. The remaining steps are exactly the same as in Example 1, resulting in a conventional non-slow-release and non-bio-enhancing enoki mushroom cultivation fertilizer.

[0063] This comparative example corresponds to the most conventional enoki mushroom cultivation fertilizer in the prior art, which has no slow-release or bio-enhancing functions. Its core deficiency lies in the lack of the core technical features of this invention. Compared with Example 1 of this invention, it highlights the necessity and technical advantages of the core technical features of this invention.

[0064] Comparative Example 4: All organic matrix was removed from the raw material ratio, the amount of inorganic nutrients was increased to 100 parts, the ratio of the remaining raw materials was the same as in Example 4, and the preparation method was exactly the same as in Example 4, thus obtaining the existing pure inorganic slow-release fertilizer.

[0065] This comparative example corresponds to the technical solution of pure inorganic slow-release fertilizer in the prior art. Its core deficiency lies in the lack of nutrient supply and substrate improvement effect of multi-element organic matrix, resulting in poor cultivation effect and substrate improvement effect. Compared with Example 4 of the present invention, it highlights the technical advantage of organic-inorganic synergy of the present invention.

[0066] Comparative Example 5: The raw material ratio is the same as in Example 4. The stepwise fermentation and activation steps are omitted in the preparation method. The conventional mixing and stirring process in the prior art is adopted. At the same time, the coating process adopts the existing single slow-release carrier single-layer coating process. The remaining steps are exactly the same as in Example 4, so as to obtain a compound fertilizer that is simply superimposed in the prior art.

[0067] This comparative example corresponds to the technical solution of simply superimposing multiple technical features in the prior art. Its core deficiency is that it does not realize the synergistic effect of each technical feature. It is only a physical mixture and cannot solve the technical problem of simultaneously improving the slow-release effect, fertilizer utilization rate and anti-bacterial ability. Compared with Example 4 of the present invention, it highlights the technical advantages of the integration of the technologies of the present invention and proves that the present invention is not a simple superposition of the prior art.

[0068] Comparative Example 6: The raw materials are 60 parts rice bran, 30 parts sawdust, 3 parts diammonium hydrogen phosphate, 1 part lime, and 5 parts starch. The preparation method involves only simple mixing, drying, granulation, and sterilization. There is no slow-release carrier, no coating process, and no bio-enhancing agent, resulting in conventional enoki mushroom fertilizer in the existing technology.

[0069] This comparative example corresponds to the most widely used conventional enoki mushroom fertilizer in the prior art, which has the worst overall performance. Its core deficiency lies in the lack of all the core technical features of this invention. Compared with Examples 1 to 4 of this invention, it fully highlights the technical advantages and technological progress of this invention.

[0070] Performance testing and results analysis: Test sample: The test samples were the compound slow-release fertilizers prepared in Examples 1 to 4 and the fertilizers prepared in Comparative Examples 1 to 6, totaling 10 groups of samples. 1000 grams of each sample was taken, sealed and stored for later use to ensure the consistency and stability of the test samples.

[0071] Test method: Sustained-release performance test: The release of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients in each group of samples was measured by water immersion spectrophotometry at 24 hours, 7 days, 15 days, 30 days, and 45 days, and the cumulative release rate was calculated. The slow-release effect was evaluated in conjunction with the 45-day growth cycle of enoki mushrooms. At the same time, a kinetic model was used to analyze the release pattern. A first-order kinetic model was used for the initial 24 to 48 hours, and a Korsmeyer-Peppas model was used for the subsequent 2 to 30 days to analyze the nutrient release mechanism, ensuring that the test method was scientific and reasonable and the test results were accurate and reliable.

[0072] Enoki mushroom cultivation performance test: Enoki mushrooms were cultivated using bag cultivation, with the same variety and specifications of enoki mushroom spawn selected. The cultivation bags measured 22 cm x 42 cm x 0.025 mm, with each bag containing 2.5 kg of dry substrate. Each sample group had three replicates, with 100 bags per replicate. Cultivation conditions were uniformly controlled: the incubation room temperature was 23℃ and humidity was 68%, the fruiting room temperature was 10℃ and humidity was 88%, ventilation was twice a day for 20 minutes each time, and the cultivation cycle was 45 days. All other cultivation management measures were implemented in accordance with the technical regulations for the production of green agricultural products, enoki mushrooms, to ensure the fairness of the cultivation test.

[0073] The test indicators include mycelial growth rate, time for mycelium to fill the bag, fruiting body yield, deformity rate, marketable rate, and number of pathogens; at the same time, the nutritional components of enoki mushroom fruiting bodies are tested to comprehensively evaluate the cultivation effect and product quality.

[0074] Antimicrobial performance test: Each group of fertilizers was mixed with a sterile cultivation substrate and inoculated with common enoki mushroom contaminants at a uniform inoculation rate. After 7 days of cultivation, the growth of contaminants was observed, the contamination rate was calculated, and the fertilizer's resistance to contaminants was evaluated. At the same time, the contamination rate of contaminants during cultivation was tested, and the differences between the groups were compared to ensure the objectivity and accuracy of the contaminant resistance test.

[0075] Stability test: After sealing each group of samples, they were stored in an environment with a temperature of 30°C and a humidity of 75% for 6 months. The particle integrity and nutrient retention rate of the samples were tested to evaluate the storage stability of the fertilizer. At the same time, the changes in the slow-release performance of the fertilizer under different humidity conditions were tested to evaluate the environmental adaptability and verify the rationality of the wide range of process parameters of the present invention.

[0076] Test results: Results of sustained-release performance test: The compound slow-release fertilizers in Examples 1 to 4 showed a steady upward trend in the cumulative release rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which fully met the nutrient requirements of the enoki mushroom growth cycle. The release curves were stable and there was no sudden release of nutrients, which is consistent with the Korsmeyer-Peppas diffusion control model. The release rate was regulated by the diffusion effect of the coating layer. The slow-release effects of Comparative Examples 1 to 6 were significantly worse than those of Examples 1 to 4, and each had its own core shortcomings. The specific data are shown in Table 1 below.

[0077] Table 1:

[0078] The sustained-release performance test results show that the sustained-release performance of Examples 1 to 4 exhibits a gradual optimization trend. With the optimization of the composite sustained-release carrier composition, the increase in the number of coating layers, and the adjustment of process parameters, the cumulative release rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients steadily increases, and the release process is stable without any burst release phenomenon. This allows for precise matching of the 45-day growth cycle of *Flammulina velutipes*, providing a continuous and stable nutrient supply for different growth stages. Among them, Example 4 shows the best sustained-release effect, with a cumulative release rate of 98% over 45 days, fully demonstrating the synergistic advantages of the composite sustained-release carrier (a combination of chitosan and sodium alginate) and the multi-layer alternating coating process. The composite sustained-release carriers used in each example are selected from one or both of chitosan and sodium alginate. The number of coating layers gradually increases from 1 to 4, and the process parameters are gradually optimized, ultimately achieving excellent sustained-release effects. In contrast, each of the pairs exhibited varying degrees of slow-release defects, either lacking a significant slow-release effect or having an excessively short slow-release period and uneven release, failing to meet the nutrient requirements of enoki mushrooms at different growth stages. This further demonstrates that the composite slow-release system of the present invention has significant technical advantages and can effectively improve the shortcomings of existing technologies.

[0079] Results of enoki mushroom cultivation performance test: The compound slow-release fertilizers used in Examples 1 to 4 for enoki mushroom cultivation showed a gradual increasing trend in mycelial growth rate, yield per bag, and marketable rate, while the time for mycelial to fill the bag, malformation rate, and number of pathogens showed a gradual decreasing trend, resulting in a steady improvement in product quality. This fully demonstrates the progressive optimization effect between the examples. The cultivation effects of Comparative Examples 1 to 6 were significantly worse than those of Examples 1 to 4, and the synergistic technical effect of the present invention could not be achieved. Specific data are shown in Table 2 below. Table 2:

[0080] The results of the enoki mushroom cultivation performance test show that the cultivation effects of Examples 1 to 4 exhibit a progressive trend of gradual optimization, perfectly matching the technical optimization direction between the examples. Example 1, as a basic product, although using raw material ratios and process parameters near the lower limit of the protection range, still demonstrated good cultivation results. Mycelial growth rate reached 0.52 cm / day, mycelial full coverage time was 18 days, average yield per bag was 480g, deformity rate was controlled at 8.5%, marketable rate was 91.5%, and pathogen count was 6.8 × 10⁻⁶. 3 The CFU / g concentration and the protein content in the fruiting bodies are 20.2g / 100g, with a total amino acid content of 16.3g / 100g, which can meet the needs of small-scale home cultivation. Example 2 shows that after optimizing the coating process, the cultivation effect was significantly improved. The mycelial growth rate increased to 0.61cm / day, the time for mycelium to fill the bag was shortened by 2 days, the yield per bag increased by 70g, the deformity rate decreased by 2.3 percentage points, and the number of pathogens decreased by 1.6×10⁻⁶. 3 The CFU / g concentration was increased, and the nutritional quality was also improved, making it suitable for greenhouse cultivation. Example 3 further optimized the cultivation effect by strengthening the synergistic effect of the organic substrate and the compound microorganisms. The mycelial growth rate reached 0.68 cm / day, the time for mycelium to fill the bag was shortened to 14 days, the yield per bag increased to 620g, the deformity rate decreased to 4.1%, and the number of pathogens was controlled at 3.5 × 10⁻⁶. 3 The CFU / g concentration was below 100g, and the protein and amino acid content of the fruiting bodies reached 22.3g / 100g and 18.5g / 100g, respectively, making it suitable for continuous cropping in greenhouses. Example 4, as the optimal example, achieved the best performance in all cultivation indicators: mycelial growth rate of 0.75cm / day, mycelial full coverage time in just 12 days, average yield per bag of 710g, deformity rate as low as 2.3%, marketable rate of 97.7%, and pathogen count of 2.1×10⁻⁶. 3 With a CFU / g content, the fruiting bodies have the best nutritional quality, fully meeting the high-efficiency production needs of large-scale industrial cultivation.

[0081] The cultivation effects of each comparative example were significantly worse than those of the corresponding examples, highlighting the importance and synergistic advantages of the core technical features of this invention. Comparative Example 1, due to its use of a single slow-release carrier (chitosan only) and single-layer coating process, lacked the synergistic effect of the composite slow-release system. Its mycelial growth rate and yield per bag were lower than Example 2, while its deformity rate and pathogen count were higher, failing to meet the high-efficiency requirements of greenhouse cultivation. Comparative Example 2 omitted the stepwise fermentation and activation steps and used only a single biological agent (Bacillus subtilis). Its organic nutrient utilization rate was low, and its resistance to contaminating bacteria was limited. Its cultivation effect was significantly worse than Example 3, with the mycelial full-bag time extended by 7 days, a 220g reduction in yield per bag, and an 8.6 percentage point increase in deformity rate. Comparative Example 3 did not add a composite slow-release carrier or bio-enhancing agent, lacking slow-release and bio-enhancing functions. All cultivation indicators were poor, with slow mycelial growth, low yield, high deformity rate, and significantly higher pathogen count, failing to meet basic cultivation and production needs. Comparative Example 4 used a pure inorganic substrate, lacking the nutrient supply and substrate improvement effect of a multi-element organic substrate (rice bran, sawdust, humic acid, soybean meal, etc.). Its cultivation effect was inferior to Example 4, with a 330g reduction in yield per bag, a 12.2 percentage point increase in the deformity rate, and a significant decline in the nutritional quality of the fruiting bodies. Comparative Example 5 was merely a simple superposition of existing technologies, failing to achieve the synergistic effect of various technical features. Its cultivation effect was far inferior to Example 4, failing to meet the high-efficiency and high-quality requirements of industrialized cultivation. Comparative Example 6, using existing conventional fertilizers, lacked any core technical features such as slow release or bio-enhancing. It exhibited the worst cultivation indicators, with the slowest mycelial growth, lowest yield, and highest deformity rate. This fully demonstrates that the present invention represents a significant technological advancement compared to existing conventional technologies and can effectively address the cultivation defects of existing technologies. The raw materials used in each embodiment are scientifically formulated. The organic substrate is selected from a variety of rice bran, sawdust, humic acid, and soybean meal. The bio-enhancing agent is selected from one or more of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus licheniformis. The conditioner and trace elements are rationally combined. Combined with stepwise fermentation, multi-layer coating and other processes, excellent cultivation results are finally achieved.

[0082] Results of antimicrobial performance test: The results of the antimicrobial performance test showed that the compound slow-release fertilizers in Examples 1 to 4 all had excellent antimicrobial ability and could effectively inhibit the growth of common miscellaneous bacteria in the cultivation of enoki mushrooms. Moreover, with the optimization of technology, the antimicrobial effect gradually improved. The specific data are shown in Table 3 below. Table 3:

[0083] The antimicrobial performance test results show that the compound slow-release fertilizers of Examples 1 to 4 of this invention can effectively inhibit the growth of common contaminating microorganisms during the cultivation of enoki mushrooms, and the antimicrobial ability gradually increases with technological optimization. In Example 1, the contamination rate was 5.2% 7 days after inoculation and 7.8% during the cultivation period, meeting the antimicrobial requirements for small-scale home cultivation and avoiding yield losses due to contamination. In Example 2, after optimizing the coating process, the contamination inhibition effect was further improved, with the contamination rate decreasing to 4.1% 7 days after inoculation and 6.5% during the cultivation period, suitable for conventional greenhouse cultivation and reducing management costs caused by contamination. In Example 3, the addition of compound microorganisms and optimization of the organic substrate composition significantly improved the antimicrobial ability, with a contamination rate of only 2.8% 7 days after inoculation and 4.2% during the cultivation period, demonstrating excellent antimicrobial effects. This is suitable for greenhouse continuous cropping cultivation, a scenario prone to contamination, effectively reducing the risk of contamination in continuous cropping cultivation. Example 4 demonstrates that the synergistic effect of compound microorganisms and the optimization of multi-layer coating process achieve optimal antimicrobial effect. The contamination rate of miscellaneous bacteria is 1.5% 7 days after inoculation and 2.7% during the cultivation period. It can be fully adapted to large-scale industrial cultivation, ensuring the stability and continuity of production.

[0084] The antimicrobial performance of each comparative example was significantly inferior to that of the example, further illustrating the importance of the synergistic effect of the core technical features of this invention in improving antimicrobial capabilities. Comparative Example 1, lacking the synergistic effect of the composite slow-release carrier, had poor membrane stability, allowing microorganisms to easily penetrate and proliferate. The microbial contamination rate 7 days after inoculation and throughout the cultivation period was significantly higher than that of Example 2, indicating a poor inhibitory effect. Comparative Example 2 used only a single microorganism (Bacillus subtilis) and omitted the stepwise fermentation activation step, resulting in insufficient microbial activity and an inability to effectively inhibit the growth of multiple microorganisms. The microbial contamination rate was significantly high, failing to meet the antimicrobial requirements for greenhouse cultivation. Comparative Example 3 did not add a composite slow-release carrier or bio-enhancer, and lacked any antimicrobial related technical design. The microbial contamination rate was extremely high, reaching 23.5% 7 days after inoculation and 28.7% throughout the cultivation period. The large-scale proliferation of microorganisms severely affected the growth and yield of enoki mushrooms. Comparative Example 4 uses a pure inorganic substrate, which cannot improve the micro-ecological environment of the cultivation substrate. Its inhibitory effect on miscellaneous bacteria is insufficient, and the contamination rate is higher than in Example 4, increasing the difficulty of controlling miscellaneous bacteria during cultivation. Comparative Example 5, as a simple superposition of existing technologies, does not achieve the synergistic effect of various technical features. Its inhibitory effect on miscellaneous bacteria is average and cannot reach the level of anti-miscellaneous bacteria resistance of Example 4 of this invention. Comparative Example 6 has no anti-miscellaneous bacteria design and has the highest contamination rate, reaching 26.8% 7 days after inoculation and 32.4% during the cultivation period. This severe contamination fully demonstrates the significant advantages of this invention in anti-miscellaneous bacteria performance and can effectively solve the problem of severe contamination by existing conventional fertilizers. The various embodiments of this invention, through the synergistic effect of compound biological bacteria (a combination of two or more Bacillus species), combined with a multi-element organic substrate and multi-layer coating process, effectively enhance the anti-miscellaneous bacteria ability. Among them, Examples 3 and 4, due to the addition of multiple biological bacteria, have particularly outstanding anti-miscellaneous bacteria effects and are suitable for scenarios where miscellaneous bacteria easily proliferate, such as continuous cropping.

[0085] Stability test results: Stability test results show that the compound slow-release fertilizers in Examples 1 to 4 all have good storage stability and environmental adaptability, and can maintain stable performance under long-term storage and different environmental conditions. Moreover, with the optimization of technology, the stability is gradually improved. Specific data are shown in Table 4 below.

[0086] Table 4:

[0087] The stability test results fully demonstrate that the compound slow-release fertilizers of Examples 1 to 4 of this invention have good storage stability and environmental adaptability, can maintain stable performance over a long period of time, and meet the storage and use needs of different scenarios. Example 1: After 6 months of storage, the particle integrity rate was 92.3%, the nutrient retention rate was 90.5%, and the coefficient of variation of slow-release performance under different humidity levels was 8.2%, indicating good stability. It can meet the needs of small-scale household storage, and is less prone to particle breakage and nutrient loss during storage. Example 2: After optimizing the coating process, the storage stability was significantly improved. After 6 months of storage, the particle integrity rate was 94.7%, the nutrient retention rate was 92.8%, and the coefficient of variation of slow-release performance decreased to 6.7%, making it suitable for batch storage in greenhouse cultivation and reducing performance loss during storage. Example 3: Through the synergistic optimization of multi-layer coating and compound biological bacteria, the stability was further enhanced. After 6 months of storage, the particle integrity rate was 96.5%, the nutrient retention rate was 94.6%, and the coefficient of variation of slow-release performance was 5.1%, indicating strong environmental adaptability. It can maintain a stable slow-release effect under different humidity conditions and is suitable for the long-term storage needs of continuous greenhouse cultivation. Example 4 employs a gradient drying and particle polishing process, achieving optimal stability. After 6 months of storage, the particle integrity rate is 98.2%, the nutrient retention rate is 96.9%, and the coefficient of variation for slow-release performance is only 3.8%. This method is suitable for large-scale, factory-style cultivation and long-term batch storage, ensuring stable fertilizer performance and reducing storage costs.

[0088] The stability of each comparative example was significantly worse than that of the corresponding embodiment, further highlighting the importance of optimizing the core process of this invention. Comparative Example 1 used a single slow-release carrier (chitosan only) with a single-layer coating, resulting in poor coating stability. The particles were easily damaged during storage, and after 6 months of storage, the particle integrity rate and nutrient retention rate were lower than those of Example 2. The slow-release performance was greatly affected by humidity, with a coefficient of variation as high as 12.3%, which could not meet the requirements for batch storage. Comparative Example 2 omitted the stepwise fermentation and activation step, resulting in easy loss of biological activity, poor storage stability, and inability to maintain fertilizer effectiveness for a long time. Comparative Example 3 lacked a slow-release carrier and biological synergist, resulting in a loose particle structure, easy nutrient loss, and extremely poor stability. Comparative Example 4 was a fertilizer prepared from a pure inorganic matrix, and the particles were prone to absorbing moisture and clumping, exhibiting poor environmental adaptability. Comparative Example 5 did not optimize process synergy, and the coating was prone to detachment during storage, resulting in insufficient stability. Comparative Example 6 was a conventional fertilizer without any stability optimization design, making it unsuitable for long-term storage. The embodiments of this invention optimize processes such as multi-layer coating, gradient drying, and particle polishing, combined with the synergistic effect of composite slow-release carriers, effectively improving storage stability and environmental adaptability. In particular, the gradient drying and particle polishing processes in Embodiment 4 further enhance the integrity of fertilizer particles and their nutrient retention capacity, adapting to the needs of large-scale industrial batch storage. The processes used in each embodiment all include six core steps: raw material pretreatment, stepwise fermentation activation, nutrient compounding, multi-layer coating, drying and granulation, and sieving and sterilization. These steps are synergistically optimized to ensure fertilizer stability and performance consistency.

[0089] The preferred embodiments of the present invention disclosed above are merely illustrative of the invention. These preferred embodiments do not exhaustively describe all details, nor do they limit the invention to the specific implementations described. Clearly, many modifications and variations can be made based on the content of this specification. This specification selects and specifically describes these embodiments to better explain the principles and practical applications of the invention, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to better understand and utilize the invention.

Claims

1. A compound slow-release fertilizer for cultivating enoki mushrooms, characterized in that, It is composed of 40-180 parts by weight of organic matrix, 5-30 parts of inorganic nutrients, 3-20 parts of compound slow-release carrier, 0.5-5 parts of bio-synergist, 0.1-2 parts of trace elements, and 1-8 parts of conditioner; the organic matrix is ​​one or more of rice bran and sawdust, and may also contain at least one of humic acid and soybean meal; the inorganic nutrients are a combination of diammonium hydrogen phosphate and potassium sulfate; The composite sustained-release carrier is one or two of chitosan and sodium alginate; the biosynthetic agent is Bacillus subtilis, and at least one of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis may also be added; the trace element is EDTA-chelated zinc, and at least one of EDTA-chelated iron and EDTA-chelated manganese may also be added; the conditioning agent is lime, and gypsum may also be added.

2. The compound slow-release fertilizer for cultivating enoki mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, The organic matrix is ​​a combination of rice bran and sawdust, or a combination of rice bran, sawdust and humic acid, or a combination of rice bran, sawdust, humic acid and soybean meal; the bio-synergist is a combination of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, or a combination of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis.

3. A method for preparing a compound slow-release fertilizer for cultivating enoki mushrooms as described in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Raw material pretreatment: The organic matrix is ​​crushed, sun-dried and sterilized and dehumidified, the composite slow-release carrier is prepared into a corresponding aqueous solution, and the bio-synergist is activated with sterile physiological saline to prepare a bacterial suspension; (2) Stepwise fermentation activation: Mix the pretreated organic matrix evenly, add the above bacterial suspension, adjust the water content and ferment at a controlled temperature of 55℃-62℃ for 7-10 days. Turn the pile at least once during the fermentation process to obtain the fermented organic matrix. (3) Nutrient compounding: After the inorganic nutrients, trace elements and conditioners are crushed and passed through an 80-100 mesh sieve, they are added to the fermentation organic matrix and stirred evenly to obtain a mixed nutrient material; (4) Coating: The mixed nutrient material is put into the coating machine and the aqueous solution of the composite slow-release carrier is sprayed for coating. The mixture is continuously stirred during the coating process to obtain coated particles. (5) Drying and granulation: The coated particles are dried to a moisture content of 5%-8% and then granulated, with the particle size controlled to be 1 mm-4 mm. (6) Screening and sterilization: The granulated particles are screened to remove impurities, sterilized and cooled to obtain the compound slow-release fertilizer.

4. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step (1), chitosan is dissolved in acetic acid solution to prepare chitosan aqueous solution, and sodium alginate is dissolved in deionized water to prepare sodium alginate aqueous solution; when there are multiple bio-enhancing agents, they are activated separately by sterile physiological saline and then mixed to prepare a compound bacterial suspension.

5. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step (2), the pile is turned over according to the changes in pile temperature during fermentation to adjust the moisture content of the organic substrate to 60%-68%.

6. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step (3), a high-speed stirring method is used for mixing, with a stirring speed of 300 revolutions per minute and a stirring time of 20 minutes.

7. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step (4), the coating is a single-layer coating or a multi-layer coating. A single-layer coating is to spray chitosan aqueous solution onto the mixed nutrient material only, while a multi-layer coating is to spray sodium alginate aqueous solution and chitosan aqueous solution onto the mixed nutrient material alternately.

8. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step (5), the drying method is gradient drying or constant temperature drying, and the temperature is controlled at 45℃-52℃ during the drying process.

9. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step (5), the granules are polished after granulation to improve the integrity of the granules.

10. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step (6), the sterilization method is atmospheric pressure steam sterilization, high pressure steam sterilization, or a combination of ultraviolet sterilization and high pressure steam sterilization.

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