A combined catchment process simulation platform

Abstract

The application provides a combined catchment process simulation platform, which comprises a ground track, a water and sediment circulation unit, a river channel simulation unit and a plurality of small catchment simulation units; the river channel simulation unit comprises river channel sections connected in sequence, each of the river channel sections comprises a river channel water tank, a river channel slope changing mechanism and a river channel side wall angle adjusting mechanism, the side wall of the river channel water tank is connected with a downstream end of a corresponding small catchment simulation unit, and the bottom of the river channel slope changing mechanism is rolling connected with the central track; the small catchment simulation unit comprises a gully water tank, a slope surface water tank, a slope surface support frame, a plurality of slope surface angle adjusting screws, a gully slope changing mechanism and a small catchment base, the bottom and the side of the base are rolling connected with the track, and the small catchment base is also used for changing the horizontal included angle of the gully water tank and the two side slope surface water tanks relative to the river channel water tank. When the application is used in combination, the slope surface-gully-river channel multi-scale physical process of the catchment scale can be simulated, and when the application is used separately, small scale tests can be carried out, so that the use efficiency of the platform is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the fields of watershed environmental management, integrated watershed development, soil and water conservation, earth system science, offshore engineering, water conservancy and transportation engineering, and in particular relates to a combined watershed process simulation platform. Background Technology

[0002] Hydrological cycles, geomorphological evolution, and ecological evolution often occur on a watershed basis. For example, the spatial scope of the precipitation-infiltration-runoff-sediment transport process is the entire watershed, not just a single slope or section of a river. Various surface disaster processes, such as landslides (including ice and rockfalls, avalanches, etc.), mudslides, debris flows, flash floods, and landslide-dammed lake outbursts, represent concentrated stages of geomorphological evolution. Under high-energy conditions (such as heavy rainfall and high-mountain canyon terrain), disaster processes may exhibit multi-process complexities, nonlinear superposition, and spatiotemporal amplification, forming watershed disaster chains. The chain-generation transformation and cascade amplification effects of disaster processes must also be clearly understood at the entire watershed scale. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological evolution processes through watershed-scale disaster chains is the scientific foundation for watershed resilience building, risk management, ecological civilization construction, and high-quality development. Field observations of watershed processes face challenges such as limited spatial and temporal scales, insufficient accessibility, and difficulties in ensuring safety. Indoor simulation experiments are a necessary research approach. However, existing watershed hydrogeomorphic process simulation platforms or devices generally suffer from the following problems:

[0003] (1) The physical process simulation of river channels (channels) and slopes is generally fragmented. Physical simulations of processes such as slope erosion and runoff generation are mainly conducted in shallow slope simulation devices, while river dynamic processes such as riverbed evolution and sediment transport (including debris flow, outburst flood, and other disaster processes that develop along the river channel) are generally carried out in river flumes that are much longer than they are wide. However, in the real world, the hydrogeomorphic evolution of watersheds is continuous in both slopes and channels. For example, floods first generate runoff on the slope and then evolve along the river channel. During the evolution, the watershed receives continuous water and sediment replenishment from the slope. River erosion and deposition, in turn, affect slope stability and erosion (for example, river downcutting reduces the slope toe and the stability of the entire slope). Therefore, watershed hydrogeomorphic processes are difficult to simulate and reproduce in traditional isolated slope flume and river flume experimental devices.

[0004] (2) The control conditions of existing river channel and slope simulation devices are not comprehensive enough. For example, the longitudinal slope of the river channel and slope channel is generally consistent, but the slope in the watershed is gradual along the course, and the slope may change abruptly in some areas, such as where tributaries flow into the main river or where the river exits the mountain pass. Furthermore, sediment supply conditions also profoundly affect the evolution of the slope and the river channel, but it is difficult to simulate the sediment supply conditions of the slope in existing river channel. Although some existing large-scale experimental facilities may theoretically be able to conduct watershed simulation, the control conditions do not meet the requirements. Each experiment requires a huge amount of work to complete the initial conditions (such as slope, width, etc.) to meet the requirements, which increases the experimental cost. Moreover, it is difficult to repeat the initial conditions between different groups, thus reducing the repeatability of the experiment.

[0005] In response to the need for physical experimental simulation of the aforementioned watershed hydrogeomorphic evolution process and the problems existing in the current experimental devices, it is necessary to develop a watershed process simulation platform that can combine slope simulation and river flume. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present invention aims to at least partially solve one of the technical problems existing in the prior art.

[0007] Therefore, the present invention proposes a combined watershed process simulation platform. This platform can simulate multiple physical processes of watershed hydrogeomorphic evolution through the combination of slope and channel simulation units. It constructs complex slope conditions, lateral constraints, and water and sediment recharge control conditions for slope-channel-channel, thereby simulating and reproducing complex hydrogeomorphic processes at the watershed scale in the laboratory. When addressing the need for small-scale physical simulation of channels or slopes, it can be used separately to conduct physical experiments for different research purposes simultaneously, improving the overall experimental research efficiency and the utilization efficiency of experimental facilities. Considering the multifunctionality and high efficiency of this device, it has significant prospects for widespread application.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0009] The present invention provides a combined watershed process simulation platform, including a ground track, a river channel simulation unit and several small watershed simulation units that cooperate with the ground track, and a water and sediment cycle unit.

[0010] The river channel simulation unit includes river segments connected end to end by flexible connectors. Each river segment includes a river channel flume and a river channel slope changing mechanism and a river channel sidewall angle adjustment mechanism connected to the bottom and side of the river channel flume, respectively. A notch is reserved on the sidewall of the river channel flume to connect to the downstream end of the corresponding small watershed simulation unit. The bottom of the river channel slope changing mechanism is rolledly connected to the center track of the ground track.

[0011] The small watershed simulation unit is located on the side of the river channel simulation unit and includes a channel trough, slope troughs connected to both sides of the channel trough, a slope support frame connected to the bottom of the channel trough, several slope angle adjustment screws connected between the slope troughs and the slope support frame, a channel slope changing mechanism connected to the bottom of the slope support frame, and a small watershed base connected to the bottom of the channel slope changing mechanism. The bottom of the small watershed base is rolledly connected to the side track in the ground track to change the distance between the small watershed simulation unit and the corresponding river channel section. The small watershed base is also used to change the horizontal angle between the channel trough and the slope troughs on both sides relative to the river channel.

[0012] The water and sediment cycle unit is used to provide controllable water and sediment input conditions for the river sections and small watershed simulation units participating in the experiment.

[0013] In some embodiments, the river channel simulation unit is used in combination with at least one of the small watershed simulation units, or the river channel simulation unit and at least one of the small watershed simulation units are used independently; when the river channel simulation unit is used alone, a cover plate is used to cover the gap reserved on the side wall of the river channel.

[0014] In some embodiments, the river channel slope adjustment mechanism includes a first base and a plurality of first vertical screws spaced apart along the length of the river channel and adjustable in height; a plurality of first rollers that can slide along the central track are provided at the bottom of the first base, and a slide rail with a plurality of sliders is also provided on the first base, each slider being fixedly connected to the bottom end of a corresponding first vertical screw; a second roller is provided at the top of each first vertical screw, and a first groove that cooperates with the second roller is provided at the bottom of the river channel; during the process of adjusting the slope of the river channel, the second roller and the first groove always maintain rolling contact.

[0015] In some embodiments, the river channel sidewall angle adjustment mechanism includes a hinge connected between the river channel bottom plate and the river channel sidewall, and an arc-shaped slide rail and a latch disposed opposite to the hinge; a boss extends from the position where the hinge is installed on the river channel bottom plate to the back side of the river channel sidewall to form a boss, the top end of the arc-shaped slide rail is connected to the back side of the river channel sidewall, the latch is fixed to the boss, and the arc-shaped track is locked and unlocked by rotating the latch.

[0016] In some embodiments, a flexible connector is provided between two adjacent river sections. The flexible connector includes a flexible impermeable material in the middle and hinges on both sides thereon. A portion of the hinges is covered by the flexible impermeable material. The flexible impermeable material has a double-layer structure, which wraps around the bottom plate of the river channel from top to bottom and is then locked through pre-drilled screw holes.

[0017] In some embodiments, a plurality of slope angle adjusting screws are hinged between the channel trough and the slope support frame and are arranged obliquely; the end of the channel trough protrudes beyond the end of the slope trough so that the end of the channel trough extends into a notch on the side wall of the channel trough; the end of the slope trough facing the side wall of the channel trough is rotatably connected to the top of the side wall of the channel trough, and the top surface of the slope support frame is fixedly connected to the bottom surface of the channel trough; the channel slope changing mechanism includes a plurality of second vertical screws spaced apart along the length of the channel trough and adjustable in height, the bottom end of each second vertical screw is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the slope support frame, the top end of each second vertical screw is provided with a third roller, and the bottom of the slope support frame is provided with a second sliding groove that cooperates with each third roller. During the process of adjusting the slope of the channel trough, the third roller and the second sliding groove always maintain rolling contact.

[0018] In some embodiments, the small watershed base includes a second base, a slewing support mechanism, a mounting plate, and a driver; the top of the second base is machined with a mounting hole, and the bottom is provided with a fourth roller that mates with the side rail; the slewing support mechanism uses a single-row crossed roller bearing, the bottom of which is fixedly connected to the mounting hole of the second base, and the top of which is fixedly connected to the bottom of the mounting plate; the top of the mounting plate is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the channel slope changing mechanism; the driver is used to provide power to the slewing support mechanism.

[0019] In some embodiments, the mounting plate is further provided with an angle encoder for real-time feedback of the horizontal rotation angle of the small watershed simulation unit.

[0020] In some embodiments, within the ground track, except for the side track located at the downstream end which is perpendicular to the central track, the remaining side tracks are all inclined to the central track. They have the same tilt angle.

[0021] In some embodiments, the water and sediment circulation unit includes a water circulation module and a sediment circulation module;

[0022] The water circulation module includes a reservoir, a canal, a forebay, a tailrace pool, a pipeline pump, a frequency converter, and an electromagnetic flow meter connected by pipelines. The sediment circulation module includes a sand adding machine and a sedimentation gallery. The reservoir is divided into a clear water reservoir and a turbid water reservoir, and the canal is divided into a clear water canal and a turbid water canal. The sand adding machine is installed at the inlet of the river channel.

[0023] When conducting a clear water experiment, the outlet of the clear water reservoir is connected to the inlet of the river channel and / or ditch channel participating in the experiment through the forepool. The outlet of the river channel and / or ditch channel participating in the experiment is connected to the inlet of the clear water reservoir in sequence through the tailrace pool and the clear water channel. The tailrace pool is equipped with a mesh structure for water permeability and sediment interception.

[0024] When conducting sediment experiments, the outlet of the turbid water reservoir is connected to the inlet of the river channel and / or ditch channel participating in the experiment through the forebay. The outlet of the river channel and / or ditch channel participating in the experiment is connected to the inlet of the turbid water reservoir in sequence through the tailrace pool, turbid water channel, and sedimentation corridor.

[0025] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows:

[0026] 1. The simulation platform provides comprehensive and detailed control over the key dynamic, boundary, and material and energy conditions of the watershed's hydrological and geomorphological evolution process, accurately reproducing the interaction between the watershed's hydrological cycle, geomorphological evolution, disaster risk evolution, natural evolution processes, and artificial infrastructure (towns, major transportation and water conservancy projects, etc.);

[0027] 2. To realize multi-scale, multi-process evolution simulation of watershed processes at the slope-ditch-river level, breaking through the limitations of traditional experimental simulations that fragment the physical processes of slopes and rivers;

[0028] 3. The test apparatus can be disassembled into a flume simulating slope processes and a flume simulating river / ditch channels to conduct flume tests for different purposes.

[0029] 4. The test components are easy to assemble and disassemble. The platform structure is stable after assembly, and when disassembled into multiple simulation devices, disaster physical process simulations can be carried out simultaneously. This satisfies the requirements of multi-scale simulation while maximizing the efficiency of facility use. Attached Figure Description

[0030] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a combined watershed process simulation platform in a split form provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a combined watershed process simulation platform in a combined form, provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0032] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the river channel simulation unit in the combined watershed process simulation platform provided in this embodiment of the invention;

[0033] Figure 4 In the middle (a) and (b) respectively Figure 3 The diagram shows the first and second perspective views of a single section of the river channel flume structure in the simulated river unit.

[0034] Figure 5 yes Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the structure of the channel sidewall adjustment component in the simulated river unit shown;

[0035] Figure 6 In the middle (a) and (b) respectively Figure 3 The top view and a partially enlarged side view of the structure at the connection between the two sections of the water channel in the simulated river unit shown.

[0036] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a small watershed simulation unit in the combined watershed process simulation platform provided in this embodiment of the invention;

[0037] Figure 8 (a) to (e) are respectively Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of the small watershed simulation unit from different perspectives;

[0038] Figure 9 (a) to (c) are respectively Figure 7 A schematic diagram showing the connection between the angle rotation mechanism and its upper structure in the small watershed simulation unit shown.

[0039] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the layout of the ground track unit that cooperates with the small watershed simulation unit in the combined watershed process simulation platform provided in the embodiment of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the planar layout of the water and sediment cycle unit in the combined watershed process simulation platform provided in this embodiment of the invention;

[0041] In the picture:

[0042] 100 - River channel simulation unit, R0 - First river channel section, R1 - Second river channel section, R2 - Third river channel section, 110 - River channel flume, 111 - River channel flume bottom plate, 112 - River channel flume sidewall, 113 - Notch, 114 - First chute, 120 - River channel slope adjustment mechanism, 121 - First base, 122 - First vertical screw, 123 - Slide rail, 124 - First roller, 125 - Second roller, 130 - River channel sidewall angle adjustment mechanism, 131 - Hinge, 132 - Arc-shaped slide rail, 133 - Lock, 134 - Boss, 140 - Flexible connector, 151 - Main inlet, 152 - Main outlet;

[0043] 200-Small watershed simulation unit, 210-Ditch flume, 211-Ditch flume sidewall, 220-Slope flume, 230-Slope angle adjusting screw, 240-Slope support frame, 241-Second chute, 250-Ditch slope changing mechanism, 251-Second vertical screw, 252-Third roller, 260-Small watershed base, 261-Second base, 261b-Fourth roller, 262-Rotating support mechanism, 262a-External gear of rotating support mechanism, 263-Mounting plate, 264-Electrically controlled driver;

[0044] 300 - Ground track, 310 - Center track, 320 - Side track;

[0045] 400-Water and sediment circulation unit, 410-Clear water reservoir, 420-Muddy water reservoir, 430-Clear water canal, 440-Muddy water canal, 450-Sedimentation corridor, 460-Pump station, 470-Control zone. Detailed Implementation

[0046] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the application will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely for explaining this application and are not intended to limit this application.

[0047] Conversely, this application covers any alternatives, modifications, equivalent methods, and schemes made within the spirit and scope of this application as defined by the claims. Furthermore, to provide the public with a better understanding of this application, certain specific details are described in detail below. However, this application can be fully understood by those skilled in the art even without these detailed descriptions.

[0048] In the description of this application, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," and "counterclockwise," etc., indicating orientation or positional relationships based on the orientation or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, are only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the foundation or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this application. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this application, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0049] In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "joining" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application according to the specific circumstances.

[0050] In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, "above" or "below" the second feature can include direct contact between the first and second features, or contact between the first and second features through another feature between them. Furthermore, "above," "over," and "on top" of the second feature includes the first feature being directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply indicates that the first feature is at a higher horizontal level than the second feature. "Below," "below," and "under" the second feature includes the first feature being directly below or diagonally below the second feature, or simply indicates that the first feature is at a lower horizontal level than the second feature.

[0051] See Figure 1 , Figure 2 The present invention provides a combined watershed process simulation platform, including a ground track 300, a river channel simulation unit 100 and several small watershed simulation units 200 that cooperate with the ground track 300, and a water and sediment cycle unit 400.

[0052] The river channel simulation unit 100 includes river segments connected end to end by flexible connectors 140. Each river segment includes a river channel trough 110 and a river channel slope adjustment mechanism 120 and a river channel sidewall angle adjustment mechanism 130 connected to the bottom and side of the river channel trough 110, respectively. A notch 113 is reserved on the sidewall 111 of the river channel to connect with the downstream end of the corresponding small watershed simulation unit 200. The bottom of the river channel slope adjustment mechanism 120 is rolledly connected to the center track 310 of the ground track 300.

[0053] The small watershed simulation unit 200 is located on the side of the river simulation unit 100. It includes a channel trough 210, slope troughs 220 connected to both sides of the channel trough 210, a slope support frame 240 connected to the bottom of the channel trough 210, several slope angle adjustment screws 230 connected between the slope trough 220 and the slope support frame 240, a channel slope changing mechanism 250 connected to the bottom of the slope support frame 240, and a small watershed base 260 connected to the bottom of the channel slope changing mechanism 250. The bottom of the small watershed base 260 is rotatably connected to the side track 320 in the ground track 300 to change the distance between the small watershed simulation unit 200 and the corresponding river section. The small watershed base 260 is also used to change the overall horizontal angle between the channel trough 210 and the two side slope troughs 220 relative to the river trough 110.

[0054] The water and sediment cycle unit 400 is used to provide controllable water and sediment input conditions for the river section and small watershed simulation unit 200 participating in the experiment.

[0055] In some embodiments, the present invention can realize watershed process simulation platforms with different combinations through modular river channel simulation units 100 and several small watershed simulation units 200. For example, by separating the small watershed simulation units 200 from the river channel simulation unit 100, the present invention allows for the independent use of the small watershed simulation unit 200 to conduct slope erosion and gully erosion experiments, while simultaneously allowing for the independent use of the river channel simulation unit 100 to conduct sediment transport experiments in mountain rivers. Furthermore, the river channel simulation unit 100 can be combined with at least one small watershed simulation unit 200 to conduct multi-scale, multi-process evolution simulation experiments of watershed processes at the slope-gully-river level.

[0056] For ease of description, the X direction is defined as the length direction when the channel 110 is kept horizontal, the Y direction is defined as the width direction along the channel 110, and the Z direction is defined as the vertical direction.

[0057] In some embodiments, see Figures 3-6 The river channel simulation unit 100 consists of at least two interconnected river segments. These segments are sequentially connected from downstream to upstream, designated as segment 1 R0, segment 2 R1, and so on. The slopes of the segments can be the same or different. If simulating a natural river channel, the channel height generally decreases sequentially from upstream to downstream. Figure 3 As shown, the river simulation unit 100 contains three river sections, namely the first river section R0, the second river section R1, and the third river section R2. The upstream opening of the upstreammost river section is the main inlet of the river simulation unit 100, and the downstream opening of the first river section R0 is the main outlet of the river simulation unit 100.

[0058] Furthermore, the structures of each river section are identical. Taking the first river section R0 as an example, and combining it with the appendix... Figure 4 , Figure 5 Please provide a detailed explanation.

[0059] The first river section I includes a river channel 110, a river slope adjustment mechanism 120, and a river sidewall angle adjustment mechanism 130. Among them:

[0060] In the channel trough 110, the bottom plate 111 is made of metal plate, and the sidewall 112 is formed by embedding transparent glass within the frame. The width of the channel trough 110 is significantly smaller than its length, and the length is generally more than 5 times the width. In addition, considering the connection requirements with the small watershed simulation unit 200 during assembly, a rectangular notch 113 is reserved in the middle of the sidewall 112 of the channel trough 110. When the channel simulation unit 100 is used alone, a cover plate (not shown in the figure) is used to cover the rectangular notch 113, and then glass glue is applied at the connection between the cover plate and the sidewall 112 of the channel trough to ensure that there is no water leakage during use. When used in combination, the cover plate is opened, and the channel trough 210 of the small watershed simulation unit is connected to the notch 113.

[0061] The river channel slope adjustment mechanism 120 includes a first base 121 and several first vertical screws 122 spaced along the length of the river channel and adjustable in height. The first base 121 is a horizontal plate whose length direction is consistent with the X-axis. At the bottom of the first base 121, several first rollers 124 are spaced along the X-axis and can slide along a central track 310 pre-embedded in the ground. On both sides of the first base 121, there is a slide rail 123 arranged along the X-axis. Several sliders (slider in the figure) can slide along the slide rail 123. (Not shown) Each slider is fixedly connected to the bottom end of a corresponding first vertical screw 122. Once the bottom end of the first vertical screw 122 reaches the target position, the slider is locked to fix the position of the first vertical screw 122 along the X-axis. Each first vertical screw 122 has a second roller 125 at its top. Several first grooves 114 are spaced apart at the bottom of the river channel bottom plate 111. Each second roller 125 can roll within a corresponding first groove 114, thus creating rolling contact between the top end of the first vertical screw 122 and the river channel bottom plate 111. When the height of the first vertical screw 122 is adjusted, its top second roller 125 rotates and moves relative to the first groove 114 of the river channel bottom plate 111, always maintaining rolling contact with the first groove 114. First limiting members are provided at both ends of the first groove 114 to constrain the maximum and minimum positions of the second roller 125 within the first groove 114. To keep the bottom plate 111 of the river channel horizontal in the Y direction, two first vertical screws 122 are spaced apart along the Y direction, forming a row of two first vertical screws 122 spaced apart along the Y axis and a column of several first vertical screws 122 spaced apart along the X axis. When the length of the river channel is large, the first vertical screws 122 are preferably electric or hydraulic screws to achieve automatic height adjustment. In this case, a screw controller can be configured, which obtains control commands for the first vertical screws 122 based on the preset relationship between the screw height and the slope of the river channel. When the length of the river channel is small, such as 2-3 m, the first vertical screws 122 can be manually adjusted. At least two rows of first vertical screws 122 are installed in each river section, respectively installed at the beginning and end of each river section. Therefore, each river section is connected to at least four first vertical screws 122. If a certain section of the river channel is long, the number of rows of first vertical screws can be increased to maintain the structural stability of the section and limit the deformation of the bottom plate 111 of the river channel.

[0062] The channel sidewall angle adjustment mechanism 130 includes a hinge 131 connecting the channel floor 111 and the channel sidewall 112, and an arc-shaped slide rail 132 and a latch 133 opposite to the hinge 131. The angle between the channel sidewall 112 and the channel floor 111 can be adjusted using the channel sidewall angle adjustment mechanism 130. Under normal test conditions, the channel sidewall 112 and the channel floor 111 remain perpendicular, but it can also be adjusted to a non-perpendicular angle as needed (such as when used in combination with a small watershed channel, or to simulate an inclined bank). Several river channel sidewall angle adjustment mechanisms 130 are provided at equal intervals along the X-axis in each river section, such as one river channel sidewall angle adjustment mechanism 130 every 0.5m. An arc-shaped slide rail 132 and a latch 133 are provided on the back side of the river channel sidewall 112 where the hinge 131 is installed. The bottom plate 111 of the river channel extends to the back side of the river channel sidewall 112 at the position where the hinge 131 is installed to form a boss 134. The top of the arc-shaped slide rail 132 is connected to the back side of the river channel sidewall 112. The latch 133 is fixed on the boss 134 and can move along the arc-shaped slide rail 132. When it is necessary to adjust the angle between the side wall 112 of the channel and the bottom plate 111 of the channel, rotate the latch 133 and, with the cooperation of the hinge 131, make the side wall 112 of the channel rotate stably around one end of the bottom plate 111 of the channel and reach the target position. Then rotate the latch 133 in the opposite direction to fix the relative position of the latch 133 and the arc-shaped slide rail 132, so that the side wall 112 of the channel maintains the current angle.

[0063] See Figure 6 Adjacent river sections are connected by a flexible connector 140. The flexible connector 140 includes a flexible, impermeable material 141 in the middle and hinges 142 on both sides. The end of the flexible, impermeable material 141 must cover a portion of the hinge 142 to prevent leakage at the connection. The flexible connector 140 can ensure that the two connected river sections meet the water-stopping requirements while presenting different angles (upstream greater than downstream or upstream less than downstream). The flexible, impermeable material 141 adopts a double-layer structure, which can wrap around the bottom plate 111 of the river channel from top to bottom, and then lock the two layers of flexible, impermeable material 141 onto the bottom plate 111 of the river channel through reserved screw holes.

[0064] In some embodiments, each small watershed simulation unit 200 has the same structure; one of them will be used as an example and combined with... Figures 7-9A detailed description is provided. A single small watershed simulation unit 200 includes, from bottom to top, a small watershed base 260, a channel slope adjustment mechanism 250, a slope support frame 240, and a channel water trough 210, connected to both sides of the channel water trough 210, and several slope angle adjustment screws 230 connecting the channel water trough 210 and the slope support frame 240. For ease of description, the components located above the small watershed base 260 in the small watershed simulation unit 200 are collectively referred to as small watershed modules. Wherein:

[0065] The channel trough 210 is entirely made of sheet metal. The length of the channel trough 210 is greater than the length of the slope trough 220, typically set to 1 m to 2 m, or approximately 20% of the length of the slope trough 220. Specifically, the downstream end of the channel trough 210 protrudes beyond the end of the slope trough 220, serving as the main outlet of the small watershed simulation unit 200. The ends of the two slope troughs 220 facing the channel trough sidewall 211 are connected to the top of the channel trough sidewall via precision hinges, forming a rotation axis to allow the slope troughs 220 to rotate relative to the channel trough 210. The slope trough bottom plate 221 adopts a composite structure with lightweight steel as the frame and a reinforced sheet metal covering the lower surface. In one specific embodiment of this application, the slope trough bottom plate 221 has dimensions of 10.5 m in length and 6.5 m in width.

[0066] The top surface of the slope support frame 240 is fixedly connected to the bottom surface of the channel trough 210. The slope support frame 240 serves two purposes: firstly, to fix the channel trough 210, and secondly, to install the slope angle adjustment screw 230. The slope support frame 240 is specifically a steel frame.

[0067] The structure of the channel slope changing mechanism 250 is similar to that of the river channel slope changing mechanism 120. It includes several second vertical screws 251 spaced apart along the length of the channel trough 210, arranged in rows and columns according to the width and length of the channel trough 210. Each row has two second vertical screws 251, and each column has at least two second vertical screws 251. The bottom end of each second vertical screw 251 is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the slope support frame 240, and the top end of each second vertical screw 251 is respectively provided with a first... Three rollers 252 are provided, and a corresponding second groove 241 is provided on the bottom side of the slope support frame 240 facing each of the third rollers 252. When adjusting the height of the second vertical screw 251, the third roller 252 at the top of the second vertical screw 251 always maintains rolling contact with the second groove 241, thus not restricting the movement of the slope support frame 240 and the second vertical screw 251 along the length of the channel 210, thereby realizing the adjustment of the slope of the slope support frame 240 and the channel 210 above it. Second limiting members are provided at both ends of the second groove 241 to restrict the maximum and minimum positions of the third rollers 252 in the second groove 241. Similar to the first vertical screw 122, the second vertical screw 251 can also be an electric screw or a hydraulic screw to achieve automatic adjustment, or a manual adjusting screw.

[0068] The slope angle adjusting screw 230 enables the slope trough 220 to change slope. Since the slope trough 220 is rotatably connected to the top of the side wall of the channel trough 210, the slope of the slope trough 220 changes around the top of the side wall 211 of the channel trough. The slope angle adjusting screw 230 is a diagonally positioned hydraulic rod (an electric screw can also be used when the slope trough 220 is relatively light). Each hydraulic rod consists of a double-acting hydraulic cylinder, a high-pressure oil pipe, and a solenoid directional valve. The bottom of the hydraulic cylinder is hinged to the side of the slope support frame 240, and the top of the piston rod is hinged to the stiffening rib of the slope trough bottom plate 221 (the distance between the top of the piston rod and the rotatable connection point between the slope trough bottom plate 221 and the channel trough 210 is preferably set to 2 / 3 of the length of the slope trough bottom plate 221). The placement of the solenoid directional valve is flexible and can be set near the bottom of the hydraulic rod or at other suitable locations depending on the site conditions. After receiving the target angle signal, the controller of the slope angle adjusting screw 230 drives the solenoid directional valve to adjust the hydraulic cylinder oil volume according to the preset relationship between the slope of the slope water trough 220 and the hydraulic cylinder oil volume. This changes the piston rod extension length, causing the slope water trough 220 to rotate around the top of the side wall 221 of the channel water trough, achieving stepless adjustment of the angle from 0° to 90°. The hydraulic rods located on both sides of the channel water trough 210 are independently controlled and can adjust the slope angle synchronously or asynchronously. The hydraulic cylinders also have built-in pressure sensors to ensure stable support.

[0069] The small watershed base 260 is used to achieve the overall rotation of the small watershed simulation unit 200. The small watershed base 260 includes a second base 261, a rotary support mechanism 262, a mounting plate 263, and an electronically controlled driver 264. The second base 261 is a welded steel structure with mounting holes machined in the top steel plate. The bottom of the second base 261 has a fourth roller 261b that mates with the side track 320 on the ground. The rotary support mechanism 262 uses a single-row crossed roller bearing. The bottom of the rotary support mechanism 262 is bolted to the mounting holes of the second base 261, and the top of the rotary support mechanism 262 is also bolted to the lower surface of the mounting plate 263 through mounting holes, achieving stable rotation of the platform. The mounting plate 263 serves as the upper surface of the small watershed base 260 and is fixedly connected to the bottom ends of the second vertical screws 251 within the channel slope changing mechanism 250. The electronically controlled driver 264 consists of a servo motor, a precision planetary reducer, and a gear pair. The output shaft of the servo motor is connected to the input end of the reducer, and the output end of the reducer is connected to the pinion in the gear pair, meshing with the external gear 262a of the rotary support mechanism to form a reduction transmission. The mounting plate 263 is also equipped with an angle encoder connected to the servo motor, which provides real-time feedback of the horizontal rotation angle of the small watershed module to the PLC control system. The PLC system adjusts the speed and direction of the servo motor via pulse signals to achieve continuous rotation from 0° to 360° or fixed-point positioning with a positioning accuracy of ±0.02°.

[0070] The small watershed simulation unit 200 can be connected to the water and sediment cycle unit 400 to simulate the small watershed slope-channel process independently, or it can be connected to the river simulation unit 100. When connected, the downstream outlet of the channel trough 210 extends into the notch 113 of the side wall 112 of the channel trough. The small watershed base 260 is rotated as a whole to adjust the relative angle between the small watershed module and the river simulation unit 100. The included angle between the two can be adjusted within the range of 60° to 90°.

[0071] It is understood that the small watershed simulation unit 200 provided in this embodiment of the invention can precisely control the gully and slope gradient conditions to independently simulate the slope-gully process of a small watershed.

[0072] In some embodiments, considering the large size of the river channel simulation unit 100 and the small watershed simulation unit 200, where the length of a single river channel section is approximately 15 m, the width is approximately 2 m, and the unloaded weight is 3-5 tons; and the length of a single small watershed simulation unit 200 is approximately 12 m, the width is approximately 14 m, and the unloaded weight is 15-20 tons, to facilitate the movement of each unit and restrict its direction of movement, this embodiment of the invention is equipped with a track unit 300 pre-embedded in the ground, see [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 11The track unit 300 includes a central track 310 (arranged along the X-axis) located in the middle and side tracks 320 arranged on both sides of it. The central track 310 cooperates with the river channel simulation unit 100, and the side tracks 320 cooperate with the small watershed simulation unit 200. Each track preferably adopts a double track.

[0073] Furthermore, the river channel simulation unit 100 and the small watershed simulation unit 200 can independently simulate river channel physical processes and slope-channel physical processes, see [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 1 When simulating watershed-scale hydrogeomorphic processes involving slope-channel-river coupling, it is necessary to connect and combine the river simulation unit 100 with the small watershed simulation unit. See [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 2 .

[0074] In terms of planar location, the river channel simulation unit 100 is located in the middle, containing N river segments. Each river segment has a small watershed simulation unit 200 arranged on both sides, meaning that the total number of small watershed simulation units 200 in the watershed process simulation platform of this embodiment is 2N. The total width of each small watershed simulation unit 200 is the same as or slightly smaller than the length of a river segment in the river channel simulation unit 100 by 1m to 2m.

[0075] Each river channel segment's first base and the second base 261 in the small watershed simulation unit 200 are equipped with motors to drive their respective pulleys, thus providing stable power for the movement of the river channel simulation unit 100 and the small watershed simulation unit 200 along the track. Each movable river channel segment and small watershed simulation unit 200 moves along a pre-embedded track. Assuming the first river channel segment R0, located at the downstream end, remains fixed in the XY plane, the remaining N-1 river channel segments can be divided by moving upstream along the central track 310. After division, the net distance between each river channel segment in the X direction is... .

[0076] See Figure 10 The two small watershed simulation units B on both sides of the first river section R0 0L and B 0R All can move along the side tracks laid out in the Y direction. The small watershed simulation unit B is then divided. 0L and B 0R The net distance in the Y direction from the first river segment R0 is . and The space required for the test measurement system, as well as the needs for construction vehicles and personnel transportation, should be fully considered when the small watershed simulation unit 200 and the river channel simulation unit 100 conduct tests independently.

[0077] Simulation device B for two small watersheds on both sides of the second river section R1 upstream of the first river section R0. 1L and B1R During the split, each component moves one upstream in the X direction. Then move along the Y direction away from the second river segment R1 for one... The remaining river segments and small watershed simulation units 200 move in the same manner, resulting in all river segments being located at the same Y position, with X-direction spacing of [missing information]. Each river segment has two small watershed simulation units 200 on the left and right sides with the same X position as the corresponding river segment, but with a Y-direction spacing of one. .

[0078] Therefore, except for the downstream watershed simulation unit 200 whose trajectory is along the Y direction, the trajectories of the other watershed simulation units 200 are all oblique lines with an inclination angle. satisfy This reduces the footprint of the entire watershed process simulation platform. For the same reason, except for the small watershed simulation unit B... 0L and B 0R The fourth roller at the bottom is positioned along the Y-axis (i.e., along the small watershed simulation unit B). 0L and B 0R Except for the length direction setting, the fourth rollers at the bottom of the other small watershed simulation units are all arranged in a direction perpendicular to the Y-axis. Angle.

[0079] In some embodiments, the water and sediment circulation unit 400 includes a water circulation module and a sediment circulation module. See also Figure 11 (It should be noted that,) Figure 11 The diagram only shows a partial view of the water and sediment cycle unit 400 located at the ground level.

[0080] The water circulation module connects each river section and each small watershed simulation unit 200, enabling precise control of water input conditions and circulating water supply for this simulation platform. The water circulation module includes a forebay, canals, reservoirs, tailrace pools, pipeline pumps, frequency converters, and electromagnetic flowmeters connected by pipes. The forebay smooths the water flow before it enters the corresponding water tank (river channel or ramp channel). When the river simulation unit 100 and the small watershed simulation unit 200 are used in combination, the forebay is preferably located upstream of the main inlet of the river simulation unit 100, and the small watershed simulation unit 200 can be replenished with water through artificial rainfall. When the river simulation unit 100 and the small watershed simulation unit 200 are used independently, the forebay is connected upstream of each module participating in the experiment via pipes and valves. The reservoirs are divided into clear water reservoir 410 and turbid water reservoir 420, depending on whether sediment is added or not. The tailrace pool is located downstream of the main outlet of the river simulation unit 100. The bottom of the tailrace pool has a mesh structure that allows water to pass through while intercepting coarse sediment particles for preliminary water-sediment separation. When the small watershed simulation unit 200 is used alone, a temporary tailrace pool can be set up downstream of its outlet. The tailrace pool connects to water channels that guide water and sediment to reservoirs. Correspondingly, the channel that only transports clean water is the clear water channel 430, which connects to the clear water reservoir 410; the channel that transports sediment-laden water is the turbid water channel 440, which connects to the turbid water reservoir 420. Pipelines connect the tailrace pool, pipeline pumps, electromagnetic flowmeters, and the forebay. The pipeline pumps provide stable power to the water circulation module and can provide constant and non-constant flow conditions as needed. Electromagnetic flowmeters are used to accurately measure water flow and must be installed on pipelines with stable flow. A frequency converter connects to the pipeline pumps to adjust their speed and converts the target flow rate into a frequency signal for transmission to the pumps.

[0081] The sediment circulation module includes an automatic sediment feeder and a sedimentation channel 450. The automatic sediment feeder is installed at the inlet of the channel 110. It feeds sediment into the channel across its entire width via a funnel and an automatic rotating shaft. The sediment feeding rate is uniformly distributed laterally and can be controlled by the shaft speed. The automatic sediment feeder can also move and change position along the flow direction of the channel 110. For sediment supply in the small watershed simulation unit 200, sediment is laid before the experiment, and the sediment is moved under artificial rainfall, eliminating the need for an automatic sediment feeder. The inlet of the turbid water channel connects to the outlet of the tailrace pool. The slope of the turbid water channel is generally 0.5%, used to transport sediment-laden water and allowing sediment to accumulate along its course. The inlet of sedimentation channel 450 is connected to the outlet of muddy water channel 440. Sedimentation channel 450 is a turnaround channel with a slope close to 0, which facilitates sediment deposition. Afterwards, the water flows into muddy water reservoir 420 through muddy water channel 440.

[0082] Where feasible, it is recommended to construct a clear water reservoir in addition to the turbid water reservoir, and to arrange a clear water channel upstream of the clear water reservoir that connects to the tailrace pond. This allows for the use of the clear water reservoir and clear water channel to construct a water circulation module in experiments without sediment transport, while switching to the turbid water reservoir and turbid water channel in experiments involving sediment transport. This avoids cross-contamination between clear and turbid water, saves experimental water consumption, and reduces the time required for water-sediment separation.

[0083] It should be noted that, generally, except for the forebay and tailrace pool which are on the same level as the channel 110 and the small watershed simulation unit 200, the reservoirs (clear water reservoirs and turbid water reservoirs), canals (clear water canals and turbid water canals), sedimentation corridors, pipeline pumps, and frequency converters are not on the same level as the channel 110 and the small watershed simulation unit 200, but are located on the ground level below them to save floor space. The pipeline pumps are installed in the pump house 460 located on the ground level, and the control cabinets for the pipeline pumps and frequency converters are installed in the control area 470 located on the ground level. If there is sufficient floor space in the experimental site, the canals, sedimentation corridors, reservoirs, etc., can also be placed on the same level as the channel 110 and each small watershed simulation unit 200. In addition, the water and sediment circulation unit 400 can achieve stable water and sediment replenishment under conditions of independent use of a single simulation unit or combined use of multiple simulation units, depending on the disassembly or combination configuration of the experimental platform.

[0084] Furthermore, if the watershed process simulation experiment requires simulating external forces such as rainfall, snowfall, and high radiation, commercial artificial rainfall and snowfall equipment can be installed in a section of the flume (slope or river channel) to enhance the simulation of water supply conditions, and / or radiation simulation devices can be installed to enhance the simulation of heat source conditions. Visual signal acquisition devices, such as high-speed cameras, can be set up in the area above each small watershed simulation unit 200 to acquire images during the experiment.

[0085] In the description of this specification, the references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "illustrative embodiment," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0086] Although embodiments of this application have been shown and described, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of this application, the scope of which is defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A combined watershed process simulation platform, characterized in that, It includes a ground track, a river channel simulation unit that works in conjunction with the ground track, several small watershed simulation units, and a water and sediment cycle unit; The river channel simulation unit includes river segments connected end to end by flexible connectors. Each river segment includes a river channel flume and a river channel slope changing mechanism and a river channel sidewall angle adjustment mechanism connected to the bottom and side of the river channel flume, respectively. A notch is reserved on the sidewall of the river channel flume to connect to the downstream end of the corresponding small watershed simulation unit. The bottom of the river channel slope changing mechanism is rolledly connected to the center track of the ground track. The small watershed simulation unit is located on the side of the river channel simulation unit and includes a channel trough, slope troughs connected to both sides of the channel trough, a slope support frame connected to the bottom of the channel trough, several slope angle adjustment screws connected between the slope troughs and the slope support frame, a channel slope changing mechanism connected to the bottom of the slope support frame, and a small watershed base connected to the bottom of the channel slope changing mechanism. The bottom of the small watershed base is rolledly connected to the side track in the ground track to change the distance between the small watershed simulation unit and the corresponding river channel section. The small watershed base is also used to change the horizontal angle between the channel trough and the slope troughs on both sides relative to the river channel. The water and sediment cycle unit is used to provide controllable water and sediment input conditions for the river sections and small watershed simulation units participating in the experiment.

2. The watershed process simulation platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The river channel simulation unit can be used in combination with at least one of the small watershed simulation units, or the river channel simulation unit and at least one of the small watershed simulation units can be used independently. When the river channel simulation unit is used alone, the gap reserved on the side wall of the river channel is covered by a cover plate.

3. The watershed process simulation platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The river channel slope adjustment mechanism includes a first base and a plurality of first vertical screws spaced apart along the length of the river channel and adjustable in height. At the bottom of the first base are a plurality of first rollers that can slide along the central track. On the first base are also a slide rail with a plurality of sliders. Each slider is fixedly connected to the bottom end of a corresponding first vertical screw. The top end of each first vertical screw is provided with a second roller. At the bottom of the river channel is a first groove that cooperates with the second roller. During the process of adjusting the slope of the river channel, the second roller and the first groove always maintain rolling contact.

4. The watershed process simulation platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The river channel sidewall angle adjustment mechanism includes a hinge connecting the bottom plate of the river channel and the sidewall of the river channel, and an arc-shaped slide rail and a latch arranged opposite to the hinge; a boss extends from the position where the hinge is installed on the bottom plate of the river channel towards the back side of the river channel sidewall to form a boss, the top end of the arc-shaped slide rail is connected to the back side of the river channel sidewall, the latch is fixed to the boss, and the arc-shaped track can be locked and unlocked by rotating the latch.

5. The watershed process simulation platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, A flexible connector is provided between two adjacent river sections. The flexible connector includes a flexible impermeable material in the middle and hinges on both sides. The hinges are partially covered by the flexible impermeable material. The flexible impermeable material adopts a double-layer structure, which wraps around the bottom plate of the river channel from top to bottom and is locked by reserved screw holes.

6. The watershed process simulation platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, Several slope angle adjusting screws are hinged between the channel trough and the slope support frame and are arranged obliquely; the end of the channel trough protrudes beyond the end of the slope trough so that the end of the channel trough extends into a notch on the side wall of the channel trough; the end of the slope trough facing the side wall of the channel trough is rotatably connected to the top of the side wall of the channel trough, and the top surface of the slope support frame is fixedly connected to the bottom surface of the channel trough; the channel slope changing mechanism includes several second vertical screws spaced apart along the length of the channel trough and with adjustable height, the bottom end of each second vertical screw is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the slope support frame, and the top end of each second vertical screw is provided with a third roller. The bottom of the slope support frame is provided with a second sliding groove that cooperates with each third roller. During the adjustment of the slope of the channel trough, the third roller and the second sliding groove always maintain rolling contact.

7. The watershed process simulation platform according to claim 6, characterized in that, The small watershed base includes a second base, a slewing support mechanism, a mounting plate, and a driver; the top of the second base is machined with mounting holes, and the bottom is provided with a fourth roller that mates with the side rail; the slewing support mechanism uses a single-row crossed roller bearing, the bottom of which is fixedly connected to the mounting holes of the second base, and the top of which is fixedly connected to the bottom of the mounting plate; the top of the mounting plate is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the channel slope changing mechanism; the driver is used to provide power to the slewing support mechanism.

8. The watershed process simulation platform according to claim 7, characterized in that, The mounting plate is also equipped with an angle encoder, which is used to provide real-time feedback on the horizontal rotation angle of the small watershed simulation unit.

9. The watershed process simulation platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, Within the ground track, except for the side track located at the downstream end which is perpendicular to the central track, all other side tracks are inclined to the central track. They have the same tilt angle.

10. The watershed process simulation platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The water and sediment circulation unit includes a water circulation module and a sediment circulation module; The water circulation module includes a reservoir, a canal, a forebay, a tailrace pool, a pipeline pump, a frequency converter, and an electromagnetic flow meter connected by pipelines. The sediment circulation module includes a sand adding machine and a sedimentation gallery. The reservoir is divided into a clear water reservoir and a turbid water reservoir, and the canal is divided into a clear water canal and a turbid water canal. The sand adding machine is installed at the inlet of the river channel. When conducting a clear water experiment, the outlet of the clear water reservoir is connected to the inlet of the river channel and / or ditch channel participating in the experiment through the forepool. The outlet of the river channel and / or ditch channel participating in the experiment is connected to the inlet of the clear water reservoir in sequence through the tailrace pool and the clear water channel. The tailrace pool is equipped with a mesh structure for water permeability and sediment interception. When conducting sediment experiments, the outlet of the turbid water reservoir is connected to the inlet of the river channel and / or ditch channel participating in the experiment through the forebay. The outlet of the river channel and / or ditch channel participating in the experiment is connected to the inlet of the turbid water reservoir in sequence through the tailrace pool, turbid water channel, and sedimentation corridor.

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