Mine goaf greening ecological restoration method

Abstract

The invention discloses a green recovery ecological restoration method for a mine goaf, and relates to the technical field of ecological restoration. Rock surface treatment is firstly carried out, the exposed rock surface of a mine is cleaned, and broken stones are prevented from falling off during construction; then, regreening planting is carried out, and seedling transplanting is carried out on the reconditioned rock surface; and then vegetation maintenance is carried out, the planted seedlings and the sown grass seeds are maintained, and the vegetation can root and germinate. According to the method, through vegetation reconstruction and ecological restoration, surface coverage is rapidly restored, water and soil loss is reduced, geological disaster risks such as landslide and debris flow are effectively restrained, and the life and property safety of the mining area and surrounding residents is prevented from being threatened; the hyperaccumulator can also be used for purifying soil heavy metal pollution, and is matched with vegetation to adsorb dust and regulate microclimate, so that the regional air quality and ecological environment are remarkably improved; meanwhile, the regreening mining area can be transformed into an ecological park, a carbon sink forest or an agricultural base, and the land value is increased.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of ecological restoration technology, specifically a method for ecological restoration of mining subsidence areas by revegetation. Background Technology

[0002] Revegetation of mining areas is the only way to resolve the ecological crisis and geological risks caused by mining. Mining activities brutally strip away surface vegetation, leading to soil structural collapse, loss of water retention capacity, and a dramatic increase in soil erosion rates, resulting in continuous loss of topsoil and nutrients and gradual desertification. Simultaneously, steep slopes and loose slag heaps are highly susceptible to landslides and mudslides under heavy rain, directly threatening the lives and property of residents in and around the mining area. Furthermore, heavy metals generated during mining seep into the soil and groundwater through rainwater leaching, causing agricultural pollution, water pollution exceeding standards, and dust dispersion further deteriorating regional air quality, significantly increasing the incidence of respiratory diseases.

[0003] The revegetation project focuses on "ecological restoration + engineering reinforcement". It rapidly covers the ground with pioneer plants with strong soil-fixing capabilities, reducing soil erosion by more than 80%; it uses hyperaccumulating plants to absorb heavy metals, and works with artificial wetlands to purify polluted water bodies; and it uses a three-dimensional configuration of trees, shrubs and grasses to rebuild the food chain and improve the stability of the ecosystem.

[0004] To better facilitate ecological restoration of mining areas, a method for ecological restoration by revegetating mining subsidence areas is proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for ecological restoration of mining subsidence areas by revegetation, in order to solve the problems of soil erosion, land desertification, landslides, debris flows, and heavy metal and dust pollution mentioned in the background art.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a method for ecological restoration of mining subsidence areas by revegetation, comprising the following steps: S1. Rock surface treatment: Clean the exposed rock surface of the mine to prevent falling rocks during construction. S2. Revegetation planting: transplanting seedlings onto the prepared rock surface; S3. Vegetation maintenance: Maintaining the planted seedlings and sown grass seeds to ensure that the vegetation can take root and sprout.

[0007] Preferably, the rock surface treatment includes the following steps: S11. For the initial cleanup, first use an excavator with a hammer to break up large dangerous rocks, and then use manual picks to carefully remove loose rocks and debris that cannot be handled by machinery. S12, Rock surface excavation, excavating multiple levels of slopes and platforms into the rock surface; S13. Drill holes on the sloping surface to reserve openings for later fixing of the planting basket; S14. Secondary cleaning: Clean the rock surface after the slope is excavated, and remove the rubble from the slope and platform.

[0008] Preferably, the revegetation planting includes the following steps: S21. Seedling preparation: Select suitable trees, shrubs and grasses according to the mining area environment and rock surface conditions. S22, Rock planting: seedlings selected for transplanting onto prepared rock surfaces.

[0009] Preferably, the seedling preparation includes the following steps: S211. Select tree and shrub seedlings, fill bamboo planting baskets with planting soil, and transplant the seedlings into the planting baskets. S212. Prepare ecological bags and fill them with planting soil and grass seeds.

[0010] Preferably, the rock surface planting includes the following steps: S221. Insert bamboo tubes into the holes reserved on the sloping surface, with the bamboo tubes extending outside the holes. Cut grooves on the outer bamboo tubes for hanging bamboo baskets. S222. Hang the bamboo basket planted with trees and shrubs on the bamboo tube; S223. Stack eco-bags around the bamboo basket along the slope, with the bottom layer of eco-bags laid to the edge of the platform; S224. Cover the eco-bag with non-woven fabric to reduce moisture evaporation.

[0011] Preferably, the vegetation maintenance includes the following steps: S31. Install an irrigation system on each platform and set up drip irrigation above the bamboo planting baskets; S32. Irrigate immediately after the ecological bags are laid to ensure the water required for seed germination, and continue to maintain for about 45 days until the vegetation initially covers the slope. S33. Apply nitrogen fertilizer as a top dressing, supplemented with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, or apply organic fertilizer directly, adhering to the principle of "applying small amounts frequently". S34. Inspect the vegetation growth status weekly, paying special attention to aphids, stem borers and leaf diseases, and establish a pest and disease record. S35. Pruning and maintenance to optimize community structure and improve community stability.

[0012] This invention provides a method for ecological restoration of mined-out areas through revegetation. It has the following beneficial effects: 1. In this invention, through vegetation reconstruction and ecological restoration, not only can surface cover be quickly restored and soil erosion reduced, effectively curbing the risk of geological disasters such as landslides and debris flows, and avoiding threats to the lives and property of residents in and around the mining area; it can also use hyperaccumulating plants to purify heavy metal pollution in the soil, and, together with vegetation to absorb dust and regulate the microclimate, significantly improve regional air quality and ecological environment; at the same time, the restored mining area can be transformed into an ecological park, carbon sink forest or agricultural base, increasing land value.

[0013] 2. In this invention, trees and shrubs are transplanted using bamboo planting baskets, providing them with a more stable growing environment. The bamboo planting baskets are buried in the planting soil for a long time, and the bamboo decomposes, enriching the soil and activating the soil microbial community, forming a "plant-microorganism-soil" nutrient cycle chain. Attached Figure Description

[0014] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a method for ecological restoration of mining subsidence areas according to the present invention; Figure 2 This is a flowchart of the rock surface treatment process of the present invention; Figure 3 Flowchart for seedling preparation according to the present invention; Figure 4 This is a flowchart of the rock surface planting process of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a flowchart of the vegetation maintenance process of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0015] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0016] The present invention will be further described below with reference to embodiments.

[0017] Example Please see Figure 1-5 As shown, a method for ecological restoration of mining subsidence areas includes the following steps: Step 1: Rock surface treatment. Clean the exposed rock surface of the mine to prevent falling rocks during construction. Specifically, the mining area environment was surveyed, rock samples were collected for laboratory experiments (compressive strength, tensile strength, joint and fracture density), and the acidity, alkalinity, and salinization degree of the rocks were measured to analyze the rock mass characteristics. After formulating a cleanup plan, the first step was to remove loose soil and vegetation roots from the slope. The presence of loose soil would affect the stability of the rock surface and the quality of subsequent construction, while vegetation roots might cause interference during construction. Removing them also created favorable conditions for new vegetation growth. Temporary drainage ditches were constructed, and drainage paths were rationally planned to prevent rainwater accumulation during construction from eroding and damaging the rock surface, ensuring construction safety and rock surface stability. Excavators equipped with hammers and hydraulic rock splitters were used to break up large, unstable rocks. Excavators with hammers could generate significant impact force to break up large volumes of rock; hydraulic rock splitters used hydraulic principles to split the rock from the inside, making the breaking process more efficient and safer. Finally, manual chisels were used to carefully remove loose rocks and debris that could not be handled by machinery. Manual operation allows for more flexible handling of complex terrain and rock conditions, ensuring thorough rock surface clearing and laying a solid foundation for subsequent construction. Then, rock excavation is carried out on the cleared rock surface, creating multiple levels of slopes and platforms. Each platform and slope constitutes a level, stacked sequentially to form a stepped structure. This structural design increases the surface area of ​​the rock surface, providing more space for vegetation growth, while also contributing to soil and water conservation and ecosystem stability. The height of each slope and platform is strictly controlled at 2-3 meters, with platforms extending outwards by 50 centimeters. Appropriate height and platform width facilitate construction operations and subsequent vegetation planting and maintenance, while also ensuring the stability of the rock surface and preventing geological disasters such as landslides. 1. After the rock surface excavation is completed, professional drilling equipment is used to drill holes in the slopes. Three holes are grouped together to ensure the stability and uniformity of the planting baskets. Each group is spaced 50 cm horizontally, a spacing that takes into account factors such as the size of the planting baskets, the growing space for the vegetation, and the load-bearing capacity of the rock surface. Finally, a second cleaning process is performed, thoroughly cleaning the rock surface after the slope is excavated. Cleaning tools and high-pressure water guns are used to remove gravel, dust, and other debris from the slope and platform. Ensuring a clean and flat rock surface creates a favorable growing environment for seedling transplantation and grass seed sowing, improving the survival rate and growth quality of the vegetation.

[0018] Step 2: Revegetation and planting, transplanting seedlings onto the prepared rock surface; Specifically, seedling preparation involves carefully selecting suitable trees, shrubs, and grasses based on the mining area environment and rock surface conditions. Taking into account various factors, priority is given to varieties with strong resilience, such as those tolerant of poor soil, drought, salinity, and pests and diseases. These plants can survive and grow under the extreme site conditions of the mining area, reducing the difficulty and cost of later maintenance and management. Fast-growing plant varieties are selected to quickly cover the surface in the early stages, effectively preventing soil erosion, reducing rainwater erosion of the rock surface, and protecting the soil and rock structure. Emphasis is placed on the soil-fixing ability of plants, selecting those with well-developed root systems. These extensive root systems can penetrate deep into the soil and rock crevices, effectively fixing the soil, enhancing the stability of the rock surface, and reducing the risk of geological disasters such as landslides. A multi-layered ecosystem is constructed through a three-dimensional configuration of trees, shrubs, and grasses. Plants at different levels complement each other in ecological function; for example, trees provide shade and habitat, shrubs increase vegetation cover, and grasses fix the soil surface, thereby enhancing the stability and resistance to disturbance of the entire ecosystem.

[0019] High-quality planting soil is filled into bamboo planting baskets to provide a good soil environment for seedling growth. Selected seedlings are then transplanted into the baskets, which have holes at the bottom. During the growth of trees and shrubs, the roots can extend downwards through these holes, expanding their growing space. Later, when drip irrigation is used, water can also flow out of the baskets through the holes, providing moisture to the surrounding soil and plants while ensuring good aeration of the soil within the basket. The bamboo planting baskets provide a relatively stable environment for the growth of trees and shrubs, protecting the roots from external disturbances. Furthermore, 1. When bamboo planting baskets are buried in the planting soil, after 2-5 years of natural decomposition, the bamboo gradually transforms into humus. Humus possesses unique physical and chemical properties; like a sponge, it can absorb a large amount of water, providing a continuous water supply to plant roots during droughts, reducing soil moisture loss, and improving the plant's drought resistance. The porous structure produced during humus decomposition enhances soil aeration, facilitating root respiration and promoting root growth and development. Simultaneously, the organic matter layer forms a protective film on the soil surface, reducing the damage to roots from extreme temperatures and creating a more suitable temperature environment for plant growth. The decomposition of bamboo fibers forms granular structures (particles with a diameter of 0.25-10 mm), which offer numerous advantages. It effectively prevents soil compaction, maintains a loose soil condition, and promotes root penetration and expansion, allowing plant roots to absorb nutrients and water more deeply from the soil. Furthermore, the granular structure can reduce surface runoff and erosion, improve soil water and fertilizer retention capacity, promote the efficiency of plant absorption of nutrients and water, and enhance soil resistance, such as drought and waterlogging resistance. The decomposition process of bamboo planting baskets also has indirect benefits, improving soil chemical fertility. Bamboo is rich in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, and iron, which are gradually released through microbial decomposition after decomposition. Nitrogen is primarily in the form of ammonium nitrogen (NH4). + ) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3) - Phosphorus is absorbed by plants in the form of organic acids, promoting leaf growth, making the leaves more lush, and improving photosynthetic efficiency; phosphorus combines with organic acids to form soluble phosphorus, enhancing root development and flowering and fruiting capabilities, which is beneficial to plant reproduction and growth; potassium can improve the plant's disease resistance and lodging resistance, making the plant stronger and enhancing its adaptability to the external environment.

[0020] From an ecological perspective, the decomposition process of bamboo planting baskets activates the soil microbial community. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in bamboo serve as "food" for microorganisms, attracting a variety of microorganisms during decomposition. Bacteria can decompose simple sugars (such as cellulase-producing bacteria), breaking down complex organic matter into simpler compounds to provide nutrients for plant growth; fungi (such as white-rot and brown-rot fungi) have the ability to degrade lignin, further decomposing the recalcitrant components in bamboo and promoting nutrient cycling; actinomycetes can inhibit the growth of pathogens, promoting soil health and creating a favorable soil micro-ecological environment. Microbial activity accelerates the mineralization of elements such as nitrogen and sulfur, forming a "plant-microorganism-soil" nutrient cycle chain, maintaining the material cycle and energy flow of the ecosystem, and promoting the stability and sustainable development of the ecosystem.

[0021] Select suitable grass seeds for the mining area environment, mix them thoroughly with planting soil, and then fill the ecological bags. The ecological bags have good air permeability and water retention, providing suitable environmental conditions for grass seed germination and growth. At the same time, the material of the ecological bags has a certain strength and durability, capable of withstanding certain external forces and protecting the grass seeds and seedlings from damage.

[0022] Preferably, for rock surface planting, bamboo tubes are inserted into pre-drilled holes on the sloping surface, extending beyond the holes. When drilling, the pre-drilled holes are angled to ensure that the bamboo tubes are angled upwards after insertion. Grooves are cut into the outer bamboo tubes for hanging bamboo baskets. Bamboo tubes are inserted into three adjacent pre-drilled holes to hang the bamboo planting baskets. Bamboo baskets planted with trees and shrubs are hung on the bamboo tubes. Around the bamboo baskets, ecological bags filled with planting soil and grass seeds are stacked along the sloping surface, with the bottom layer of ecological bags laid to the edge of the platform. After laying the ecological bags, non-woven fabric is covered on top to reduce moisture evaporation.

[0023] Step 3: Vegetation maintenance. This involves maintaining the planted seedlings and sown grass seeds to ensure that the vegetation can take root and sprout. Specifically, an irrigation system is installed on each platform, with drip irrigation set up above the bamboo planting baskets. The drip irrigation device prioritizes supplying water to trees and shrubs that need more moisture. As water passes through the bamboo baskets, it diffuses outward through the basket's openings to water the surrounding grass seeds. Irrigation is carried out immediately after the ecological bags are laid to ensure the seeds have the water needed for germination. This is continued for about 45 days until the vegetation initially covers the slope. Covering is completed before the rainy season to reduce the need for artificial irrigation. Later, additional water is added based on rainfall to prevent freezing and greening. During the high-temperature season, the irrigation frequency is increased to prevent seedling scorching. In winter, frost protection measures are taken to avoid root damage. Since the soil in the mining area is generally lacking in readily available nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, nitrogen fertilizer needs to be applied after sowing, supplemented with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, or organic fertilizer can be applied directly, adhering to the principle of "small applications, multiple times". Ideally, inspect the vegetation growth status weekly, paying particular attention to aphids, stem borers, and leaf diseases, and establish a pest and disease record.

[0024] Furthermore, pruning and maintenance are crucial for optimizing the community structure. Only diseased, insect-infested, and competing branches should be pruned appropriately to avoid excessive intervention that could negatively impact the natural growth of the vegetation. If young trees are not growing well, coppicing can be performed (within 1-3 years after planting) to promote shoot growth. Artificial regulation can also be implemented by replanting or reseeding to adjust the tree ratio, induce the invasion of woody plants, improve community stability, and remove weeds and invasive plants to reduce nutrient competition.

[0025] Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for ecological restoration of mined-out areas by revegetation, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Rock surface treatment: Clean the exposed rock surface of the mine to prevent falling rocks during construction. S2. Revegetation planting: transplanting seedlings onto the prepared rock surface; S3. Vegetation maintenance: Maintaining the planted seedlings and sown grass seeds to ensure that the vegetation can take root and sprout.

2. The method for ecological restoration of mining subsidence areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the rock surface treatment includes the following steps: S11. For the initial cleanup, first use an excavator with a hammer to break up large dangerous rocks, and then use manual picks to carefully remove loose rocks and debris that cannot be handled by machinery. S12, Rock surface excavation, excavating multiple levels of slopes and platforms into the rock surface; S13. Drill holes on the sloping surface to reserve openings for later fixing of the planting basket; S14. Secondary cleaning: Clean the rock surface after the slope is excavated, and remove the rubble from the slope and platform.

3. The method for ecological restoration of mining subsidence areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the revegetation planting includes the following steps: S21. Seedling preparation: Select suitable trees, shrubs and grasses according to the mining area environment and rock surface conditions. S22, Rock planting: seedlings selected for transplanting onto prepared rock surfaces.

4. The method for ecological restoration of mining goaf areas according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step S21, the seedling preparation includes the following steps: S211. Select tree and shrub seedlings, fill bamboo planting baskets with planting soil, and transplant the seedlings into the planting baskets. S212. Prepare ecological bags and fill them with planting soil and grass seeds.

5. The method for ecological restoration of mining goaf areas according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step S22, the rock surface planting includes the following steps: S221. Insert bamboo tubes into the holes reserved on the sloping surface, with the bamboo tubes extending outside the holes. Cut grooves on the outer bamboo tubes for hanging bamboo baskets. S222. Hang the bamboo basket planted with trees and shrubs on the bamboo tube; S223. Stack eco-bags around the bamboo basket along the slope, with the bottom layer of eco-bags laid to the edge of the platform; S224. Cover the eco-bag with non-woven fabric to reduce moisture evaporation.

6. The method for ecological restoration of mining goaf areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the vegetation maintenance includes the following steps: S31. Install an irrigation system on each platform and set up drip irrigation above the bamboo planting baskets; S32. Irrigate immediately after the ecological bags are laid to ensure the water required for seed germination, and continue to maintain for about 45 days until the vegetation initially covers the slope. S33. Apply nitrogen fertilizer as a top dressing, supplemented with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, or apply organic fertilizer directly, adhering to the principle of "applying small amounts frequently"; S34. Inspect the vegetation growth status weekly, paying special attention to aphids, stem borers and leaf diseases, and establish a pest and disease record. S35. Pruning and maintenance to optimize community structure and improve community stability.

Images