Method for improving tea garden soil based on combined application of charcoal and organic fertilizer
By combining biochar with compound microbial agents, the problems of soil acidification and phosphorus cycle imbalance in tea gardens were solved, thereby improving soil quality, tea yield, and quality.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- YUNNAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-05
AI Technical Summary
Tea garden soils have become acidified, with reduced organic matter content and an imbalance in phosphorus cycling due to long-term monoculture and over-reliance on chemical fertilizers, affecting tea yield and quality. Existing improvement methods have failed to effectively address the synergistic regulation of phosphorus activation and slow release under acidified conditions.
The method of applying biochar and compound microbial agents is adopted. By screening high-quality biochar and preparing agents containing Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Bacillus subtilis, thermophilic bacteria and Bacillus coagulans, and combining them with organic fertilizer, the biochar is applied to the soil of tea gardens to improve organic matter and activate phosphorus.
It significantly increases the available phosphorus, organic matter, and water content of tea garden soil, improves tea yield and the content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, and caffeine in tea, and enhances soil quality and tea quality.
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention belongs to the field of tea planting technology, specifically, it relates to a method for improving tea garden soil based on the combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer. Background Technology
[0002] tea tree( Camellia sinensis L. is an important perennial economic crop in my country, widely distributed in the hilly and mountainous areas of the south. With the intensive development of the tea industry, most tea gardens have long adopted a single planting model, lacking a rotation or intercropping system. In addition, the pursuit of high yields has led to excessive reliance on chemical fertilizers, especially the unreasonable application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, resulting in the continuous degradation of soil ecosystem functions. This has led to multiple problems such as soil acidification, decreased organic matter content, and imbalance of available phosphorus, which seriously restricts the soil quality of tea gardens and the sustainability of tea production.
[0003] First, soil acidification is becoming increasingly serious. Because tea trees are naturally acid-loving, and because large amounts of physiologically acidic fertilizers (such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride) are commonly used in production, a large amount of H⁺ ions are released during nitrification. Simultaneously, leaching by rainfall exacerbates the loss of alkaline cations such as Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺, weakening the soil's buffering capacity. According to data from the National Farmland Quality Monitoring Report, the pH value of soil in more than 60% of tea gardens in my country is below 5.0, with approximately 30% reaching a strongly acidified level (pH < 4.5). Excessive soil acidity not only inhibits the absorption of various nutrients by tea tree roots but also promotes the activation of metal ions such as aluminum and manganese, producing toxic effects, affecting root development and nutrient transport, and ultimately reducing the growth vigor of tea trees and the quality of fresh leaves.
[0004] Secondly, soil organic matter content has significantly decreased. Long-term clean cultivation management, frequent removal of dead branches and fallen leaves, and insufficient input of organic materials have led to poor carbon cycle closure in tea garden ecosystems, with organic matter return far lower than consumption. Simultaneously, the monoculture continuous cropping pattern has simplified the soil microbial community structure, accelerating the decomposition rate of organic matter while weakening its synthesis capacity. Studies show that the average soil organic matter content in major tea-producing areas of my country is only 12–20 g / kg, significantly lower than the ideal range for tea tree growth (25–35 g / kg). This lack of organic matter directly results in decreased soil aggregate stability, increased bulk density, and reduced porosity, severely impacting the soil's water and fertilizer retention capacity and aeration, further weakening the soil's resistance to environmental stresses.
[0005] More significantly, the imbalance in soil phosphorus cycling is becoming increasingly apparent. On the one hand, despite annual applications of phosphate fertilizer, the low soil pH causes a large amount of phosphate ions to combine with free iron and aluminum ions to form insoluble Fe-P and Al-P compounds, leading to a sharp decline in phosphorus availability. On the other hand, the utilization rate of exogenous phosphate fertilizer is typically less than 20%, with the remainder either fixed or washed into surrounding water bodies, posing a risk of non-point source pollution. Recent soil testing results from tea gardens in various regions show that while total phosphorus content is not lacking, available phosphorus content is generally below 10 mg / kg, indicating a severe deficiency and becoming one of the key factors limiting tea yield increases. Furthermore, due to the lack of efficient phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms for transformation, the unavailable phosphorus accumulated in the soil is difficult for tea trees to reuse, creating a vicious cycle of "high input—low utilization—environmental burden."
[0006] The three core issues mentioned above—soil acidification, organic matter depletion, and reduced phosphorus availability—are intertwined and mutually reinforcing: acidification accelerates the decomposition of organic matter and promotes the chemical fixation of phosphorus; reduced organic matter weakens the soil's ability to regulate phosphorus adsorption and desorption, and reduces the survival basis for phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms; while low phosphorus utilization efficiency forces farmers to increase fertilizer application, further exacerbating acidification and environmental pollution. This series of chain reactions ultimately leads to an overall decline in the quality of tea garden soil, manifested as soil fertility degradation, slow tea tree growth, weakened stress resistance, fluctuating fresh leaf yield, and an imbalance in the proportion of tea components (such as amino acids and catechins), seriously affecting the flavor, quality, and market competitiveness of tea.
[0007] Currently, some improvement measures have been implemented, such as applying lime to adjust pH, increasing the application of commercial organic fertilizer, or adding inorganic phosphate fertilizer. However, these methods have significant limitations: while lime can neutralize acidity in the short term, it easily causes nutrient antagonism and the effect is not lasting; simply increasing the application of organic fertilizer can supplement carbon sources, but the mineralization rate is fast and the phosphorus release is uneven; and continuing to increase the input of phosphate fertilizer is not only costly but also exacerbates soil compaction and the risk of eutrophication in water bodies. In addition, existing technologies have not yet effectively solved the key technical problem of synergistic regulation of phosphorus activation and slow release under acidification conditions.
[0008] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a comprehensive soil improvement method that can simultaneously alleviate soil acidification, improve organic matter levels, and activate insoluble phosphorus resources, so as to achieve synergistic restoration of "acidity adjustment and phosphorus activation" and fundamentally reverse the trend of soil quality degradation in tea gardens. Summary of the Invention
[0009] In order to overcome the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention proposes a method for improving tea garden soil based on the combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer.
[0010] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention is implemented through the following technical solution: A method for improving tea garden soil based on the combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer includes the following steps: S1, Screening of biochar: Wood biochar was screened by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy characterization of wood chip biochar, straw biochar and rice husk biochar. S2, Preparation of compound biological agent: Formulating a compound biological agent containing *Phanerochaete chrysosporium* (… Phanerochaete chrysosporium ) bacterial agent, Bacillus subtilis ( Bacillus subtilis ) bacterial agents, thermophilic bacteria ( Thermus thermophilus ) bacterial agents and Bacillus coagulans ( Bacillus coagulans Compound microbial inoculants; S3, Preparation of bio-organic fertilizer: The raw materials for microbial organic fertilizer, by dry weight, include: 20-30 parts oil cake, 10-20 parts mushroom bags, 10-20 parts tobacco dust, 18 parts peat moss, 20 parts chrysanthemum residue, and 2 parts potassium humate; mix the above raw materials, add water and stir evenly until the moisture content is 50%-60%, compost and ferment until mature, and then dry until the moisture content is 15%-18% to obtain organic fertilizer; add the compound microbial agent from step S2 to the organic fertilizer at 3%-5% of the organic fertilizer mass and mix evenly to obtain bio-organic fertilizer. S4. Mix biochar and bio-organic fertilizer at a mass ratio of 1:2.3-4 and apply to the tea garden soil.
[0011] Furthermore, the surface functional groups of corn straw biochar, rice husk biochar, and sawdust biochar were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the surface morphology and microstructure of biochar were observed directly by scanning electron microscopy to screen out sawdust biochar.
[0012] Furthermore, the mass ratio of *Phanerochaete chrysosporium* inoculant, *Bacillus subtilis* inoculant, *Thermophilus membranaceus* inoculant, and *Bacillus coagulans* inoculant in the compound microbial agent is 2-3:2-3:1.5-2.5:1, and the effective viable count in both the *Phanerochaete chrysosporium* inoculant and the *Bacillus subtilis* inoculant is not less than 1×10⁻⁶. 7 The effective viable count in both *Thermophila thermophila* and *Bacillus coagulans* inoculants is not less than 1×10⁻⁶ CFU / g. 8 CFU / g; Furthermore, in step S4, the biochar and bio-organic fertilizer are applied by trenching and strip application.
[0013] Furthermore, the total application rate of biochar and bio-organic fertilizer is 20-30 kg / mu, applied twice: base fertilizer in December and top fertilizer in June.
[0014] Through the above technical solution, the present invention can achieve at least the following beneficial effects: The method described in this invention can effectively increase the available phosphorus, organic matter, and water content of tea garden soil, thereby increasing tea yield and the content of free amino acids, tea polyphenols, and caffeine in tea. Detailed Implementation
[0015] Unless otherwise stated, all materials and reagents used in this invention are commercially available. Example 1
[0016] A method for improving tea garden soil based on the combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer includes the following steps: S1, Screening of biochar: The types of surface functional groups of corn straw biochar, rice husk biochar and sawdust biochar were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the surface morphology and microstructure of biochar were observed by scanning electron microscopy to screen out sawdust biochar. S2, Preparation of compound biological agent: Formulating a compound biological agent containing *Phanerochaete chrysosporium* (… Phanerochaete chrysosporium ) bacterial agent, Bacillus subtilis ( Bacillus subtilis ) bacterial agents, thermophilic bacteria ( Thermus thermophilus ) bacterial agents and Bacillus coagulans ( Bacillus coagulans The compound microbial agent comprises a microbial agent containing *Phanerochaete chrysosporium*, *Bacillus subtilis*, *Thermophilus membranaceus*, and *Bacillus coagulans* in a mass ratio of 2.5:2.5:2:1, and the effective viable count of both the *Phanerochaete chrysosporium* and *Bacillus subtilis* inoculants is 1×10⁻⁶. 7 CFU / g, the effective viable count in both *Thermophila thermophila* and *Bacillus coagulans* inoculants was 1×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g; S3, Preparation of bio-organic fertilizer: The raw materials for microbial organic fertilizer, by dry weight, include: 25 parts oil cake, 10 parts mushroom bags, 15 parts tobacco dust, 18 parts peat moss, 20 parts chrysanthemum residue, and 2 parts potassium humate; mix the above raw materials, add water and stir evenly until the moisture content is 50%-60%, compost and ferment until mature, and then dry until the moisture content is 15%-18% to obtain organic fertilizer; add the compound microbial agent from step S2 to the organic fertilizer at 4% of the organic fertilizer mass and mix evenly to obtain bio-organic fertilizer. S4. Mix biochar and bio-organic fertilizer at a mass ratio of 1:3, and apply 25 kg / mu to the tea garden soil. Apply twice: apply base fertilizer in December and top fertilizer in June.
[0017] Example 2 A method for improving tea garden soil based on the combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer includes the following steps: S1, Screening of biochar: The types of surface functional groups of corn straw biochar, rice husk biochar and sawdust biochar were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the surface morphology and microstructure of biochar were observed by scanning electron microscopy to screen out sawdust biochar. S2, Preparation of compound biological agent: Formulating a compound biological agent containing *Phanerochaete chrysosporium* (… Phanerochaete chrysosporium ) bacterial agent, Bacillus subtilis ( Bacillus subtilis ) bacterial agents, thermophilic bacteria ( Thermus thermophilus ) bacterial agents and Bacillus coagulans ( Bacillus coagulans A compound microbial agent; wherein the mass ratio of *Phanerochaete chrysosporium* inoculant, *Bacillus subtilis* inoculant, *Thermophilus thermophilus* inoculant, and *Bacillus coagulans* inoculant is 2:2:1.5:1, and the effective viable count of *Phanerochaete chrysosporium* inoculant and *Bacillus subtilis* inoculant is 1×10⁻⁶. 7 CFU / g, the effective viable count in both *Thermophila thermophila* and *Bacillus coagulans* inoculants was 1×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g S3, Preparation of bio-organic fertilizer: The raw materials for microbial organic fertilizer, by dry weight, include: 20 parts oil cake, 20 parts mushroom bags, 20 parts tobacco dust, 18 parts peat moss, 20 parts chrysanthemum residue, and 2 parts potassium humate; mix the above raw materials, add water and stir evenly until the moisture content is 50%-60%, compost and ferment until mature, and then dry until the moisture content is 15%-18% to obtain organic fertilizer; add the compound microbial agent from step S2 to the organic fertilizer at 3% of the organic fertilizer mass and mix evenly to obtain bio-organic fertilizer; S4. Mix biochar and bio-organic fertilizer at a mass ratio of 1:2.3 and apply 20 kg / mu to the tea garden soil. Apply twice: apply base fertilizer in December and top fertilizer in June.
[0018] Example 3 A method for improving tea garden soil based on the combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer includes the following steps: Screening of biochar: The types of surface functional groups of corn straw biochar, rice husk biochar and sawdust biochar were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the surface morphology and microstructure of biochar were observed by scanning electron microscopy to screen out sawdust biochar. S2, Preparation of compound biological agent: Formulating a compound biological agent containing *Phanerochaete chrysosporium* (… Phanerochaete chrysosporium ) bacterial agent, Bacillus subtilis ( Bacillus subtilis ) bacterial agents, thermophilic bacteria ( Thermus thermophilus ) bacterial agents and Bacillus coagulans ( Bacillus coagulansA compound microbial agent; wherein the mass ratio of *P. chrysospora*, *Bacillus subtilis*, *Thermophilus membranaceus*, and *Bacillus coagulans* in the compound microbial agent is 3:3:2.5:1, and the effective viable count of both *P. chrysospora* and *Bacillus subtilis* is 1×10⁻⁶. 7 CFU / g, the effective viable count in both *Thermophila thermophila* and *Bacillus coagulans* inoculants was 1×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g S3, Preparation of bio-organic fertilizer: The raw materials for microbial organic fertilizer, by dry weight, include: 30 parts oil cake, 10 parts mushroom bags, 20 parts tobacco dust, 18 parts peat moss, 20 parts chrysanthemum residue, and 2 parts potassium humate; mix the above raw materials, add water and stir evenly until the moisture content is 50%-60%, compost and ferment until mature, and then dry until the moisture content is 15%-18% to obtain organic fertilizer; add the compound microbial agent from step S2 to the organic fertilizer at 5% of the organic fertilizer mass and mix evenly to obtain bio-organic fertilizer. S4. Mix biochar and bio-organic fertilizer at a mass ratio of 1:4, and apply 30 kg / mu to the tea garden soil. Apply twice: apply base fertilizer in December and top fertilizer in June.
[0019] Comparative Example 1 The difference between Comparative Example 1 and Example 1 is that only bio-organic fertilizer was applied.
[0020] Comparative Example 2 The difference between Comparative Example 2 and Example 1 is that the compound microbial agent contains only Protozoa chrysospora.
[0021] Comparative Example 3 The difference between Comparative Example 3 and Example 1 is that the compound microbial agent contains only Bacillus subtilis.
[0022] Comparative Example 4 The difference between Comparative Example 4 and Example 1 is that the compound microbial agent contains only thermophilic bacteria.
[0023] Comparative Example 5 The difference between Comparative Example 5 and Example 1 is that the compound microbial agent contains only Bacillus coagulans.
[0024] Experimental Example The tea garden soil was treated according to the methods described in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-5, as follows: Experimental site: Huaqing Tea Factory, Nanjian County, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The soil physicochemical properties are as follows: lateritic red soil, available P 8.2 mg / kg, organic matter 95.01 g / kg, moisture content 10.90%, pH 4.93.
[0025] Experimental crop: Tieguanyin tea, 20-year-old tree. Experimental method: A randomized block design was adopted, with a total of 9 treatments, each lasting 20 minutes. 2 The experiment was repeated three times. Eight treatments were applied using fertilizers prepared in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, respectively, and were labeled as Example 1, Example 2, Example 3, Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2, Comparative Example 3, Comparative Example 4, and Comparative Example 5. The ninth treatment was a compound fertilizer (N:P:K = 17:17:17) and was labeled as the control group. The fertilization method was as follows: base fertilizer was applied in mid-December and topdressing was applied in mid-June using a strip-ditch fertilization method. The fertilizer application rate for the control group was 30 kg / mu each time. Other management methods were the same as local conventional management methods.
[0026] The physicochemical properties of the soil were tested in early March of the following year, and soil samples were collected in accordance with the "Technical Specifications for Soil Analysis". The value adopts CHN-82801 type. (Water-to-soil ratio 2.5:1); Organic matter content was determined using the potassium dichromate heating method; Effective Content is adopted The results of the measurements are shown in Table 1.
[0027] Table 1. Statistical table of soil physicochemical properties
[0028] When harvesting tea at the end of March of the second year, one bud and one leaf were picked. After calculating the fresh weight of the tea leaves (yield, kg / mu), the tea leaves were first dried at 120℃ for 5 minutes in a dryer, and then dried at 80℃ to constant weight. The contents of free amino acids, tea polyphenols and caffeine in the tea leaves dried to constant weight were calculated (the detection methods refer to GB / T 8313—2018 and GB / T 8314—2013). The results are shown in Table 2.
[0029] Table 2. Statistics on Tea Yield and Tea Component Content
[0030] Finally, it should be noted that the above preferred embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail through the above preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that various changes can be made to it in form and detail without departing from the scope defined by the claims of the present invention.
Claims
1. A method for improving tea garden soil based on the combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer, characterized in that: It includes the following steps: S1, Screening of biochar: Wood biochar was screened by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy characterization of wood chip biochar, straw biochar and rice husk biochar. S2, Preparation of compound biological agent: Formulating a compound biological agent containing *Phanerochaete chrysosporium* (… Phanerochaete chrysosporium ) bacterial agent, Bacillus subtilis ( Bacillus subtilis ) bacterial agents, thermophilic bacteria ( Thermus thermophilus ) bacterial agents and Bacillus coagulans ( Bacillus coagulans Compound microbial inoculants; S3, Preparation of bio-organic fertilizer: The raw materials for microbial organic fertilizer, by dry weight, include: 20-30 parts oil cake, 10-20 parts mushroom bags, 15-20 parts tobacco dust, 18 parts peat moss, 20 parts chrysanthemum residue, and 2 parts potassium humate; mix the above raw materials, add water and stir evenly until the moisture content is 50%-60%, compost and ferment until mature, and then dry until the moisture content is 15%-18% to obtain organic fertilizer; add the compound microbial agent from step S2 to the organic fertilizer at 3%-5% of the organic fertilizer mass and mix evenly to obtain bio-organic fertilizer; S4. Mix biochar and bio-organic fertilizer at a mass ratio of 1:2.3-4 and apply to the tea garden soil.
2. The method for improving tea garden soil based on the combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The surface functional groups of corn straw biochar, rice husk biochar, and sawdust biochar were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the surface morphology and microstructure of biochar were observed by scanning electron microscopy to screen out sawdust biochar.
3. The method for improving tea garden soil based on the combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of *P. chrysospora*, *Bacillus subtilis*, *Thermophilus*, and *Bacillus coagulans* in the compound microbial agent is 2-3:2-3:1.5-2.5:
1. The effective viable count in both the *P. chrysospora* and *Bacillus subtilis* agents is not less than 1×10⁻⁶. 7 The effective viable count in both *Thermophila thermophila* and *Bacillus coagulans* inoculants is not less than 1×10⁻⁶ CFU / g. 8 CFU / g.
4. The method for improving tea garden soil based on the combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, the biochar and bio-organic fertilizer are applied by trenching.
5. The method for improving tea garden soil based on the combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer according to claim 4, characterized in that: The total application rate of biochar and bio-organic fertilizer is 20-30 kg / mu, applied twice: base fertilizer in December and top fertilizer in June.