Solar cell, photovoltaic device, power utilization device and power generation device

Abstract

The invention discloses a solar cell, a photovoltaic device, a power utilization device and a power generation device.The solar cell comprises a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer which are sequentially arranged in a stacked mode, the functional layer comprises a perovskite layer, a passivation layer is arranged on an interface of one side of the perovskite layer and comprises RY, R ions comprise ammonium cations, and R ions comprise ammonium cations. The ammonium cation comprises a first group and a second group, the first group comprises a pyridine group or a thiophene group, the second group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, a cyclohexene group or a piperidine group, and the Y ion comprises a halogen anion and / or a halogen-like anion. By using the passivation layer, perovskite defects can be passivated, non-radiative recombination on the surface of the solar cell is reduced, water and oxygen are blocked, and the performance and stability of the solar cell are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of solar cell technology, and in particular to a solar cell and photovoltaic device, electrical appliance and power generation device. Background Technology

[0002] Perovskite solar cells, as third-generation solar cells, use perovskite materials as the light-absorbing layer, exhibiting significant performance advantages such as high light absorption coefficient, carrier mobility, and a direct and tunable optical bandgap. However, defects exist at the perovskite interface of perovskite solar cells, leading to non-radiative recombination, and the intrusion of water and oxygen can affect the electrical performance of perovskite solar cells. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of the above-mentioned technical problems, this application provides a solar cell and photovoltaic device, an electrical device and a power generation device to solve the problem of defects in the perovskite interface.

[0004] The first technical solution adopted in this application is: to provide a solar cell comprising a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer stacked sequentially, wherein the functional layer comprises a perovskite layer, and a passivation layer is disposed on one side interface of the perovskite layer, the passivation layer comprises RY, wherein the R ion comprises an ammonium cation, the ammonium cation comprises a first group and a second group, the first group comprises a pyridine group or a thiophene group, the second group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, a cyclohexene group or a piperidine group, and the Y ion comprises a halide anion and / or a halide-like anion.

[0005] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, a passivation layer is provided on one side interface of the perovskite layer. The passivation layer includes RY, where R ions include ammonium cations, and the ammonium cations include a first group and a second group. The first group includes a pyridine group or a thiophene group, and the second group includes substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, cyclohexene groups, or piperidine groups. Y ions include halide anions and / or halide-like anions. The substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, cyclohexene groups, or piperidine groups can combine with the perovskite surface through perovskite A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds to form a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. This can replace the A-sites of the perovskite material on the surface of the perovskite layer to form a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, thereby transforming some three-dimensional perovskites into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskites. The pyridine groups or thiophene groups can passivate perovskite B-site defects. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application plays a good passivation role on the defects of the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite layers can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0006] In some implementations, the passivation layer includes Among them, the R1 group includes or The R2 group includes -(CH2). n -and / or Where n = 1 or 2, the R3 and R6 groups each independently include H or substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, and the R4 group includes -(CH2). m -and / or Where m = 0, 1 or 2, and the R5 group includes substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, cyclohexene groups or piperidine groups.

[0007] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer described above is used. The R5 group includes substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, cyclohexene groups, or piperidine groups. These groups can bond with the perovskite surface through perovskite A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds, forming a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. They can also replace the A-sites of the perovskite material on the perovskite layer surface to form a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, transforming some three-dimensional perovskites into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskites. The R1 group includes pyridine or thiophene groups, which can passivate perovskite B-site defects. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application has a good passivation effect on defects in the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0008] In some embodiments, the R5 group includes substituted or unsubstituted C1-C17 alkane chain groups, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkane groups, cyclohexene groups, piperidine groups, or pyridine groups.

[0009] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer contains the aforementioned R5 groups, which can promote the transformation of some three-dimensional perovskites into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskites. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application plays a good passivation role against defects in the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0010] In some embodiments, the R5 group includes unsubstituted C1-C17 alkane chain groups. One or more of them, where "---" indicates the connection site between the R5 group and the R4 group.

[0011] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer contains the aforementioned R5 group, which can further adjust the size of the ammonium cation at the R site, promoting the transformation of the three-dimensional perovskite on part of the perovskite layer surface into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application plays a good passivation role on the defects of the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0012] In some embodiments, the R3 group and the R6 group each independently include H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C17 alkane chain groups.

[0013] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer includes the above-mentioned R3 group and R6 group, which can expand the selection range of passivation layer materials and facilitate flexible matching of solar cells.

[0014] In some embodiments, the passivation layer comprises a pyridine ammonium salt, the pyridine ammonium salt comprising...

[0015]

[0016] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, using the above-mentioned passivation layer, the R5 group connects to N atoms through alkyl chains and / or acyl groups, and can combine with the perovskite surface through perovskite A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds, forming a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. It can also replace the A-sites of the perovskite material on the perovskite layer surface to form a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, causing some three-dimensional perovskites to transform into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskites. The pyridine group connects to N atoms through alkane chains, and can passivate perovskite B-site defects. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application has a good passivation effect on defects in the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0017] In some embodiments, the passivation layer comprises a pyridine ammonium salt, the pyridine ammonium salt comprising...

[0018] One or more of them.

[0019] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the aforementioned passivation layer effectively passivates defects in the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and enhancing the stability of the solar cell.

[0020] In some embodiments, the passivation layer comprises a pyridinium salt, the pyridinium salt comprising... and / or

[0021] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer described above is used. The passivation layer contains acyl groups, and the R5 group connects to N atoms via alkyl chains and / or acyl groups. It can bond to the perovskite surface through A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds, forming a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. It can also replace the A-sites of the perovskite material on the perovskite layer surface to form a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, transforming some three-dimensional perovskites into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskites. The pyridine group connects to N atoms via alkane chains and / or acyl groups, which can passivate perovskite B-site defects. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application has a good passivation effect on defects in the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0022] In some embodiments, the passivation layer comprises a pyridinium salt, the pyridinium salt comprising...

[0023]

[0024] One or more of them.

[0025] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the aforementioned passivation layer effectively passivates defects in the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and enhancing the stability of the solar cell.

[0026] In some embodiments, the passivation layer comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising...

[0027]

[0028] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, using the above-mentioned passivation layer, the R5 group is directly connected to the N atom. It can combine with the perovskite surface through perovskite A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds, forming a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. It can also replace the A-sites of the perovskite material on the surface of the perovskite layer to form a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, thus transforming some three-dimensional perovskites into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskites. The thiophene group is connected to the N atom through an alkane chain, which can passivate perovskite B-site defects. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application plays a good passivation role on the defects of the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0029] In some embodiments, the passivation layer comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising...

[0030] One or more of them.

[0031] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the aforementioned passivation layer effectively passivates defects in the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and enhancing the stability of the solar cell.

[0032] In some embodiments, the passivation layer comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising... and / or

[0033] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, using the above-mentioned passivation layer, the R5 group is connected to the N atom through an acyl group or directly to the N atom. It can combine with the perovskite surface through perovskite A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds, forming a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. It can also replace the A-sites of the perovskite material on the surface of the perovskite layer to form a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, thus transforming some three-dimensional perovskites into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskites. The thiophene group is connected to the N atom through an alkane chain or acyl group, which can passivate perovskite B-site defects. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application has a good passivation effect on the defects of the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0034] In some embodiments, the passivation layer comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising... and / or

[0035] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the aforementioned passivation layer effectively passivates defects in the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and enhancing the stability of the solar cell.

[0036] In some implementations, the thickness of the passivation layer is 1 nm to 2 nm.

[0037] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the thickness of the passivation layer is within the above range. While passing off defects in the perovskite, it can also optimize the interface, promote the transport of charge carriers, and thus improve the performance of the solar cell.

[0038] In some embodiments, the perovskite includes perovskite materials with the general formula ABX3 or A2CDX6, wherein A comprises inorganic, organic, or mixed organic-inorganic cations, including methylamine cations, formamidinium cations, and Cs. + 、Rb + At least one of the following; B includes inorganic cations, including Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Fe 2+ Mn 2+ Ni 2+ 、Ge 2+ Co 2+ and Sb 2+ One or more of the following; C includes inorganic or organic or mixed organic-inorganic cations, including Ag. + Cu + Au + Formamidinium cation, guanidine cation; D includes inorganic cations, including Bi 3+ Sb 3+ And In 3+ At least one of the following; X ions include halide anions or halide-like anions.

[0039] In some embodiments, Y ions and X ions independently include fluoride ions, chloride ions, bromide ions, iodide ions, and SCN ions. - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - OH - CN - SeCN - HCOO - CH3COO - CF3COO - CH3SO3 - CF3SO3- BF4 - PF6 - At least one of them.

[0040] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a hole transport layer and / or an electron transport layer, wherein one of the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer is disposed on the side of the perovskite layer away from the passivation layer, and the other of the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer is disposed on the side of the passivation layer away from the perovskite layer.

[0041] The second technical solution adopted in this application is to provide a photovoltaic device, including the solar cell described above.

[0042] The third technical solution adopted in this application is to provide an electrical device, including the solar cell described above.

[0043] Since the device of this application includes the solar cell provided in this application, it has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0044] The fourth technical solution adopted in this application is: to provide a power generation device, including the solar cell as described above.

[0045] Since the device of this application includes the solar cell provided in this application, it has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0046] The above description is only an overview of the technical solution of this application. In order to better understand the technical means of this application and to implement it in accordance with the contents of the specification, and to make the above contents and other objects, features and advantages of this application more obvious and understandable, specific embodiments of this application are given below. Attached Figure Description

[0047] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of the preferred embodiments below. The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of this application. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:

[0048] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of this application;

[0049] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of this application;

[0050] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of this application;

[0051] Figure 4This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of this application;

[0052] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic device according to an embodiment of this application;

[0053] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electrical device according to an embodiment of this application;

[0054] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a power generation device according to an embodiment of this application.

[0055] Marker explanation:

[0056] Solar cell 100, first electrode layer 101, functional layer 102, second electrode layer 103, perovskite layer 1021, passivation layer 104, electron transport layer 1023, hole transport layer 1022, photovoltaic device 1000, power consumption device 2000, power generation device 3000. Detailed Implementation

[0057] The embodiments of the technical solution of this application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. These embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solution of this application and are therefore merely examples, and should not be used to limit the scope of protection of this application.

[0058] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the application; the terms “comprising” and “having”, and any variations thereof, in the specification, claims, and foregoing description of the drawings are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion.

[0059] In the description of the embodiments of this application, technical terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish different objects and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number, specific order, or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of this application, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly defined.

[0060] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0061] In the description of the embodiments in this application, the term "and / or" is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, and B existing alone. Additionally, the character " / " in this document generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects have an "or" relationship.

[0062] Defects at the perovskite interface of perovskite solar cells lead to nonradiative recombination, and the intrusion of water and oxygen can affect the electrical performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0063] Reference Figure 1 and Figure 2 This application provides a solar cell 100 comprising a first electrode layer 101, a functional layer 102, and a second electrode layer 103 stacked sequentially. The functional layer 102 includes a perovskite layer 1021, and a passivation layer 104 is disposed on one side interface of the perovskite layer 1021. The passivation layer 104 includes RY, wherein the R ion includes an ammonium cation, the ammonium cation includes a first group and a second group, the first group includes a pyridine group or a thiophene group, the second group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, a cyclohexene group or a piperidine group, and the Y ion includes a halide anion and / or a halide-like anion.

[0064] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, a passivation layer 104 is provided on one side interface of the perovskite layer 1021. The passivation layer 104 includes RY, where R ions include ammonium cations, and the ammonium cations include a first group and a second group. The first group includes a pyridine group or a thiophene group, and the second group includes substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, cyclohexene groups, or piperidine groups. Y ions include halide anions and / or halide-like anions. The substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, cyclohexene groups, or piperidine groups can... By bonding with perovskite A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds to the perovskite surface, a thin molecular layer is formed on the perovskite surface. This layer can then replace the A-sites of the perovskite material on the surface of the perovskite layer, forming a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure. This transforms some three-dimensional perovskites into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional perovskites. Pyridine or thiophene groups can passivate defects at the B-sites of the perovskite. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application effectively passivates defects in the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0065] In some embodiments, the passivation layer 104 includes Among them, the R1 group includes or The R2 group includes -(CH2).n -and / or Where n = 1 or 2, the R3 and R6 groups each independently include H or substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, and the R4 group includes -(CH2). m -and / or Where m = 0, 1 or 2, and the R5 group includes substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, cyclohexene groups or piperidine groups.

[0066] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer 104 is used. The R5 group includes substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, cyclohexene groups, or piperidine groups. It can combine with the perovskite surface through perovskite A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds to form a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. It can also replace the A-site of the perovskite material on the surface of the perovskite layer to form a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, so that some three-dimensional perovskites are transformed into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskites. The R1 group includes pyridine groups or thiophene groups, which can passivate perovskite B-site defects. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application has a good passivation effect on the defects of the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0067] In some embodiments, the R5 group includes substituted or unsubstituted C1-C17 alkane chain groups, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkane groups, cyclohexene groups, piperidine groups, or pyridine groups.

[0068] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer 104 contains the aforementioned R5 groups, which can promote the transformation of some three-dimensional perovskite into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application plays a good passivation role on the defects of the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0069] In some embodiments, the R5 group includes unsubstituted C1-C17 alkane chain groups. One or more of them, where "---" indicates the connection site between the R5 group and the R4 group.

[0070] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer 104 contains the aforementioned R5 group, which can further adjust the size of the ammonium cation at the R site, promoting the transformation of the three-dimensional perovskite on part of the perovskite layer surface into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application plays a good passivation role on the defects of the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0071] In some embodiments, the R3 group and the R6 group each independently include H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C17 alkane chain groups.

[0072] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer 104 includes the above-mentioned R3 group and R6 group, which can expand the selection range of passivation layer materials and facilitate flexible matching of solar cells.

[0073] In some embodiments, the passivation layer 104 comprises a pyridine ammonium salt, the pyridine ammonium salt comprising...

[0074]

[0075] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer 104 is used. The R5 group connects N atoms through alkyl chains and / or acyl groups, and can combine with the perovskite surface through perovskite A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds to form a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. It can also replace the A-sites of the perovskite material on the surface of the perovskite layer 1021 to form a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, so that some three-dimensional perovskites are transformed into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskites. The pyridine group connects N atoms through alkane chains, and can passivate perovskite B-site defects. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application has a good passivation effect on the defects of the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0076] In some embodiments, the passivation layer 104 comprises a pyridine ammonium salt, the pyridine ammonium salt comprising...

[0077] One or more of them.

[0078] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer 104 described above effectively passivates the defects in the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0079] In some embodiments, the passivation layer 104 comprises a pyridinium ammonium salt, the pyridinium ammonium salt comprising... and / or

[0080] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer 104 described above is used. The passivation layer 104 contains acyl groups, and the R5 group is connected to N atoms through alkyl chains and / or acyl groups. It can combine with the perovskite surface through perovskite A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds, forming a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. It can also replace the A-sites of the perovskite material on the surface of the perovskite layer 1021 to form a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, causing some three-dimensional perovskite to transform into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskites. The pyridine group is connected to N atoms through alkane chains and / or acyl groups, which can passivate perovskite B-site defects. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application has a good passivation effect on the defects of the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0081] In some embodiments, the passivation layer 104 comprises a pyridinium ammonium salt, the pyridinium ammonium salt comprising...

[0082] One or more of them.

[0083] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer 104 described above effectively passivates the defects in the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0084] In some embodiments, the passivation layer 104 comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising...

[0085]

[0086] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer 104 is used. The R5 group is directly connected to the N atom and can combine with the perovskite surface through perovskite A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds, forming a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. It can also replace the A-sites of the perovskite material on the surface of the perovskite layer 1021 to form a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, thus transforming part of the three-dimensional perovskite into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite. The thiophene group is connected to the N atom through the alkane chain and can passivate the perovskite B-site defects. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application has a good passivation effect on the defects of the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0087] In some embodiments, the passivation layer 104 comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising...

[0088] One or more of them.

[0089] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer 104 described above effectively passivates the defects in the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0090] In some embodiments, the passivation layer 104 comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising... and / or

[0091] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, using the above-mentioned passivation layer 104, the R5 group is connected to the N atom through an acyl group or directly to the N atom. It can combine with the perovskite surface through perovskite A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds, forming a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. It can also replace the perovskite A-sites on the surface of the perovskite layer 1021 to form a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, causing some three-dimensional perovskite to transform into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskites. The thiophene group is connected to the N atom through an alkane chain or acyl group, which can passivate perovskite B-site defects. Therefore, the RY provided in this application has a good passivation effect on the defects of the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0092] In some embodiments, the passivation layer 104 comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising... and / or

[0093] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the passivation layer 104 described above effectively passivates the defects in the perovskite layer 1021, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0094] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer 104 is 1 nm to 2 nm.

[0095] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the thickness of the passivation layer 104 is within the above range. While passing off defects in the perovskite, it can also optimize the interface, promote the transport of charge carriers, and thus improve the performance of the solar cell 100.

[0096] The thickness of the passivation layer 104 can be 1nm, 1.1nm, 1.2nm, 1.3nm, 1.4nm, 1.5nm, 1.7nm, 1.8nm, 2nm, etc., or a range consisting of any two of the above values, such as 1nm~1.4nm, 1.4nm~1.7nm, 1.7nm~2nm, 1.2nm~1.8nm, etc.

[0097] In some embodiments, the perovskite includes perovskite materials with the general formula ABX3 or A2CDX6, wherein A comprises inorganic, organic, or mixed organic-inorganic cations, including methylamine cations, formamidinium cations, and Cs. + 、Rb + At least one of the following; B includes inorganic cations, including Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Fe 2+ Mn 2+ Ni 2+ 、Ge 2+ Co 2+ and Sb 2+ One or more of the following; C includes inorganic or organic or mixed organic-inorganic cations, including Ag. + Cu + Au + Formamidinium cation, guanidine cation; D includes inorganic cations, including Bi 3+ Sb 3+ And In 3+ At least one of the following; X ions include halide anions or halide-like anions.

[0098] In some embodiments, Y ions and X ions independently include fluoride ions, chloride ions, bromide ions, iodide ions, and SCN ions. - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - OH - CN - SeCN - HCOO - CH3COO - CF3COO - CH3SO3 - CF3SO3 - BF4 - PF6 - At least one of them.

[0099] In some implementations, refer to Figure 3 and Figure 4 The solar cell 100 also includes a hole transport layer 1022 and / or an electron transport layer 1023. One of the hole transport layer 1022 and the electron transport layer 1023 is disposed on the side of the perovskite layer 1021 away from the passivation layer 104, and the other of the hole transport layer 1022 and the electron transport layer 1023 is disposed on the side of the passivation layer 104 away from the perovskite layer 1021.

[0100] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the solar cell 100 includes a conventional solar cell and a reverse solar cell. The conventional perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode layer 101, an electron transport layer 1023, a perovskite layer 1021, a passivation layer 104, a hole transport layer 1022, and a second electrode layer 103 stacked sequentially. The reverse solar cell includes a first electrode layer 101, a hole transport layer 1022, a perovskite layer 1021, a passivation layer 104, an electron transport layer 1023, and a second electrode layer 103 stacked sequentially. The first electrode layer 101 is the electrode layer for light incidence. The hole transport layer 1022 promotes the transport of photogenerated holes from the perovskite layer 1021 to one side of the electrode layer while blocking the reverse flow of electrons, thus helping to reduce charge recombination and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. The electron transport layer 1023 transports separated electrons to the other side of the electrode layer while blocking the reverse flow of holes, thus helping to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and reduce carrier recombination. The hole transport layer 1022 and the electron transport layer 1023 in the solar cell 100 serve to promote the effective transport of photogenerated carriers and reduce charge recombination, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0101] The first electrode layer 101 includes a transparent conductive substrate. The transparent conductive substrate is used to extract photogenerated carriers. The transparent conductive substrate includes, but is not limited to, one of the following materials: FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), and IZO (indium-doped zinc oxide).

[0102] Electron transport layer 1023 performs the function of extracting electrons and blocking holes. Electron transport layer 1023 is at least one of the following materials and their derivatives, or materials obtained by doping or passivation: [6,6]-phenyl C 61 Methyl butyrate (PC) 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 Methyl butyrate (PC) 71 BM), fullerene C60 (C60), fullerene C70 (C70), tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.

[0103] The hole transport layer 1022 is at least one of the following materials and their derivatives, or materials obtained by doping or passivation: nickel oxide, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphate (Me-4PACz), [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphate (MeO-4PACz), and other materials that have been reported in patents or literature.

[0104] The material of the second electrode layer 103 is an organic, inorganic, or organic-inorganic mixed conductive material, including but not limited to one or more of the following materials: Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, and IZO.

[0105] It should be noted that corresponding modification layers can be inserted between the layers. For example, a hole blocking layer for blocking holes can be inserted on the side of the electron transport layer 1023 away from the perovskite layer 1021. The material can include SnO2, copper bath (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, BCP), etc.

[0106] Reference Figure 5 This application also provides a photovoltaic device 1000, including the solar cell 100 as described above.

[0107] The solar cell 100 disclosed in this application can be used in electrical devices or power generation devices that utilize photoelectric conversion. Electrical devices can be, but are not limited to, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, electric toys, power tools, electric vehicles, electric cars, ships, spacecraft, etc. Electric toys can include stationary or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric ship toys, and electric airplane toys, etc. Spacecraft can include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, and spacecraft, etc. The power generation device can include the solar cell 100 and an energy storage device, which can be a secondary battery.

[0108] See Figure 6 This application also provides an electrical device 2000, including the solar cell 100 as described above or the solar cell 100 prepared by the method described above.

[0109] In this application, the solar cell 100 serves as the power source for the aforementioned electrical device 2000; alternatively, the solar cell 100 can serve as an energy storage unit for the aforementioned electrical device 2000. As an example, the electrical device 2000 can be a lighting element, a display element, or an automobile, etc.

[0110] Reference Figure 7 This application also provides a power generation device 3000, including the solar cell 100 as described above or the solar cell 100 prepared by the method described above. The power generation device 3000 may include the solar cell 100 and an energy storage device, which may be a secondary battery.

[0111] To make the technical problems, technical solutions, and beneficial effects solved by the embodiments of this application clearer, the following will provide a more detailed description in conjunction with the embodiments and accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, and not all of them. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative and is in no way intended to limit this application or its applications. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0112] The features and performance of this application will be further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments.

[0113] Example 1:

[0114] (1) Fabrication of the first electrode layer:

[0115] The glass on which the transparent conductive film (fluorine-doped tin oxide FTO with a thickness of 530 nm) has been prepared was cleaned by sequentially cleaning with acetone-alcohol-deionized water; after drying, it was ready for the next step.

[0116] (2) Preparation of the hole transport layer:

[0117] Weigh 3 mg of MeO-4PACz and disperse it in 6 mL of isopropanol. Shake for 30 min until the MeO-4PACz is completely dissolved. Take 120 μL of the resulting dispersion and spin-coat it onto FTO at 4500 rpm / s for 25 s using a spin coater. After spin-coating, place it on a hot plate and anneal at 110 °C for 15 min, then allow it to cool naturally to room temperature to obtain a hole transport layer with a thickness of 2 nm.

[0118] (3) Preparation of the perovskite layer:

[0119] 480.31 mg of formamidinium hydroiodide (FAI), 31.39 mg of methylammonium iodide (MAI), 6.38 mg of methylammonium bromide (MABr), 38.97 mg of cesium iodide (CsI), 22.57 mg of lead bromide (PbBr2) and 1452.18 mg of lead iodide (PbI2) were weighed and dissolved in 2 mL of a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (DMF to DMSO volume ratio of 4:1) to obtain a perovskite precursor solution.

[0120] The solution was then agitated in the dark for 5 hours. After agitation, impurities in the precursor solution were removed using a filter head (25 mm diameter needle filter, 0.22 μm mesh size). 150 mL of the perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated onto the hole transport layer at 5000 rpm for 40 seconds. Ten seconds before the end of the spin-coating, 200 mL of chlorobenzene was rapidly added to regulate perovskite crystallization. After spin-coating, the solution was annealed at 150 °C for 15 minutes to obtain a uniform, dense, smooth, and transparent perovskite light-absorbing layer (FA) with a thickness of 550 nm. 0.98 MA 0.02 ) 0.95 Cs 0.05 Pb(I 0.98 Br 0.02 )3).

[0121] (4) Preparation of passivation layer: Weigh 3 mg of... (CAS No.: 1609408-97-0) was dispersed in 2 mL of isopropanol and shaken for 30 min until octadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride was completely dissolved. 100 μL of the resulting solution (1.5 mg / mL) was spin-coated onto the perovskite layer at 6000 rpm for 20 s using a spin coater. After spin-coating, the layer was placed on a hot plate and annealed at 110 °C for 5 min, then allowed to cool naturally to room temperature, resulting in an upper passivation layer with a thickness of 1.5 nm.

[0122] (5) Preparation of electron transport layer: A C60 electron transport layer with a thickness of 35 nm was prepared on the perovskite light-absorbing layer by vapor deposition.

[0123] (6) Preparation of hole blocking layer: A 5nm thick BCP hole blocking layer was prepared on the electron transport layer by vapor deposition.

[0124] (7) Fabrication of the second electrode layer: A 90 nm thick layer of metallic copper (Cu) was deposited on the hole-blocking layer as the second electrode. Before deposition, a vacuum of 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ was first applied. -4 Pa, then pre-deposited for 5 minutes. During the deposition process, when the copper thickness was 0–20 nm, the Cu evaporation rate was approximately 0.5 A / s; when the copper thickness was 20 nm–90 nm, the Cu evaporation rate was approximately 6 A / s.

[0125] Example 2

[0126] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0127] The RY layer of the passivation layer in step (4) of Example 1 is adjusted as follows: (CAS No.: 1158197-06-8) 。

[0128] Example 3

[0129] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0130] The RY layer of the passivation layer in step (4) of Example 1 is adjusted as follows: (CAS No.: 58924-53-1).

[0131] Example 4

[0132] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0133] The RY layer of the passivation layer in step (4) of Example 1 is adjusted as follows: (CAS No.: 855379-69-0).

[0134] Example 5

[0135] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0136] The RY layer of the passivation layer in step (4) of Example 1 is adjusted as follows: (CAS No.: 855956-94-4).

[0137] Comparative Example 1

[0138] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0139] Step (4) of Example 1 is not included.

[0140] Battery performance tests were conducted on the battery devices 1 to 6 obtained from Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 1.

[0141] Test method:

[0142] 1. Photoelectric conversion efficiency test method: Under standard simulated sunlight (AM1.5G, 100mW / cm²), 2 Under irradiation, battery performance is tested to obtain the IV curve. Based on the IV curve and data from the testing equipment, the short-circuit current Jsc (unit: mA / cm²) can be calculated. 2 The open-circuit voltage Voc (in V), maximum light output current Jmpp (in mA), and maximum light output voltage Vmpp (in V) are given. The fill factor FF (in %) is calculated using the formula FF = Jsc × Voc / (Jmpp × Vmpp). The photoelectric conversion efficiency PCE (in %) is calculated using the formula PCE = Jsc × Voc × FF / Pw; Pw represents the input power (in mW).

[0143] 2. 65℃, 1 sun, T 80 -(h)

[0144] Supplementary testing methods

[0145] The prepared device was placed in a stability test fixture (nitrogen environment), which was placed on a hot plate under a light source.

[0146] The hot plate temperature was set to 65°C; the light source intensity was set to 1 solar intensity. Voltage and current data under MPPT were continuously tracked, and device efficiency data was collected.

[0147] The time taken when the recording device efficiency is 80% of its original efficiency.

[0148]

[0149] As can be seen from the relevant data in Table 1, the solar cell devices of Examples 1 to 5 all have a passivation layer formed on one side of the perovskite layer. The passivation layer includes RY, wherein the R ion includes an ammonium cation, the ammonium cation includes a first group and a second group, the first group includes a pyridine group or a thiophene group, the second group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, a cyclohexene group or a piperidine group, and the Y ion includes a halide anion and / or a halide-like anion. Their cell performance and stability are higher than those of Comparative Example 1. This application demonstrates that, using the passivation layer provided, substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, cyclohexene groups, or piperidine groups can bond to the perovskite surface through A-site vacancies or hydrogen bonds, forming a thin molecular layer on the perovskite surface. This replaces the A-sites of the perovskite material on the perovskite layer surface, forming a low-dimensional two-dimensional perovskite structure, thus transforming some three-dimensional perovskites into two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskites. Pyridine or thiophene groups can passivate defects at the B-sites of the perovskite. Therefore, the passivation layer RY provided in this application effectively passivates defects in the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the formed two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional or other low-dimensional perovskite layer can block water and oxygen, thus protecting the three-dimensional perovskite layer and improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0150] The above description is merely an embodiment of this application and does not limit the patent scope of this application. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made using the content of this application's specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the patent protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, characterized in that, The solar cell includes a first electrode layer, a functional layer, and a second electrode layer stacked sequentially. The functional layer includes a perovskite layer, and a passivation layer is disposed on one side interface of the perovskite layer. The passivation layer includes RY ions, wherein the R ions include ammonium cations, the ammonium cations include a first group and a second group, the first group includes a pyridinium group or a thiophene group, the second group includes substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, cyclohexene groups or piperidine groups, and the Y ions include halide anions and / or halide-like anions.

2. The solar cell as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The passivation layer includes Among them, the R1 group includes The R2 group includes -(CH2). n -and / or Where n = 1 or 2, the R3 and R6 groups each independently include H or substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, and the R4 group includes -(CH2). m -and / or Where m = 0, 1 or 2, and the R5 group includes substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, cyclohexene groups or piperidine groups.

3. The solar cell as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The R5 group includes substituted or unsubstituted C1-C17 alkane chain groups, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkane groups, cyclohexene groups, piperidine groups, or pyridine groups.

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, The R5 group includes unsubstituted C1-C17 alkane chain groups. One or more of them, wherein "---" indicates the connection site between the R5 group and the R4 group.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The R3 and R6 groups are each independent C1-C17 alkane chain groups, consisting of H or substituted or unsubstituted groups.

6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The passivation layer comprises a pyridine ammonium salt, the pyridine ammonium salt comprising...

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, The passivation layer comprises a pyridine ammonium salt, the pyridine ammonium salt comprising... One or more of them.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The passivation layer comprises a pyridinium salt, the pyridinium salt comprising...

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5 or 8, characterized in that, The passivation layer comprises a pyridinium salt, the pyridinium salt comprising... One or more of them.

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The passivation layer comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising...

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5 or 10, characterized in that, The passivation layer comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising... One or more of them.

12. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The passivation layer comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising...

13. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5 or 12, characterized in that, The passivation layer comprises a thiophene ammonium salt, the thiophene ammonium salt comprising...

14. The solar cell according to claims 1 to 13, characterized in that, The thickness of the passivation layer is 1 nm to 2 nm.

15. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that, The perovskite includes perovskite materials with the general formula ABX3 or A2CDX6, wherein A comprises inorganic, organic, or mixed organic-inorganic cations, including methylamine cations, formamidinium cations, and Cs. + 、Rb + At least one of the following; B includes inorganic cations, including Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Fe 2+ Mn 2+ Ni 2+ 、Ge 2+ Co 2+ and Sb 2+ One or more of the following; C includes inorganic or organic or mixed organic-inorganic cations, including Ag. + Cu + Au + Formamidinium cation, guanidine cation; D includes inorganic cations, including Bi 3+ Sb 3+ And In 3+ At least one of the following; X ions include halide anions or halide-like anions.

16. The solar cell according to claims 1 to 15, characterized in that, The Y and X ions each independently include fluoride ions, chloride ions, bromide ions, iodide ions, and SCN ions. - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - OH - CN - SeCN - HCOO - CH3COO - CF3COO - CH3SO3 - CF3SO3 - BF4 - PF6 - At least one of them.

17. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that, The solar cell further includes a hole transport layer and / or an electron transport layer, wherein one of the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer is disposed on the side of the perovskite layer away from the passivation layer, and the other of the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer is disposed on the side of the passivation layer away from the perovskite layer.

18. A photovoltaic device, characterized in that, Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 17.

19. An electrical appliance, characterized in that, Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 17.

20. A power generation device, characterized in that, Including the solar cells as described in any one of claims 1 to 17.

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