Nanoparticles, ink composition, light-emitting device, electronic apparatus, and electronic device

Abstract

Provided are nanoparticles, an ink composition, a light-emitting device, an electronic apparatus, and an electronic device. Each of the plurality of nanoparticles includes a metal oxide nanoparticle represented by Formula 1, and a ligand on a surface of the metal oxide nanoparticle, and the ligand includes a carboxyl group, Formula 1Ni < 1-x > M < x > O wherein in Formula 1, 0 lt; xlt; 1, and M comprises at least one metal element.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority and benefit to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2024-0160487, filed on November 12, 2024, with the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] One or more aspects of embodiments of this disclosure relate to nanoparticles and ink compositions including nanoparticles, light-emitting devices, electronic devices, and electronic devices. Background Technology

[0004] Among light-emitting devices, self-emitting devices have relatively wide viewing angles, high contrast, short response times, and excellent or suitable characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and response speed.

[0005] In a light-emitting device, a first electrode is on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emitter layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the first electrode. Holes supplied from the first electrode move toward the emitter layer through the hole transport region, and electrons supplied from the second electrode move toward the emitter layer through the electron transport region. Charge carriers such as holes and electrons recombine in the emitter layer to generate excitons. Excitons can transition from an excited state (e.g., relax) to the ground state, thereby generating light. Summary of the Invention

[0006] One or more aspects of embodiments of this disclosure relate to nanoparticles and ink compositions including nanoparticles, light-emitting devices, electronic devices, and electronic devices.

[0007] However, it should be noted that these purposes are merely illustrative, and the scope of this disclosure is not limited to the aspects mentioned herein. Rather, additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practicing the embodiments presented in this disclosure.

[0008] According to one or more embodiments of this disclosure, a nanoparticle comprises:

[0009] Metal oxide nanoparticles, represented by Formula 1, and

[0010] Ligands on the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles.

[0011] The ligand includes a carboxyl group:

[0012] Formula 1

[0013] Ni 1-x M x O

[0014] Wherein, in Formula 1, 0 < x < 1, and M includes at least one metal element.

[0015] According to one or more embodiments, an ink composition includes the nanoparticles and at least one solvent.

[0016] According to one or more embodiments, a light-emitting device includes:

[0017] A first electrode,

[0018] A second electrode, opposite to (e.g., facing) the first electrode, and

[0019] An intermediate layer, between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer,

[0020] Wherein, the intermediate layer further includes a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0021] The hole transport region includes a plurality of nanoparticles,

[0022] Each of the plurality of nanoparticles includes: metal oxide nanoparticles, represented by Formula 1; and

[0023] A ligand, on the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles, and

[0024] The ligand includes a carboxyl group:

[0025] Formula 1

[0026] Ni 1-x M x O

[0027] Wherein, in Formula 1, 0 < x < 1, and M includes at least one metal element.

[0028] According to one or more embodiments, an electronic device includes the light-emitting device.

[0029] According to one or more embodiments, an electronic apparatus includes the light-emitting device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] The drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the foregoing and other aspects, features, and advantages of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, and the drawings are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate exemplary embodiments that will be more clearly understood from the following description in conjunction with the drawings. In the drawings:

[0031] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments;

[0032] Figure 2 This is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of a light-emitting device as an electronic device according to one or more embodiments;

[0033] Figure 3 This is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of a light-emitting device, which is an example of an electronic device according to one or more embodiments;

[0034] Figure 4 It is a schematic perspective view of an electronic device including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments.

[0035] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the exterior of a vehicle, which is an electronic device including a light-emitting device, according to one or more embodiments.

[0036] Figure 6A , Figure 6B and Figure 6C Each is a schematic diagram of the interior of a vehicle according to one or more embodiments;

[0037] Figure 7 This is a diagram showing the valence band energy levels of the nanoparticles in Preparation Example 2, Preparation Example 4, and Comparative Preparation Example 1;

[0038] Figure 8 This is a graph showing the hole mobility of nanoparticles in Preparation Example 2, Preparation Example 4, and Comparative Preparation Example 1;

[0039] Figure 9 This is a graph showing the absolute quantum efficiency of the light-emitting devices of Example 1, Example 2 and Comparative Example 1;

[0040] Figure 10A and Figure 10B This is a graph showing the on-state voltage and brightness measured in the light-emitting devices of Example 1, Example 2 and Comparative Example 1;

[0041] Figure 11 This is a graph showing the maximum external quantum efficiency measured in the light-emitting devices of Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example 1; and

[0042] Figure 12 This is a graph showing the absorption and emission spectra of quantum dots included in the emitting layer of the light-emitting device in Example 1. Detailed Implementation

[0043] Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same reference numerals refer to the same elements throughout the specification. In this respect, embodiments may take different forms and should not be construed as limited to the description set forth herein. It should be noted that in the following description, only the parts useful for understanding operation according to this disclosure are described, and descriptions of other parts are not included so as not to obscure the subject matter of this disclosure. Therefore, embodiments are described only with reference to the accompanying drawings to illustrate aspects of this description in sufficient detail so that those skilled in the art can readily implement the technical spirit of this disclosure to which this disclosure pertains. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, expressions such as “at least one of a, b and c”, “at least any one of a, b and c”, and “at least any one of the group consisting of a, b and c” indicate only a, only b, only c, both a and b (e.g., both a and b simultaneously), both a and c (e.g., both a and c simultaneously), both b and c (e.g., both b and c simultaneously), all of a, b and c, or variations thereof (e.g., abc, ab, bc and ac).

[0044] Because this disclosure can have various modified embodiments, one or more embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, and one or more embodiments are described in the detailed description. The effects and features of this disclosure, as well as the methods of implementing them, will become clear when referring to the one or more embodiments described with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, this disclosure can be implemented in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the one or more embodiments set forth herein.

[0045] It will be understood that although the terms “first” and / or “second” as used herein may be used to describe one or more suitable components, these components should not be limited by these terms. These components are used only to distinguish one component from another. Therefore, without departing from the scope disclosed herein, a first component may refer to a second component within the scope.

[0046] Unless they have a distinctly different meaning in the context, expressions used in the singular, such as “a,” “one,” and “the,” include plural expressions.

[0047] As used herein, the term "composed of" means that only the corresponding component is present, excluding the possibility of adding other components. For example, the phrase "composed of A, B, and C" means that only A, B, and C are present. In this context, "consisting essentially of" indicates that any additional component will not substantially affect the chemical, physical, optical, or electrical properties of the semiconductor film.

[0048] As used herein, the terms “includes,” “comprises,” “comprising,” and / or “having,” mean that the corresponding component exists, without excluding the possibility of adding one or more other components. Unless otherwise defined, these terms may refer to both the case of being composed of the corresponding component and the case of further including other components.

[0049] It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to in this specification as being "coupled to," "on," or "to" another layer, region, or component, the other layer, region, or component may be directly or indirectly "coupled to" or "on" another layer, region, or component. For example, an intermediary layer, region, or component may exist.

[0050] For ease of illustration, the dimensions of the elements in the accompanying drawings may be exaggerated. In the embodiments, because the dimensions and thicknesses of the components in the drawings are arbitrarily shown for ease of illustration, the following embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0051] The term “may” will be understood to mean “one or more embodiments of this disclosure,” some of which include the described elements, and some of which exclude the described elements and / or include alternative elements. Similarly, alternative language such as “or” refers to “one or more embodiments of this disclosure,” each of which includes the corresponding listed items.

[0052] Spatial relative terms such as “below,” “under,” “above,” “top,” “on top,” “at the top,” “below,” and / or “above” may be used for descriptive purposes to describe the relationship between one element or feature and another, as shown in the accompanying drawings. In addition to the directions depicted in the drawings, spatial relative terms are intended to include other orientations in use, operation, and / or manufacture. For example, when the device shown in the drawings is flipped, an element depicted as being “below” other elements or features is positioned “above” other elements or features. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the term “below” may include both “above” and “below” orientations. In some embodiments, the device may face other orientations (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or in other orientations), and therefore the spatial relative terms used herein are interpreted accordingly.

[0053] As used herein, the term "intermediate layer" refers to a single layer and / or all of the plurality of layers disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode of a light-emitting device.

[0054] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including chemical terms, technical terms, and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. It will be further understood that terms (such as those defined in common dictionaries) should be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formalized sense, unless explicitly so defined herein.

[0055] When a particular embodiment can be implemented differently, a particular process order can be performed differently from the described order. For example, two consecutively described processes can be performed substantially simultaneously or in an order opposite to the described order.

[0056] Hereinafter, one or more embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0057] nanoparticle

[0058] According to one or more embodiments, each of the plurality of nanoparticles provided herein is a nanoparticle comprising:

[0059] metal oxide nanoparticles represented by Formula 1; and

[0060] a ligand on the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles,

[0061] wherein the ligand includes a carboxyl group;

[0062] Formula 1

[0063] Ni 1-x M x O

[0064] wherein, in Formula 1, 0 < x < 1, and M includes at least one metal element.

[0065] According to one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, x can satisfy 0 < x < 0.5.

[0066] For example, x can be greater than 0 and less than 0.5, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.45, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.4, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.3, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.2, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.1, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.09, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.08, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.07, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.06, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.05, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.04, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.03, greater than 0 and not greater than 0.02, and at least 0.01. But less than 0.5, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.45, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.4, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.3, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.2, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.1, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.09, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.08, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.07, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.06, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.05, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.04, approximately 0.01 to approximately 0.03, approximately 0. 0.01 to about 0.02, at least 0.02 but less than 0.5, about 0.02 to about 0.45, about 0.02 to about 0.4, about 0.02 to about 0.3, about 0.02 to about 0.2, about 0.02 to about 0.1, about 0.02 to about 0.09, about 0.02 to about 0.08, about 0.02 to about 0.07, about 0.02 to about 0.06, about 0.02 to about 0.05, about 0.02 to about 0.04, about 0.02 to about 0.03, at least 0.03 but less than 0.5, about 0.03 to about 0.45, about 0.03 to about 0.4, about 0.03 to about 0.3, about 0.03 to about 0.2, about 0.03 to about 0.1, about 0.03 to about 0.09, about 0.03 to about 0.08, about 0.03 to about 0.07, about 0.03 to about 0.06, about 0.03 to about 0.05, or about 0.03 to about 0.04.

[0067] According to one or more embodiments, M may include Mg, Zn, Sn, Cu, Pb, Al, In, Sr, Pd, Cd, Ag, or any combination thereof.

[0068] For example, M can include Mg, Zn, Sn, or any combination thereof.

[0069] For example, M can be Mg.

[0070] According to one or more embodiments, metal oxide nanoparticles may have an alloy structure comprising Ni, M, and O (e.g., composed of Ni, M, and O). For example, metal oxide nanoparticles may have a structure in which Ni, M, and O are uniformly distributed. Optionally, metal oxide nanoparticles may have a structure in which Ni and O form a core and M is bonded to or distributed on its surface (e.g., the surface of the core).

[0071] According to one or more embodiments, the nanoparticles may also include hydroxides (e.g., hydroxyl anions or compounds including hydroxyl anions).

[0072] For example, hydroxides can be included on the surface of metal oxide nanoparticles, and ligands can be attached to the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles via the hydroxides. As an example, ligands can be attached to the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles via a dehydration condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of the ligand and the OH group of the hydroxide (e.g., a hydroxyl anion). Therefore, when nanoparticles include hydroxides, the bonding between the metal oxide nanoparticles and the ligands can be improved.

[0073] According to one or more embodiments, the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles included in the nanoparticles may initially include hydroxides derived from the metal oxide nanoparticles, and hydroxides may be introduced into the metal oxide nanoparticles individually or formed on the metal oxide nanoparticles by combination thereof.

[0074] For example, hydroxides may include nickel hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, tin hydroxide, nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH), or any combination thereof.

[0075] For example, hydroxides can be magnesium hydroxide.

[0076] For example, the hydroxide can be nickel hydroxide (NiOOH).

[0077] According to one or more embodiments, the ligand may be acetic acid, 4-aminocinnamic acid, 4-trifluoromethylcinnamic acid, or any combination thereof.

[0078] According to one or more embodiments, the ligand may include at least one halogen (e.g., a halide).

[0079] For example, halogens (e.g., halides) can be F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

[0080] For example, halogens can be formed with functional groups having a different orientation than the carboxyl group to achieve the numerical value and orientation of the dipole moment of the ligand, which will be described in more detail.

[0081] According to one or more embodiments, the ligand may have a dipole moment greater than 0 Debye and less than 6 Debye.

[0082] According to one or more embodiments, the dipole moment of the ligand may have a different orientation than that of the carboxyl group of the ligand.

[0083] For example, as described herein in 4-trifluoromethylcinnamic acid, the direction of the dipole moment can be different from the direction of the carboxyl group in the ligand, allowing for deeper formation of the valence band of the nanoparticles according to this disclosure:

[0084]

[0085] The nanoparticles according to this disclosure may include metal oxide nanoparticles and ligands on the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles, such that surface defects of the metal oxide nanoparticles can be removed by the ligands, thereby improving performance.

[0086] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles may include ligands and the ligands may include carboxyl groups, such that the ligands can be firmly bound to the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles by a dehydration condensation reaction.

[0087] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles may further include hydroxides, and thus the number or amount of OH groups formed on the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles may be increased, such that ligands can be bonded to the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles, thereby removing surface defects of the metal oxide nanoparticles.

[0088] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles may include ligands, and the ligands may be configured such that the direction of the dipole moment is different from the direction of the carboxyl group of the ligand, thereby enabling deeper formation of the valence band of the nanoparticles according to the present disclosure.

[0089] Therefore, as the valence band of nanoparticles deepens, the hole conductivity, hole mobility, and hole transport performance of nanoparticles can be improved.

[0090] In some embodiments, the performance of nanoparticles can be improved by i) removing surface defects of metal oxide nanoparticles, ii) deepening the valence band of nanoparticles, or iii) removing surface defects of metal oxide nanoparticles and deepening the valence band of nanoparticles.

[0091] Therefore, by including nanoparticles, it is possible to manufacture light-emitting devices with improved maximum external quantum efficiency and maximum brightness, as well as reduced on-state voltage, and high-quality electronic devices and electronic devices including light-emitting devices.

[0092] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles described herein may be produced according to the preparation examples / examples described herein.

[0093] Ink Composition

[0094] According to one or more embodiments, an ink composition comprising nanoparticles as described herein and at least one solvent is provided.

[0095] According to one or more embodiments, the solvent may be an alcohol solvent, an ether solvent, an aromatic solvent, or any combination thereof.

[0096] For example, solvents may include methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, cyclohexylbenzene, 1,3-dipropoxybenzene, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde-dimethyl-acetal, 4,4'-difluorodiphenylmethane, diphenyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene, 2-phenoxytoluene (MDPE), diphenylmethane, 2-phenylpyridine, dimethyl benzyl ether (DMDPE), 3-phenoxytoluene, 3-phenylpyridine, 2-phenylanisole, 2-phenoxytetrahydrofuran, 1-propyl-4-phenylbenzene (NPBP), 2-phenoxy-1,4-dimethylbenzene (25DMDPE; boiling point 280°C), ethyl-2-naphthyl ether, dodecylbenzene, 2,2 5-Trimethyldiphenyl ether (225TMDPE), dibenzyl ether, 2,3,5-trimethyldiphenyl ether (235TMDPE), N-methyldiphenylamine, 4-isopropylbiphenyl, α,α-dichlorodiphenylmethane, 4-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine, benzyl benzoate, 1,1-bis(3,4-dimethylphenyl)ethane, diethylene glycol butyl methyl ether (DEGBME), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGME), diethylene glycol ethyl methyl ether (DEGEME), diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (DEGDBE), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TGME), diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGBE), or any combination thereof.

[0097] According to one or more embodiments, the ink composition may further include a dispersant. The dispersant may include anionic polymers, cationic polymers, and nonionic polymers.

[0098] According to one or more embodiments, the amount of nanoparticles may be 20 wt% or less based on the total weight of the ink composition. For example, the amount of nanoparticles may be less than 20 wt% based on the total weight of the ink composition.

[0099] For example, based on the total weight of the ink composition, the amount of nanoparticles can be from 0.01 wt% to 20 wt%. For example, based on the total weight of the ink composition, the amount of nanoparticles can be from about 0.05 wt% to about 20 wt%, from about 0.05 wt% to about 10 wt%, from about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt%, or from about 0.05 wt% to about 3 wt%. For example, based on the total weight of the ink composition, the amount of nanoparticles can be from about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, from about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, from about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, or from about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0100] The ink composition can exhibit excellent inkjet ejection stability, making it suitable for use in inkjet printing processes. Therefore, the ink composition can be inkjet printed to form any layer including nanoparticles. For example, the ink composition can be inkjet printed to manufacture light-emitting devices in which the hole transport regions (particularly the hole transport layer) include nanoparticles.

[0101] In some embodiments, the ink composition can be adapted to processes such as blade coating, photolithography, nozzle printing, inkjet printing, or slot printing. Therefore, the ink composition can be subjected to blade coating, photolithography, nozzle printing, inkjet printing, or slot printing to form any layer comprising nanoparticles. For example, the ink composition can be subjected to blade coating, photolithography, nozzle printing, inkjet printing, or slot printing to manufacture a light-emitting device in which the hole transport region (particularly the hole transport layer) comprises nanoparticles.

[0102] In some embodiments, the ink composition can be adapted for spin coating processes. Therefore, the ink composition can be spin-coated to form any layer comprising nanoparticles. For example, the ink composition can be spin-coated to manufacture a light-emitting device in which the hole transport region (particularly the hole transport layer) comprises nanoparticles.

[0103] In this regard, inkjet printing or spin coating processes can be performed using known methods and can be clearly understood through the examples described herein.

[0104] According to one or more embodiments, a light-emitting device comprising nanoparticles as described herein is provided.

[0105] The light-emitting device may include:

[0106] First electrode;

[0107] The second electrode is opposite to the first electrode (e.g., facing the first electrode); and

[0108] An intermediate layer is located between the first and second electrodes and includes an emission layer.

[0109] According to one or more embodiments, the intermediate layer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emitter layer, and the hole transport region may include nanoparticles.

[0110] In this regard, the description of nanoparticles can be referred to by all descriptions including metal oxide nanoparticles represented by Formula 1 and nanoparticles with ligands on the surface of metal oxide nanoparticles.

[0111] According to one or more embodiments, the first electrode may be an anode.

[0112] The second electrode can be a cathode.

[0113] The intermediate layer may also include an electron transport region between the emitter layer and the second electrode.

[0114] The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assist layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and

[0115] The electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, an electron control layer, or any combination thereof.

[0116] According to one or more embodiments, the nanoparticles may be included in at least one of the hole transport layer and the hole injection layer.

[0117] According to one or more embodiments, the hole transport layer may include nanoparticles.

[0118] According to one or more embodiments, the hole injection layer may include nanoparticles.

[0119] According to one or more embodiments, the emitter layer may include quantum dots.

[0120] According to one or more embodiments, quantum dots may include group III-V semiconductor compounds, group II-VI semiconductor compounds, group III-VI semiconductor compounds, group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds, group IV-VI semiconductor compounds, group IV elements or compounds, or any combination thereof.

[0121] For example, quantum dots can include III-V semiconductor compounds, II-VI semiconductor compounds, or any combination thereof.

[0122] For example, quantum dots can include InP, ZnSe, and ZnS.

[0123] According to one or more embodiments, the emitting layer can emit red light.

[0124] For example, quantum dots in the emitter layer can emit red light.

[0125] According to one or more embodiments, the emitting layer can emit light with a maximum emission wavelength of approximately 600 nanometers (nm) to approximately 700 nm.

[0126] For example, the emitting layer can emit light with a maximum emission wavelength of approximately 600 nm to approximately 700 nm, approximately 610 nm to approximately 690 nm, approximately 610 nm to approximately 680 nm, approximately 610 nm to approximately 670 nm, approximately 610 nm to approximately 660 nm, approximately 610 nm to approximately 650 nm, approximately 610 nm to approximately 640 nm, or approximately 610 nm to approximately 630 nm.

[0127] According to one or more embodiments, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) value of the light-emitting device can be 80% or greater.

[0128] For example, the photoluminescence quantum yield of the light-emitting device can be 80% or greater, 82% or greater, 84% or greater, or 86% or greater.

[0129] According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include a covering layer outside the first electrode and / or outside the second electrode.

[0130] According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device further includes at least one of a first capping layer outside the first electrode and a second capping layer outside the second electrode, and at least one of the first and second capping layers may include nanoparticles. Further details regarding the first and / or second capping layers may be substantially the same as those described herein.

[0131] According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include:

[0132] A first capping layer is located outside the first electrode and includes nanoparticles;

[0133] A second capping layer is disposed outside the second electrode and includes nanoparticles; or

[0134] First cover layer and second cover layer.

[0135] As used herein, the expression “(intermediate layer and / or capping layer) includes nanoparticles” can be understood as “(intermediate layer and / or capping layer) may include nanoparticles of one type (category) belonging to the categories herein or two or more different types (category) of nanoparticles belonging to the categories herein.”

[0136] For example, the intermediate layer and / or capping layer may comprise only the first nanoparticle as a nanoparticle. In this case, the first nanoparticle may be present in the hole transport region of the light-emitting device. Optionally, the intermediate layer may comprise both the first nanoparticle and the second nanoparticle as nanoparticles. In this case, the first nanoparticle and the second nanoparticle may exist in the same layer (e.g., both the first nanoparticle and the second nanoparticle may exist simultaneously in the hole transport region), or they may exist in different layers (e.g., the first nanoparticle may exist in the hole transport region, and the second nanoparticle may exist in the electron transport region).

[0137] As used herein, the term "intermediate layer" refers to a single layer and / or all of the multiple layers between the first and second electrodes of the light-emitting device.

[0138] Further details regarding the light-emitting device are essentially the same as those described in this article.

[0139] According to one or more embodiments, a method for manufacturing a light-emitting device as described herein is provided.

[0140] Methods for manufacturing light-emitting devices may include:

[0141] Preparation of ink compositions comprising nanoparticles and at least one solvent; and

[0142] Spin-coated ink compositions are used to form hole transport regions including nanoparticles.

[0143] Further details regarding the solvent and ink compositions are essentially the same as those described herein.

[0144] According to one or more embodiments, the method of manufacturing a light-emitting device may further include heat-treating the ink composition after spin-coating the ink composition.

[0145] According to one or more embodiments, the heat treatment can be performed in a temperature range of about 80°C to about 120°C.

[0146] For example, heat treatment can be performed in the temperature range of approximately 80°C to approximately 120°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 110°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 105°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 100°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 120°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 110°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 105°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 100°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 120°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 110°C, or approximately 95°C to approximately 105°C.

[0147] According to one or more embodiments, an electronic device including a light-emitting device is provided. The electronic device may also include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor comprising a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein a first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof.

[0148] Further details about the electronic devices can be found in essentially the same way described in this article.

[0149] According to one or more embodiments, an electronic device including a light-emitting device is provided.

[0150] For example, the electronic device may be at least one of the following: flat panel display, curved display, computer monitor, medical monitor, television set, billboard, indoor light, outdoor light, signal light, head-up display, fully or partially transparent display, flexible display (such as rollable display, foldable display, or stretchable display), laser printer, telephone (such as mobile phone or tablet phone), tablet computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wearable device, laptop computer, digital camera, camcorder, viewfinder, microdisplay, three-dimensional (3D) display, virtual reality display, augmented reality display, vehicle, video wall with multiple displays spliced ​​together, theater screen, stadium screen, light therapy device, and signage (e.g., selected from these).

[0151] Further details about the electronic device are essentially the same as those described in this article.

[0152] Figure 1 Description

[0153] Figure 1 This is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments. The light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, an intermediate layer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0154] In the following text, see references Figure 1 The structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments and the method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 are described.

[0155] First electrode 110

[0156] exist Figure 1In this embodiment, the substrate may be attached below the first electrode 110 or on the second electrode 150. A glass substrate or a plastic substrate may be used as the substrate. In one or more embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate and may comprise a plastic with excellent or suitable heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combination thereof.

[0157] The first electrode 110 can be formed, for example, by depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 onto a substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 can be a high work function material that facilitates hole injection.

[0158] The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive / semi-reflective electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, the material used to form the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive / semi-reflective electrode or a reflective electrode, the material used to form the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), or any combination thereof.

[0159] The first electrode 110 may have a single-layer structure comprising a single layer (e.g., composed of a single layer) or a multi-layer structure comprising multiple layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layer structure of ITO / Ag / ITO.

[0160] Middle layer 130

[0161] Intermediate layer 130 may be on first electrode 110. Intermediate layer 130 may include emitter layer.

[0162] The intermediate layer 130 may also include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emitter layer and an electron transport region between the emitter layer and the second electrode 150.

[0163] In addition to one or more suitable organic materials, the intermediate layer 130 may also include metal-containing compounds and / or inorganic materials such as quantum dots.

[0164] In one or more embodiments, the intermediate layer 130 may include: i) two or more emitting units sequentially stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150; and ii) a charge generation layer between adjacent emitting units among the two or more emitting units. When the intermediate layer 130 includes emitting units and a charge generation layer as described herein, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

[0165] Hole transport region in intermediate layer 130

[0166] Hole transport regions can include nanoparticles.

[0167] The hole transport region may have: i) a single-layer structure comprising a single layer (e.g., composed of a single layer) containing a single material (e.g., composed of a single material); ii) a single-layer structure comprising a single layer (e.g., composed of a single layer) containing multiple different materials; or iii) a multi-layer structure comprising multiple layers containing multiple different materials.

[0168] The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assist layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.

[0169] For example, the hole transport region may have a multi-layer structure, including a hole injection layer / hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer / hole transport layer / emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer / emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer / emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer / hole transport layer / electron blocking layer structure, wherein the layers in each structure are stacked sequentially from the first electrode 110.

[0170] The hole transport region may include the compound represented by Formula 201, the compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:

[0171] Formula 201

[0172]

[0173] Formula 202

[0174]

[0175] Among them, in equations 201 and 202,

[0176] L 201 To L 204 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, or unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0177] L 205 It can be *-O-*', *-S-*', or *-N(Q) 201 )-*', unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 20 Alkylene, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C2-C 20 alkenyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, or unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0178] xa1 to xa4 can each be an integer from 0 to 5 independently.

[0179] xa5 can be an integer from 1 to 10.

[0180] R 201 To R 204 and Q 201 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, or unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0181] R 201 and R 202 It can be optionally via a single bond (e.g., a single covalent bond), unsubstituted, or by at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C5 alkylene groups, or unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a The substituted C2-C5 alkenyl groups are linked together to form an unsubstituted or substituted compound with at least one R group. 10a Replacement C8-C 60 Polycyclic groups (e.g., carbazole group, etc.) (e.g., see compound HT16, etc.),

[0182] R 203 and R 204 It can be optionally via a single bond (e.g., a single covalent bond), unsubstituted, or by at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C5 alkylene groups, or unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a The substituted C2-C5 alkenyl groups are linked together to form an unsubstituted or substituted compound with at least one R group. 10a Replacement C8-C 60 Polycyclic groups, and

[0183] na1 can be an integer from 1 to 4.

[0184] For example, each of Formulas 201 and 202 may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulas CY201 to CY217:

[0185]

[0186] In formulas CY201 to CY217, R 10b and R 10c Each can be related to R. 10a The descriptions are the same, CY ring 201 To CY 204 Each can be independently C3-C 20 Carbocyclic or C1-C 20 Heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in formulas CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R. 10a replace.

[0187] According to one or more embodiments, in formulas CY201 to CY217, the ring CY 201 To CY 204 Each can be phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracene, and each can be independent of the other.

[0188] According to one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may include at least one of the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203.

[0189] According to one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulas CY201 to CY203 and at least one of the groups represented by Formulas CY204 to CY217.

[0190] According to one or more embodiments, in formula 201, xa1 can be 1, R 201 It can be one of the groups represented by formulas CY201 to CY203, xa2 can be 0, and R 202 It can be one of the groups represented by one of the formulas CY204 to CY207.

[0191] According to one or more embodiments, each of Formulas 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., any may be excluded) the groups represented by Formulas CY201 to CY203.

[0192] According to one or more embodiments, each of Formulas 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., any may be excluded) groups represented by Formulas CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulas CY204 to CY217.

[0193] According to one or more embodiments, each of Formulas 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., any may be excluded) groups represented by Formulas CY201 to CY217.

[0194] For example, the hole transport region may include at least one of compounds HT1 to HT46, m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB (NPD), β-NPB, TPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4',4"-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline / dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI / DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT / PSS), polyaniline / camphorsulfonic acid (PANI / CSA), polyaniline / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI / PSS), or any combination thereof:

[0195]

[0196]

[0197]

[0198]

[0199]

[0200] The thickness of the hole transport region can be approximately 50 angstroms. up to approximately For example, approximately up to approximately When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of the hole injection layer can be approximately up to approximately For example, approximately up to approximately And the thickness of the hole transport layer can be approximately up to approximately For example, approximately up to approximately When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, hole injection layer, and hole transport layer are within the ranges described herein, satisfactory hole transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0201] The emission assist layer can improve luminous efficiency by compensating for the optical resonant distance according to the wavelength of the light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer can block or reduce electron leakage from the emission layer to the hole transport region. Materials that can be included in the hole transport region can be incorporated into both the emission assist layer and the electron blocking layer.

[0202] p-dopants

[0203] In addition to these materials, the hole transport region may also include charge-generating materials for improving conductivity. The charge-generating materials may be (e.g., in the form of a monolayer comprising the charge-generating materials (e.g., composed of charge-generating materials)) uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region.

[0204] The charge-generating material can be, for example, a p-doped agent.

[0205] For example, p-doped agents can have a minimum unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of -3.5 electron volts (eV) or lower.

[0206] According to one or more embodiments, the p-doper may include quinone derivatives, cyano-containing compounds, compounds containing elements EL1 and EL2, or any combination thereof.

[0207] Examples of quinone derivatives may include TCNQ and / or F4-TCNQ, etc.

[0208]

[0209] Examples of cyano-containing compounds may include HAT-CN and / or compounds represented by formula 221, etc.

[0210]

[0211] Equation 221

[0212]

[0213] In Equation 221,

[0214] R 221 To R 223 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, or unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups, and

[0215] R 221 To R 223At least one of them can be independently: C3-C 60 Carbocyclic or C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups, each substituted with one of the following groups: cyano; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; C1-C substituted with cyano, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I or any combination thereof. 20 Alkyl groups; or any combination thereof.

[0216] In a compound containing elements EL1 and EL2, element EL1 can be a metal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof, and element EL2 can be a nonmetal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof.

[0217] Examples of metals may include: alkali metals (e.g., lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), and / or cesium (Cs); alkaline earth metals (e.g., beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and / or barium (Ba); transition metals (e.g., titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), and cobalt (Co). Rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag) and / or gold (Au), etc.; later transition metals (e.g., zinc (Zn), indium (In) and / or tin (Sn), etc.); and / or lanthanides (e.g., lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb) and / or lutetium (Lu), etc.); etc.

[0218] Examples of metalloids may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), and / or tellurium (Te).

[0219] Examples of nonmetals may include oxygen (O) and / or halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br and / or I, etc.).

[0220] For example, compounds containing elements EL1 and EL2 may include metal oxides, metal halides (e.g., metal fluorides, metal chlorides, metal bromides and / or metal iodides), quasi-metal halides (e.g., quasi-metal fluorides, quasi-metal chlorides, quasi-metal bromides and / or quasi-metal iodides), metal tellurides, or any combination thereof.

[0221] Examples of metal oxides may include tungsten oxide (e.g., WO, W2O3, WO2, WO3 and / or W2O5, etc.), vanadium oxide (e.g., VO, V2O3, VO2 and / or V2O5, etc.), molybdenum oxide (MoO, Mo2O3, MoO2, MoO3 and / or Mo2O5, etc.) and rhenium oxide (e.g., ReO3, etc.).

[0222] Examples of metal halides may include alkali metal halides, alkaline earth metal halides, transition metal halides, post-transition metal halides, and / or lanthanide metal halides.

[0223] Examples of alkali metal halides may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, and / or CsI, etc.

[0224] Examples of alkaline earth metal halides may include BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, BeCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2, SrCl2, BaCl2, BeBr2, MgBr2, CaBr2, SrBr2, BaBr2, BeI2, MgI2, CaI2, SrI2 and / or BaI2, etc.

[0225] Examples of transition metal halides may include titanium halides (e.g., TiF4, TiCl4, TiBr4 and / or TiI4, etc.), zirconium halides (e.g., ZrF4, ZrCl4, ZrBr4 and / or ZrI4, etc.), hafnium halides (e.g., HfF4, HfCl4, HfBr4 and / or HfI4, etc.), vanadium halides (e.g., VF3, VCl3, VBr3 and / or VI3, etc.), niobium halides (e.g., NbF3, NbCl3, NbBr3 and / or NbI3, etc.), and tantalum halides (e.g., TaF3, TaCl3, TaBr3, etc.). 3 and / or TaI3, etc.), chromium halides (e.g., CrF3, CrCl3, CrBr3 and / or CrI3, etc.), molybdenum halides (e.g., MoF3, MoCl3, MoBr3 and / or MoI3, etc.), tungsten halides (e.g., WF3, WCl3, WBr3 and / or WI3, etc.), manganese halides (e.g., MnF2, MnCl2, MnBr2 and / or MnI2, etc.), technetium halides (e.g., TcF2, TcCl2, TcBr2 and / or TcI2, etc.), rhenium halides (e.g., ReF2, ReCl2, ReBr2 and / or ReI2, etc.), and chromium halides (e.g., ReF2, ReCl2, ReBr2 and / or ReI2, etc.). Or ReI2, etc.), iron halides (e.g., FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2 and / or FeI2, etc.), ruthenium halides (e.g., RuF2, RuCl2, RuBr2 and / or RuI2, etc.), osmium halides (e.g., OsF2, OsCl2, OsBr2 and / or OsI2, etc.), cobalt halides (e.g., CoF2, CoCl2, CoBr2 and / or CoI2, etc.), rhodium halides (e.g., RhF2, RhCl2, RhBr2 and / or RhI2, etc.), iridium halides (e.g., IrF2, IrCl2, IrBr2 and... (e.g., NiF2, NiCl2, NiBr2 and / or NiI2), palladium halides (e.g., PdF2, PdCl2, PdBr2 and / or PdI2), platinum halides (e.g., PtF2, PtCl2, PtBr2 and / or PtI2), copper halides (e.g., CuF, CuCl, CuBr and / or CuI), silver halides (e.g., AgF, AgCl, AgBr and / or AgI) and / or gold halides (e.g., AuF, AuCl, AuBr and / or AuI).

[0226] Examples of post-transition metal halides may include zinc halides (e.g., ZnF2, ZnCl2, ZnBr2 and / or ZnI2, etc.), indium halides (e.g., InI3, etc.) and / or tin halides (e.g., SnI2, etc.).

[0227] Examples of lanthanide metal halides may include YbF, YbF2, YbF3, SmF3, YbCl, YbCl2, YbCl3, SmCl3, YbBr, YbBr2, YbBr3, SmBr3, YbI, YbI2, YbI3 and / or SmI3, etc.

[0228] Examples of quasi-metal halides can include antimony halides (e.g., SbCl5, etc.).

[0229] Examples of metal tellurides may include alkali metal tellurides (e.g., Li₂Te, Na₂Te, K₂Te, Rb₂Te and / or Cs₂Te, etc.), alkaline earth metal tellurides (e.g., BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe and / or BaTe, etc.), and transition metal tellurides (e.g., TiTe₂, ZrTe₂, HfTe₂, V₂Te₃, Nb₂Te₃, Ta₂Te₃, Cr₂Te₃, Mo₂Te₃, W₂Te₃, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, Fe₂Te, etc.). Te, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu2Te, CuTe, Ag2Te, AgTe and / or Au2Te, etc.), post-transition metal tellurides (e.g., ZnTe, etc.) and / or lanthanide metal tellurides (e.g., LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe and / or LuTe, etc.).

[0230] emission layer in intermediate layer 130

[0231] When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer can be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and / or a blue emission layer according to the sub-pixels. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from the red, green, and blue emission layers, wherein the two or more layers are in contact with or separated from each other to emit white light. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials selected from the red, green, and blue light-emitting materials, wherein the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

[0232] According to one or more embodiments, the emitter layer may include a host and a dopant (or emitter). In one or more embodiments, in addition to the host and the dopant (or emitter), the emitter layer may also include an auxiliary dopant that facilitates energy transfer to the dopant (or emitter). When the emitter layer includes a dopant (or emitter) and an auxiliary dopant, the dopant (or emitter) and the auxiliary dopant are different from each other.

[0233] Based on 100 parts by weight of the host, the amount (by weight) of dopant (or emitter) in the emitter layer can range from about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight.

[0234] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include quantum dots.

[0235] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may act as a host or a dopant (or emitter) in the emission layer.

[0236] The thickness of the emission layer can be approximately up to approximately For example, approximately up to approximately When the thickness of the emitting layer is within these ranges, excellent light emission characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0237] main body

[0238] The main body may include a compound represented by formula 301:

[0239] Formula 301

[0240] [Ar 301 ] xb11 -[(L 301 ) xb1 -R 301 ] xb21

[0241] In Equation 301,

[0242] Ar 301 and L 301 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, or unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0243] xb11 can be 1, 2, or 3.

[0244] xb1 can be an integer from 0 to 5.

[0245] R 301 It can be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted, or with at least one R. 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Alkyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C2-C 60 alkenyl, unsubstituted or with at least one R10a Replacement C2-C 60 Alkyne group, unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Alkyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups, -Si(Q) 301 (Q) 302 (Q) 303 -N(Q) 301 (Q) 302 -B(Q) 301 (Q) 302 -C(=O)(Q) 301 -S(=O)2(Q) 301 ) or -P(=O)(Q 301 (Q) 302 ),

[0246] xb21 can be an integer from 1 to 5, and

[0247] Q 301 To Q 303 Each can be the same as the description regarding Q1.

[0248] For example, when xb11 in equation 301 is 2 or greater, two or more Ar 301 They can be connected to each other via a single bond (e.g., a single covalent bond).

[0249] In one or more embodiments, the body may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:

[0250] Formula 301-1

[0251]

[0252] Formula 301-2

[0253]

[0254] Among them, in equations 301-1 and 301-2,

[0255] Ring A 301 To Ring A 304 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, or unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C60 Heterocyclic group,

[0256] X 301 It can be O, S, N[(L 304 ) xb4 -R 304 ]、C(R 304 (R) 305 ) or Si(R 304 (R) 305 ),

[0257] xb22 and xb23 can each be 0, 1, or 2 independently.

[0258] L 301 xb1 and R301 can each be the same as those described herein.

[0259] L 302 To L 304 They can be independently related to L 301 The descriptions are the same.

[0260] xb2 to xb4 can each be independently identical to the description of xb1, and

[0261] R 302 To R 305 and R 311 To R 314 Each can be compared with the R mentioned in this article. 301 The descriptions are the same.

[0262] In one or more embodiments, the body may include alkaline earth metal complexes, post-transition metal complexes, or any combination thereof. For example, the body may include Be complexes (e.g., compound H55), Mg complexes, Zn complexes, or any combination thereof.

[0263] In one or more embodiments, the body may include at least one of compounds H1 to H128, 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthyl-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)-2-tert-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-bis(9-carbazolyl)benzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tris(carbazolyl-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:

[0264]

[0265]

[0266]

[0267]

[0268]

[0269]

[0270] In one or more embodiments, the body may include a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

[0271] The subject may have one or more suitable modifications. For example, the subject may include only one compound, or it may include two or more different compounds.

[0272] Phosphorescent dopants

[0273] The emitting layer may include phosphorescent dopants.

[0274] Phosphorescent dopants may include at least one transition metal as the center metal.

[0275] Phosphorescent dopants may include monodentate ligands, dipentate ligands, tridentate ligands, tetradentate ligands, pentadentate ligands, hexadentate ligands, or any combination thereof.

[0276] Phosphorescent dopants can be electrically neutral.

[0277] For example, phosphorescent dopants can include organometallic compounds represented by formula 401:

[0278] Formula 401

[0279] M(L 401 ) xc1 (L 402 ) xc2

[0280] Formula 402

[0281]

[0282] In Equations 401 and 402,

[0283] M can be a transition metal (e.g., iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)).

[0284] L 401 It can be a ligand represented by Equation 402, and xc1 can be 1, 2, or 3, wherein when xc1 is 2 or greater, two or more L... 401 They can be essentially the same or different from each other.

[0285] L 402 It can be an organic ligand, and xc2 can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein when xc2 is 2 or greater, two or more L... 402 They can be essentially the same or different from each other.

[0286] X 401 and X 402 They can be nitrogen or carbon independently.

[0287] Ring A 401 And Ring A 402 Each can be independently C3-C 60 Carbocyclic or C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0288] T 401 It can be a single bond (e.g., a single covalent bond), *-O-*', *-S-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-N(Q)-*', or a single bond (e.g., a single covalent bond). 411 )-*'、*-C(Q 411 (Q) 412 )-*'、*-C(Q 411 )=C(Q 412 )-*'、*-C(Q 411 ) = *' or * = C = *',

[0289] X 403 and X 404 These can be chemical bonds (e.g., covalent or coordinate bonds, which can be called coordinate-covalent or coordinate bonds), O, S, N (Q) 413 ), B(Q) 413 ), P(Q 413 ), C(Q 413 (Q) 414 ) or Si(Q 413 (Q) 414 ),

[0290] Q 411 To Q 414 Each as described in Q1,

[0291] R 401 and R 402 Each can be independently hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted, or modified by at least one R. 10a Replacement C1-C 20 Alkyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 20 Alkyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60Carbocyclic, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups, -Si(Q) 401 (Q) 402 (Q) 403 -N(Q) 401 (Q) 402 -B(Q) 401 (Q) 402 -C(=O)(Q) 401 -S(=O)2(Q) 401 ) or -P(=O)(Q 401 (Q) 402 ),

[0292] Q 401 To Q 403 Each can be the same as described regarding Q1.

[0293] xc11 and xc12 can each be an integer from 0 to 10 independently, and

[0294] In Equation 402, * and *' each indicate the binding site with M in Equation 401.

[0295] For example, in equation 402, i)X 401 It can be nitrogen, and X 402 It can be carbon, or ii)X 401 and X 402 Each of them can be nitrogen.

[0296] In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in equation 401 is 2 or greater, two or more L 401 The two rings A 401 Optionally via T as a linking group 402 Connected to each other, and two or more L 401 The two rings A 402 Optionally via T as a linking group 403 They are interconnected (see compounds PD1 through PD4 and PD7). T 402 and T 403 Each can be related to T. 401 The descriptions are the same.

[0297] L in Equation 401 402 It can be an organic ligand. For example, L... 402It may include halogen groups, diketone groups (e.g., acetylacetonate groups), carboxylic acid groups (e.g., pyridine carboxyl ester groups), -C (=O), isonitrile groups, -CN, phosphorus-containing groups (e.g., phosphine groups and / or phosphite groups, etc.) or any combination thereof.

[0298] Phosphorescent dopants may include at least one of compounds PD1 to PD39 or any combination thereof:

[0299]

[0300]

[0301]

[0302] Fluorescent dopants

[0303] The emission layer may include fluorescent dopants and / or auxiliary dopants.

[0304] For example, fluorescent dopants and auxiliary dopants can each independently include compounds represented by formula 501:

[0305] Formula 501

[0306]

[0307] In Equation 501,

[0308] Ar 501 L 501 To L 503 R 501 and R 502 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, or unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0309] xd1 to xd3 can each be independently 0, 1, 2, or 3, and

[0310] xd4 can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0311] For example, Ar in Equation 501 501 It can be a fused ring group in which three or more monocyclic groups are fused together (e.g., anthracene, etc.). (e.g., β- and / or pyrene-, etc.)

[0312] In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 can be 2.

[0313] For example, the fluorescent dopant and the auxiliary dopant may each include at least one of compounds FD1 to FD37, DPVBi, DPAVBi, or any combination thereof:

[0314]

[0315]

[0316]

[0317]

[0318] Delayed fluorescence materials

[0319] The emission layer may include delayed fluorescence materials.

[0320] In this paper, delayed fluorescence materials can be selected from compounds that are capable of emitting delayed fluorescence based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

[0321] The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer can act as either a host or a dopant, depending on the type (variety) of the other materials included in the emission layer.

[0322] According to one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescent material can be from 0 eV to approximately 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescent material is within the range described herein, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state can occur effectively in the delayed fluorescent material, thus the luminescent device 10 can have improved luminous efficiency.

[0323] For example, delayed fluorescence materials may include: i) including at least one electron donor (e.g., π-electron-rich C3-C 60 A cyclic group (such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, and / or a nitrogen-containing C1-C group lacking π electrons). 60 Materials containing cyclic groups, etc.; and ii) C8-C alloys comprising two or more cyclic groups that simultaneously share boron (B). 60 Polycyclic materials.

[0324] Examples of delayed fluorescent materials may include at least one of compounds DF1 to DF14:

[0325]

[0326]

[0327] quantum dots

[0328] The emission layer may include quantum dots.

[0329] As used herein, the term "quantum dot" refers to a crystal of a semiconductor compound and may include any material capable of emitting light of one or more suitable wavelengths depending on the size of the crystal. Quantum dots can emit light of one or more suitable wavelengths by adjusting the elemental proportions in the quantum dot compound.

[0330] The diameter of quantum dots can, for example, range from about 1 nm to about 10 nm. In this disclosure, when the quantum dot, multiple quantum dots, or quantum dot particles are spherical, "diameter" refers to the particle diameter or average particle diameter, and when the particles are non-spherical, "diameter" refers to the major axis length or average major axis length. The diameter of the particles can be measured using a scanning electron microscope or a particle size analyzer. For example, the LA-950 laser particle size analyzer from Horiba Corporation can be used as a particle size analyzer. When the particle size is measured using a particle size analyzer, the average particle size is referred to as D50. D50 refers to the average diameter of the particles whose cumulative volume corresponds to 50 vol% in a particle size distribution (e.g., a cumulative distribution), and is the value corresponding to 50% of the particle size starting from the smallest particle when the total number of particles is 100%, in a cumulative distribution curve accumulated in order from the smallest to the largest particle size.

[0331] Quantum dots can be synthesized by wet chemical processes, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition processes, molecular beam epitaxy processes and / or any suitable processes similar to them.

[0332] Wet chemistry processes involve mixing precursor materials with organic solvents and then growing quantum dot particles into crystals. During crystal growth, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated to the surface of the quantum dot crystals and controls the crystal growth, allowing the growth of quantum dot particles to be controlled or selected using a less expensive process than vapor deposition methods such as metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).

[0333] Quantum dots can include: group II-VI semiconductor compounds; group III-V semiconductor compounds; group III-VI semiconductor compounds; group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds; group IV-VI semiconductor compounds; group IV elements or compounds; or any combination thereof.

[0334] Examples of group II-VI semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe and / or MgS, etc.; ternary compounds such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZn Se, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe and / or MgZnS, etc.; quaternary compounds such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe and / or HgZnSTe, etc.; or any combination thereof.

[0335] Examples of group III-V semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, and / or InSb; ternary compounds such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, and / or InPSb; quaternary compounds such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, and / or InAlPSb; or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the group III-V semiconductor compound may also include group II elements. Examples of group III-V semiconductor compounds that also include group II elements may include InZnP, InGaZnP, and / or InAlZnP, etc.

[0336] Examples of III-VI semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds such as GaS, GaSe, Ga2Se3, GaTe, InS, InSe, In2S3, In2Se3 and / or InTe; ternary compounds such as InGaS3 and / or InGaSe3; or any combination thereof.

[0337] Examples of group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds may include: ternary compounds such as AgInS, AgInS2, AgInSe2, AgGaS, AgGaS2, AgGaSe2, CuInS, CuInS2, CuInSe2, CuGaS2, CuGaSe2, CuGaO2, AgGaO2 and / or AgAlO2; quaternary compounds such as AgInGaS2 and / or AgInGaSe2; or any combination thereof.

[0338] Examples of group IV-VI semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe and / or PbTe; ternary compounds, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe and / or SnPbTe; quaternary compounds, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe and / or SnPbSTe; or any combination thereof.

[0339] Group IV elements or compounds may include: single-element materials, such as Si and / or Ge; binary compounds, such as SiC and / or SiGe; or any combination thereof.

[0340] Each element included in a multi-element compound, such as a binary, ternary, or quaternary compound, can exist in the particles at a homogeneous or non-homogeneous concentration. For example, the formulas in this document refer to the types (classes) of elements included in a compound, where the proportions of elements in the compound can vary. For example, AgInGaS2 can refer to AgIn x Ga 1-x S2 (where x is a real number between 0 and 1).

[0341] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dot may have a single structure in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dot is substantially uniform, or a core-shell dual structure. For example, the materials included in the core and the materials included in the shell may be different from each other.

[0342] The shell of a quantum dot can act as a protective layer to prevent or reduce the chemical transformation of the nucleus to maintain its semiconductor properties, and / or as a charging layer to impart electrophoretic properties to the quantum dot. The shell can be single-layered or multi-layered. The interface between the nucleus and the shell can have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of elements present in the shell decreases toward the center of the nucleus.

[0343] Examples of the shell for quantum dots can be oxides of metals, metalloids, or nonmetals, semiconductor compounds, and any combination thereof. Examples of oxides of metals, metalloids, or nonmetals can include: binary compounds such as SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, MnO, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, CuO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoO, Co3O4, and / or NiO; ternary compounds such as MgAl2O4, CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, and / or CoMn2O4; or any combination thereof. Examples of semiconductor compounds can include, as described herein: group II-VI semiconductor compounds; group III-V semiconductor compounds; group III-VI semiconductor compounds; group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds; group IV-VI semiconductor compounds; or any combination thereof. For example, semiconductor compounds may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.

[0344] Each element contained in a multi-element compound, such as a binary or ternary compound, can exist in the particles at a substantially uniform or non-uniform concentration. For example, the aforementioned formula refers to the type (class) of elements included in the compound, where the proportion of elements in the compound can vary.

[0345] The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission wavelength spectrum of quantum dots can be about 45 nm or less, for example, about 40 nm or less, such as about 30 nm or less, and within these ranges, color purity or color reproducibility can be improved. In some embodiments, because light emitted through quantum dots is emitted in all directions, a wide viewing angle can be improved.

[0346] In some embodiments, quantum dots may be in the form of spherical particles, cone-shaped particles, multi-armed particles, cubic nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers, and / or nanoplates.

[0347] Because the band gap can be adjusted by controlling or selecting the size of the quantum dots, light with one or more suitable wavelength bands can be obtained from the quantum dot emitting layer. Therefore, by using quantum dots of different sizes, light-emitting devices that emit one or more suitable wavelengths of light can be realized. Specifically, the size of the quantum dots or the proportion of elements in the quantum dot compound can be selected to emit red, green, and / or blue light. In some embodiments, the quantum dots can be configured to emit white light through a combination of one or more suitable colors of light.

[0348] Electron transport region in intermediate layer 130

[0349] The electron transport region can include nanoparticles.

[0350] The electron transport region may have: i) a single-layer structure comprising a single layer (e.g., composed of a single layer) containing a single material (e.g., composed of a single material); ii) a single-layer structure comprising a single layer (e.g., composed of a single layer) containing multiple different materials; or iii) a multi-layer structure comprising multiple layers containing different materials.

[0351] The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0352] For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, wherein the layers in each structure are stacked sequentially from the emission layer.

[0353] Electron transport regions (e.g., buffer layers, hole blocking layers, electron control layers, or electron transport layers within electron transport regions) may include metal-free compounds comprising at least one nitrogen-containing C1-C element lacking π electrons. 60 Heterocyclic group.

[0354] For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[0355] Formula 601

[0356] [Ar 601 ] xe11 -[(L 601 ) xe1 -R 601 ] xe21

[0357] In Equation 601,

[0358] Ar 601 and L 601 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, or unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0359] xe11 can be 1, 2, or 3.

[0360] xe1 can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[0361] R 601 It can be unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups, -Si(Q) 601 (Q) 602 (Q) 603 -C(=O)(Q) 601 -S(=O)2(Q) 601 ) or -P(=O)(Q 601 (Q) 602 ),

[0362] Q 601 To Q 603 Each can be the same as the description regarding Q1.

[0363] xe21 can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and

[0364] Ar 601 L 601 and R 601 At least one of them can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R. 10a Substituted π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group.

[0365] For example, when xe11 in equation 601 is 2 or greater, two or more Ar 601 They can be connected to each other via a single bond (e.g., a single covalent bond).

[0366] In one or more embodiments, Ar in Formula 601 601 It can be unsubstituted or replaced by at least one R 10a Substituted anthracene group.

[0367] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

[0368] Formula 601-1

[0369]

[0370] In Equation 601-1,

[0371] X 614 It can be N or C(R) 614 ), X 615 It can be N or C(R) 615 ), X 616 It can be N or C(R) 616), and X 614 To X 616 At least one of them can be N,

[0372] L 611 To L 613 Each can be related to L. 601 The descriptions are the same.

[0373] xe611 to xe613 can each be identical to the description concerning xe1.

[0374] R 611 To R 613 Each can be related to R. 601 The descriptions are the same, and

[0375] R 614 To R 616 They can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C1-C 20 Alkyl, C1-C 20 Alkyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, or unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group.

[0376] For example, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Equations 601 and 601-1 can each be 0, 1 or 2 independently.

[0377] The electron transport region may include at least one of compounds ET1 to ET45, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, TAZ, NTAZ, or any combination thereof:

[0378]

[0379]

[0380]

[0381] The thickness of the electron transport region can be approximately up to approximately For example, approximately up to approximately When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of the buffer layer, hole blocking layer, or electron control layer can each be independently approximately [missing information]. up to approximately Within a range, for example, in approximately up to approximately Within a certain range, and the thickness of the electron transport layer can be approximately... up to approximately Within a range, for example, in approximately up to approximately Within the range described herein, satisfactory electron transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage when the thickness of the buffer layer, hole blocking layer, electron control layer, electron transport layer, and / or electron transport region is within the range described herein.

[0382] In addition to the materials described herein, the electron transport region (e.g., the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may also include a metallic material.

[0383] Metal-containing materials may include alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, or any combination thereof. The metal ion in an alkali metal complex may be Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs ions, and the metal ion in an alkaline earth metal complex may be Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba ions. Ligands coordinating with the metal ion in an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal complex may include hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthrene, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0384] For example, metal-containing materials can include Li complexes. Li complexes can include, for example, compounds ET-D1(Liq) or ET-D2:

[0385]

[0386] The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates electron injection from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with the second electrode 150.

[0387] The electron injection layer may have: i) a monolayer structure comprising a single material (e.g., composed of a single material); ii) a monolayer structure comprising a variety of different materials (e.g., composed of a single layer); or iii) a multilayer structure having multiple layers comprising a variety of different materials.

[0388] The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, a compound containing an alkali metal, a compound containing an alkaline earth metal, a compound containing a rare earth metal, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

[0389] The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.

[0390] The compound containing an alkali metal, the compound containing an alkaline earth metal, and the compound containing a rare earth metal may include oxides, halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and / or iodides, etc.) or tellurides of the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.

[0391] The compound containing an alkali metal may include: alkali metal oxides such as Li2O, Cs2O, and / or K2O, etc.; alkali metal halides such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, and / or RbI, etc.; or any combination thereof. The compound containing an alkaline earth metal may include alkaline earth metal oxides such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba x Sr 1-x O (x is a real number satisfying 0 < x < 1) and / or Ba x Ca 1-x O (x is a real number satisfying 0 < x < 1), etc. The compound containing a rare earth metal may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the compound containing a rare earth metal may include lanthanide metal tellurides. Examples of lanthanide metal tellurides may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, and / or Lu2Te3, etc.

[0392] Alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, and rare earth metal complexes may include: i) one of the metal ions of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and a rare earth metal (e.g., selected from among them); and ii) as a ligand bonded to the metal ion (e.g., the selected metal ion), such as hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthrene, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0393] The electron-injected layer may include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, rare earth metals, alkali metal-containing compounds, alkaline earth metal-containing compounds, rare earth metal-containing compounds, alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, rare earth metal complexes, or any combination thereof (e.g., composed of them) as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the electron-injected layer may also include organic materials (e.g., compounds represented by Formula 601).

[0394] According to one or more embodiments, the electron-injected layer may include (e.g., composed of): i) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide); ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide); and b) an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, the electron-injected layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, and / or a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, etc.

[0395] When the electron injection layer also includes organic materials, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, rare earth metals, alkali metal-containing compounds, alkaline earth metal-containing compounds, rare earth metal-containing compounds, alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, rare earth metal complexes, or any combination thereof may be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly dispersed in the matrix including the organic materials.

[0396] The thickness of the electron injection layer can be approximately up to approximately And for example, about up to approximately When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within these ranges, satisfactory electron injection characteristics can be obtained without a significant increase in the driving voltage.

[0397] Second electrode 150

[0398] The second electrode 150 may be on the intermediate layer 130. The second electrode 150 may be the cathode of the electron injection electrode, and the material used to form the second electrode 150 may be a metal, alloy, conductive compound, or any combination thereof, each having a low work function.

[0399] The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag-Yb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmission electrode, a semi-transmission / semi-reflection electrode, or a reflection electrode.

[0400] The second electrode 150 may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers.

[0401] Cover layer

[0402] The first cover layer may be outside the first electrode 110, and / or the second cover layer may be outside the second electrode 150. Specifically, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first cover layer, the first electrode 110, the intermediate layer 130, and the second electrode 150 are stacked sequentially in the stated order, or a structure in which the first cover layer, the first electrode 110, the intermediate layer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second cover layer are stacked sequentially in the stated order, or a structure in which the first cover layer, the first electrode 110, the intermediate layer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second cover layer are stacked sequentially in the stated order.

[0403] Light generated in the emitting layer of the intermediate layer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 can be emitted outward through the first electrode 110, which serves as a semi-transparent / semi-reflective electrode or a transmission electrode, and the first cover layer. Light generated in the emitting layer of the intermediate layer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 can be emitted outward through the second electrode 150, which serves as a semi-transparent / semi-reflective electrode or a transmission electrode, and the second cover layer.

[0404] The first and second capping layers can increase the external emission efficiency based on the principle of constructive interference. Therefore, the light emission efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 can be increased, and thus, the luminous efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 can be improved.

[0405] Each of the first and second capping layers may include a material having a refractive index of 1.6 or greater (under 589 nm light).

[0406] The first and second capping layers can each be independently an organic capping layer including organic materials, an inorganic capping layer including inorganic materials, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including both organic and inorganic materials.

[0407] At least one of the first and second capping layers (e.g., selected from the first and second capping layers) may each independently comprise a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amino-containing compound, a porphyrin derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthyl phthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, heterocyclic compound, and amino-containing compound may optionally be substituted with substituents comprising O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. According to one or more embodiments, at least one of the first and second capping layers may each independently comprise an amino-containing compound.

[0408] For example, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by formula 201, a compound represented by formula 202, or any combination thereof.

[0409] According to one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include at least one of compounds HT28 to HT33, at least one of compounds CP1 to CP6, β-NPB, or any combination thereof:

[0410]

[0411] membrane

[0412] The fused-ring compound represented by Formula 1 can be included in one or more suitable films. Therefore, according to one or more embodiments, films comprising the fused-ring compound represented by Formula 1 can be provided. The film can be, for example, an optical component (or light control component) (e.g., a color filter, color conversion component, capping layer, light emission efficiency enhancement layer, selective light absorption layer, polarization layer, and / or a layer containing sub-dots, etc.), a light blocking component (e.g., a light reflecting layer and / or a light absorbing layer, etc.), and / or a protective component (e.g., an insulating layer and / or a dielectric layer, etc.).

[0413] electronic devices

[0414] Light-emitting devices (e.g., Figure 1 The light-emitting device 10) may be included in one or more suitable electronic devices. For example, the electronic device including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting device and / or an authentication device, etc.

[0415] In addition to the light-emitting device, the electronic device (e.g., the light-emitting device) may also include i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) both a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and / or color conversion layer may be located in at least one direction of travel of the light emitted from the light-emitting device. For example, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue, green, or white light. Details regarding the light-emitting device may be the same as described herein. According to one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots.

[0416] An electronic device may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include multiple sub-pixel regions, a color filter may include multiple color filter regions corresponding to the multiple sub-pixel regions, and a color conversion layer may include multiple color conversion regions corresponding to the multiple sub-pixel regions.

[0417] Pixel-defining films can define each of multiple sub-pixel regions among multiple sub-pixel regions.

[0418] The color filter may also include multiple color filter areas and light blocking patterns between the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may also include multiple color conversion areas and light blocking patterns between the color conversion areas.

[0419] Multiple color filter regions (or multiple color conversion regions) may include: a first region emitting a first color light; a second region emitting a second color light; and / or a third region emitting a third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and / or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from each other. For example, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, the multiple color filter regions (or multiple color conversion regions) may include quantum dots. Specifically, the first region may include red quantum dots, the second region may include green quantum dots, and the third region may not include (e.g., any) quantum dots. Details regarding quantum dots may be the same as described herein. The first, second, and / or third regions may each further include a scatterer.

[0420] For example, the light-emitting device can emit a first light, a first region can absorb the first light to emit a first-color light, a second region can absorb the first light to emit a second-color light, and a third region can absorb the first light to emit a third-color light. In this case, the first-color light, the second-color light, and the third-color light can have different maximum emission wavelengths. Specifically, the first light can be blue light, the first-color light can be red light, the second-color light can be green light, and the third-color light can be blue light.

[0421] In addition to the light-emitting device as described herein, electronic devices may also include thin-film transistors. A thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, wherein either the source electrode or the drain electrode may be electrically coupled (e.g., connected) to either the first electrode or the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0422] Thin-film transistors may also include gate electrodes and / or gate insulating films, etc.

[0423] The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, organic semiconductors and / or oxide semiconductors, etc.

[0424] The electronic device may also include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be located between the color filter and / or color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting device to escape to the outside while simultaneously preventing or reducing the penetration of ambient air and / or moisture into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate comprising a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer comprising at least one organic layer and an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin-film encapsulation layer, the electronic device may be flexible.

[0425] Depending on the purpose of the electronic device, in addition to color filters and / or color conversion layers, one or more suitable functional layers may be additionally located on the sealed portion. Examples of functional layers may include a touchscreen layer and / or a polarizing layer, etc. The touchscreen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touchscreen layer, a capacitive touchscreen layer, or an infrared touchscreen layer. The authentication device may be a biometric authentication device that authenticates an individual, for example, by using biometric information of a living person (e.g., fingertips and / or pupils, etc.).

[0426] In addition to the light-emitting device as described herein, authentication devices may also include biometric information collectors.

[0427] Electronic devices can be applied to one or more suitable displays, light sources, lighting devices, personal computers (e.g., mobile personal computers), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic managers, electronic dictionaries, video game consoles, medical instruments (e.g., electronic thermometers, blood pressure monitors, blood glucose meters, pulse measuring devices, pulse wave measuring devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasound diagnostic devices, or endoscopic displays), fish finders, one or more suitable measuring instruments, meters (e.g., meters for vehicles, aircraft, and ships), and / or projectors, etc.

[0428] Electronic devices

[0429] The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic devices.

[0430] For example, an electronic device that includes a light-emitting device can be at least one of the following: flat panel display, curved display, computer monitor, medical monitor, television set, billboard, indoor light, outdoor light, signal light, head-up display, fully or partially transparent display, flexible display (such as rollable display, foldable display, or stretchable display), laser printer, telephone (such as mobile phone or tablet phone), tablet computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wearable device, laptop computer, digital camera, camcorder, viewfinder, microdisplay, 3D display, virtual reality display, augmented reality display, vehicle, video wall with multiple displays spliced ​​together, theater screen, stadium screen, light therapy device, and signage (e.g., selected from these).

[0431] Because light-emitting devices can have excellent luminous efficiency and long lifespan, electronic devices that include light-emitting devices can have characteristics such as high brightness, high resolution, and low power consumption.

[0432] Figure 2 and Figure 3 Description

[0433] Figure 2 This is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of a light-emitting device, which is one of an electronic devices, according to one or more embodiments.

[0434] Figure 2 The light-emitting device includes a substrate 100, a thin-film transistor (TFT), and a light-emitting device (e.g., Figure 1 The light-emitting device 10) and the encapsulation portion 300 that seals the light-emitting device.

[0435] The substrate 100 can be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 can be on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 can prevent or reduce the penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and can provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

[0436] The TFT can be on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

[0437] The active layer 220 may include inorganic semiconductors, organic semiconductors, or oxide semiconductors such as silicon or polysilicon, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

[0438] A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be on the gate insulating film 230.

[0439] Interlayer insulating film 250 may be on gate electrode 240. Interlayer insulating film 250 may be between gate electrode 240 and source electrode 260 and between gate electrode 240 and drain electrode 270 to insulate these electrodes from each other.

[0440] The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 can be on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 can be formed to expose the source region and drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 can contact the exposed portions of the source region and drain region of the active layer 220.

[0441] The TFT can be electrically coupled (e.g., connected) to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and can be covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. The light-emitting device may be disposed on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an intermediate layer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0442] The first electrode 110 may be on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may expose a portion of the drain electrode 270, not completely covering the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be electrically coupled (e.g., connected) to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.

[0443] A pixel defining film 290, including an insulating material, may be present on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining film 290 may expose a specific area of ​​the first electrode 110, and an intermediate layer 130 may be formed in the exposed area of ​​the first electrode 110. The pixel defining film 290 may be a polyimide-based organic film or a polyacrylic acid-based organic film. In one or more embodiments, at least some layers of the intermediate layer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining film 290 to form a common layer.

[0444] The second electrode 150 may be on the intermediate layer 130, and the second capping layer 170 may additionally be formed on the second electrode 150. The second capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.

[0445] The encapsulation portion 300 may be on the second cover layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be on the light-emitting device to protect it from moisture or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include an inorganic film, including silicon nitride (SiN). x ), silicon dioxide (SiO) xIndium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; organic membranes, including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, acrylic resins (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate and / or polyacrylic acid, etc.), epoxy resins (e.g., aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), etc.) or any combination thereof; or combinations of inorganic and organic membranes.

[0446] Figure 3 This is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of a light-emitting device, which is an example of an electronic device according to one or more embodiments.

[0447] In addition to the light-blocking pattern 500 and the functional area 400 attached to the package portion 300, Figure 3 The light-emitting device and Figure 2 The light-emitting device is the same. Functional area 400 can be i) a color filter area, ii) a color conversion area, or iii) a combination of a color filter area and a color conversion area. According to one or more embodiments, it includes... Figure 3 The light-emitting devices in the light-emitting equipment can be light-emitting devices connected in series.

[0448] Figure 4 Description

[0449] Figure 4 This is a schematic perspective view of an electronic device 1 including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments. As a device for displaying moving or still images, electronic device 1 can be a portable electronic device such as a mobile phone, smartphone, tablet PC, mobile communication terminal, e-notebook, e-reader, portable multimedia player (PMP), navigation device, or ultra-mobile PC (UMPC), as well as one or more suitable products such as a television, laptop computer, monitor, billboard, or Internet of Things (IoT) device. Electronic device 1 can be such a product or part thereof as described herein. In some embodiments, electronic device 1 can be a wearable device, or part of a wearable device, such as a smartwatch, watch phone, glasses-type (or similar) display, or head-mounted display (HMD). However, the embodiments are not limited thereto. For example, electronic device 1 can be a vehicle's dashboard, a vehicle's central control instrument panel, a central information display (CID) on a vehicle's dashboard, an interior mirror display replacing a vehicle's side mirrors, an entertainment display for the rear seats of a vehicle or a display on the back of the front seats, a head-up display (HUD) mounted at the front of the vehicle or projected onto the windshield, or a computer-generated holographic augmented reality head-up display (CGH AR HUD). For ease of explanation, Figure 4 One or more embodiments of electronic device 1 being a smartphone are shown.

[0450] Electronic device 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. The display device can realize an image by an array of multiple pixels in two dimensions in the display area DA.

[0451] The non-display area NDA is an area where no image is displayed and may completely surround (e.g., around) the display area DA. Within the non-display area NDA, drivers may be provided for supplying electrical signals or power to multiple pixels in the display area DA. Within the non-display area NDA, pads may be provided, which are areas to which electronic components or printed circuit boards can be electrically coupled (e.g., connected).

[0452] In electronic device 1, the length in the x-axis direction and the length in the y-axis direction can be different from each other. For example, as Figure 4 As shown, the length in the x-axis direction may be shorter than the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be the same as the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be longer than the length in the y-axis direction.

[0453] Figure 5 and Figures 6A to 6C Description

[0454] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the exterior of a vehicle 1000, which is an electronic device including a light-emitting device, according to one or more embodiments. Figures 6A to 6C Each is a schematic diagram of the interior of a vehicle 1000 according to one or more embodiments.

[0455] refer to Figure 5 , Figure 6A , Figure 6B and Figure 6C The means of transport 1000 can refer to one or more suitable devices used to move a subject (such as a person, object, or animal) from a point of origin to a point of destination. The means of transport 1000 can include vehicles that travel on roads or tracks, ships that move on oceans or rivers, and / or aircraft that fly in the sky using the action of air.

[0456] The vehicle 1000 can travel on roads or tracks. The vehicle 1000 can move in a specific direction depending on the rotation of at least one wheel. For example, the vehicle 1000 may include three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicles, construction machinery, two-wheeled vehicles, prime movers, bicycles, and trains traveling on tracks.

[0457] The vehicle 1000 may include a main body with interior and exterior, and a chassis. The mechanical equipment required for drive is mounted in the chassis as other components besides the main body of the vehicle 1000. The exterior of the main body of the vehicle 1000 may include a front panel, engine hood, roof panel, rear panel, luggage compartment, and / or pillars located at the boundaries between doors. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generation device, a power transmission device, a drive unit, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel system, front and rear wheels, and / or left and right wheels.

[0458] The vehicle 1000 may include side window glass 1100, front window glass 1200, side mirror 1300, instrument cluster 1400, central control instrument panel 1500, passenger seat instrument panel 1600 and display device 2.

[0459] The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 can be separated by a pillar between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.

[0460] Side window 1100 may be mounted on the side of vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, side window 1100 may be mounted on a door of vehicle 1000. Multiple side window 1100s may be provided, and the multiple side window 1100s may face each other. In one or more embodiments, side window 1100 may include a first side window 1110 and a second side window 1120. In one or more embodiments, the first side window 1110 may be adjacent to instrument cluster 1400. The second side window 1120 may be adjacent to passenger seat dashboard 1600.

[0461] In one or more embodiments, the side window panes 1100 may be spaced apart and / or separated from each other in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction (e.g., spaced apart or separated). For example, the first side window pane 1110 and the second side window pane 1120 may be spaced apart and / or separated from each other in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction (e.g., spaced apart or separated). In embodiments, an imaginary straight line L connecting the side window panes 1100 may extend in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction. For example, the imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window pane 1110 and the second side window pane 1120 may extend in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction.

[0462] The front windshield 1200 can be installed at the front of the vehicle 1000. The front windshield 1200 can be located between the side windows 1100 that are opposite to each other (e.g., facing each other).

[0463] Side mirror 1300 can provide a rear view of vehicle 1000. Side mirror 1300 can be mounted on the exterior of the vehicle body. In one or more embodiments, a plurality of side mirrors 1300 can be provided. Any one of the plurality of side mirrors 1300 can be on the exterior of a first side window 1110. Another of the plurality of side mirrors 1300 can be on the exterior of a second side window 1120.

[0464] The instrument cluster 1400 can be located in front of the steering wheel. The instrument cluster 1400 may include a tachometer, speedometer, coolant temperature gauge, fuel gauge, turn signal indicator, high beam indicator, hazard lights, seat belt warning light, odometer, speed recorder, automatic shift selector indicator, door open warning light, engine oil warning light and / or low fuel warning light.

[0465] The central instrument cluster 1500 may include a control panel with multiple buttons for adjusting the audio system, air conditioning system, and seat heaters. The central instrument cluster 1500 may be located on one side of the instrument group 1400.

[0466] The passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be spaced apart from and / or separated from the instrument cluster 1400 (e.g., spaced apart or separated), and the center console instrument panel 1500 may be located between the instrument cluster 1400 and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. In one or more embodiments, the instrument cluster 1400 may correspond to the driver's seat, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may correspond to the passenger seat. In one or more embodiments, the instrument cluster 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window 1110, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window 1120.

[0467] In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display images. The display device 2 may be inside the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be between side windows 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 may be on at least one of an instrument cluster 1400, a central control instrument panel 1500, and a passenger seat instrument panel 1600.

[0468] Display device 2 may include organic light-emitting display devices, inorganic electroluminescent (EL) display devices, and / or quantum dot display devices, etc. Hereinafter, as a display device 2 according to one or more embodiments, an organic light-emitting display device including a light-emitting device according to this disclosure will be described as an example; however, in embodiments, one or more suitable types (categories) of display devices as described herein may be used.

[0469] refer to Figure 6AThe display device 2 can be on the central control instrument panel 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 can display navigation information. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 can display information about audio settings, video settings, or vehicle settings.

[0470] refer to Figure 6B The display device 2 can be on the instrument cluster 1400. In this case, the instrument cluster 1400 can display driving information, etc., through the display device 2. For example, the instrument cluster 1400 can display driving information, etc. digitally. The instrument cluster 1400 can digitally display vehicle information and driving information in the form of images. For example, the tachometer pointer and gauges, as well as one or more suitable warning light icons, can be displayed via digital signals.

[0471] refer to Figure 6C The display device 2 may be in / on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. The display device 2 may be embedded in or on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display images related to information displayed in the instrument cluster 1400 and / or in the central control instrument panel 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display information different from the information displayed in the instrument cluster 1400 and / or in the central control instrument panel 1500.

[0472] Manufacturing method

[0473] The layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the electron transport region can be formed in specific regions using one or more suitable methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, inkjet printing, laser printing, and / or laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI).

[0474] When forming layers constituting hole transport regions, emitter layers, and electron transport regions by vacuum deposition, the deposition temperature can be between approximately 100°C and approximately 500°C, depending on the materials included in the layers to be formed and the structure of the layers. -8 To about 10 -3 The vacuum level of Torr is approximately 0.01 angstroms per second. up to approximately Deposition is performed at a deposition rate of [specific value].

[0475] Definition of terminology

[0476] As used in this article, the term "C3-C" 60A "carbocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that includes a carbon atom (e.g., composed of it) as the only cyclic atom and has 3 to 60 carbon atoms, and is referred to herein as "C1-C". 60 A "heterocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and including heteroatoms as cyclic atoms in addition to carbon atoms. (C3-C) 60 Carbocyclic groups and C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups can each be a monocyclic group comprising one ring (e.g., composed of a ring) or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are fused together. For example, C1-C 60 The number of cyclic atoms in a heterocyclic group can range from 3 to 61.

[0477] As used herein, "cyclic group" can include C3-C 60 Carbocyclic groups and C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups (e.g., both including C3-C) 60 Carbocyclic groups and C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group).

[0478] As used in this article, “π-electron-rich C3-C” 60 "Cyclic group" refers to a cyclic group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms and not including *-N=*' as a cyclic moiety, and as used herein, "a nitrogen-containing C1-C group lacking π electrons". 60 "Heterocyclic group" refers to a heterocyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and including *-N=*' as a cyclic moiety.

[0479] For example,

[0480] C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group can be i) group T1 or ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T1 are fused together (e.g., cyclopentadienyl, adamantyl, norbornel, phenyl, pentanenyl, naphthyl, chamomilecycloyl, indaneyl, acenaphthel, phenanthreneyl, phenanthreneyl, anthraceneyl, fluoranyl, benzo[phenanthreneyl], pyreneyl, etc.). (e.g., alkyl, perylene, pentylenyl, hepta-enyl, tetraphenyl, fenyl, hexaphenyl, pentaphenyl, rubidyl, benzoyl, ovoleyl, indene, fluorenyl, spiro-difluorenyl, benzo[fluorenyl], indene-phenanthyl or indene-anthrayl)

[0481] C1-C 60The heterocyclic group can be i) group T2, ii) a fused-ring group in which two or more groups T2 are fused together, or iii) a fused-ring group in which at least one group T2 and at least one group T1 are fused together (e.g., pyrrole, thiophene, furanyl, indole, benzoindole, naphthoindole, isoindole, benzoisoindole, naphthoisoindole, benzothiophene, benzofuranyl, carbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuranyl, indocarbazole, indolecarbazole, benzofuranocarbazole, benzothiophenecarbazole, benzothiophenecarbazole, benzoindocarbazole, benzocarbazole, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzonaphthophene, benzonaphthothiophene, benzofuranodibenzofuranyl, benzofuranyl). benzo[2]benzothiophene, benzo[2] ... Quinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, cenolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthidyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazoyl, azafluorenyl, azadibenzothiopheneyl, azadibenzothiopheneyl and / or azadibenzofuranyl, etc.

[0482] C3-C rich in π electrons 60 The cyclic group can be i) group T1, ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are fused together, iii) group T3, iv) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T3 are fused together, or v) a fused cyclic group in which at least one group T3 and at least one group T1 are fused together (e.g., C3-C). 60 Carbocyclic, 1H-pyrrole, thiorrole, borocyclopentadienyl, 2H-pyrrole, 3H-pyrrole, thiophene, furanyl, indole, benzoindole, naphthoindole, isoindole, benzoisoindole, naphthoisoindole, benzothiorrole, benzothiophene, benzofuranyl, carbazole, dibenzothiorrole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuranyl, indole-carbazole, indole-carbazole, benzofuran-carbazole, benzothiophene-carbazole, benzothiorrole-carbazole, benzoindole-carbazole, benzocarbazole, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzonaphthophene, benzonaphthorrole, benzofuran-dibenzofuranyl, benzofuran-dibenzothiophene and / or benzothiophene-dibenzothiophene, etc.

[0483] Nitrogen-containing C1-C lacking π electrons 60The heterocyclic group can be i) a group T4, ii) a fused-ring group in which two or more groups T4 are fused together, iii) a fused-ring group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T1 are fused together, iv) a fused-ring group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T3 are fused together, or v) a fused-ring group in which at least one group T4, at least one group T1 and at least one group T3 are fused together (e.g., pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzo[] Imidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoisothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenanthrolinel, cinolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthidyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazolyl, azafluorenyl, azadibenzothiopheneyl, azadibenzothiopheneyl and / or azadibenzofuranyl, etc.

[0484] Group T1 can be cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, norbornane (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane)yl, norbornenyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, or phenyl.

[0485] The group T2 can be furanyl, thiopheneyl, 1H-pyrrolyl, thiopheneyl, borocyclopentadienyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, azathiazolyl, azaboracyclopentadienyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetraazinyl, pyrrolylalkyl, imidazolylalkyl, dihydropyrrolyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, dihydropyridinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazinyl, tetrahydropyrazinyl, or dihydropyrazinyl.

[0486] Group T3 can be furanyl, thiophene, 1H-pyrrole, thiophene, or borocyclopentadienyl, and

[0487] The group T4 can be 2H-pyrrole, 3H-pyrrole, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, azathirolyl, azaboranecyclopentadienyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, or tetraazinyl.

[0488] As used in this article, the terms "cyclic group" and "C3-C" are similar. 60 "Carbocyclic group", "C1-C" 60 Heterocyclic groups, π-electron-rich C3-C 60 "Cyclic groups" and "π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C" 60 "Heterocyclic group" can each refer to a group whose structure, according to the formula using the appropriate term, is fused with any cyclic group, monovalent group, or polyvalent group (e.g., divalent, trivalent, and / or tetravalent group, etc.). For example, "phenyl" can be benzo[a], phenyl, and / or phenylene, etc., which can be readily understood by those skilled in the art based on the structure of a formula including "phenyl".

[0489] Depending on the context, and according to the structure of the formula associated with the terminology used, a divalent group may refer to a multivalent group (e.g., trivalent, tetravalent, etc., not just divalent).

[0490] Monovalent C3-C 60 Carbocyclic groups and monovalent C1-C 60 Examples of heterocyclic groups can include C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, C1-C 10 Heterocyclic alkyl, C3-C 10 Cycloalkenyl, C1-C 10 Heterocyclic alkenyl, C6-C 60 Aryl, C1-C 60 Heteroaryl, monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic, and monovalent non-aromatic fused heterocyclic. Divalent C3-C 60 Carbocyclic groups and divalent C1-C 60 Examples of heterocyclic groups can include C3-C 10 Cycloalkylene, C1-C 10 Heterocyclic alkyl, C3-C 10 Cycloalkylene, C1-C 10 Heterocyclic alkenyl, C6-C 60 aryl, C1-C 60 Hybrid aryl, divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic and divalent non-aromatic fused heterocyclic.

[0491] As used in this article, the term "C1-C" 60"Alkyl" refers to a monovalent group of a straight-chain or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and examples may include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, sec-isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, sec-hexyl, tert-hexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, sec-heptyl, tert-heptyl, n-octyl, isooctyl, sec-octyl, tert-octyl, n-nonyl, isononyl, sec-nonyl, tert-nonyl, n-decyl, isodel, sec-decyl, and tert-decyl. The term "C1-C" as used herein is also relevant. 60 "alkylene" refers to compounds derived from C1-C2. 60 Alkyl groups have the same structure as divalent groups.

[0492] As used in this article, the term "C2-C" 60 "Alkenyl" refers to the group formed at C2-C... 60 The alkyl group has at least one carbon-carbon double bond at its middle or end, and examples may include vinyl, propenyl, and / or butenyl groups, etc. As used herein, the term "C2-C" is used... 60 "Alkenyl" refers to a group that is related to C2-C 60 Alkenes are divalent groups with the same structure.

[0493] As used in this article, the term "C2-C" 60 "Alkyne group" refers to the group at C2-C 60 The alkyl group has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond at its middle or end, and examples may include ethynyl and / or propynyl groups, etc. As used herein, the term "C2-C" is used... 60 "Immyneyl" refers to a group that is related to C2-C 60 Alkynes are divalent groups with the same structure.

[0494] As used in this article, the term "C1-C" 60 "Alkoxy" refers to the compound formed by -OA 101 (where A) 101 It is C1-C 60 The alkyl group represents a monovalent group, and examples of alkyl groups may include methoxy, ethoxy, and / or isopropoxy, etc.

[0495] As used in this article, the term "C3-C" 10 "Cycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples may include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornel (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl and / or bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, etc. The term "C3-C" as used herein is also relevant. 10 "Cycloalkylene" refers to compounds related to C3-C4.10 Cycloalkyl groups have the same divalent structure.

[0496] As used in this article, the term "C1-C" 10 "Heterocyclic alkyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and including at least one heteroatom as a cyclic atom in addition to the carbon atoms, and examples may include 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydrothiopheneyl. As used herein, the term "C1-C..." 10 "Heterocyclic alkyl" refers to compounds related to C1-C2. 10 Heterocyclic alkyl groups have the same divalent structure.

[0497] As used in this article, the term "C3-C" 10 "Cycloalkenyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring and not being aromatic, and examples may include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl. As used herein, the term "C3-C" is also relevant. 10 "Iridylene" refers to compounds related to C3-C4. 10 Cycloalkenyl groups are divalent groups with the same structure.

[0498] As used in this article, the term "C1-C" 10 "Heterocyclic alkenyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, including at least one heteroatom as a cyclic atom in addition to carbon atoms, and having at least one double bond in its ring. C1-C 10 Examples of heterocyclic alkenyl groups may include 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, and 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl. As used herein, the term "C1-C..." 10 "Heterocyclic alkenyl" refers to a compound that is related to C1-C2. 10 Heterocyclic alkenyl groups are divalent groups with the same structure.

[0499] As used in this article, the term "C6-C" 60 "Aryl" refers to a monovalent group in a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and as used herein in the term "C6-C". 60 "Arylene" refers to a divalent group in a carbocyclic aromatic system with 6 to 60 carbon atoms. (C6-C) 60 Examples of aryl groups may include phenyl, pentanenyl, naphthyl, chamomilecycloyl, indoleyl, acenaphthel, phenanthreneyl, anthrayl, fluoranyl, benzophenanthreneyl, pyrene, etc. Peryl, pentylenyl, hepta-enyl, tetraphenyl, fenyl, hexaphenyl, pentaphenyl, rubidyl, benzoyl, and / or ovoidyl, etc. When C6-C 60 Aryl and C6-C 60When each of the aryl groups comprises two or more rings, the two or more rings can fused together.

[0500] As used in this article, the term "C1-C" 60 "Heteroaryl" refers to a monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and including at least one heteroatom as a cyclic atom in addition to carbon atoms, belonging to a heterocyclic aromatic system. As used herein, the term "C1-C" is also relevant. 60 "Hypo-heteroaryl" refers to a divalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and including at least one heteroatom as a cyclic atom in addition to carbon atoms, belonging to a heterocyclic aromatic system. C1-C 60 Examples of heteroaryl groups may include pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, benzo[a]quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzo[a]isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzo[a]quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzo[a]quinazolinyl, cyclolinyl, phenanthrolinel, phthalazinyl, and naphthidyl. When C1-C 60 heteroaryl and C1-C 60 When each heteroaryl group comprises two or more rings, the two or more rings can fused together.

[0501] As used herein, the term "monovalent nonaromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused together, with only carbon atoms (e.g., 8 to 60 carbon atoms) as cyclic atoms, and lacking aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. Examples of monovalent nonaromatic fused polycyclic groups may include indenyl, fluorenyl, spiro-difluorenyl, benzo[a]fluorenyl, indeno[a]phenanthryl, and indeno[a]anthrayl. As used herein, the term "divalent nonaromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as a monovalent nonaromatic fused polycyclic group.

[0502] As used herein, the term "monovalent nonaromatic fused heterocyclic group" refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused together, including at least one heteroatom as a cyclic atom in addition to carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 60 carbon atoms), and not having aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. Examples of monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic groups may include pyrrole, thiophene, furanyl, indole, benzoindole, naphthoindole, isoindole, benzoisoindole, naphthoisoindole, benzothiophene, benzofuranyl, carbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuranyl, azacarbazole, azafluorenyl, azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzofuranyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl Benzopyrazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzooxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, indolecarbazolyl, indolocarbazolyl, benzofuranocarbazolyl, benzothiophenocarbazolyl, benzothiophenocarbazolyl, benzoindolocarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthiophenyl, benzonaphthiophenyl, benzofuranodibenzofuranyl, benzofuranodibenzothiophenyl, and benzothiophenodibenzothiophenyl. As used herein, the term "divalent nonaromatic fused heteropolycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as a monovalent nonaromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.

[0503] As used in this article, the term "C6-C" 60 "Aryloxy" indicator - OA 102 (where A) 102 It is C6-C 60 Aryl), and as used herein by the term "C6-C" 60 "Arylthio" indicates -SA 103 (where A) 103 It is C6-C 60 Aryl).

[0504] As used in this article, the term "C7-C" 60 "Arylalkyl" refers to -A 104 A 105 (where A) 104 It is C1-C 54 Alkylene, and A 105 It is C6-C 59 Aryl), and as used herein by the term "C2-C 60 "Heteroarylene" refers to -A 106 A 107 (where A) 106 It is C1-C59 Alkylene, and A 107 It is C1-C 59 (Miscellaneous aromatics).

[0505] As used in this article, the term "R" 10a "Could be:

[0506] Deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro;

[0507] C1-C 60 Alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 Alkyne group or C1-C 60 Alkyl groups, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbonyl group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy group, C6-C 60 Arylthio, C7-C 60 Aryl alkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaryl, -Si(Q) 11 (Q) 12 (Q) 13 -N(Q) 11 (Q) 12 -B(Q) 11 (Q) 12 -C(=O)(Q) 11 -S(=O)2(Q) 11 -P(=O)(Q) 11 (Q) 12 (or any combination thereof)

[0508] C3-C 60 carbonyl group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy group, C6-C 60 Arylthio, C7-C 60 Aryl or C2-C 60 Heteroaryl groups, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C1-C 60 Alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 Alkoxy, C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy group, C6-C 60Arylthio, C7-C 60 Aryl alkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaryl, -Si(Q) 21 (Q) 22 (Q) 23 -N(Q) 21 (Q) 22 -B(Q) 21 (Q) 22 -C(=O)(Q) 21 -S(=O)(Q) 21 -P(=O)(Q) 21 (Q) 22 ) or any combination thereof; or

[0509] -Si(Q 31 (Q) 32 (Q) 33 -N(Q) 31 (Q) 32 -B(Q) 31 (Q) 32 -C(=O)(Q) 31 -S(=O)2(Q) 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 (Q) 32 ).

[0510] As used in this article, Q1, Q 11 To Q 13 Q 21 To Q 23 and Q 31 To Q 33 Each of these can be independently: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxyl; cyano; nitro; C1-C 60 Alkyl; C2-C 60 Alkenyl; C2-C 60 Alkyne group; C1-C 60 Alkoxy group; C3-C 60 Carbocyclic or C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups, each unsubstituted or replaced by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 Alkyl, C1-C 60 Alkyl, phenyl, biphenyl, or any combination thereof substituted; C7-C 60 arylalkyl; or C2-C 60 Heteroalkyl groups.

[0511] As used herein, the term "heteroatom" refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Examples of heteroatoms may include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, or any combination thereof.

[0512] The term “third-row transition metal” as used herein may include hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), and / or gold (Au), etc.

[0513] As used herein, the term "Ph" refers to phenyl, "Me" refers to methyl, "Et" refers to ethyl, and "ter-Bu" or "Bu" refers to ethyl. t "" refers to tert-butyl, and as used herein, the term "OMe" refers to methyl methacrylate (MMA).

[0514] As used herein, the term "biphenyl" refers to a phenyl group that has been substituted with a phenyl group. In other words, a "biphenyl" can be a group with a C6-C2 substitution. 60 "Aryl" is "substituted phenyl" as a substituent.

[0515] As used herein, the term "terphenyl" refers to a "phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group." A "terphenyl group" is a phenyl group that has a C6-C substituted biphenyl group. 60 Aryl-substituted C6-C 60 "Aryl" is "substituted phenyl" as a substituent.

[0516] Unless otherwise defined, as used herein, * and *' each refer to a binding site with an adjacent atom in the corresponding formula or part.

[0517] As used herein, the terms "x-axis (x-axis direction)," "y-axis (y-axis direction)," and "z-axis (z-axis direction)" are not limited to the three axes (directions) in an orthogonal coordinate system, and can be interpreted in a broader sense than the aforementioned three axes (directions) in an orthogonal coordinate system. For example, the x-axis (x-axis direction), y-axis (y-axis direction), and z-axis (z-axis direction) can describe axes (directions) that are orthogonal to each other, or they can describe axes (directions) that are not orthogonal to each other in different directions.

[0518] Terms such as “substantially,” “approximately,” and “approximately” are used as relative terms rather than terms of degree and are intended to explain the inherent deviations of measured or calculated values ​​that would be recognized by a person skilled in the art. They may include the stated value and an acceptable range of deviation determined by a person skilled in the art, taking into account limitations and errors associated with the measurement of this quantity. For example, “approximately” may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, ±20%, ±10%, or ±5% of the stated value.

[0519] The numerical ranges disclosed herein include, and are intended to be disclosed, all included subranges with the same numerical precision. For example, the range “1.0 to 10.0” includes all subranges having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as 2.4 to 7.6. Therefore, the applicant reserves the right to amend this specification (including the claims) to expressly describe any subranges included within the ranges expressly described herein.

[0520] The light-emitting device, electronic device, electronic apparatus, means of manufacture thereof, and / or any other related means or components according to embodiments of the present disclosure described herein can be implemented using any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., application-specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, one or more suitable components of the light-emitting device and electronic device and / or apparatus can be formed on an integrated circuit (IC) chip or on a separate IC chip. Furthermore, one or more suitable components of the light-emitting device and electronic device and / or apparatus can be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, a tape-on-a-chip (TCP), a printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on a substrate. Additionally, one or more suitable components of the light-emitting device and electronic device and / or apparatus can be a process or thread that runs on one or more processors, is in one or more computing devices, executes computer program instructions, and interacts with other system components to perform one or more suitable functions described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in memory, which can be implemented in the computing device using standard storage devices (e.g., random access memory (RAM)). The computer program instructions can also be stored in other non-transitory computer-readable media (such as optical disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) and / or flash memory drives, for example. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that, without departing from the scope of the embodiments of this disclosure, the functions of one or more suitable computing devices may be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functions of a particular computing device may be distributed across one or more other computing devices.

[0521] In the following, compounds and luminescent devices according to embodiments will be described in detail with reference to synthetic examples and illustrations. The phrase "using B instead of A" used in describing the synthetic examples means using the same molar equivalent of B instead of A. The more detailed synthetic examples and illustrations are each exemplary embodiments provided to enhance understanding, and the scope of this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0522] Example

[0523] Preparation Example 1 and Preparation Example 2: Containing Ni 1-x Mg x Synthesis of acetic acid ligand nanoparticles with O (x = 0.02 or 0.09) (+ hydroxide)

[0524] (1) Contains Ni 1-x Mg x Synthesis of O nanoparticles

[0525] The compounds listed in Table 1 are mixed in the proportions described in Table 1 and 60 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide is used as a solvent to form a first composition. The first composition is then reacted under the following heat treatment conditions to synthesize metal oxide nanoparticles. In this case, Ac may refer to acetate.

[0526] Table 1

[0527]

[0528] The process of treating the surface of metal oxide nanoparticles with hydroxides was performed by mixing the compounds listed in Table 2 with 30 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent, where PE1 and PE2 represent Preparation Example 1 and Preparation Example 2, and RT represents room temperature.

[0529] Table 2

[0530]

[0531] (2) Contains Ni 1-x Mg x Synthesis of nanoparticles with O and acetic acid ligands

[0532] The nanoparticles synthesized in this paper were deposited on an ITO substrate to a thickness of 40 nanometers (nm), and then the surface of the nanoparticles was treated with ligands using a spin-coating technique. All ligands were at a concentration of 0.05 mol, and after ligand treatment on the metal nanoparticle layer, the reaction was performed for 5 seconds, followed by a process run at 2,000 rpm for 60 seconds. To remove residual ligands, a solvent treatment was performed at 2,000 rpm for 60 seconds, followed by an additional heat treatment at 80 °C for 10 minutes.

[0533] Table 3

[0534]

[0535] Preparation Examples 3 and 4: Containing Ni 1-x Mg x Synthesis of 4-trifluoromethylcinnamic acid ligand nanoparticles with O (x = 0.02, 0.09)(+ hydroxide)

[0536] (1) Contains Ni 1-x Mg x Synthesis of O nanoparticles

[0537] The synthesis was performed using essentially the same method as that used in Preparation Example 1 and Preparation Example 2.

[0538] (2) Contains Ni 1-x Mg x Synthesis of O-4-trifluoromethylcinnamic acid ligand nanoparticles

[0539] The nanoparticles synthesized in Preparation Examples 1 and 2 were laminated onto an ITO substrate to a thickness of 40 nm, and then the surface of the nanoparticles was treated with ligands using a spin-coating technique. All ligands were at a concentration of 0.05 mol, and after ligand treatment on the metal nanoparticle layer, the reaction was performed for 5 seconds, and the process was carried out at 2,000 rpm for 60 seconds. To remove residual ligands, a solvent treatment was performed at 2,000 rpm for 60 seconds, followed by an additional heat treatment at 80°C for 10 minutes.

[0540] Table 4

[0541] Synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles Ligands for treatment Preparation Example 3 <![CDATA[Ni 0.98 Mg 0.02 O_Mg(OH)2]]> 4-Trifluoromethylcinnamic acid (0.05 mol) Preparation Example 4 <![CDATA[Ni 0.91 Mg 0.09 O_Mg(OH)2]]> 4-Trifluoromethylcinnamic acid (0.05 mol)

[0542] Comparative preparation example 1: Ni 1-x Mg x Synthesis of O nanoparticles (x = 0.09)

[0543] The compounds listed in Table 5 are mixed in the proportions described in Table 5 and 60 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide is used as a solvent to form a first composition. The first composition is then reacted under the following heat treatment conditions to synthesize metal oxide nanoparticles. In this case, Ac may refer to acetate.

[0544] Table 5

[0545]

[0546] The process of treating the surface of metal oxide nanoparticles with hydroxides was performed by mixing the compounds listed in Table 6 with 30 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent, where CPE1 represents Comparative Preparation Example 1 and RT represents room temperature.

[0547] Table 6

[0548]

[0549] For example, except that the treatment with ligands is not performed, comparative preparation example 1 can be substantially the same as preparation example 2 or preparation example 4.

[0550] Evaluation Example 1

[0551] The valence band energy levels of the nanoparticles in Preparation Example 2, Preparation Example 4, and Comparative Preparation Example 1 were derived using ambient photoelectron spectroscopy, and the results are shown in... Figure 7 middle.

[0552] Figure 7 This is a diagram showing the valence band energy levels of the nanoparticles in Preparation Example 2, Preparation Example 4, and Comparative Preparation Example 1. (Reference) Figure 7 It was confirmed that the absolute value of the valence band energy level of the nanoparticles in Preparation Example 4 increased. Therefore, it was confirmed that as the absolute value of the valence band energy level of the nanoparticles increases, the hole transport performance can be further improved by reducing the energy difference with the emitter layer.

[0553] In some embodiments, reference Figure 7 It is confirmed that the absolute value of the valence band energy level of the nanoparticles in Preparation Example 2 is reduced, but due to the effect of reducing the surface defects of NiMgO used for the Ac ligands treated in Preparation Example 2, as in Evaluation Example 4 in this paper, excellent light-emitting devices can be fabricated.

[0554] Evaluation Example 2

[0555] To confirm the hole mobility (μ) of the nanoparticles prepared in Preparation Example 2, Preparation Example 4, and Comparative Preparation Example 1 p The measurement was performed using the van der Pauw method with the Lake Shore 8400 (Hall Measurement), and the results were obtained in [the following context is missing]. Figure 8 The results are shown in Table 7.

[0556] Figure 8 This is a graph showing the hole mobility of the nanoparticles in Preparation Example 2, Preparation Example 4, and Comparative Preparation Example 1. (Reference) Figure 8 As confirmed in Table 7, the hole mobility of the nanoparticles of Preparation Example 2 and Preparation Example 4 is better than that of the nanoparticles of Comparative Preparation Example 1, and thus it is confirmed that the hole mobility of the nanoparticles of Preparation Example 2 and Preparation Example 4 is improved compared with that of the nanoparticles of Comparative Preparation Example 1.

[0557] Table 7

[0558] <![CDATA[Hole mobility (×10 -3 cm 2 V -1 s -1 )]]> Preparation Example 2 10.3 Preparation Example 4 11 Comparative Preparation Example 1 6.3

[0559] Example 1

[0560] As the anode, it is deposited with 15 ohms per square centimeter (Ω / cm). 2 )(1,200 Angstroms The Corning ITO glass substrate was cut to a size of 50 mm × 50 mm × 0.7 mm, ultrasonically treated with isopropanol and pure water for 5 minutes each, and then cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet light and ozone for 30 minutes. The substrate was then fed into a vacuum deposition apparatus.

[0561] Subsequently, the metal oxide nanoparticles prepared by Example 2 were mixed with 4 mL of solvent (ethanol) to form an ink composition. The ink composition was spin-coated onto a substrate and then heat-treated and annealed at 120°C to form an ink with… A hole transport layer of a certain thickness.

[0562] Spin-coating InP / ZnSe / ZnS quantum dots onto the hole transport layer to form a structure with... The thickness of the emission layer.

[0563] ZnMgO nanoparticles and 4 mL of ethanol were spin-coated onto the emitter layer to form a structure with... An electron transport layer of a certain thickness.

[0564] Thermal deposition of Al on the electron transport layer The thickness is increased to form a cathode, thereby creating a light-emitting device.

[0565] Example 2 and comparison example 1

[0566] The light-emitting device was fabricated in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the nanoparticles synthesized by Preparation Example 4 and Comparative Preparation Example 1 were used as nanoparticles included in the hole transport layer, respectively.

[0567] Evaluation Example 3

[0568] The absolute quantum efficiency of the luminescent devices of Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example 1 was confirmed using a C11347-11 Quantaurus-QY absolute PLQY spectrometer (Hamamatsu Photonics Co., Ltd.), and the results are shown in... Figure 9 middle.

[0569] Figure 9 This is a graph showing the absolute quantum efficiency of the light-emitting devices of Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example 1. (Reference) Figure 9 It is confirmed that the absolute quantum efficiency of the light-emitting devices in Examples 1 and 2 is increased compared to Comparative Example 1. This is because the surface defects of the metal oxide nanoparticles included in the light-emitting devices of Examples 1 and 2 are removed by the ligands included in them, thus increasing the absolute quantum efficiency of the light-emitting devices.

[0570] In some embodiments, it can be confirmed that the optimal absolute quantum efficiency of the light-emitting device of Example 2 can be achieved because the hole transport performance is excellent as the energy level difference of the quantum dots (QDs) included in the emission layer decreases.

[0571] Evaluation Example 4

[0572] The brightness, on-state voltage, and maximum external quantum efficiency of the light-emitting devices fabricated in Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example 1 are measured and shown in [the table / image]. Figure 10A , Figure 10B and Figure 11 And in Table 8. In some embodiments, the emission and absorption spectra of quantum dots included in the emitting layer of the light-emitting device of Example 1 are shown in... Figure 12 middle. Figure 10A and Figure 10B The graph shows the on-state voltage and brightness measured in the light-emitting devices of Example 1, Example 2 and Comparative Example 1. Figure 11 This is a graph showing the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) measured in the light-emitting devices of Example 1, Example 2 and Comparative Example 1. Figure 12 This is a graph showing the absorption and emission spectra of quantum dots included in the emitting layer of the light-emitting device in Example 1.

[0573] The on-state voltage and luminance were measured using a CS-1000 spectroradiometer, and the maximum external quantum efficiency was also measured using a CS-1000 spectroradiometer. In some embodiments, the emission and absorption spectra of the quantum dots were determined using a Shimadzu UV-2600i UV-Vis spectrometer and a Horiba FluoroMax Plus-C fluorescence spectrophotometer.

[0574] Table 8

[0575]

[0576] refer to Figure 10A , Figure 10B and Figure 12 As shown in Table 8, it can be confirmed that, compared with those light-emitting devices of Comparative Example 1, the light-emitting devices according to Example 1 and Example 2 have a lower on-state voltage, an increased maximum brightness, and an improved maximum external quantum efficiency.

[0577] Nanoparticles include metal oxide nanoparticles and ligands on the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles. By including nanoparticles, it is possible to manufacture light-emitting devices with increased maximum external quantum efficiency and maximum brightness as well as reduced on-state voltage, as well as high-quality electronic devices and electronic devices that include light-emitting devices.

[0578] In view of the entirety of this disclosure, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that, unless otherwise stated or implied, each suitable feature of one or more suitable embodiments of this disclosure may be combined or integrated with each other in part or in whole, and may be technically interconnected and operable in one or more suitable ways, and each embodiment may be implemented independently of or in combination with each other in any suitable manner. However, aspects and features of the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited to those described herein, and one or more other suitable aspects and features, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, may be included in this disclosure.

[0579] In the context of this application and unless otherwise defined, the term “use / using / used” may be considered synonymous with the term “utilize / utilizing / utilized”, respectively.

[0580] It should be understood that the embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for limiting purposes. The description of features or aspects within each embodiment should generally be considered applicable to other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. Although one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that one or more suitable changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A nanoparticle, wherein, Each of the plurality of the nanoparticles includes: a metal oxide nanoparticle, represented by Formula 1; and a ligand on the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticle, wherein the ligand includes a carboxyl group, Formula 1 In 1-x M x SHE wherein in Formula 1, 0 < x < 1, and M includes at least one metal element.

2. The nanoparticle according to claim 1, in, in Formula 1, x satisfies 0 < x < 0.

5.

3. The nanoparticle according to claim 1, in, M includes Mg, Zn, Sn, Cu, Pb, Al, In, Sr, Pd, Cd, Ag, or any combination thereof.

4. The nanoparticle according to claim 1, in, the nanoparticle further includes a hydroxide.

5. The nanoparticle according to claim 4, in, the hydroxide includes nickel hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, stannous hydroxide, nickel oxyhydroxide, or any combination thereof.

6. The nanoparticle according to claim 1, in, the ligand includes acetic acid, 4-aminocinnamic acid, 4-trifluoromethylcinnamic acid, or any combination thereof.

7. The nanoparticle according to claim 1, in, the ligand includes at least one halogen.

8. The nanoparticle according to claim 1, in, the ligand has a dipole moment greater than 0 Debye and less than 6 Debye.

9. An ink composition, wherein, The ink composition includes: the nanoparticle according to any one of claims 1 to 8; and at least one solvent.

10. A light-emitting device, wherein, The light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode opposite to the first electrode; and an intermediate layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein the intermediate layer further includes a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer, the hole transport region includes a plurality of nanoparticles, each of the plurality of nanoparticles includes a metal oxide nanoparticle represented by Formula 1 and a ligand on the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticle, and the ligand includes a carboxyl group: Formula 1 In 1-x M x SHE wherein in Formula 1, 0 < x < 1, and M includes at least one metal element.

11. The light-emitting device according to claim 10, in, the first electrode is an anode, the second electrode is a cathode, the intermediate layer further includes an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assisting layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and the electron transport region includes a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, an electron control layer, or any combination thereof.

12. The light-emitting device according to claim 11, in, the plurality of nanoparticles are in the hole transport layer, the hole injection layer, or both the hole transport layer and the hole injection layer.

13. The light-emitting device according to claim 10, in, the emission layer includes quantum dots.

14. The light-emitting device according to claim 13, in, The quantum dots include group III-V semiconductor compounds, group II-VI semiconductor compounds, group III-VI semiconductor compounds, group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds, group IV-VI semiconductor compounds, group IV elements or compounds, or any combination thereof.

15. The light-emitting device according to claim 10, in, The emitting layer is configured to emit light with a maximum emission wavelength of 600 nm to 700 nm.

16. An electronic device, wherein, The electronic device includes a light-emitting device according to any one of claims 10 to 15.

17. The electronic device according to claim 16, in, The electronic device also includes thin-film transistors. The thin-film transistor includes a source electrode and a drain electrode. The first electrode of the light-emitting device is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode.

18. The electronic device according to claim 17, in, The electronic device also includes color filters, color conversion layers, touch screen layers, polarization layers, or any combination thereof.

19. An electronic device, wherein, The electronic device includes a light-emitting device according to any one of claims 10 to 15.

20. The electronic device according to claim 19, in, The electronic device is selected from at least one of the following: flat panel display, curved display, computer monitor, medical monitor, television set, billboard, indoor light, outdoor light, signal light, head-up display, fully or partially transparent display, flexible display, rollable display, foldable display, stretchable display, laser printer, telephone, portable telephone, tablet computer, tablet phone, personal digital assistant, wearable device, laptop computer, digital camera, camcorder, viewfinder, microdisplay, 3D display, virtual reality display, augmented reality display, vehicle, video wall with multiple displays spliced ​​together, theater screen, stadium screen, light therapy device, and signboard.

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