Display device

Abstract

The display device includes a substrate, a bank, a first light emitting layer disposed on a first pixel electrode, a second light emitting layer disposed on a second pixel electrode, a common electrode disposed on the first light emitting layer and the second light emitting layer, an inorganic encapsulation layer disposed on the common electrode, a first photochromic layer disposed on the inorganic encapsulation layer and overlapping the bank, an organic encapsulation layer disposed on the first photochromic layer, and a second photochromic layer disposed on the organic encapsulation layer and overlapping the first photochromic layer to reduce reflectivity and increase viewing angle.

Description

Display device

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2024-0152287, filed on October 31, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes as fully set forth herein. Technical Field

[0003] Embodiments of this disclosure relate to a display device. Background Technology

[0004] With the development of the information society, the demand for display devices for displaying images is growing in various forms. In recent years, various display devices, such as liquid crystal displays and organic light-emitting diode displays, have been utilized.

[0005] When the display panel is used outdoors, users will perceive external light, which reduces the visibility of the display panel.

[0006] If the viewing angle of the display panel is narrow, users located on the side of the display panel may not be able to see the image.

[0007] Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a display device that overcomes these and other defects and shortcomings of the current solution. Summary of the Invention

[0008] Embodiments of this disclosure provide a display device capable of reducing reflectivity through a second photochromic layer.

[0009] Embodiments of this disclosure provide a display device capable of increasing the viewing angle through a second photochromic layer.

[0010] Embodiments of this disclosure provide a display device capable of increasing brightness through a second photochromic layer.

[0011] Embodiments of this disclosure provide a display device that can reduce power consumption by reducing reflectivity and increasing viewing angle.

[0012] In one or more embodiments, the display device includes: a substrate; a first pixel electrode disposed on the substrate; a second pixel electrode disposed on the substrate and spaced apart from the first pixel electrode; a dam disposed on the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode, overlapping a portion of the first pixel electrode and a portion of the second pixel electrode, and having an opening; a first light-emitting layer disposed on the first pixel electrode; a second light-emitting layer disposed on the second pixel electrode; a common electrode disposed on the first light-emitting layer and the second light-emitting layer; an inorganic encapsulation layer disposed on the common electrode; a first photochromic layer disposed on the inorganic encapsulation layer and overlapping the dam; an organic encapsulation layer disposed on the first photochromic layer; and a second photochromic layer disposed on the organic encapsulation layer and overlapping the first photochromic layer.

[0013] The display device further includes: a first color filter disposed on an organic encapsulation layer and overlapping a first light-emitting layer; and a second color filter disposed on an organic encapsulation layer and overlapping a second light-emitting layer. A portion of the first color filter is positioned on a portion of the second photochromic layer, and a portion of the second color filter is positioned on a portion of the second photochromic layer.

[0014] The display device also includes a touch electrode disposed on an organic encapsulation layer. The touch electrode has an opening overlapping each of the first and second light-emitting layers. The portion of the touch electrode, excluding the opening, overlaps with the first and second photochromic layers. The display device also includes an insulating layer located on the touch electrode. A second photochromic layer is disposed on the insulating layer.

[0015] The organic encapsulation layer contains organic materials with a single refractive index.

[0016] The organic encapsulation layer includes multiple organic layers with different refractive indices. The multiple organic layers include a first organic layer having a first refractive index and a second organic layer disposed on the first organic layer and having a second refractive index greater than the first refractive index.

[0017] The first and second photochromic layers can become transparent or black. Both the first and second photochromic layers turn black when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. They become transparent in low-light environments.

[0018] Embodiments of this disclosure provide a display device comprising: a substrate; a dam disposed on the substrate and having an opening; a light-emitting layer disposed in the opening; an inorganic encapsulation layer disposed on the light-emitting layer and the dam; a first photochromic layer disposed on the inorganic encapsulation layer and overlapping the dam; and an organic encapsulation layer disposed on the first photochromic layer and comprising a plurality of organic layers having different refractive indices.

[0019] The above summary does not limit this disclosure or the claims, and additional features, benefits and advantages of the concept of this disclosure are explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0020] The above and other objects, features and advantages of this disclosure will become clearer from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0021] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0022] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the display panel of the display device in Figure 1;

[0023] Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of the display panel of Figure 1 along line A-A' in Figure 1;

[0024] Figures 4 and 5 are schematic cross-sectional views of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0025] Figure 6 is a detailed view of the photochromic embankment, the photochromic pixel limiting layer or the first photochromic layer and the second photochromic layer of the display panel of Figures 4 and 5.

[0026] Figures 7 and 8 are schematic cross-sectional views of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

[0027] Figures 9 and 10 are schematic cross-sectional views of the encapsulation layer of the display panel in Figures 7 and 8. Detailed Implementation

[0028] In the following description of examples or embodiments of this disclosure, reference will be made to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate by way of example specific examples or embodiments of various implementations of the concepts of this disclosure. In the drawings, the same reference numerals and symbols may be used to designate the same or similar components, even if they are shown in different drawings. Furthermore, in the following description of examples or embodiments of this disclosure, detailed descriptions of well-known functions and components incorporated herein will be omitted when it is determined that such description would obscure the subject matter of some embodiments of this disclosure. Terms such as “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “constituting,” “constructing,” and “formed from” as used herein are generally intended to allow for the addition of additional components unless the term is used in conjunction with the term “only.” As used herein, the singular form is intended to include the plural form unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0029] This document may use terms such as “first,” “second,” “A,” “B,” “(A),” or “(B)” to describe the elements of this disclosure. Each of these terms is not used to define the nature, order, sequence, or number of elements, but only to distinguish the corresponding element from the others. Thus, a first element can be a second element, and vice versa.

[0030] When referring to a first element being "connected or coupled to" a second element, "contacting or overlapping" a second element, etc., it should be interpreted as meaning that not only can the first element be "directly connected or coupled to" or "directly contacting or overlapping" a second element, but a third element can also be "inserted" between the first and second elements, or the first and second elements can be "connected or coupled to" each other, "contacting or overlapping" each other, etc., via a fourth element. Here, the second element can be included in at least one of two or more elements that are "connected or coupled to" each other, "contacting or overlapping" each other, etc.

[0031] When time-relative terms such as “after,” “next,” “following,” or “before” are used to describe a process or operation of an element or configuration, or a flow or step in an operation, treatment, or manufacturing method, these terms are used to describe a non-continuous or non-sequential process or operation, unless the terms “directly” or “immediately” are used together.

[0032] Furthermore, when referring to any size, relative size, etc., it should be assumed that the numerical values ​​of the element or feature or corresponding information (e.g., level, range, etc.) include tolerances or error ranges that may arise from various factors (e.g., process factors, internal or external influences, noise, etc.) even without a specified related description. Additionally, the term "may" fully encompasses all the meanings of the term "able to". Unless otherwise specified in the following description, relative terms are interpreted to include a tolerance range of plus or minus 5% for the mentioned values, dimensions, sizes, etc.

[0033] Various embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0034] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a display device 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0035] Referring to FIG1, the display device 100 includes a display panel 110 as a component for displaying images and a display driving circuit. The display driving circuit is a circuit for driving the display panel 110. The display driving circuit includes a data driving circuit 120, a gate driving circuit 130, and a controller 140, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0036] The display panel 110 includes a substrate 111 and a plurality of sub-pixels SP disposed on the substrate 111.

[0037] The substrate 111 includes a display area DA capable of displaying an image and a non-display area NDA located outside the display area DA. Multiple sub-pixels SP for image display are disposed in the display area DA. The non-display area NDA includes a pad area PA positioned along the column direction from the display area DA.

[0038] Various types of signal lines for driving multiple sub-pixels SP are provided on the substrate 111 of the display panel 110.

[0039] The structure of each of the plurality of sub-pixels SP varies depending on the type of display device 100. For example, when the display device 100 is a self-emissive display device in which the sub-pixels SP emit light themselves, each sub-pixel SP includes a light-emitting element that emits light itself, one or more transistors, and one or more capacitors, but the embodiments disclosed herein are not limited thereto.

[0040] The data driver circuit 120 is used to drive multiple data lines DL. The data driver circuit 120 outputs data signals to the multiple data lines DL.

[0041] The data driving circuit 120 receives digital image data DATA from the controller 140, converts the received image data DATA into analog data signals, and outputs them to multiple data lines DL. The data driving circuit 120 is connected outside the display area DA of the display panel 110; however, as another example, the data driving circuit 120 can be located within the display area DA of the display panel 110.

[0042] The gate drive circuit 130 is used to drive multiple gate lines GL and output gate signals to the multiple gate lines GL.

[0043] The gate drive circuit 130 receives a first gate voltage corresponding to the on-level voltage and a second gate voltage corresponding to the off-level voltage, as well as various gate drive control signals GCS, generates a gate signal, and provides the generated gate signal to multiple gate lines GL.

[0044] In the display device 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the gate driving circuit 130 is embedded in the display panel 110 in a gate in-panel (GIP) type, but the embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. When the gate driving circuit 130 is of the gate in-panel type, the gate driving circuit 130 is formed on the substrate 111 of the display panel 110 during the manufacturing process of the display panel 110.

[0045] For example, the gate driving circuit 130 is disposed in the non-display area NDA of the display panel 110. As another example, the gate driving circuit 130 may be disposed in the display area DA of the display panel 110.

[0046] The controller 140 is a device for controlling the data drive circuit 120 and the gate drive circuit 130, and for controlling the driving timings or timing of driving for multiple data lines DL and multiple gate lines GL.

[0047] The controller 140 provides a data drive control signal DCS to the data drive circuit 120 to control the data drive circuit 120, and provides a gate drive control signal GCS to the gate drive circuit 130 to control the gate drive circuit 130.

[0048] The controller 140 receives input image data from the host system 150 and provides image data DATA to the data drive circuit 120 based on the input image data.

[0049] The controller 140 is mounted on a printed circuit board or flexible printed circuit and is electrically connected to the data drive circuit 120 and the gate drive circuit 130 via the printed circuit board or flexible printed circuit.

[0050] To provide touch sensing and image display functions, the display device 100 according to embodiments of the present disclosure may include a touch sensor and a touch sensing circuit, wherein the touch sensing circuit senses the touch sensor to detect whether a touch object such as a finger or pen is being touched and / or the location of the touch.

[0051] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram showing the display panel 110.

[0052] Referring to Figure 2, the display panel 110 includes a substrate 111, a plurality of sub-pixels SP disposed on or in the substrate 111, and an encapsulation layer 210 located on the substrate 111. The encapsulation layer 210 may also be referred to as an encapsulation substrate or an encapsulation unit.

[0053] Referring to FIG2, when the display device 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is a self-emissive display device, each of the plurality of sub-pixels SP disposed on the substrate 111 includes an emitting element ED and a sub-pixel circuit SPC for driving the emitting element ED.

[0054] Referring to Figure 2, the sub-pixel circuit SPC includes a plurality of transistors for driving the light-emitting element ED and at least one capacitor, but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. In this disclosure, the sub-pixel circuit SPC drives the light-emitting element ED by providing a drive current to the light-emitting element ED in a predetermined timing sequence. The light-emitting element ED is driven by the drive current to emit light.

[0055] Multiple transistors include a driving transistor DT for driving the light-emitting element ED and a scanning transistor ST that is turned on or off according to the scanning signal SC.

[0056] The driving transistor DT provides driving current to the light-emitting element ED.

[0057] The scanning transistor ST is configured to control the electrical state of the corresponding node in the sub-pixel circuit SPC or to control the state or operation of the drive transistor DT. The gate node of the scanning transistor ST is electrically connected to the gate line GL.

[0058] At least one capacitor includes a storage capacitor Cst for maintaining a constant voltage during the frame.

[0059] To drive the sub-pixel SP, a data signal VDATA, serving as an image signal, and a scan signal SC, serving as a gate signal, are applied to the sub-pixel SP. Furthermore, to drive the sub-pixel SP, a common pixel driving voltage, including a driving voltage VDD and a base voltage VSS, is applied to the sub-pixel SP.

[0060] The light-emitting element (ED) includes a pixel electrode (PE), an intermediate layer (EL), and a common electrode (CE). The intermediate layer (EL) is disposed between the pixel electrode (PE) and the common electrode (CE).

[0061] For example, the pixel electrode PE can be an electrode disposed in each sub-pixel SP, and the common electrode CE can be an electrode commonly disposed in all sub-pixels SP. For example, the pixel electrode PE can be an anode, and the common electrode CE can be a cathode.

[0062] When the light-emitting element ED is an organic light-emitting element, the intermediate layer EL includes a light-emitting layer EML, a first common intermediate layer COM1 located between the pixel electrode PE and the light-emitting layer EML, and a second common intermediate layer COM2 located between the light-emitting layer EML and the common electrode CE. The first common intermediate layer COM1 and the second common intermediate layer COM2 can be collectively referred to as the common intermediate layer EL_COM.

[0063] An emissive layer EML is set for each sub-pixel SP. A common intermediate layer EL_COM is set across multiple sub-pixels SP, but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0064] An Emissive Layer (EML) is set for each emitting region. A common intermediate layer (EL_COM) is set across multiple emitting and non-emitting regions, but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0065] For example, the first common intermediate layer COM1 includes a hole injection layer HIL, an electron blocking layer EBL, and a hole transport layer HTL, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. The second common intermediate layer COM2 includes an electron transport layer ETL, a hole blocking layer HBL, and an electron injection layer EIL, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0066] The hole injection layer injects holes from the pixel electrode PE to the hole transport layer, which then transports the holes to the light-emitting layer EML. The electron injection layer injects electrons from the common electrode CE to the electron transport layer, which then transports the electrons to the light-emitting layer EML.

[0067] The common electrode CE is electrically connected to the base voltage line VSSL. A base voltage VSS, as a type of common pixel driving voltage, is applied to the common electrode CE via the base voltage line VSSL. The pixel electrode PE is electrically connected, directly or indirectly (via another transistor), to the first node N1 of the driving transistor DT of each sub-pixel SP. In this disclosure, the "base voltage VSS" may also be referred to as a "low-potential power supply voltage" or "low-potential voltage," and the "base voltage line VSSL" may also be referred to as a "low-potential power supply voltage line" or "low-potential voltage line."

[0068] Each light-emitting element (ED) includes a pixel electrode (PE), a light-emitting layer located in the intermediate layer (EL), and a common electrode (CE) overlapping therein. Each ED forms a predetermined emission region. For example, the emission region of each ED includes the overlapping area of ​​the pixel electrode (PE), the intermediate layer (EL), and the common electrode (CE).

[0069] The driving transistor DT is used to provide driving current to the light-emitting element ED. The driving transistor DT is connected between the driving voltage line VDDL and the light-emitting element ED.

[0070] The driving transistor DT includes a first node N1, a second node N2, and a third node N3. The first node N1 is electrically connected to the light-emitting element ED, the second node N2 receives the data signal VDATA, and the third node N3 receives the driving voltage VDD from the driving voltage line VDDL. The driving transistor DT is connected to the first node N1 and the third node N3.

[0071] In the driving transistor DT, the second node N2 is the gate node, the first node N1 can be either the source node or the drain node, and the third node N3 can be either the drain node or the source node. For ease of description, the following description uses an example in the driving transistor DT where the second node N2 is the gate node, the first node N1 is the source node, and the third node N3 is the drain node; however, the embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to this.

[0072] The scanning transistor ST included in the sub-pixel circuit SPC shown in Figure 2 is a switching transistor used to transmit the data signal VDATA, which is an image signal, to the second node N2, which is the gate node of the driving transistor DT.

[0073] The scanning signal SC controls the on / off state of the scanning transistor ST, thereby controlling the electrical connection between the second node N2 of the driving transistor DT and the data line DL. The scanning signal SC is a gate signal applied through the scanning line SCL (which is of the type of gate line GL). The drain or source electrode of the scanning transistor ST can be electrically connected to the data line DL, the source or drain electrode of the scanning transistor ST can be electrically connected to the second node N2 of the driving transistor DT, and the gate electrode of the scanning transistor ST is electrically connected to the scanning line SCL.

[0074] The storage capacitor Cst is electrically connected between the first node N1 and the second node N2 of the driving transistor DT. The storage capacitor Cst includes a first capacitor electrode electrically connected to or corresponding to the first node N1 of the driving transistor DT, and a second capacitor electrode electrically connected to or corresponding to the second node N2 of the driving transistor DT.

[0075] Each of the driving transistor DT and the scanning transistor ST can be an n-type transistor or a p-type transistor, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, one of the driving transistor DT and the scanning transistor ST can be an n-type transistor or a p-type transistor.

[0076] The display panel 110 may have a top-emitting structure or a bottom-emitting structure.

[0077] When the display panel 110 has a top-emitting structure, at least a portion of the sub-pixel circuit SPC overlaps with at least a portion of the light-emitting element ED in the vertical direction. Therefore, the area of ​​the emitting region increases, and the aperture ratio increases.

[0078] When the display panel 110 has a bottom-emitting structure, the sub-pixel circuit SPC does not overlap with the light-emitting element ED in the vertical direction.

[0079] As shown in Figure 2, the sub-pixel circuit SPC has a 2T (transistor) 1C (capacitor) structure, which includes two transistors DT and ST and one capacitor Cst. In some cases, the sub-pixel circuit SPC may also include one or more transistors, or one or more capacitors.

[0080] For example, the subpixel circuit SPC has an 8T1C structure comprising 8 transistors and 1 capacitor. As another example, the subpixel circuit SPC has a 6T2C structure comprising 6 transistors and 2 capacitors. As yet another example, the subpixel circuit SPC has a 7T1C structure comprising 7 transistors and 1 capacitor. Embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0081] Since the circuit elements in each sub-pixel SP (e.g., light-emitting elements ED implemented as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) containing organic materials) are susceptible to external moisture or oxygen, an encapsulation layer 210 is disposed on the display panel 110. The encapsulation layer 210 prevents external moisture or oxygen from penetrating into the circuit elements (e.g., the light-emitting elements ED). The encapsulation layer 210 can be configured in various ways to prevent the light-emitting elements ED from contacting moisture or oxygen. For example, the encapsulation layer 210 may consist of two or more layers in which organic and inorganic films are alternately stacked, but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0082] Referring to FIG2, a display device 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a touch sensor layer 220 including a plurality of sensor electrodes for sensing a user's touch; a touch driving circuit 230 configured to drive the plurality of sensor electrodes; and a touch controller 240 configured to determine the presence or absence of a touch or touch coordinates using the sensing results (touch sensing data) of the touch driving circuit 230.

[0083] Touch sensor layer 220 is embedded in display panel 110. For example, touch sensor layer 210 is disposed on encapsulation layer 210 in display panel 110. Touch sensor layer 220 may also be referred to as touch unit.

[0084] The display panel 110 also includes a plurality of touch pads TP electrically connected to the touch driving circuit 230 and a plurality of touch wiring for electrically connecting a plurality of sensor electrodes included in the touch sensor layer 220 to the plurality of touch pads TP connected to the touch driving circuit 230.

[0085] A color filter layer 250 is disposed on the touch sensor layer 220. The color filter layer 250 converts the color of light passing through it.

[0086] The color filter layer 250 also includes an insulating layer disposed below the black matrix. The insulating layer may be a color filter buffer layer. The insulating layer contains inorganic material.

[0087] The color filter layer 250 also includes an insulating layer disposed on the color filter layer. The insulating layer is a cover layer. The insulating layer contains organic material.

[0088] Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of the display panel 110.

[0089] Referring to FIG3, the display panel 110 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a transistor unit (or transistor array), a light-emitting element unit (light-emitting element or light-emitting component) and a packaging unit (packaging component or packaging layer stack), but the embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0090] The substrate 111 may be a single layer or multiple layers. When the substrate 111 comprises multiple layers, the substrate 111 includes a first substrate 301, an intermediate layer 302, and a second substrate 303. The intermediate layer 302 is positioned between the first substrate 301 and the second substrate 303. For example, the first substrate 301 and the second substrate 303 may be polyimide (PI) layers, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. The intermediate layer 302 may be an inorganic insulating layer, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. When charge is applied to the first substrate 301 (which is a polyimide layer), the intermediate layer 302 prevents the charge from affecting the transistors disposed on the second substrate 303 through the second substrate 303 (which is a polyimide layer).

[0091] The transistor unit includes a substrate 111, insulating layers 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, and 316 located on the substrate 111, thin film transistors TFT1 and TFT2, storage capacitor Cst, and various electrodes or signal lines.

[0092] The thin-film transistors TFT1 and TFT2 included in the transistor unit include a first thin-film transistor TFT1 and a second thin-film transistor TFT2.

[0093] The first thin-film transistor TFT1 includes a first active layer ACT1, a first electrode E1a, a second electrode E1b, and a third electrode E1c. The first active layer ACT1 is a first semiconductor layer, but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, the first active layer ACT1 may be formed of oxide semiconductor, amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS), but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. The first thin-film transistor TFT1 may be implemented as a p-channel transistor or an n-channel thin-film transistor, but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0094] The first electrode E1a is the gate electrode, the second electrode E1b is the source electrode or the drain electrode, and the third electrode E1c is the drain electrode or the source electrode. In the following description, for ease of description, the first electrode E1a is referred to as the first gate electrode E1a, the second electrode E1b as the first source electrode E1b, and the third electrode E1c as the first drain electrode E1c; however, the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0095] The second thin-film transistor (TFT2) includes a second active layer ACT2, a fourth electrode E2a, a fifth electrode E2b, and a sixth electrode E2c. The second active layer ACT2 is a second semiconductor layer, but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, the second active layer ACT2 can be formed of oxide semiconductor, amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS), but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. The second thin-film transistor (TFT2) can be implemented as a p-channel transistor or an n-channel thin-film transistor, but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0096] The fourth electrode E2a is the gate electrode, the fifth electrode E2b can be either the source electrode or the drain electrode, and the sixth electrode E2c can be either the drain electrode or the source electrode. Hereinafter, for ease of description, the fourth electrode E2a is referred to as the second gate electrode E2a, the fifth electrode E2b as the second source electrode E2b, and the sixth electrode E2c as the second drain electrode E2c. However, the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0097] The second active layer ACT2 of the second thin-film transistor TFT2 is positioned relative to the substrate 111 at a higher position than the first active layer ACT1 of the first thin-film transistor TFT1.

[0098] A first buffer layer 311 is disposed below the first active layer ACT1 of the first thin-film transistor TFT1, and a second buffer layer 314 is disposed below the second active layer ACT2 of the second thin-film transistor TFT2. For example, the first active layer ACT1 of the first thin-film transistor TFT1 is positioned on the first buffer layer 311, and the second active layer ACT2 of the second thin-film transistor TFT2 is positioned on the second buffer layer 314. The second buffer layer 314 is positioned above the first buffer layer 311.

[0099] Storage capacitors Cst are disposed in various metal layers in the display panel 110. For example, storage capacitor Cst includes a first capacitor electrode CAPE1 and a second capacitor electrode CAPE2.

[0100] The light-emitting element unit includes a plurality of light-emitting elements ED disposed on at least one planarization layer 321, 322, and 323. Each of the plurality of light-emitting elements ED includes a pixel electrode PE, an intermediate layer EL, and a common electrode CE.

[0101] The encapsulation unit includes an encapsulation layer 210 located on a plurality of light-emitting elements (EDs). The encapsulation layer 210 may be a single layer or multiple layers, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0102] The structure or vertical structure of the display panel 110 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will now be described in more detail with reference to FIG3.

[0103] Referring to FIG3, a first buffer layer 311 is disposed on a substrate 111. The first buffer layer 311 may be a single layer or multiple layers, but the embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. When the first buffer layer 311 comprises multiple layers, the first buffer layer 311 includes an upper buffer layer 311a and a lower buffer layer 311b.

[0104] The first active layer ACT1 of the first thin-film transistor TFT1 is disposed on the first buffer layer 311. The first active layer ACT1 includes a channel region having a channel formed therein, a source connection region located on one side of the channel region, and a drain connection region located on the other side of the channel region.

[0105] A first insulating layer 312 is disposed on the first active layer ACT1 of the first thin-film transistor TFT1. A first gate electrode E1a of the first thin-film transistor TFT1 is disposed on the first insulating layer 312. A second insulating layer 313 is disposed on the first gate electrode E1a of the first thin-film transistor TFT1. The first insulating layer 312 may be a gate insulating layer, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. The second insulating layer 313 may be an interlayer insulating layer, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0106] The second buffer layer 314 is disposed on the second insulating layer 313.

[0107] The second active layer ACT2 of the second thin-film transistor TFT2 is disposed on the second buffer layer 314. The second active layer ACT2 includes a channel region with a channel formed therein, a source connection region located on one side of the channel region, and a drain connection region located on the other side of the channel region.

[0108] A third insulating layer 315 is disposed on the second active layer ACT2 of the second thin-film transistor TFT2. The second gate electrode E2a of the second thin-film transistor TFT2 is disposed on the third insulating layer 315. A fourth insulating layer 316 is disposed on the second gate electrode E2a of the second thin-film transistor TFT2. The third insulating layer 315 is a gate insulating layer, but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. The fourth insulating layer 316 is an interlayer insulating layer, but embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0109] The first source electrode E1b and the first drain electrode E1c of the first thin-film transistor TFT1, and the second source electrode E2b and the second drain electrode E2c of the second thin-film transistor TFT2 are disposed on the fourth insulating layer 316.

[0110] The first source electrode E1b and the first drain electrode E1c of the first thin-film transistor TFT1 are connected to the source connection region and the drain connection region of the first active layer ACT1 through holes in the fourth insulating layer 316, the third insulating layer 315, the second buffer layer 314, the second insulating layer 313 and the first insulating layer 312, respectively.

[0111] The second source electrode E2b and the second drain electrode E2c of the second thin-film transistor TFT2 are connected to the source connection region and the drain connection region of the second active layer ACT2 through the holes of the fourth insulating layer 316 and the third insulating layer 315, respectively.

[0112] The first source electrode E1b and the first drain electrode E1c of the first thin-film transistor TFT1, and the second source electrode E2b and the second drain electrode E2c of the second thin-film transistor TFT2, all comprise a first metal and are disposed within a first metal layer. Here, the first metal and the first metal layer may be referred to as the first source-drain metal and the first source-drain metal layer, respectively.

[0113] The second source electrode E2b of the second thin-film transistor TFT2 is electrically connected to the second capacitor electrode CAPE2 through holes in the fourth insulating layer 316, the third insulating layer 315, and the second buffer layer 314.

[0114] For example, the first thin-film transistor TFT1 is the scanning transistor ST in Figure 2, and the second thin-film transistor TFT2 is the driving transistor DT in Figure 2.

[0115] Referring to Figure 3, the transistor unit also includes a first shielding metal BSM1 disposed on the substrate 111. The first shielding metal BSM1 overlaps with the first active layer ACT1 of the first thin-film transistor TFT1. The first shielding metal BSM1 is disposed below the first active layer ACT1 of the first thin-film transistor TFT1. For example, the first shielding metal BSM1 may be disposed between the substrate 111 and the first buffer layer 311, or it may be disposed between the upper buffer layer 311a and the lower buffer layer 311a.

[0116] The transistor unit also includes a second shielding metal BSM2 disposed on the substrate 111. The second shielding metal BSM2 overlaps with the second active layer ACT2 of the second thin-film transistor TFT2. The second shielding metal BSM2 is disposed below the second active layer ACT2 of the second thin-film transistor TFT2.

[0117] For example, the second shielding metal BSM2 is disposed in a metal layer located between the second insulating layer 313 and the second buffer layer 314. The second shielding metal BSM2 is disposed in the same metal layer as the second capacitor electrode CAPE2, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0118] As another example, the second shielding metal BSM2 is disposed in the same first gate metal layer as the first gate electrode E1a of the first thin film transistor TFT1.

[0119] At least one planarization layer is disposed on the first thin-film transistor TFT1 and the second thin-film transistor TFT2. In the example of FIG3, three planarization layers 321, 322 and 323 are disposed on the first thin-film transistor TFT1 and the second thin-film transistor TFT2. In some cases, two planarization layers are disposed on the first thin-film transistor TFT1 and the second thin-film transistor TFT2, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0120] Referring to Figure 3, a first planarization layer 321 is disposed on the first source electrode E1b and the first drain electrode E1c of the first thin-film transistor TFT1, and the second source electrode E2b and the second drain electrode E2c of the second thin-film transistor TFT2. For example, the first planarization layer 321 is disposed on both the first thin-film transistor TFT1 and the second thin-film transistor TFT2. For example, the first planarization layer 321 covers both the first thin-film transistor TFT1 and the second thin-film transistor TFT2.

[0121] Referring to Figure 3, the first relay electrode RE1 is disposed on the first planarization layer 321. The first relay electrode RE1 electrically connects the second source electrode E2b of the second thin-film transistor TFT2 to the pixel electrode PE.

[0122] The first relay electrode RE1 is electrically connected to the second source electrode E2b of the second thin-film transistor TFT2 through a hole in the first planarization layer 321. The second source electrode E2b of the second thin-film transistor TFT2 is electrically connected to the second capacitor electrode CAPE2 of the storage capacitor Cst.

[0123] The first relay electrode RE1 is disposed in a second metal layer on the first planarization layer 321, and includes a second metal. The second metal and the second metal layer may be referred to as the second source-drain metal and the second source-drain metal layer, respectively.

[0124] A second planarization layer 323 is disposed on the first relay electrode RE1. A second relay electrode RE2 is disposed on the second planarization layer 323. The second relay electrode RE2 allows for more efficient design of lines included in the display panel 110. A third planarization layer 323 is disposed on the second relay electrode RE2.

[0125] Referring to Figure 3, the light-emitting element unit is disposed on or formed on the third planarization layer 323. The light-emitting element ED includes a pixel electrode PE, an intermediate layer EL, and a common electrode CE. The emitting region of the light-emitting element ED is formed in the region where the pixel electrode PE, the intermediate layer EL, and the common electrode CE overlap and contact each other.

[0126] The pixel electrode PE is disposed on the third planarization layer 323. The pixel electrode PE is electrically connected to the first relay electrode RE1 through a hole in the third planarization layer 323.

[0127] A black dam 331 is disposed on the third planarization layer 323. A portion of the black dam 331 may optionally be disposed on the pixel electrode PE. The black dam 331 minimizes the reflection of external light.

[0128] A dam 332 is disposed on the black dam 331. The opening of the dam 332 exposes a portion of the pixel electrode PE to form an emission region.

[0129] Spacer 333 is disposed on the embankment 332. Spacer 333 prevents damage caused by contact with the fine metal mask used in the manufacturing process.

[0130] The intermediate layer EL of the light-emitting element ED is disposed on a portion of the pixel electrode PE and the spacer 333. The common electrode CE is disposed on the intermediate layer EL.

[0131] Referring to Figure 3, the encapsulation unit is disposed on the light-emitting element unit and positioned on the common electrode CE. The encapsulation unit includes an encapsulation layer 210 formed on the common electrode CE.

[0132] Encapsulation layer 210 prevents moisture or oxygen from penetrating into the light-emitting element ED.

[0133] Referring to Figure 3, the encapsulation layer 210 includes a first inorganic encapsulation layer 211, an organic encapsulation layer 212, and a second inorganic encapsulation layer 213, but the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0134] The display panel 110 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a touch sensor. In this case, the display panel 110 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a touch sensor layer 220 formed on the encapsulation layer 210.

[0135] Referring to Figure 3, the touch sensor layer 220 includes a plurality of touch electrodes TE, and includes a first touch metal TM1 and a second touch metal TM2 to form the plurality of touch electrodes TE. In embodiments of this disclosure, the layer on which the second touch metal TM2 is disposed may be referred to as a sensor metal layer, and the layer on which the first touch metal TM1 is disposed may be referred to as a bridge metal layer.

[0136] The touch sensor layer 220 also includes insulating layers, such as a touch buffer layer 221 located on the encapsulation layer 210, and a touch insulating layer 222 located on the touch buffer layer 221. The touch buffer layer 221 can be omitted.

[0137] The first touch metal TM1 is disposed between the touch buffer layer 221 and the touch insulating layer 222. The second touch metal TM2 is disposed between the touch insulating layer 222 and the color filter layer 250.

[0138] Each of the plurality of touch electrodes TE is formed of a second touch metal TM2. Each of the plurality of touch electrodes TE is a grid-type electrode with a plurality of openings, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

[0139] Multiple touch electrodes TE include a first touch electrode TE1 and a second touch electrode TE2. A second touch metal TM2 included in the first touch electrode TE1 is electrically connected to the first touch metal TM1. For example, second touch metals TM2 spaced apart from each other are electrically connected to the first touch metal TM1 to form a first touch electrode TE1.

[0140] A first touch metal TM1 is disposed on a buffer layer 221. A touch insulating layer 222 is disposed on the first touch metal TM1. A second touch metal TM2 is disposed on the touch insulating layer 222. Some of the second touch metal TM2 are connected to the corresponding first touch metal TM1 through holes in the touch insulating layer 222.

[0141] Referring to Figure 3, the first touch metal TM1 and the second touch metal TM2 are configured not to overlap with the light-emitting element ED. The first touch metal TM1 and the second touch metal TM2 overlap with the embankment 332.

[0142] Multiple second touch metals TM2 constitute a touch electrode TE. The multiple second touch metals TM2 are arranged in a grid and electrically connected to each other. A portion of the second touch metals TM2 and another portion of the second touch metals TM2 can be electrically connected to a first touch metal TM1 to constitute a touch electrode TE.

[0143] A color filter layer 250 is disposed on a touch sensor layer 220.

[0144] The color filter layer 250 includes a color filter buffer layer 251, a black matrix 252, multiple color filters 253, and a cover layer 254.

[0145] A color filter buffer layer 251 is disposed on the second touch metal TM2.

[0146] The color filter buffer layer 251 can be an inorganic insulating layer. However, the color filter buffer layer 251 can also be an organic insulating layer.

[0147] The black matrix 252 is set on the color filter buffer layer 251.

[0148] The black matrix 252 is set to overlap with the embankment 332. Furthermore, the black matrix 252 is set to overlap with the black embankment 331.

[0149] Referring to Figure 3, the emission region EA is the area where the pixel electrode PE, the intermediate layer EL, and the common electrode CE overlap. Furthermore, the emission region EA is the area where the light-emitting element ED is disposed. The emission region EA is also the area where the emission layer EML, included within the intermediate layer EL, is disposed.

[0150] The black embankment 331 includes a plurality of first opening regions OA1, and the plurality of first opening regions OA1 of the black embankment 331 overlap with the emission region EA. The first opening regions OA1 of the black embankment 331 are wider than the emission region EA. Furthermore, although the first opening regions OA1 of the black embankment 331 are wider than the emission region EA, the emission region EA is positioned to be included within the first opening regions OA1 of the black embankment 331. Assuming that the emission region EA and the first opening regions OA1 of the black embankment 331 have a circular shape, the emission region EA is positioned inside or within the first opening regions OA1 of the black embankment 331.

[0151] The black matrix 252 includes multiple second opening regions OA2. The multiple second opening regions OA2 of the black matrix 252 overlap with the multiple first opening regions OA1 of the black embankment 331. The area of ​​the second opening region OA2 is larger than the area of ​​the first opening region OA1. When it is assumed that the second opening region OA2 and the first opening region OA1 have circular shapes, the first opening region OA1 is positioned inside or within the second opening region OA2.

[0152] Multiple second opening regions OA2 of the black matrix 252 overlap with the emission region EA. The area of ​​the second opening region OA2 is larger than the area of ​​the emission region EA. Assuming that the second opening region OA2 and the emission region EA have circular shapes, the emission region EA is located inside or within the second opening region OA2.

[0153] Assuming that the emission region EA, the first opening region OA1, and the second opening region OA2 have circular shapes, the emission region EA is located inside the first opening region OA1 and the second opening region OA2, and the first opening region OA1 is located inside the second opening region OA2.

[0154] Because the second opening region OA2 is wider than the emission region EA, the light emitted from the emission region EA is emitted not only from the front surface but also from the side surface. Since the light is emitted not only from the front surface but also from the side surface, the light emitted from the emission region EA is emitted at a predetermined viewing angle.

[0155] Multiple color filters 253 are disposed on the color filter buffer layer 251. Some of the multiple color filters 253 can be configured to overlap with the black matrix 252.

[0156] Multiple color filters 253 change the color of light passing through them.

[0157] The plurality of color filters 253 includes a red color filter, a green color filter, and a blue color filter. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto, and the plurality of color filters 253 may include color filters of different colors.

[0158] Referring to Figure 3, the multiple color filters 253 include a first color filter 253a and a second color filter 253b.

[0159] The first color filter 253a is configured to overlap with the light-emitting element ED.

[0160] A cover layer 254 is disposed on a plurality of color filters 253. The cover layer 254 comprises an organic insulating material. Because the color filter layer 250 includes the cover layer 254, the upper surface of the color filter layer 250 is planarized.

[0161] An adhesive layer 340 is disposed on the cover layer 254. The adhesive layer 340 reduces the reflectivity of external light. The adhesive layer 340 reduces the transmittance of external light in a specific wavelength band.

[0162] A cover window 350 is disposed on the adhesive layer 340. The cover window 350 is disposed on the uppermost part of the display panel 110 and protects the display panel 110 from external impacts.

[0163] The performance of the display panel 110 can be evaluated using various metrics such as reflectivity, viewing angle, and component lifespan. Reflectivity refers to the degree to which light incident on the display panel 110 is reflected. Viewing angle represents the angle of light emitted from the emitting layer EL. Component lifespan refers to the period of time during which the display panel 110 operates normally, and can be determined based on the materials of the components inside the display panel 110. An embodiment of a display device 100 capable of enhancing reflectivity, viewing angle, and component lifespan is described below.

[0164] Figures 4 and 5 are cross-sectional views illustrating a display panel 101 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0165] Figure 6 is a detailed view of the photochromic barrier 410, the first photochromic layer 420, and the second photochromic layer 430 of a display panel 101 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0166] Referring to Figure 4, the substrate 111 is disposed at the bottom part of the display panel 101.

[0167] Referring to FIG4, anode electrodes PE_R, PE_G, and PE_B are disposed on substrate 111. For ease of description, the layer disposed between the anode electrodes PE_R, PE_G, and PE_B and substrate 111 is omitted in the figure. In some embodiments, the layer disposed between the anode electrodes PE_R, PE_G, and PE_B and substrate 111 is similar to or the same as the element described above with reference to FIG3.

[0168] The anode electrodes PE_R, PE_G, and PE_B are pixel electrodes. The anode electrodes PE_R, PE_G, and PE_B are set to be spaced apart from each other.

[0169] After the anode electrodes PE_R, PE_G and PE_B are provided or formed on the substrate 111 during manufacturing, the photochromic dam portion 410 is provided on the substrate 111.

[0170] A portion of the photochromic dam 410 overlaps with the anode electrodes PE_R, PE_G, and PE_B.

[0171] The photochromic dam 410 defines the emission area. For example, the black dam 331, dam 332 and spacer 333 shown in FIG3 can be omitted from the display panel 101, and the photochromic dam 410 is instead included in the display panel 101.

[0172] The photochromic barrier 410 comprises a polymer material that changes color according to the surrounding environment. For example, when exposed to an environment with ultraviolet (UV) light, the photochromic barrier 410 may turn black. When exposed to an environment without ultraviolet (UV) light, the photochromic barrier 410 may become transparent. Depending on the composition and structure of the photochromic layer, other configurations are also possible.

[0173] Photochromic dam 410 is provided on anode electrodes PE_R, PE_G and PE_B, and has an opening 410_O that overlaps with each of the portions of anode electrodes PE_R, PE_G and PE_B.

[0174] As shown in Figures 4 and 5, the light-emitting layers EML_R, EML_G and EML_B are disposed in the emission region defined by the photochromic barrier 410, and specifically disposed in the opening 410_O in the photochromic barrier 410.

[0175] The light-emitting layers EML_R, EML_G, and EML_B overlap with the anode electrodes PE_R, PE_G, and PE_B. The first light-emitting layer EML_R overlaps with the first anode electrode PE_R. The second light-emitting layer EML_G overlaps with the second anode electrode PE_G. The third light-emitting layer EML_B overlaps with the third anode electrode PE_B.

[0176] A cathode electrode (not shown) is disposed on the light-emitting layers EML_R, EML_G, and EML_B. The anode electrode, the light-emitting layers, and the cathode electrode constitute the light-emitting element.

[0177] An encapsulation layer 210 is disposed on the light-emitting layers EML_R, EML_G, and EML_B. The encapsulation layer 210 includes a first inorganic encapsulation layer 211, an organic encapsulation layer 212, and a second inorganic encapsulation layer 213. The encapsulation layer 210 protects the light-emitting layers EML_R, EML_G, and EML_B from external impacts and contaminants.

[0178] The first inorganic encapsulation layer 211 is disposed on the light-emitting layers EML_R, EML_G, and EML_B and the photochromic barrier 410. The first inorganic encapsulation layer 211 is an insulating layer containing inorganic materials.

[0179] The first photochromic layer 420 is disposed on the first inorganic encapsulation layer 211.

[0180] The first photochromic layer 420 prevents interference between light emitted from the light-emitting layers EML_R, EML_G and EML_B.

[0181] The first photochromic layer 420 defines the emission area.

[0182] The first photochromic layer 420 overlaps with the photochromic embankment 410.

[0183] Like the photochromic dam 410, the first photochromic layer 420 includes a plurality of opening regions corresponding to one or more emission regions.

[0184] The first photochromic layer 420 includes a polymer material that changes color according to the surrounding environment. For example, when exposed to an environment with ultraviolet (UV) light, the first photochromic layer 420 may turn black. When exposed to an environment without ultraviolet (UV) light, the first photochromic layer 420 may become transparent or may be transparent.

[0185] An organic encapsulation layer 212 is disposed on the first photochromic layer 420. The organic encapsulation layer 212 is an insulating layer containing organic materials. The organic encapsulation layer 212 is thicker than the first inorganic encapsulation layer 211 and the second inorganic encapsulation layer 213.

[0186] The second inorganic encapsulation layer 213 is disposed on the organic encapsulation layer 212. The second inorganic encapsulation layer 213 is an insulating layer containing inorganic materials.

[0187] A touch buffer layer 221 is disposed on the second inorganic encapsulation layer 213. The touch buffer layer 221 electrically insulates the touch metal TE from other components.

[0188] The touch metal TE is in the form of a grid. The touch metal TE is defined as a touch electrode. The touch electrode has openings TE_O that overlap with the light-emitting layers EML_R, EML_G, and EML_B, respectively. The portion of the touch electrode TE, excluding the openings TE_O, overlaps with the first photochromic layer 420 and the second photochromic layer 430.

[0189] A black matrix 252 is disposed on the touch buffer layer 221. The black matrix 252 prevents the color mixing of light passing through color filters 253a, 253b and 253c. The black matrix 252 has a lattice shape.

[0190] A second photochromic layer 430 is disposed on the black matrix 252. The shape of the second photochromic layer 430 may be the same as the shape of the black matrix 252, and the second photochromic layer 430 may have a grid shape.

[0191] The second photochromic layer 430 includes a polymer material that changes color according to the surrounding environment. For example, when exposed to an environment with ultraviolet (UV) light, the second photochromic layer 430 can turn black. When exposed to an environment without ultraviolet (UV) light, the second photochromic layer 430 can become transparent.

[0192] Multiple color filters 253a, 253b, and 253c are disposed on the touch buffer layer 221. Some of the multiple color filters 253a, 253b, and 253c overlap with the second photochromic layer 430 and the black matrix 252. The multiple color filters 253a, 253b, and 253c overlap with the emissive layers EML_R, EML_G, and EML_B.

[0193] Each of the plurality of color filters 253a, 253b and 253c is positioned on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the second photochromic layer 430.

[0194] A cover layer 254 is disposed on multiple color filters 253a, 253b and 253c. The cover layer 254 protects the multiple color filters 253a, 253b and 253c from external influences.

[0195] Adhesive layer 340 and cover window 350 are disposed on cover layer 254.

[0196] Referring to Figures 4 and 5, the colors of the photochromic diaphragm 410, the first photochromic layer 420, and the second photochromic layer 430 can be changed to black or transparent depending on the specific circumstances.

[0197] Referring to Figure 4, the photochromic barrier 410, the first photochromic layer 420, and the second photochromic layer 430 can become black when exposed to UV light (e.g., when outdoors). In this case, the display panel 101 can be used outdoors with improved optical quality. When the photochromic barrier 410, the first photochromic layer 420, and the second photochromic layer 430 become black, the light reflectivity decreases, thus enhancing or improving the visibility of the display panel 101.

[0198] Referring to Figure 5, the photochromic barrier 410, the first photochromic layer 420, and the second photochromic layer 430 can be transparent when exposed to environments without UV light (e.g., indoor environments or illuminated environments) due to these features. When the photochromic barrier 410, the first photochromic layer 420, and the second photochromic layer 430 become transparent, the viewing angle is increased.

[0199] As shown in Figures 4 and 5, the photochromic barrier 410, the first photochromic layer 420, and the second photochromic layer 430 are spaced apart from each other in the display layer stack. The photochromic barrier 410 is the bottom layer in the stack relative to the photochromic barrier 410 and the photochromic layers 420 and 430. The first photochromic layer 420 is directly located on the inorganic encapsulation layer 211, such that the first photochromic layer 420 is spaced apart from the photochromic barrier 410 by at least the inorganic encapsulation layer 211 and any additional intermediary layer between the photochromic barrier 410 and the inorganic encapsulation layer 211. The second photochromic layer 430 is directly located on the black matrix 252, such that at least the organic encapsulation layer 212, the second inorganic encapsulation layer 213, the touch buffer layer 221, and the touch insulating layer 222 are located between the black matrix 252 and the first photochromic layer 420. Therefore, the distance between the second photochromic layer 430 and the first photochromic layer 420 is greater than the distance between the first photochromic layer 420 and the photochromic dam 410. In one embodiment, there are multiple display panel layers 101 stacked between the second photochromic layer 430 and the first photochromic layer 420, while there may be only a single layer between the first photochromic layer 420 and the photochromic dam 410.

[0200] Furthermore, the display panel 101 may include more or fewer photochromic layers or structures than those described above with reference to Figures 4 and 5. For example, there may be more than one photochromic dam 410, more than one layer within the photochromic dam 410, or the photochromic dam 410 may be omitted. In another example, there may be only a single photochromic layer 420 or 430, or more than two photochromic layers 420, 430, or at least one or both of the photochromic layers 420, 430 may be omitted. The display panel 101 may also have any of the photochromic layers or structures described herein at locations where the layer stacking differs from the locations shown and described with reference to Figures 4 and 5. In some embodiments, the second photochromic layer 430 has the same shape and arrangement as the black matrix 252, meaning that the second photochromic layer 430 is formed only in the locations including the black matrix 252. The opening 430_O through the second photochromic layer 430 can have the same, smaller, or larger size than the opening 420_O through the first photochromic layer 420. Preferably, the opening 430_O through the second photochromic layer 430 is larger than the opening 420_O through the first photochromic layer 420, such that the size, shape, and arrangement of the first photochromic layer 420 substantially correspond to the size, shape, and arrangement of the photochromic dam 410 (meaning the first photochromic layer 420 is formed only at the locations where the photochromic dam 410 is formed), while the size, shape, and arrangement of the second photochromic layer 430 correspond to the size, shape, and arrangement of the black matrix, as described above.

[0201] Referring to Figure 6, each of the photochromic embankment 410, the first photochromic layer 420, and the second photochromic layer 430 has a lattice structure.

[0202] The photochromic embankment 410, the first photochromic layer 420, and the second photochromic layer 430 overlap each other.

[0203] One or more openings 430_O of the second photochromic layer 430 are wider or larger than one or more openings 420_O of the first photochromic layer 420. The openings 420_O of the first photochromic layer 420 are wider than the openings of the photochromic embankment 410.

[0204] In other words, the width of the grid shape of the second photochromic layer 430 is narrower than the width of the grid shape of the first photochromic layer 420. The width of the grid shape of the first photochromic layer 420 is narrower than the width of the grid shape of the photochromic dam portion 410.

[0205] Figures 7 and 8 are cross-sectional views illustrating a display panel 102 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0206] Figures 9 and 10 are cross-sectional views showing the encapsulation layer 210 of the display panel 110 of Figure 4 and the organic encapsulation layer 712 of the display panel 102, respectively.

[0207] Referring to Figures 7 and 8, the display panel 102 includes an organic encapsulation layer 712 having multiple organic layers. For example, the organic encapsulation layer 712 includes at least two organic layers. In the following description, for ease of description, it is assumed that the organic encapsulation layer 712 includes a first organic layer 714, a second organic layer 715, and a third organic layer 716.

[0208] The first photochromic layer 720 is disposed on the first inorganic encapsulation layer 211.

[0209] A black pixel defining layer 740 is disposed between the first photochromic layer 720 and the first inorganic encapsulation layer 211, and may also be referred to as a black embankment 740 or a black layer 740. The black pixel defining layer 740 prevents interference with light emitted from the light-emitting layer. The black pixel defining layer 740 contains a material that does not reflect light. For example, the black pixel defining layer 740 is black.

[0210] The first organic layer 714 is configured to cover the first photochromic layer 720 and the first inorganic encapsulation layer 211. The refractive index of the first organic layer 714 may be referred to as the first refractive index.

[0211] A second organic layer 715 is disposed on the first organic layer 714. The refractive index of the second organic layer 715 may be referred to as the second refractive index. Preferably, the second refractive index is greater than the first refractive index.

[0212] A third organic layer 716 is disposed on the second organic layer 715. The refractive index of the third organic layer 716 may be referred to as the third refractive index. The third refractive index is preferably greater than the second refractive index, such that the third refractive index is also greater than the second refractive index. In one embodiment, the first organic layer 714 fills the holes in the black layer 740 and the first photochromic layer 720, such that the first organic layer 714 is located between the black layer 740 and the first photochromic layer 720. The second organic layer 715 and the third organic layer 176 are directly stacked in such a manner that one is on top of the other, and are directly stacked on the first photochromic layer 720 and the first organic layer 714. Therefore, the second organic layer 715 and the third organic layer 176 space the second photochromic layer 730 from the first photochromic layer 720.

[0213] Referring to Figure 9, the direction of light propagation through the organic encapsulation layer 212, which has a single layer as shown in Figure 4, is indicated by arrow A. Light traveling through the organic encapsulation layer 212 travels without refraction or otherwise significantly changing its direction because the organic encapsulation layer 212 is a single layer with a constant refractive index, as explained further below.

[0214] Referring to Figure 10, the propagation direction of light passing through the organic encapsulation layer 712 of Figure 7 or 8 is bent to the left, as indicated by arrow B. When light travels from a relatively low-refractive-index medium to a relatively high-refractive-index medium, the propagation direction is refracted or changed. Due to the refractive index relationship between the first organic layer 714 and the third organic layer 716, the light passing through the organic encapsulation layer 712 is bent to the left. In other words, the propagation direction of the light is bent towards the upper surface of the encapsulation layer 210. In other words, the light is guided to the center of the display panel 102 or the focusing power is enhanced. For example, light emitted from the emitting area is emitted not only from the front but also from the side, and the light emitted from the side is bent forward towards the front by the organic encapsulation layer 712. The phrase "bent forward" means traveling towards the upper or front surface at an angle of 90 degrees or less.

[0215] Some of the light shown in Figure 9 is directed toward the black matrix 252 and is not emitted to the outside of the display panel 110. However, when the organic encapsulation layer 712 shown in Figure 10 is applied, the corresponding light that is blocked or absorbed by the black matrix 252 in Figure 9 is guided around the black matrix 252 to be emitted to the outside of the display panel 110, thereby increasing the brightness.

[0216] The following is a brief description and summary of one or more embodiments disclosed above.

[0217] Embodiments of this disclosure provide a display device comprising: a substrate; a first pixel electrode disposed on the substrate; a second pixel electrode disposed on the substrate and spaced apart from the first pixel electrode; a dam disposed on the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode, overlapping a portion of the first pixel electrode and a portion of the second pixel electrode, and having an opening; a first light-emitting layer disposed on the first pixel electrode; a second light-emitting layer disposed on the second pixel electrode; a common electrode disposed on the first light-emitting layer and the second light-emitting layer; an inorganic encapsulation layer disposed on the common electrode; a first photochromic layer disposed on the inorganic encapsulation layer and overlapping the dam; an organic encapsulation layer disposed on the first photochromic layer; and a second photochromic layer disposed on the organic encapsulation layer and overlapping the first photochromic layer.

[0218] The display device further includes: a first color filter disposed on the organic encapsulation layer and overlapping the first light-emitting layer; and a second color filter disposed on the organic encapsulation layer and overlapping the second light-emitting layer.

[0219] A portion of the first color filter is positioned on a portion of the second photochromic layer, and a portion of the second color filter is positioned on a portion of the second photochromic layer.

[0220] The display device also includes a touch electrode disposed on an organic encapsulation layer. The touch electrode has an opening that overlaps with each of the first and second light-emitting layers. The portion of the touch electrode other than the opening overlaps with the first and second photochromic layers.

[0221] The display device also includes an insulating layer located on the touch electrodes. A second photochromic layer is disposed on the insulating layer.

[0222] The organic encapsulation layer contains organic materials with a single refractive index.

[0223] The organic encapsulation layer comprises multiple organic layers with different refractive indices.

[0224] The plurality of organic layers include a first organic layer having a first refractive index and a second organic layer disposed on the first organic layer and having a second refractive index greater than the first refractive index.

[0225] The propagation direction of the light emitted from the light-emitting layer is bent towards the upper surface of the encapsulation layer.

[0226] The first and second photochromic layers can become transparent or black.

[0227] The first and second photochromic layers turn black when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light.

[0228] The first and second photochromic layers become transparent in low-light environments.

[0229] The embankment contains photochromic materials.

[0230] The embankment turns black when exposed to UV light. Compared to when the embankment is transparent, light directed at the photochromic embankment is reflected relatively less when the embankment is black.

[0231] The display device also includes a black pixel defining layer disposed between the inorganic encapsulation layer and the first photochromic layer and overlapping a barrier. The barrier comprises a transparent material. Light incident on the black pixel defining layer can be reflected less than when incident on the barrier.

[0232] The embankment, the first photochromic layer, and the second photochromic layer have a matrix form. The first and second photochromic layers overlap the embankment in the region of the embankment except for the openings.

[0233] Embodiments of this disclosure provide a display device comprising: a substrate; a dam portion disposed on the substrate and having an opening; a light-emitting layer disposed in the opening; an inorganic encapsulation layer disposed on the light-emitting layer and the dam portion; a first photochromic layer disposed on the inorganic encapsulation layer and overlapping the dam portion; and an organic encapsulation layer disposed on the first photochromic layer and comprising a plurality of organic layers having different refractive indices.

[0234] The plurality of organic layers include a first organic layer having a first refractive index and a second organic layer disposed on the first organic layer and having a second refractive index greater than the first refractive index.

[0235] The propagation direction of the light emitted from the light-emitting layer is bent towards the upper surface of the encapsulation layer.

[0236] The first photochromic layer can become transparent or black.

[0237] The above description has been presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the technical concepts of this disclosure, and has been provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications, additions, and substitutions to the described embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein can be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. The above description and drawings provide examples of the technical concepts of this disclosure for illustrative purposes only. That is, the disclosed embodiments are intended to illustrate the technical concepts of this disclosure, but do not limit the scope of the claims.

[0238] The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide other embodiments. If necessary, aspects of the embodiments can be modified to incorporate concepts from various patents, applications, and publications to provide other embodiments.

[0239] Based on the detailed description above, these and other changes can be made to the embodiments. Generally, the terminology used in the following claims should not be construed as limiting the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and claims, but should be interpreted to include all possible embodiments and the full scope of equivalents conferred by these claims. Therefore, the claims are not limited to this disclosure.

Claims

1. A display device, comprising: substrate; A first pixel electrode disposed on the substrate; A second pixel electrode is disposed on the substrate and spaced apart from the first pixel electrode; A dam portion is disposed on the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode, the dam portion overlaps with a portion of the first pixel electrode and a portion of the second pixel electrode, and the dam portion has an opening; A first light-emitting layer disposed on the first pixel electrode; A second light-emitting layer disposed on the second pixel electrode; a common electrode disposed on the first light-emitting layer and the second light-emitting layer; An inorganic encapsulation layer disposed on the common electrode; a first photochromic layer disposed on the inorganic encapsulation layer and overlapping the embankment; an organic encapsulation layer disposed on the first photochromic layer; And a second photochromic layer disposed on the organic encapsulation layer and overlapping the first photochromic layer.

2. The display device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The display device further includes: a first color filter disposed on the organic encapsulation layer and overlapping the first light-emitting layer; a second color filter disposed on the organic encapsulation layer and overlapping the second light-emitting layer; wherein a portion of the first color filter is positioned on a portion of the second photochromic layer, and wherein a portion of the second color filter is positioned on a portion of the second photochromic layer.

3. The display device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The display device further includes a touch electrode disposed on the organic encapsulation layer, wherein the touch electrode has an opening overlapping each of the first light-emitting layer and the second light-emitting layer, and wherein a portion of the touch electrode other than the opening overlaps with the first photochromic layer and the second photochromic layer.

4. The display device according to claim 3, characterized in that, The display device further includes an insulating layer located on the touch electrode, wherein the second photochromic layer is disposed on the insulating layer.

5. The display device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The organic encapsulation layer comprises an organic material with a single refractive index.

6. The display device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The organic encapsulation layer comprises multiple organic layers with different refractive indices.

7. The display device according to claim 6, characterized in that, The plurality of organic layers include: a first organic layer having a first refractive index; and a second organic layer disposed on the first organic layer and having a second refractive index greater than the first refractive index.

8. The display device according to claim 6, characterized in that, The first light-emitting layer and the second light-emitting layer are configured to emit light, and are bent forward toward the front surface of the inorganic encapsulation layer in the direction of propagation of light emitted from at least one of the first light-emitting layer toward the side surface of the inorganic encapsulation layer.

9. The display device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first photochromic layer and the second photochromic layer can become transparent or black.

10. The display device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first and second photochromic layers turn black when exposed to UV light.

11. The display device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first and second photochromic layers become transparent in low-light environments.

12. The display device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The embankment includes photochromic materials.

13. The display device according to claim 12, characterized in that, The embankment turns black when exposed to UV light and becomes transparent in low-light environments, and wherein, compared to when the embankment is transparent, light emitted by at least one of the first and second light-emitting layers toward the photochromic embankment is reflected relatively less when the embankment is black.

14. The display device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The display device further includes a black pixel defining layer disposed between the inorganic encapsulation layer and the first photochromic layer, the black pixel defining layer overlapping the dam, wherein the dam comprises a transparent material, wherein light incident on the black pixel defining layer is reflected less than when incident on the dam, and the first photochromic layer overlaps the black pixel defining layer.

15. The display device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The embankment, the first photochromic layer, and the second photochromic layer are arranged in a matrix, and the first photochromic layer and the second photochromic layer overlap the embankment in the region of the embankment other than the opening.

16. A display device, comprising: substrate; A dam portion disposed on the substrate and having an opening; A light-emitting layer disposed in the opening; An inorganic encapsulation layer disposed on the light-emitting layer and the embankment; a photochromic layer disposed on the inorganic encapsulation layer and overlapping the embankment; and an organic encapsulation layer disposed on the photochromic layer and comprising a plurality of organic layers with different refractive indices.

17. The display device according to claim 16, characterized in that, The plurality of organic layers include: a first organic layer having a first refractive index; and a second organic layer disposed on the first organic layer and having a second refractive index greater than the first refractive index.

18. The display device according to claim 17, characterized in that, The propagation direction of the light emitted from the light-emitting layer is bent toward the upper surface of the encapsulation layer.

19. The display device according to claim 16, characterized in that, The photochromic layer can become transparent or black.

20. A display device, comprising: substrate; A dam portion disposed on the substrate and having an opening; A light-emitting layer disposed in the opening; An inorganic encapsulation layer disposed on the light-emitting layer and the embankment; a first photochromic layer disposed on the inorganic encapsulation layer and overlapping the embankment; an organic encapsulation layer disposed on the first photochromic layer; And a second photochromic layer disposed on the organic encapsulation layer and overlapping the first photochromic layer.

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