Detachable composite armor structure

Abstract

The invention discloses a detachable composite armor structure and belongs to the technical field of composite materials, the detachable composite armor structure is formed by splicing a plurality of module units, each module unit is of a layered structure and sequentially comprises a supporting layer, a buffering anti-bullet layer, a core anti-bullet layer and a broadband wave absorbing and composite anti-bullet layer from inside to outside, the thickness of each module unit is smaller than or equal to 75 mm, and the surface density of each module unit is smaller than or equal to 90 kg / m; the broadband wave-absorbing and composite anti-elastic layer comprises more than two wave-transparent anti-elastic layers and broadband wave-absorbing layers which are arranged in a staggered manner, and the outmost layer is the wave-transparent anti-elastic layer; the number of the core anti-bullet layers is two, and the two core anti-bullet layers are detachably connected, so that the core anti-bullet layers are conveniently and rapidly detached and replaced. The device is installed on the outer surface of the armored car, and the low surface density meets the lightweight design requirement; the wave-transparent anti-bullet layer of the double-sine wave structure can transmit electromagnetic waves, resist bullet or fragment impact and change bullet tracks, and the broadband wave-absorbing layer absorbs broadband electromagnetic waves. The middle core anti-bullet layer and the buffer anti-bullet layer can resist the bullet and buffer the bullet, and the damaged outer layer can be replaced quickly.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of composite material technology, and specifically relates to a detachable composite armor structure. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, the basic protection of most armored vehicles still relies primarily on metal armor (such as steel armor). These materials have a high reflectivity to radar waves, and traditional designs lack systematic integration of radar absorption capabilities. On the one hand, limited by cost and technological maturity, high-performance radar-absorbing materials have not yet been widely applied to mass-produced armored vehicles, and are only being tested in certain areas of some special experimental vehicles or high-end equipment. On the other hand, there are technical bottlenecks in the integrated design of radar absorption functionality and armor structure. Simply adding a radar-absorbing coating to the outer layer may increase the overall thickness of the armor, which could negatively impact the vehicle's mobility and space utilization. Therefore, most conventional armored vehicles still prioritize passive protection and have not incorporated radar absorption performance into their core design specifications. In the modern battlefield environment dominated by radar detection and electronic reconnaissance, they are easily targeted by the enemy for detection and attack.

[0003] Currently, armored vehicles generally face the dual shortcomings of insufficient radar absorption and inadequate weight reduction in terms of protection and battlefield survivability design. This situation is significantly out of sync with the core requirements of modern battlefield concealment and mobility. This can be analyzed from the following two aspects: Traditional radar-absorbing materials have limited functionality. For example, while coating-type radar-absorbing materials can absorb radar waves to some extent, their absorption mechanism is relatively simple, their absorption frequency band is narrow, and they lack ballistic resistance. When facing high-frequency, wide-band radar detection, their stealth performance is significantly reduced. Furthermore, once attacked by munitions, the coating is easily damaged, resulting in a severe decrease in radar absorption performance.

[0004] Currently, lightweighting of ballistic materials for armored vehicles is not very effective. Traditional ballistic materials, such as metal armor, rely on their high strength to withstand the impact of munitions. However, these materials are heavy, which greatly affects the mobility of the equipment and they lack radar absorption properties, making them easily detectable by radar. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the above problems, the present invention provides a detachable composite armor structure.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows: A detachable composite armor structure, which is assembled from several modular units and can cover the outer surface of an armored vehicle. The modular units have a layered structure, consisting of a support layer, a buffer anti-ballistic layer, a core anti-ballistic layer, a broadband wave-absorbing layer, and a composite anti-ballistic layer from the inside out. The thickness of the modular units is ≤75mm and the areal density is ≤90kg / m². The broadband wave absorption and composite ballistic protection includes two or more layers of wave-transparent ballistic protection layers and broadband wave-absorbing layers arranged in an alternating manner, with the outermost layer being the wave-transparent ballistic protection layer. The inner and outer surfaces of the wave-transparent ballistic protection layer are both double sinusoidal corrugated structures, which can transmit electromagnetic waves, resist bullet or fragment impacts, and change the trajectory of the bullet; the broadband wave-absorbing layer can effectively absorb broadband electromagnetic waves. The core ballistic layer is used to resist projectiles that penetrate the wave-penetrating ballistic layer. The core ballistic layer consists of two layers, and the two core ballistic layers are connected by a tenon and mortise joint for easy detachment. The buffer and anti-ballistic layer serves as a buffer, while also resisting residual shrapnel and fragments. The support layer can be fixed to the hull of the armored vehicle; The support layer, the buffer ballistic layer, and the core ballistic layer are bonded together with epoxy film to form armor module two. The other core ballistic layer, the broadband wave-absorbing layer, and the wave-transmitting ballistic layer are bonded together with foam to form armor module one.

[0007] Furthermore, the wave-transparent ballistic layer and the broadband absorbing layer each consist of three layers, which are arranged from the outside to the inside as follows: first wave-transparent ballistic layer, first broadband absorbing layer, second wave-transparent ballistic layer, second broadband absorbing layer, third wave-transparent ballistic layer, and third broadband absorbing layer; the three wave-transparent ballistic layers and the three broadband absorbing layers are alternately bonded together.

[0008] Furthermore, the surface shape of the first, second, and third wave-transparent ballistic layers is a double sinusoidal corrugated structure, and they are all made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite material. The first, second, and third wave-transparent ballistic layers are prepared by molding process.

[0009] Furthermore, the first broadband absorbing layer, the second broadband absorbing layer, and the third broadband absorbing layer are all mixtures of absorbent and polyurethane foam.

[0010] Furthermore, both core ballistic layers are boron carbide ceramic plates, with the first and second boron carbide ceramic plates connected by mortise and tenon joints; the second boron carbide ceramic plate is bonded and fixed to the buffer ballistic layer with epoxy resin film.

[0011] Furthermore, the buffer and ballistic layer is an orthogonally laid ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber non-woven fabric, the support layer is a carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite laminate, and the buffer and ballistic layer and the support layer are bonded and fixed with epoxy resin adhesive film.

[0012] Furthermore, the broadband absorbing layer is a polyurethane foam raw material with added absorbent, and the components and their weight parts in the polyurethane foam raw material of the broadband absorbing layer are as follows: Foaming raw materials: 80-100 parts of polyether polyol and 14-17 parts of polyisocyanate; Foaming agent: 0.8-1.0 parts of dimethyl silicone oil; Initial catalyst: 0.8–1 part triethanolamine, 0.4–0.6 parts dibutyltin dilaurate; Gel catalyst: 0.4–0.6 parts of triethylenediamine; Flame retardant: 5-7 parts of trichloroethyl phosphate; Foaming agent: 1.5 to 2 parts water; Suspension agent: 4-6 parts epoxy resin; Absorbent: 0.7–6.3 parts of chopped carbon fibers; Cleaning agent: acetone; The foaming steps of polyurethane foam raw material are as follows: The short-cut carbon fibers are immersed in acetone solution and soaked at room temperature for 3 hours. Then they are placed in an ultrasonic cleaner and ultrasonically vibrated for 1 hour. After acetone and ultrasonic treatment, they are kept at 50°C for 3 hours. The acetone is poured out to remove dirt, and the fibers are dried for later use. The pretreated chopped carbon fibers were added to the polyether polyol and stirred with a mechanical stirrer (1000-2000 rpm) for 12-15 minutes until the dispersion was uniform. Add dimethyl silicone oil, trichloroethyl phosphate, water, and epoxy resin to the above slurry, and continue stirring for 3-5 minutes until homogeneous; Add triethanolamine, dibutyltin dilaurate, and triethylenediamine, and stir for 12–15 seconds. Finally, add the polyisocyanate and stir rapidly with a high-speed mechanical stirrer for 12–15 seconds.

[0013] Furthermore, the amount of absorbent added to the polyurethane foam raw material of the first broadband absorbing layer is 0.4 to 0.6 wt%, the amount of absorbent added to the polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer is 1.8 to 2.2 wt%, and the amount of absorbent added to the polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer is 4.3 to 4.7 wt%.

[0014] Furthermore, the broadband absorbing layer, the wave-transmitting bulletproof layer, and the first boron carbide ceramic plate are wrapped with a 0.4-0.6 mm thick layer of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite prepreg, which is then cured in a mold to form armor module one. The preparation process of armor module one is as follows: The ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite prepreg is laid around the mold; The first boron carbide ceramic plate is laid flat and placed into the mold; The polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer is poured onto the first boron carbide ceramic plate, and the thickness of the polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer is 0.9 to 1.1 mm. The third wave-transparent, elastic-resistant layer is placed on the polyurethane foam raw material; The polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer is poured onto the third wave-transparent and elastic layer. The total volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer is 1.5 times the volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer. The second wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer is placed on the polyurethane foam raw material; the direction of placement is symmetrical to the direction axis of the third wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer. The polyurethane foam raw material of the first broadband absorbing layer is poured onto the second wave-transparent and elastic layer, and the volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the first broadband absorbing layer is the same as the volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer. The first wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer is placed on the polyurethane foam raw material; the direction of placement is symmetrical to the direction axis of the second wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer. Tighten the mold, heat to 68-72℃, and allow it to solidify and foam for 5.5-6.5 hours; After foaming is complete, take out the first armor module and cut the first boron carbide ceramic plate by mechanical cutting or water jet cutting. Make a convex mortise on the side that mates with the second boron carbide ceramic plate. The buffer anti-ballistic layer is orthogonally laid between the second boron carbide ceramic plate and the support layer, and molded in one piece according to the outer contour of the armored vehicle to form armor module two. A mortise is machined on the second boron carbide ceramic plate to fit the tenon of the first boron carbide ceramic plate.

[0015] Furthermore, the mortise is provided on the upper surface of the second boron carbide ceramic plate, and the tenon is provided on the upper surface of the first boron carbide ceramic plate; the tenon on the first boron carbide ceramic plate can be inserted into the mortise of the second boron carbide ceramic plate, and armor module one and armor module two are combined together to form a module unit; adjacent module units are connected and fixed by a locking structure.

[0016] The technological advancements achieved by this invention compared to existing technologies are as follows: The composite armor structure provided by this invention is assembled from several modular units and can be installed on the outer surface of an armored vehicle. Its surface density is ≤90kg / m², which meets the requirements of lightweight design. During assembly, it is connected to the vehicle body using a support layer. The outermost wave-transparent ballistic layer and broadband wave-absorbing layer are arranged alternately, with the outermost layer being the wave-transparent ballistic layer. The wave-transparent ballistic layer with a double sine wave structure can transmit electromagnetic waves, resist bullet or fragment impacts, and change the bullet trajectory. The broadband wave-absorbing layer can absorb broadband electromagnetic waves. The core ballistic layer in the middle layer can resist projectiles that penetrate the wave-transparent ballistic layer, and the buffer ballistic layer plays a buffering role while resisting residual shrapnel and fragments. At the same time, the core ballistic layer is designed as two layers and uses a detachable connection, which facilitates quick disassembly and replacement when the outer layer is damaged, thereby reducing maintenance costs and enabling rapid repair. This invention can achieve wideband effective electromagnetic wave absorption of 4-18GHz (reflection loss ≤-10dB), low surface density of 90kg / m², and can effectively resist the penetration of 12.7mm armor-piercing incendiary projectiles. At the same time, the armor structure is easy to repair, thereby reducing maintenance costs, shortening maintenance time, and improving the combat performance of equipment. Attached Figure Description

[0017] The accompanying drawings are provided to further illustrate the invention and form part of the specification. They are used together with the embodiments of the invention to explain the invention and do not constitute a limitation thereof.

[0018] In the attached diagram: Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure of a module unit in a detachable composite armor structure provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a certain module unit in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a partial outline view of the wave-transparent ballistic layer in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a front view of the second boron carbide ceramic plate in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the locking structure in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a graph showing the electromagnetic wave reflection loss of the composite armor structure in this invention. In the picture: 1-First wave-transmitting and bulletproof layer; 2-First broadband wave-absorbing layer; 3-Second wave-transmitting and bulletproof layer; 4-Second broadband wave-absorbing layer; 5-Third wave-transmitting and bulletproof layer; 6-Third broadband wave-absorbing layer; 7-First boron carbide ceramic plate; 8-Second boron carbide ceramic plate; 9-Buffer and bulletproof layer; 10-Support layer; 11-Flanged tenon; 12-Mortise; 13-Lock tongue; 14-Limiting pin; 15-Spring. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The following specific embodiments can be combined with each other, and the same or similar concepts or processes may not be described again in some embodiments. The embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0020] This invention provides a detachable composite armor structure, which is assembled from several modular units and can cover the outer surface of an armored vehicle. The modular units have a layered structure (e.g., ...). Figure 1 , 2 As shown in the figure, from the inside out, the components are a support layer 10, a buffer anti-ballistic layer 9, a core anti-ballistic layer, a broadband wave-absorbing layer, and a composite anti-ballistic layer. The thickness of the module unit is ≤75mm and the surface density is ≤90kg / m², which is only equivalent to the weight of 11.4mm thick armor steel, showing significant lightweight advantages.

[0021] The broadband wave-absorbing and composite ballistic protection system comprises two or more staggered wave-transparent ballistic protection layers and a broadband wave-absorbing layer, with the outermost layer being the wave-transparent ballistic protection layer. The inner and outer surfaces of this layer have a double sinusoidal corrugated structure, enabling it to transmit electromagnetic waves, resist bullet or fragment impacts, and alter bullet trajectory. The broadband wave-absorbing layer effectively absorbs electromagnetic waves. The core ballistic protection layer, consisting of two layers connected by a tenon-and-mortise joint, is used to resist projectiles that penetrate the wave-transparent ballistic protection layer. The buffer ballistic protection layer 9 acts as a buffer, while also resisting residual shrapnel and fragments. The support layer 10 can be fixed to the armored vehicle's hull. The synergistic effect of the wave-transparent ballistic protection layer, the core ballistic protection layer, and the buffer ballistic protection layer enhances ballistic resistance. In actual manufacturing, the thickness of the module units can be designed according to specific requirements to further improve ballistic protection or wave-absorbing performance.

[0022] In specific manufacturing, the support layer 10, the buffer ballistic layer 9, and one core ballistic layer are bonded together with epoxy film to form armor module two. Another core ballistic layer and the broadband wave-absorbing and wave-transmitting ballistic layer are bonded together with foam to form armor module one. The two core ballistic layers are detachably connected, allowing for quick and easy disassembly and replacement when the outer layer is damaged, thus reducing maintenance costs and enabling rapid repair.

[0023] In specific embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 1 , 2 As shown, the wave-transparent ballistic layer and the broadband absorbing layer each consist of three layers, arranged from the outside to the inside as follows: first wave-transparent ballistic layer 1, first broadband absorbing layer 2, second wave-transparent ballistic layer 3, second broadband absorbing layer 4, third wave-transparent ballistic layer 5, and third broadband absorbing layer 6; the three wave-transparent ballistic layers and the three broadband absorbing layers are alternately bonded together. Figure 3As shown, the first wave-transparent ballistic layer 1, the second wave-transparent ballistic layer 3, and the third wave-transparent ballistic layer 5 are all double sinusoidal corrugated structures made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite material, with a wall thickness of 3 mm, a wave crest of 5 mm, a period of 10 mm, and a density of 0.4 g / cm³. 3 The first wave-transparent ballistic layer 1, the second wave-transparent ballistic layer 3, and the third wave-transparent ballistic layer 5 are manufactured using a molding process. The first broadband absorbing layer 2, the second broadband absorbing layer 4, and the third broadband absorbing layer 6 are all polyurethane foams with added absorbents, and the density of each layer is approximately 0.1 g / cm³. 3 about.

[0024] Both core ballistic layers have a density of 2.5 g / cm³. 3 The boron carbide ceramic plate, the first boron carbide ceramic plate 7 and the second boron carbide ceramic plate 8 are connected by a tenon and mortise structure; the thickness of the first boron carbide ceramic plate 7 is 15mm, the thickness of the second boron carbide ceramic plate 8 is 10mm, and the second boron carbide ceramic plate 8 and the buffer and anti-elastic layer 9 are bonded and fixed by epoxy resin film.

[0025] The cushioning and ballistic layer 9 is an orthogonally laid ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber non-woven fabric with a total thickness of 10 mm and a density of 0.97 g / cm³. 3 It can absorb the residual kinetic energy of the projectile, buffer the impact, and resist ceramic splash.

[0026] The support layer 10 is a carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite laminate with a thickness of 1 mm and a density of approximately 1.6 g / cm³. 3 It serves as a support and transitional element.

[0027] In the specific manufacturing process, the second boron carbide ceramic plate 8, the buffer and anti-elastic layer 9 and the support layer 10 are bonded and fixed with epoxy resin film and molded using a molding process.

[0028] Finite element simulations demonstrate that the ballistic structure, composed of three wave-transmitting ballistic layers, three broadband absorbing layers, two core ballistic layers, and a buffer ballistic layer, can effectively resist the penetration of a 12.7mm armor-piercing incendiary projectile with an initial velocity of 900m / s; and can effectively absorb electromagnetic microwaves with a reflection loss ≤-10dB in the 4-18GHz frequency band. The electromagnetic wave reflection loss curve is shown below. Figure 6 As shown.

[0029] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the broadband absorbing layer is a polyurethane foam raw material with added absorbent, and the components and their weight parts in the polyurethane foam raw material of the broadband absorbing layer are as follows: Foaming raw materials: 80-100 parts of polyether polyol and 14-17 parts of polyisocyanate; Foaming agent: 0.8-1.0 parts of dimethyl silicone oil; Initial catalyst: 0.8–1 part triethanolamine, 0.4–0.6 parts dibutyltin dilaurate; Gel catalyst: 0.4–0.6 parts of triethylenediamine; Flame retardant: 5-7 parts of trichloroethyl phosphate; Foaming agent: 1.5 to 2 parts water; Suspension agent: 4-6 parts epoxy resin; Absorbent: 0.7–6.3 parts of chopped carbon fibers; Cleaning agent: acetone; The foaming steps of the above polyurethane foam raw material are as follows: The short-cut carbon fibers are immersed in acetone solution and soaked at room temperature for 3 hours. Then they are placed in an ultrasonic cleaner and ultrasonically vibrated for 1 hour. After acetone and ultrasonic treatment, they are kept at 50°C for 3 hours. The acetone is poured out to remove dirt, and the fibers are dried for later use. The pretreated chopped carbon fibers were added to the polyether polyol and stirred with a mechanical stirrer (1000-2000 rpm) for 12-15 minutes until the dispersion was uniform. Add dimethyl silicone oil, trichloroethyl phosphate, water, and epoxy resin to the above slurry, and continue stirring for 3-5 minutes until homogeneous; Add triethanolamine, dibutyltin dilaurate, and triethylenediamine, and stir for 12–15 seconds. Finally, add the polyisocyanate and stir rapidly with a high-speed mechanical stirrer for 12–15 seconds.

[0030] According to design requirements, the absorbent content in the polyurethane foam raw material of the first broadband absorbing layer 2 is 0.4–0.6 wt%, the absorbent content in the polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer 4 is 1.8–2.2 wt%, and the absorbent content in the polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer 6 is 4.3–4.7 wt%. The first broadband absorbing layer, with a low mass percentage of absorbent, forms an impedance matching layer. The second broadband absorbing layer is an impedance matching / loss equalization layer, serving a dual function of impedance and electromagnetic loss absorption. The third broadband absorbing layer is a high electromagnetic energy loss layer, primarily functioning as an electromagnetic loss absorption layer.

[0031] Example 1: A double-corrugated structure of a three-layer ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite material was prepared in advance. Two layers of boron carbide ceramic plates, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber non-woven fabric, and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite laminate were cut and prepared for use. The polyurethane foam stock solution for preparing the three-layer broadband absorbing layer was as follows: 1. The composition of each component in the polyurethane foam raw material of the third wave-transparent and elastic-resistant layer is as follows: 80 parts polyether polyol and 14 parts polyisocyanate; 1.0 part of dimethyl silicone oil; Triethanolamine 0.8 parts, dibutyltin dilaurate 0.4 parts; 0.4 parts of triethylenediamine; 5 parts of trichloroethyl phosphate; 1.5 parts water; 4 parts epoxy resin; 0.7 parts of short-cut carbon fiber.

[0032] 2. The composition of each component in the polyurethane foam raw material of the third wave-transparent and elastic-resistant layer is as follows: 80 parts polyether polyol and 14 parts polyisocyanate; 1.0 part of dimethyl silicone oil; Triethanolamine 0.8 parts, dibutyltin dilaurate 0.4 parts; 0.4 parts of triethylenediamine; 5 parts of trichloroethyl phosphate; 1.5 parts water; 5 parts epoxy resin; 2.5 parts of chopped carbon fiber.

[0033] 3. The composition of each component in the polyurethane foam raw material of the third wave-transparent and elastic-resistant layer is as follows: 80 parts polyether polyol and 14 parts polyisocyanate; 1.0 part of dimethyl silicone oil; Triethanolamine 0.8 parts, dibutyltin dilaurate 0.4 parts; 0.4 parts of triethylenediamine; 5 parts of trichloroethyl phosphate; 1.5 parts water; 6 parts epoxy resin; 6.3 parts of short-cut carbon fiber.

[0034] In specific manufacturing, the broadband absorbing layer, the wave-transmitting bulletproof layer, and the first boron carbide ceramic plate 7 are wrapped with a 0.5mm thick ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite prepreg fabric, which is then cured in a mold to form armor module one. The preparation process of armor module one is as follows: The ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite prepreg is laid around the mold; The first boron carbide ceramic plate 7 is laid flat and placed into the mold; The polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer 6 is poured onto the first boron carbide ceramic plate 7. The thickness of the polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer 6 is about 1 mm. The third wave-transparent elastic layer 5 is placed on the polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband wave-absorbing layer 6; The polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer 4 is poured onto the third wave-transparent and elastic layer 5. The total volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer 4 is about 1.5 times the volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer 6. The second wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer 3 is placed on the polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband wave-absorbing layer 4; the direction of placement is symmetrical to the direction axis of the third wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer 5. The polyurethane foam raw material of the first broadband absorbing layer 2 is poured onto the second wave-transparent and elastic layer 3, and the volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the first broadband absorbing layer 2 is the same as the volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer 4. The first wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer 1 is placed on the polyurethane foam raw material of the first broadband wave-absorbing layer 2; the direction of placement is symmetrical to the direction axis of the second wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer 3. Tighten the mold, heat to 70℃, and allow to solidify and foam for 6 hours; After foaming is complete, the first armor module is removed, and the first boron carbide ceramic plate 7 is cut using mechanical cutting or water jet cutting. A tenon 11 is carved on the side that mates with the second boron carbide ceramic plate 8. The first armor module is bonded during the foaming process, thus achieving the connection.

[0035] The buffer anti-ballistic layer 9 is orthogonally laid between the second boron carbide ceramic plate 8 and the support layer 10, and integrally formed according to the outer contour of the armored vehicle using a molding process to form armor module two. A mortise 12 is machined on the second boron carbide ceramic plate 8 to mate with the tenon 11 of the first boron carbide ceramic plate 7.

[0036] like Figure 1 , 2 As shown in Figure 4, the mortise 12 is disposed on the upper surface of the second boron carbide ceramic plate 8, and the tenon 11 is disposed on the upper surface of the first boron carbide ceramic plate 7. This structure allows the tenon 11 on the upper part of the first boron carbide ceramic plate 7 to be inserted into the mortise 12 on the upper part of the second boron carbide ceramic plate 8. Under the action of gravity, the first boron carbide ceramic plate is firmly inserted into the mortise, ensuring that the assembled composite armor structure is tightly assembled and firmly fixed during the movement of the armored vehicle.

[0037] Further optimize the above solution, such as Figure 2 , 5As shown, the first boron carbide ceramic plates of two adjacent module units can be connected by a locking structure. This locking structure includes a latch 13, a limiting pin 14, and a spring 15. The latch 13 protrudes from the edge of the first boron carbide ceramic plate 7. The edges of the first boron carbide ceramic plates 7 of adjacent module units have locking holes that mate with the latch 13. The sidewall of the locking hole has a mounting groove for accommodating the limiting pin 13 and the spring 14. The side of the latch 13 has a limiting hole that mates with the limiting pin 14. To facilitate insertion into the locking hole, a guide bevel is machined at the end of the latch 13. During assembly, the latch of the module unit can be inserted into the locking hole on the edge of the adjacent module unit. The limiting pin is compressed into the mounting groove. Once the limiting hole and the limiting pin are aligned, the limiting pin will enter the limiting hole under the spring force, achieving the locking purpose. During disassembly, pulling the armor module upwards will allow the latch to overcome the spring force and be pulled out of the locking hole.

[0038] It should be noted that the above-mentioned locking structure is only one form. The actual locking structure should be designed or not designed according to the specific application of the armor, the type of armored vehicle, and its location.

[0039] During assembly, armor module 2 can be fixed (by bonding, pressing or other processes) to the outside of the armored vehicle. The second boron carbide ceramic plate of armor module 2 and the first boron carbide ceramic plate of armor module 1 are connected by tenon and mortise, which allows armor module 1 to be firmly inserted into the outside of armor module 2. When the external armor module 1 is damaged, it can be pulled out from the mortise and replaced.

[0040] In practical applications, the first wave-transparent ballistic layer 1, the second wave-transparent ballistic layer 3, and the third wave-transparent ballistic layer 5 work together to transmit electromagnetic waves using wave-transparent materials. Their surfaces are all curved, further resisting bullet and fragment impacts and altering bullet trajectories, thus extending the bullet's penetration path. The first broadband absorbing layer 2, the second broadband absorbing layer 4, and the third broadband absorbing layer 6 achieve broadband absorption: the first broadband absorbing layer 2 initially absorbs electromagnetic energy, transmitting it to the next layer and reducing electromagnetic wave reflection; the second broadband absorbing layer 4 further weakens electromagnetic energy and transmits the remaining electromagnetic waves; the third broadband absorbing layer 6 further absorbs electromagnetic energy. The overall design follows a gradual transition from high impedance matching to high electromagnetic loss capability. The gradient effect of the corrugated structure (similar to a wedge structure) further enhances the absorption effect. Furthermore, the three broadband absorbing layers can be foamed at room temperature. During foaming, adjacent three wave-transparent ballistic layers and the first boron carbide ceramic plate 7 can be bonded together, achieving integrated molding.

[0041] The core of the two-layer boron carbide ceramic plate is ballistic protection, mainly used to resist high-penetration projectiles that cannot be completely blocked by three layers of wave-penetrating ballistic protection. The two-layer boron carbide ceramic plate is connected by a mortise and tenon structure. For the damage from ordinary shrapnel, fragments, and bullets, the armor module one can achieve effective protection. At this time, it can be replaced simply by disassembling the damaged armor module one, thereby saving maintenance costs and achieving rapid repair. The mortise and tenon structure is not completely penetrated during manufacturing.

[0042] Finite element simulations have demonstrated that the ballistic structure, consisting of three transparent ballistic layers, three broadband absorbing layers, two core ballistic layers, and a buffer ballistic layer, can effectively resist the penetration of a 12.7mm armor-piercing incendiary projectile with an initial velocity of 900m / s; and can effectively absorb electromagnetic microwaves with a reflection loss of ≤-10dB in the 4-18GHz frequency band.

[0043] In summary, this invention employs a modular structure that facilitates processing, manufacturing, and installation, and also allows for easy disassembly and replacement during application. When in use, this composite armor structure should be mounted diagonally on the armored vehicle's body, with the side of the second boron carbide ceramic plate without mortises facing the ground. The second armor module is then integrated with the vehicle's body to achieve overall integration. The first armor module is then inserted into the mortises of the second armor module, facilitating quick disassembly and replacement, thus reducing costs and enabling rapid repair. This invention integrates both wave absorption and ballistic protection functions, and its synergistic design meets lightweight requirements. Damaged outer layers can be easily replaced, reducing maintenance costs, shortening repair time, and improving equipment combat performance.

[0044] Finally, it should be noted that the above descriptions are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A detachable composite armor structure, characterized in that: The composite armor structure is assembled from several modular units and can be installed on the outer surface of an armored vehicle. The modular unit has a layered structure, consisting of a support layer, a buffer anti-ballistic layer, a core anti-ballistic layer, a broadband wave-absorbing layer, and a composite anti-ballistic layer from the inside out. The thickness of the modular unit is ≤75mm and the surface density is ≤90kg / m². The broadband absorbing and composite bulletproof layer includes two or more layers of wave-transparent bulletproof layer and broadband absorbing layer arranged in an alternating manner, with the outermost layer being a wave-transparent bulletproof layer. The inner and outer surfaces of the wave-transparent bulletproof layer are both double sinusoidal corrugated structures. The core ballistic layer consists of two layers, and the two core ballistic layers are detachably connected. The support layer can be fixed to the hull of the armored vehicle; The support layer, the buffer anti-ballistic layer, and the core anti-ballistic layer are fixed together to form armor module two. The other core anti-ballistic layer, the broadband absorbing layer, the broadband absorbing layer, and the wave-transmitting anti-ballistic layer are bonded together to form armor module one.

2. The detachable composite armor structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The wave-transparent ballistic layer and the broadband absorbing layer each consist of three layers, which are arranged from the outside to the inside as follows: first wave-transparent ballistic layer, first broadband absorbing layer, second wave-transparent ballistic layer, second broadband absorbing layer, third wave-transparent ballistic layer, and third broadband absorbing layer; the three wave-transparent ballistic layers and the three broadband absorbing layers are alternately bonded together.

3. The detachable composite armor structure according to claim 2, characterized in that: The surfaces of the first, second, and third wave-transparent ballistic layers are all double sinusoidal corrugated structures and are all made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite material; the first, second, and third wave-transparent ballistic layers are prepared by molding process.

4. A detachable composite armor structure according to claim 3, characterized in that: The first broadband absorbing layer, the second broadband absorbing layer, and the third broadband absorbing layer are all mixtures of absorbent and polyurethane foam.

5. A detachable composite armor structure according to claim 4, characterized in that: The core ballistic layer consists of two boron carbide ceramic plates. The first and second boron carbide ceramic plates are connected by a tenon and mortise structure. The second boron carbide ceramic plate is bonded and fixed to the buffer ballistic layer with an epoxy resin film.

6. A detachable composite armor structure according to claim 5, characterized in that: The buffer and ballistic layer is an orthogonally laid ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber non-woven fabric, the support layer is a carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite laminate, and the buffer and ballistic layer and the support layer are bonded and fixed with epoxy resin film.

7. A detachable composite armor structure according to claim 6, characterized in that: The broadband absorbing layer is a polyurethane foam raw material with added absorbent. The components and their weight parts in the polyurethane foam raw material of the broadband absorbing layer are as follows: Foaming raw materials: 80-100 parts of polyether polyol and 14-17 parts of polyisocyanate; Foaming agent: 0.8-1.0 parts of dimethyl silicone oil; Initial catalyst: 0.8–1 part triethanolamine, 0.4–0.6 parts dibutyltin dilaurate; Gel catalyst: 0.4–0.6 parts of triethylenediamine; Flame retardant: 5-7 parts of trichloroethyl phosphate; Foaming agent: 1.5 to 2 parts water; Suspension agent: 4-6 parts epoxy resin; Absorbent: 0.7–6.3 parts of chopped carbon fibers; Cleaning agent: acetone; The foaming steps of polyurethane foam raw material are as follows: The short-cut carbon fibers are immersed in acetone solution and soaked at room temperature for 3 hours. Then they are placed in an ultrasonic cleaner and ultrasonically vibrated for 1 hour. After acetone and ultrasonic treatment, they are kept at 50°C for 3 hours. The acetone is poured out to remove dirt, and the fibers are dried for later use. Add the pretreated chopped carbon fibers to the polyether polyol and stir with a mechanical stirrer for 12-15 minutes until the dispersion is uniform. Add dimethyl silicone oil, trichloroethyl phosphate, water, and epoxy resin to the above slurry, and continue stirring for 3-5 minutes until homogeneous; Add triethanolamine, dibutyltin dilaurate, and triethylenediamine, and stir for 12–15 seconds. Finally, add the polyisocyanate and stir rapidly with a mechanical stirrer for 12–15 seconds.

8. A detachable composite armor structure according to claim 7, characterized in that: The amount of absorbent added to the polyurethane foam raw material of the first broadband absorbing layer is 0.4-0.6 wt%, the amount of absorbent added to the polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer is 1.8-2.2 wt%, and the amount of absorbent added to the polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer is 4.3-4.7 wt%.

9. A detachable composite armor structure according to claim 8, characterized in that: The broadband absorbing layer, the wave-transparent ballistic layer, and the first boron carbide ceramic plate are wrapped with a 0.4-0.6 mm thick UFRP prepreg fabric and cured in a mold to form armor module one. The preparation process of armor module one is as follows: Lay the UFRP prepreg fabric around the mold; The first boron carbide ceramic plate is laid flat and placed into the mold; The polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer is poured onto the first boron carbide ceramic plate, and the thickness of the polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer is 0.9 to 1.1 mm. The third wave-transparent, elastic-resistant layer is placed on the polyurethane foam raw material; The polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer is poured onto the third wave-transparent and elastic layer. The total volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer is 1.5 times the volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the third broadband absorbing layer. The second wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer is placed on the polyurethane foam raw material; the direction of placement is symmetrical to the direction axis of the third wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer. The polyurethane foam raw material of the first broadband absorbing layer is poured onto the second wave-transparent and elastic layer, and the volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the first broadband absorbing layer is the same as the volume of the polyurethane foam raw material of the second broadband absorbing layer. The first wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer is placed on the polyurethane foam raw material; the direction of placement is symmetrical to the direction axis of the second wave-transparent and ballistic-resistant layer. Tighten the mold, heat to 68-72℃, and allow it to solidify and foam for 5.5-6.5 hours; After foaming is complete, take out the first armor module and cut the first boron carbide ceramic plate by cutting. Make a tenon on the side that mates with the second boron carbide ceramic plate. The buffer anti-ballistic layer is orthogonally laid between the second boron carbide ceramic plate and the support layer, and molded in one piece according to the outer contour of the armored vehicle to form armor module two. A mortise is machined on the second boron carbide ceramic plate to fit the tenon on the first boron carbide ceramic plate.

10. A detachable composite armor structure according to claim 9, characterized in that: The mortise is provided on the upper surface of the second boron carbide ceramic plate, and the tenon is provided on the upper surface of the first boron carbide ceramic plate; the tenon on the first boron carbide ceramic plate can be inserted into the mortise of the second boron carbide ceramic plate, and armor module one and armor module two are combined together to form a module unit; adjacent module units are connected and fixed by a locking structure.

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