Firecracker type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device and method

Abstract

The application discloses a firecracker type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device and a power generation method. + The nuclear fusion power generation device adopts double-beam central collision dissociation, D2 The dissociation rate is much higher than that of a traditional single beam dissociation mode, and the deuterium nuclear capture amount and the fusion probability are greatly improved; double-path energy extraction and firecracker type multi-heap relay scheme design solve the unstable problem of fusion energy output and meet the continuous power supply demand; the compact cyclotron and the modularized vacuum cavity design are adopted, so that the device volume is smaller than that of a traditional magnetic confinement fusion device, and the beam parameters obtained by the cyclotron are superior to those of a linear acceleration beam of a traditional Migma device; the method is high in safety, the ions in the device are highly ordered, the fusion neutron flux is low and is completely absorbed, and there is no risk of radioactive leakage, and there is no long-term radioactive waste after the device is decommissioned.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of controlled nuclear fusion technology, specifically to a firecracker-style cyclotron-accelerated collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device and power generation method. Background Technology

[0002] Controlled nuclear fusion has become one of the core development directions of future energy due to its advantages such as abundant fuel and clean, pollution-free operation. Currently, the mainstream technical paths are divided into two categories: magnetic confinement fusion uses a strong magnetic field to confine high-temperature plasma in a vacuum chamber to achieve fusion, but it has problems such as plasma instability, short energy confinement time, and large device size, making it difficult to achieve miniaturization and distributed applications; inertial confinement fusion uses lasers or particle beams to compress a target pellet to a high temperature and high pressure state to induce fusion, but its pulsed operation mode leads to unstable energy output, and the target pellet preparation cost is high, making it difficult to provide continuous energy.

[0003] Fusion devices based on the collision beam principle, such as the Migma series (patent US4788024), proposed the concept of "self-collision orbits." Through a combination of superconducting magnets, ultra-high vacuum systems, and electrostatic stabilizers, they achieved ion capture and self-collision, and to some extent, overcame the space charge limitation. However, the Migma device and existing collision beam fusion technologies still face many bottlenecks, making practical power generation difficult. These include at least: 1. Reliance on a single beam interaction for dissociation, resulting in deuterium molecular ions (D2... + 1) The dissociation rate is low, a large number of molecular ions are not effectively captured, and the probability of ion collisions is limited, resulting in low fusion reaction power and difficulty in achieving large-scale power generation; 2) Although ions are continuously injected, the fusion reaction cannot continue due to the durability of the device materials and the duration of ion confinement, and the demand for stable and continuous energy supply cannot be met; 3) The device is a single-unit structure without multi-unit collaborative design, resulting in limited energy generation from the fusion reaction and limited power supply scale; 4) Patent US4788024 does not design an energy extraction and utilization scheme, and related research on the Migma device only designs a direct power generation method for charged particles, lacking the utilization of the energy of electrically neutral particles such as neutrons, resulting in significant energy loss.

[0004] Patent ZL202510043717.2 proposes a "firecracker-style" controlled nuclear fusion principle, aiming to achieve continuous and stable energy output from a controlled nuclear fusion power generation device. The proposed scheme is based on tokamak devices, laser fusion devices, and hybrid fusion and fission reactors. Combining the firecracker-style controlled nuclear fusion principle with an energy storage and control scheme design, the high-frequency energy demand of the patented firecracker-style cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device after startup can be met, while simultaneously achieving continuous energy output. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention aims to design a fusion power generation device based on dual-beam collision dissociation, superconducting magnetic confinement and multi-module relay energy storage, to solve core problems such as low dissociation rate, unstable energy output and low space charge neutralization efficiency, and to realize the compactness, high efficiency, large scale and continuous and stable power supply of the fusion device.

[0006] The technical solution of the present invention is: a firecracker-type cyclotron acceleration collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device, comprising a vacuum reaction system, a dual-beam cyclotron acceleration injection system, a space charge neutralization system, an energy extraction system, an energy storage and regulation system, and a detection system.

[0007] The vacuum reaction system includes a vacuum chamber, a superconducting coil and accessories, and a vacuum pump. The vacuum level of the vacuum chamber is 10. -9 -10 -12 Torr, this range is determined by combining the motion characteristics of fusion ion beams with engineering feasibility, 10 -9 Torr is the lower limit. Below this value, the gas molecule density in the cavity is too high. Frequent collisions between the ion beam and molecules will cause rapid kinetic energy decay and beam divergence. It will also generate impurities that contaminate the cavity and cause sputtering damage to the equipment, making it impossible to achieve D2. + Dissociation and DD fusion; 10 -12 The Torr is the upper limit; existing two-stage vacuum systems using molecular pumps and ion pumps have reached this value, which is close to the engineering limit. Further increasing the vacuum level requires additional ultra-high vacuum equipment, significantly increasing costs without a noticeable increase in fusion efficiency. The vacuum chamber is cylindrical, with the main body made of 316L ultra-low carbon austenitic stainless steel. The cylinder, end caps, connecting pipes, and supports are forged separately and then welded to ensure no weld leaks. The cylinder is equipped with a beam inlet connecting pipe, and the end caps are equipped with vacuum connecting pipes and inspection holes. A coil connection structure is installed on the end face for fixing the superconducting magnet. The inner wall diameter of the vacuum chamber is 200-1000 mm, and the wall thickness is 8-20 mm, with the 200 mm inner wall diameter ensuring the collision of the dual-beam ion centers and D... + The minimum space required to form a self-collision trajectory is crucial; if it's too small, the ion beam trajectories will interfere with each other. 1000 mm is the upper limit of the constraint on the magnetic field strength of the superconducting coil; exceeding this diameter, the magnetic field cannot effectively control the D-axis at the inner edge of the cavity. + To create effective confinement, a large number of deuterium nuclei will escape. The 8 mm wall thickness is based on the strength of 316L stainless steel, capable of withstanding the internal and external pressure differences of ultra-high vacuum and the thermal stress from neutron bombardment; this is the lower limit of strength, with 20 mm as the upper limit. Excessive thickness would increase the overall weight and heat capacity of the vacuum chamber, making it difficult for heat from the neutron absorption layer to be transferred to the coolant, significantly reducing thermoelectric conversion efficiency and increasing the difficulty of compacting the device. The outer and inner cylinders form a jacket structure, with coolant flowing through the jacket. A two-stage vacuum system using molecular and ion pumps ensures the required vacuum level within the vacuum chamber. Multiple vacuum chambers can be connected in series via end flanges. Deuterium ions that have not undergone fusion (D1) are contained within the chamber. +When escaping along the axial direction of the vacuum chamber, it can enter the next vacuum chamber and be captured, forming a self-collision trajectory, thereby increasing the chances of a successful fusion reaction. + When the end face flange is not connected to the end face flange of other vacuum chambers, it is sealed with a flange end cover.

[0008] The core working principle of the fusion reaction in the vacuum reaction system is: accelerating D2 using a cyclotron. + Ion beams, after being extracted, are injected into a vacuum cavity. A superconducting coil generates a magnetic field within the vacuum cavity. By adjusting the incident angle, ion beams A and B collide in the central region inside the vacuum cavity. Because the kinetic energy of the ions is higher than their dissociation energy, D2... + Dissociate into 2 D + And release an electron, due to D2 + After the ion beam enters the vacuum cavity, it first collides in the central region, therefore most of the D2... + Dissociation will occur, and the resulting D + and D2 + Their speeds are similar, but D + The charge-to-mass ratio is D2 + twice that, therefore D + The radius of the circular motion under the influence of a magnetic field inside the vacuum cavity is D². + Half of that can efficiently capture D + A self-collision track is formed within the vacuum chamber. + Its kinetic energy is much higher than the Coulomb barrier, does not follow the Maxwell distribution, and most ions can undergo nuclear fusion reactions before leaving the vacuum chamber.

[0009] The superconducting coils and accessories include at least two pairs of superconducting coils. The coil material is NbTi, and the operating temperature is set to 4.2 K, which is the standard boiling point of liquid helium and the most economical and mature temperature for achieving a stable superconducting state in NbTi. The superconducting critical temperature of NbTi is approximately 9.2 K. Temperatures above 4.2 K will cause the alloy to lose its superconducting properties, resulting in coil resistance and generating a large amount of Joule heat, leading to thermal runaway and ultimately burning out the coil. Simultaneously, the magnetic field strength drops sharply, causing complete loss of confinement function. Liquid helium cooling is used. The central magnetic field strength of the device is set to >1 T. 1 T is the threshold temperature for achieving D… + The critical magnetic field strength for efficient confinement is ≤1 T; otherwise, it is impossible to confine D. + Even if an effective constraint is formed, if the radius of motion is too large and the motion spreads towards the cavity wall, it will still be unable to constrain the undissociated D2. + This leads to a large number of ions escaping, making fusion reactions almost impossible. Superconducting coil A is installed and fixed on the end face of the vacuum cavity, and superconducting coil B is installed in the vacuum cavity cylinder, ensuring that the installation axes are aligned, thereby achieving high ion confinement in both the axial and radial directions.

[0010] The dual-beam cyclotron injection system includes at least two superconducting cyclotrons and two deuterium molecular ions (D2). + A radio frequency ion source and two vacuum pump systems can be used to generate D2 ions. + Accelerate to 1-3 MeV energies, where 1 MeV acceleration energy is D2. + The dissociation energy threshold is below which effective dissociation cannot be achieved after a dual-beam collision, and most D2 beams cannot achieve this. + Escape, insufficient D within the cavity + To initiate fusion; 3 MeV is the upper limit, and higher energies will cause D... + Excessive velocity beyond the confinement capacity of the superconducting magnetic field will increase the energy consumption and equipment complexity of the cyclotron, while also exacerbating sputtering losses from ion bombardment of the cavity walls. The beam current intensity is 1-5 mA, the beam spot diameter is <3 mm, and it is injected radially into the vacuum cavity. The cyclotron is connected to the vacuum cavity via an extraction tube and valves. A magnetic lens coil is installed on the outside of the extraction tube. Before ion injection into the vacuum cavity, the magnetic lens coil enhances the beam focusing, ensuring the beam spot diameter meets design requirements.

[0011] When deuterium nuclei (D) are present in the vacuum chamber + When increased density triggers a space charge repulsion effect, the ion beam tends to diverge, limiting the number of effective fusion collisions per unit time. The space charge neutralization system employs an electron gun injection neutralization scheme. A low-energy electron gun (electron energy 50-100 eV) with a beam current intensity of 0.5-1 mA is injected along the vacuum cavity axis to solve the problem of space charge accumulation in high-density beams, thereby increasing the deuterium ion density within the vacuum cavity and thus increasing the number of fusion reactions per unit time within the device.

[0012] The energy extraction system described is compatible with the following two power generation schemes: 1) Direct Energy Conversion. Three layers of annular positive electrodes are coaxially arranged inside the vacuum chamber. The electrode material is a tungsten-copper composite material, which combines high temperature resistance, particle bombardment resistance, and high conductivity. The electrode spacing is 10-15 mm, and the electrode surface is polished to reduce sputtering losses caused by particle bombardment. The high-energy charged particles generated by fusion move along the magnetic field orbit. When they approach the positive electrode, they are slowed down by Coulomb repulsion. The kinetic energy of the particles is converted into electric potential energy, which drives the directional movement of electrons in the external circuit to form a continuous direct current. The electrode voltage can be adjusted by an external load.

[0013] 2) Thermoelectric Conversion. The inner wall of the vacuum chamber's jacket is lined with a boron carbide neutron absorber layer, which efficiently captures fast neutrons and converts them into heat energy. The jacket is filled with liquid sodium-potassium alloy as a coolant. This alloy has a melting point of approximately 6.8°C and a boiling point of 784-825°C, and is commonly used for cooling nuclear reactors. The sodium-potassium alloy coolant is pumped to the double-layered jacket of the vacuum chamber via a circulating pump, flowing over the outer side of the boron carbide neutron absorber layer on the inner wall of the jacket. The flow rate is adjustable, quickly removing the heat generated by the neutron absorber layer. The heated coolant then heats the working fluid water on the other side through a heat exchanger, generating high-temperature, high-pressure steam. This steam drives a steam turbine, which in turn powers a synchronous generator to output electrical energy.

[0014] The energy storage and control system described above employs a hybrid physical energy storage approach, primarily using flywheel energy storage and supplemented by supercapacitors. This approach offers fast response and flexible energy storage. The flywheel rotor is made of carbon fiber composite material and is equipped with magnetic levitation bearings and a permanent magnet synchronous motor. The flywheel array can be adapted to meet the needs of different power generation scales. The supercapacitor module is used to compensate for millisecond-level response delays and smooth high-frequency power fluctuations. Combined with an intelligent power scheduling algorithm, the system converts electrical energy into flywheel kinetic energy and supercapacitor electrostatic energy for storage during peak fusion energy output periods, and releases energy to generate electricity during off-peak periods, thus reducing power supply fluctuations.

[0015] Vacuum sensors are installed on the end caps of the vacuum chamber, and temperature sensors are embedded in the chamber walls to monitor the ultra-high vacuum state and thermal state of the chamber walls in real time. Radio frequency probes and neutron flux detectors are installed at the axial detection ports of the vacuum chamber to provide feedback on the changes in deuterium nucleus density in the chamber through radio frequency signals, and to determine the fusion reaction efficiency by combining the neutron flux monitoring results. Current, voltage and power detection elements are respectively deployed at the output ends of the direct power conversion and thermoelectric conversion to collect dual-path power output parameters. All detection data are transmitted to the energy storage control system to provide real-time data for beam injection regulation, energy storage charging and discharging control and multi-reactor relay start-up and shutdown.

[0016] The main technical principle and power generation method of the firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of this invention include: The first step is to start the secondary vacuum unit and perform gradient evacuation of the vacuum chamber until the vacuum level inside the chamber stabilizes at 10. -9 Torr or above; then the liquid helium cooling system of the superconducting coil is activated to reduce the coil temperature to the superconducting state of 4.2 K, the coil power is turned on and the current is gradually increased to form a magnetic mirror magnetic field with an intensity >1 T in the central region of the vacuum cavity. After the magnetic field stabilizes for ≥10 minutes, proceed to the next step. The second step is to turn on two deuterium molecular ion radio frequency ion sources, adjust the working parameters of the ion sources, and simultaneously start two superconducting cyclotron accelerators to accelerate deuterium molecular ions to 1-3 MeV, adjust the beam current intensity to 1-5 mA, focus the beam through a magnetic lens coil, control the beam spot diameter to <3 mm, and continuously inject the dual beam ions along the symmetrical interface of the vacuum cavity sidewall. In the third step, two beams of high-energy deuterium molecular ions collide head-on in the central region of the vacuum cavity. The kinetic energy of the ions is much higher than the dissociation energy of the deuterium molecules. After the collision, D2 + It dissociates into two deuteron nuclei and releases one free electron. The dissociation process forms a high-density D nucleus in the central region. + ; The fourth step is the dissociation that produces D. + The charge-to-mass ratio is D2 + Twice that of the magnetic mirror, under the influence of the magnetic field, its circular motion radius is only the undissociated D2. + Half of the electrons are efficiently confined in the central region; simultaneously, the low-energy electron gun of the space charge neutralization system is activated, injecting 50-100 eV electrons along the axial direction to achieve space charge neutralization; D + It continues to precess along a self-collision trajectory in the magnetic field, interacting with other D-type particles in the trajectory. + High-frequency collisions occur because of D + The kinetic energy is much higher than the Coulomb barrier, so a large number of DD fusion reactions occur, producing protons, 3 He, neutrons, and small amounts of tritium, etc.; The fifth step involves using the charged particles produced by fusion to directly convert and release electrical energy. 3 He ions continue to react with D in the device + The collision triggers a fusion reaction, and the high-energy neutrons produced are absorbed by the fluid in the vacuum chamber wall and interlayer. The heat is used to heat the coolant, and the heated coolant is then used to heat water to turn into steam, thereby driving the generator to generate electricity. During the peak power output phase, an energy storage and control system is used to store the instantaneous high power energy. The sixth step is to use the firecracker-style controlled nuclear fusion principle to achieve continuous and stable output of electrical energy: Optionally, a single device pulse operation mode is adopted. When the fusion reaction efficiency in the vacuum chamber reaches the critical value, that is, when there are too many impurities in the device, the input ion beam is stopped and the gas in the vacuum chamber is discharged through the vacuum pump. At this time, the energy storage device discharges to achieve stable and continuous energy output throughout the time period. Optionally, a multi-reactor relay operation mode can be adopted, deploying two or more sets of firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion devices. When firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion device A stops working or is about to stop working, firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion device B is started, thereby reducing the requirement for the continuous working time of a single firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion device. Different scales of power generation can also be achieved through modular combination of the devices. Furthermore, different extraction outlets can be achieved by changing the energy at which the cyclotron extracts deuterium molecular ions. The first outlet is connected to the first vacuum reaction system through a first extraction pipe and a first valve, and the second outlet is connected to the second vacuum reaction system through a second extraction pipe, a right-angle connecting pipe, a second valve, and a deflecting magnet, thereby achieving the sharing of the dual-beam cyclotron acceleration system, reducing the cost and device size of multi-reactor operation. The deflecting magnet forms a uniform magnetic field, relying on the Lorentz force to make D2... + The beam's path deflects at 90° as it passes through the right-angle connecting tube, thus reducing the D2 beam's velocity. + The beam is introduced into the second vacuum reaction system.

[0017] The firecracker-style cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of this invention has the following advantages and positive effects: 1. High dissociation efficiency, employing dual-beam center-collision dissociation, D2 + 1. The dissociation rate is much higher than that of traditional single-beam dissociation methods, significantly increasing the amount of deuterium captured and the fusion probability; 2. Dual-path energy extraction and a multi-reactor relay design solve the problem of unstable fusion energy output while meeting the continuous power supply requirements; 3. The compact cyclotron accelerator and modular vacuum chamber design make the device smaller than traditional magnetic confinement fusion devices, and the beam parameters obtained by cyclotron acceleration are better than those of the linear acceleration beam of traditional Migma devices; 4. High safety, the ions inside the device are highly ordered, the fusion neutron flux is low and completely absorbed, there is no risk of radioactive leakage, and there is no long-term radioactive waste after the device is decommissioned. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0019] Figure 2 This is a front view of the firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0020] Figure 3 This is a top view of the firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0021] Figure 4 This is a front view of the vacuum cavity of the firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 5This is a top view of the vacuum cavity of the firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0023] Figure 6 This is a longitudinal sectional view of the vacuum cavity of the firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0024] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the firecracker-style operation scheme of the single-unit pulse operation mode of the firecracker-style cyclotron acceleration collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the firecracker-style operation scheme of the multi-reactor relay operation mode of the firecracker-style cyclotron acceleration collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the fusion principle of the firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the firecracker-type cyclotron acceleration collision beam nuclear fusion power generation method of the present invention.

[0028] In the diagram: 1-Vacuum chamber, 101-Outer cylinder, 102-Coolant inlet, 103-Coolant outlet, 104-End flange, 105-Inner cylinder, 106-Annular positive electrode, 107-Flange end cap, 108-Coil connection structure, 109-Electron injection port, 2-Cyclotron, 201-Ion source, 202-Valve, 203-Outlet tube, 204-First outlet, 205-Second outlet, 3-Superconducting coil, 301-Superconducting coil A, 302-Superconducting coil B, 4-Vacuum pump, 5-Low-energy electron gun, 6-Magnetic lens coil, 7-Deflecting magnet, 8-First outlet tube, 9-First valve, 10-Second outlet tube, 11-Right-angle connecting tube, 12-Second valve, 1001-First vacuum reaction system, 1002-Second vacuum reaction system. Detailed Implementation

[0029] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments based on the present invention fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0030] The technical solution of this invention is: a firecracker-style cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device, comprising a vacuum reaction system, a dual-beam cyclotron acceleration injection system, a space charge neutralization system, an energy extraction system, an energy storage and regulation system, and a detection system, such as... Figure 1-8 As shown.

[0031] like Figure 1 , Figure 4 and Figure 6 As shown, the vacuum reaction system includes a vacuum chamber 1, a superconducting coil 3 and accessories, and a vacuum pump 4. The vacuum level of the vacuum chamber 1 is 10. -9 -10 -12 Torr, this range is determined by combining the motion characteristics of fusion ion beams with engineering feasibility, 10 -9 Torr is the lower limit. Below this value, the gas molecule density in the cavity is too high. Frequent collisions between the ion beam and molecules will cause rapid kinetic energy decay and beam divergence. It will also generate impurities that contaminate the cavity and cause sputtering damage to the equipment, making it impossible to achieve D2. + Dissociation and DD fusion; 10 -12 The Torr is the upper limit. Existing two-stage vacuum systems using molecular pumps and ion pumps have reached this value, which is close to the engineering limit. Further increasing the vacuum level requires additional ultra-high vacuum equipment, significantly increasing costs without a noticeable benefit to fusion efficiency. The vacuum chamber is cylindrical, with the main body made of 316L ultra-low carbon austenitic stainless steel. The cylinder, end caps, connectors, and supports are forged and then welded to ensure no weld leaks. The cylinder is equipped with a beam inlet connector, and the end caps are equipped with vacuum connectors and inspection holes. A coil connection structure 108 is installed on the end face to fix the superconducting coil 3. The inner wall diameter of the vacuum chamber 1 is 200-1000 mm, and the wall thickness is 8-20 mm. The 200 mm inner wall diameter is to ensure the collision of the dual-beam ion centers and D... + The minimum space required to form a self-collision trajectory is crucial; if it's too small, the ion beam trajectories will interfere with each other. 1000 mm is the upper limit of the constraint on the magnetic field strength of the superconducting coil; exceeding this diameter, the magnetic field cannot effectively control the D-axis at the inner edge of the cavity. + To create effective confinement, a large number of deuterium nuclei will escape. The 8 mm wall thickness is based on the strength of 316L stainless steel, capable of withstanding the internal and external pressure differences of ultra-high vacuum and the thermal stress from neutron bombardment; this is the lower limit of strength, with 20 mm as the upper limit. Excessive thickness would increase the overall weight and heat capacity of the vacuum chamber, making it difficult for heat from the neutron absorption layer to be transferred to the coolant, significantly reducing thermoelectric conversion efficiency, and increasing the difficulty of compacting the device. The outer cylinder 101 and inner cylinder 105 form a jacket structure, with coolant flowing through the jacket. A two-stage vacuum system, using molecular pumps and ion pumps, is employed to ensure the required vacuum level within vacuum chamber 1. Figure 7 As shown, multiple vacuum chambers can be connected in series via end flange 104, containing deuterium ions (D) that have not undergone fusion reaction. + When escaping along the axial direction of the vacuum chamber, it can enter the next vacuum chamber and be captured, forming a self-collision trajectory, thereby increasing the chances of a successful fusion reaction. + When the end face flange is not connected to the end face flange of other vacuum chambers, it is sealed with flange end cap 107.

[0032] like Figure 9As shown, the core working principle of the fusion reaction in the vacuum reaction system is: accelerating D2 through a cyclotron. + Ion beams, after being extracted, are injected into a vacuum cavity. A superconducting coil generates a magnetic field within the vacuum cavity. By adjusting the incident angle, ion beams A and B collide in the central region inside the vacuum cavity. Because the kinetic energy of the ions is higher than their dissociation energy, D2... + Dissociate into 2 D + And release an electron, due to D2 + After the ion beam enters the vacuum cavity, it first collides in the central region, therefore most of the D2... + Dissociation will occur, and the resulting D + and D2 + Their speeds are similar, but D + The charge-to-mass ratio is D2 + twice that, therefore D + The radius of the circular motion under the influence of a magnetic field inside the vacuum cavity is D². + Half of that can efficiently capture D + A self-collision track is formed within the vacuum chamber. + Its kinetic energy is much higher than the Coulomb barrier, does not follow the Maxwell distribution, and most ions can undergo nuclear fusion reactions before leaving the vacuum chamber.

[0033] like Figure 5 As shown, the superconducting coil 3 and its accessories include at least two pairs of superconducting coils. The coil material is NbTi, and the operating temperature is set to 4.2 K, which is the standard boiling point of liquid helium and the most economical and mature temperature for achieving a stable superconducting state in NbTi. The superconducting critical temperature of NbTi is approximately 9.2 K. Temperatures above 4.2 K will cause the alloy to lose its superconducting properties, resulting in coil resistance and generating a large amount of Joule heat, leading to thermal runaway and ultimately burning out the coil. Simultaneously, the magnetic field strength drops sharply, causing complete loss of confinement function. Liquid helium cooling is used, and the central magnetic field strength of the device is set to >1 T. 1 T is the threshold temperature for achieving D… + The critical magnetic field strength for efficient confinement is ≤1 T; otherwise, it is impossible to confine D. + Even if an effective constraint is formed, if the radius of motion is too large and the motion spreads towards the cavity wall, it will still be unable to constrain the undissociated D2. + This leads to a large number of ions escaping, making fusion reactions almost impossible. Superconducting coil A301 is fixed to the end face of the vacuum cavity, and superconducting coil B302 is installed in the vacuum cavity cylinder, ensuring that the installation axes are aligned, thereby achieving high ion confinement in both the axial and radial directions.

[0034] like Figure 2 As shown, the dual-beam cyclotron injection system includes at least two superconducting cyclotrons and two deuterium molecular ion (D2) generators. + The radio frequency ion source 201 and two sets of vacuum pump systems 4 can convert D2 +Accelerate to 1-3 MeV energies, where 1 MeV acceleration energy is D2. + The dissociation energy threshold is below which effective dissociation cannot be achieved after a dual-beam collision, and most D2 beams cannot achieve this. + Escape, insufficient D within the cavity + To initiate fusion; 3 MeV is the upper limit, and higher energies will cause D... + Excessive velocity beyond the confinement capacity of the superconducting magnetic field will increase the energy consumption and equipment complexity of the cyclotron, while also exacerbating sputtering losses from ion bombardment of the cavity walls. The beam current intensity is 1-5 mA, the beam spot diameter is <3 mm, and it is radially injected into the vacuum cavity. The cyclotron 2 is connected to the vacuum cavity 1 via an exit tube 203 and a valve 202. A magnetic lens coil 6 is installed on the outside of the exit tube 203. Before ion injection into the vacuum cavity 1, the magnetic lens coil 6 improves the beam focusing, ensuring the beam spot diameter meets design requirements.

[0035] When deuterium nuclei (D) are present in the vacuum chamber + When increased density triggers a space charge repulsion effect, the ion beam tends to diverge, limiting the number of effective fusion collisions per unit time. For example... Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown, the space charge neutralization system adopts an electron gun injection neutralization scheme. The low-energy electron gun 5 (electron energy 50-100 eV) with a beam intensity of 0.5-1 mA is injected along the axial direction of the vacuum cavity to solve the problem of space charge accumulation in high-density beams, thereby increasing the deuterium ion density in the vacuum cavity and increasing the number of fusion reactions per unit time in the device.

[0036] like Figure 10 As shown, the energy extraction system is compatible with the following two power generation schemes: 1) Direct Energy Conversion. Three layers of annular positive electrodes 106 are coaxially arranged inside the vacuum chamber. The electrode material is a tungsten-copper composite material, possessing characteristics of high temperature resistance, particle bombardment resistance, and high conductivity. The electrode spacing is 10-15 mm, and the electrode surfaces are polished to reduce sputtering losses caused by particle bombardment. High-energy charged particles generated by fusion move along magnetic field orbits. When approaching the positive electrodes, they are decelerated by Coulomb repulsion, converting the particle's kinetic energy into electric potential energy. This drives the directional movement of electrons in the external circuit, forming a continuous direct current. The electrode voltage can be adjusted by an external load.

[0037] 2) Thermoelectric Conversion. The inner wall of the vacuum chamber's jacket is lined with a boron carbide neutron absorber layer, which efficiently captures fast neutrons and converts them into heat energy. The jacket is filled with liquid sodium-potassium alloy as a coolant. This alloy has a melting point of approximately 6.8°C and a boiling point of 784-825°C, and is commonly used for cooling nuclear reactors. The sodium-potassium alloy coolant is pumped to the double-layered jacket of the vacuum chamber via a circulating pump, flowing over the outer side of the boron carbide neutron absorber layer on the inner wall of the jacket. The flow rate is adjustable, quickly removing the heat generated by the neutron absorber layer. The heated coolant then heats the working fluid water on the other side through a heat exchanger, generating high-temperature, high-pressure steam. This steam drives a steam turbine, which in turn powers a synchronous generator to output electrical energy.

[0038] The energy storage and control system described above employs a hybrid physical energy storage approach, primarily using flywheel energy storage and supplemented by supercapacitors. This approach offers fast response and flexible energy storage. The flywheel rotor is made of carbon fiber composite material and is equipped with magnetic levitation bearings and a permanent magnet synchronous motor. The flywheel array can be adapted to meet the needs of different power generation scales. The supercapacitor module is used to compensate for millisecond-level response delays and smooth high-frequency power fluctuations. Combined with an intelligent power scheduling algorithm, the system converts electrical energy into flywheel kinetic energy and supercapacitor electrostatic energy for storage during peak fusion energy output periods, and releases energy to generate electricity during off-peak periods, thus reducing power supply fluctuations.

[0039] Vacuum sensors are installed on the end caps of the vacuum chamber, and temperature sensors are embedded in the chamber walls to monitor the ultra-high vacuum state and thermal state of the chamber walls in real time. Radio frequency probes and neutron flux detectors are installed at the axial detection ports of the vacuum chamber to provide feedback on the changes in deuterium nucleus density in the chamber through radio frequency signals, and to determine the fusion reaction efficiency by combining the neutron flux monitoring results. Current, voltage and power detection elements are respectively deployed at the output ends of the direct power conversion and thermoelectric conversion to collect dual-path power output parameters. All detection data are transmitted to the energy storage control system to provide real-time data for beam injection regulation, energy storage charging and discharging control and multi-reactor relay start-up and shutdown.

[0040] The main technical principle and power generation method of the firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device of this invention include: The first step is to start the secondary vacuum unit and perform gradient evacuation of the vacuum chamber until the vacuum level inside the chamber stabilizes at 10. -9 Torr or above; then the liquid helium cooling system of the superconducting coil is activated to reduce the coil temperature to the superconducting state of 4.2 K, the coil power is turned on and the current is gradually increased to form a magnetic mirror magnetic field with an intensity >1 T in the central region of vacuum chamber 1. After the magnetic field stabilizes for ≥10 minutes, proceed to the next step. The second step is to turn on two deuterium molecular ion radio frequency ion sources 201, adjust the working parameters of the ion sources, and simultaneously start two superconducting cyclotron accelerators 2 to accelerate deuterium molecular ions to 1-3 MeV, adjust the beam current intensity to 1-5 mA, focus them through magnetic lens coil 6, control the beam spot diameter to <3 mm, and continuously inject the dual beam ions along the symmetrical interface of the vacuum cavity sidewall. In the third step, two beams of high-energy deuterium molecular ions collide head-on in the central region of the vacuum cavity. The kinetic energy of the ions is much higher than the dissociation energy of the deuterium molecules. After the collision, D2 + It dissociates into two deuteron nuclei and releases one free electron. The dissociation process forms a high-density D nucleus in the central region. + ; The fourth step is the dissociation that produces D. + The charge-to-mass ratio is D2 + Twice that of the magnetic mirror, under the influence of the magnetic field, its circular motion radius is only the undissociated D2. + Half of the electrons are efficiently confined in the central region; simultaneously, the low-energy electron gun 5 of the space charge neutralization system is activated, injecting 50-100 eV electrons along the axial direction to achieve space charge neutralization; D + It continues to precess along a self-collision trajectory in the magnetic field, interacting with other D-type particles in the trajectory. + High-frequency collisions occur because of D + The kinetic energy is much higher than the Coulomb barrier, so a large number of DD fusion reactions occur, producing protons, 3 He, neutrons, and small amounts of tritium, etc.; The fifth step involves using the charged particles produced by fusion to directly convert and release electrical energy. 3 He ions continue to react with D in the device + The collision triggers a fusion reaction, and the high-energy neutrons produced are absorbed by the fluid in the vacuum chamber wall and interlayer. The heat is used to heat the coolant, and the heated coolant is then used to heat water to turn into steam, thereby driving the generator to generate electricity. During the peak power output phase, an energy storage and control system is used to store the instantaneous high power energy. The sixth step involves employing the principle of controlled nuclear fusion, similar to a firecracker, to achieve continuous and stable electrical energy output. Optionally, a single-unit pulse operation mode can be used, such as... Figure 7 As shown, when the fusion reaction efficiency in the vacuum chamber reaches a critical value, i.e., when there are too many impurities in the device, the input ion beam is stopped and the gas in the vacuum chamber is discharged through the vacuum pump. At this time, the energy storage device discharges to achieve stable and continuous energy output throughout the entire time period. Optionally, a multi-stack relay operation mode can be adopted, such as... Figure 8As shown, two or more sets of firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion devices can be arranged. When firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion device A stops working or is about to stop working, firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion device B is started to reduce the requirement for the continuous working time of a single firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion device. Different scales of power generation needs can also be met through modular combination of devices. Furthermore, different extraction outlets can be achieved by changing the energy of deuterium molecular ions extracted by the cyclotron. The first outlet 204 is connected to the first vacuum reaction system 1001 through the first extraction pipe 8 and the first valve 9. The second outlet 205 is connected to the second vacuum reaction system 1002 through the second extraction pipe 10, the right-angle connecting pipe 11, the second valve 12 and the deflecting magnet 7, thereby realizing the sharing of the dual-beam cyclotron acceleration system, reducing the cost and device volume of multi-reactor operation. The deflecting magnet 7 forms a uniform magnetic field, relying on the Lorentz force to make D2 + The beam's path deflects at 90° as it passes through the right-angle connecting tube, thus reducing the D2 beam's velocity. + The beam is introduced into the second vacuum reaction system 1002.

Claims

1. A firecracker-style cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device, characterized in that: The system includes a vacuum reaction system, a dual-beam cyclotron acceleration injection system, a space charge neutralization system, an energy extraction system, an energy storage and control system, and a detection system. The vacuum reaction system includes a vacuum chamber, superconducting coils and accessories, and a vacuum pump. The vacuum level of the vacuum chamber is 10... -9 -10 -12 The Torr vacuum chamber is cylindrical, with the main body made of 316L ultra-low carbon austenitic stainless steel. The cylinder, end caps, nozzles, and supports are forged and then welded. The cylinder is equipped with a beam inlet nozzle, and the end caps are equipped with vacuum nozzles and inspection holes. The end face is equipped with a coil connection structure for fixing the superconducting magnet. The inner diameter of the vacuum chamber is 200-1000 mm, and the wall thickness is 8-20 mm. A two-stage vacuum system, consisting of a molecular pump and an ion pump, is used to ensure the required vacuum level within the vacuum chamber. The dual-beam cyclotron acceleration and injection system includes at least two superconducting cyclotrons, two deuterium molecular ion radio frequency ion sources, and two sets of vacuum pump systems. The cyclotrons are connected to the vacuum chamber through an outlet tube and a valve. A magnetic lens coil is installed on the outside of the outlet tube. Before ion injection into the vacuum chamber, the beam focusing is improved by the magnetic lens coil so that the beam spot diameter meets the design requirements. The energy extraction system described herein is adapted for direct electrical energy conversion. Three layers of annular positive electrodes are coaxially arranged inside the vacuum chamber. The electrode material is a tungsten-copper composite material, which has the characteristics of high temperature resistance, particle bombardment resistance, and high conductivity. The electrode spacing is 10-15 mm, and the electrode surface is polished to reduce sputtering losses caused by particle bombardment. The high-energy charged particles generated by fusion move along the magnetic field orbit. When they approach the positive electrode, they are slowed down by Coulomb repulsion. The kinetic energy of the particles is converted into electric field potential energy, which drives the directional movement of electrons in the external circuit to form a continuous direct current. The electrode voltage can be adjusted by an external load.

2. The firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The energy storage and control system described above adopts a hybrid physical energy storage approach, primarily using flywheel energy storage and supplemented by supercapacitors. This approach offers fast response and flexible energy storage. The flywheel rotor is made of carbon fiber composite material and is equipped with magnetic levitation bearings and a permanent magnet synchronous motor. The flywheel array adapts to the needs of different power generation scales. The supercapacitor module is used to compensate for millisecond-level response delays and smooth high-frequency power fluctuations. Combined with an intelligent power scheduling algorithm, the system converts electrical energy into flywheel kinetic energy and supercapacitor electrostatic energy for storage during peak fusion energy output periods and releases energy to generate electricity during off-peak periods, thus reducing power supply fluctuations.

3. The firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The detection system's vacuum chamber end cap is equipped with a vacuum degree sensor, and the cylinder is embedded with a cavity wall temperature sensor to monitor the ultra-high vacuum state and thermal state of the cavity wall in real time. The axial detection port of the vacuum chamber is equipped with an RF probe and a neutron flux detector to feed back the change in deuterium nucleus density in the cavity through RF signals, and to determine the fusion reaction efficiency by combining the neutron flux monitoring results. Current, voltage, and power detection elements are respectively deployed at the direct power conversion and thermoelectric conversion output ends to collect dual-path power output parameters. All detection data are transmitted to the energy storage control system to provide real-time data for beam injection regulation, energy storage charging and discharging control, and multi-reactor relay start-up and shutdown.

4. The firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device according to claim 3, characterized in that: The energy extraction system described is adapted for thermoelectric conversion. The inner wall of the jacket of the vacuum chamber is lined with a boron carbide neutron absorption layer, which can efficiently capture fast neutrons and convert them into thermal energy. The jacket is filled with liquid sodium-potassium alloy as a coolant. The sodium-potassium alloy coolant is delivered to the double-layer jacket of the vacuum chamber through a circulation pump. It flows through the outer side of the boron carbide neutron absorption layer on the inner wall of the jacket. The flow rate is adjustable and can quickly remove the heat generated by the neutron absorption layer. The heated coolant heats the working fluid water on the other side through a heat exchanger to generate high-temperature and high-pressure steam, which drives the steam turbine to rotate and drives the synchronous generator to output electrical energy.

5. A firecracker-style cyclotron-accelerated collision beam nuclear fusion power generation method, characterized in that: The device employs the firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam nuclear fusion power generation device as described in claim 4. The first step is to start the secondary vacuum unit and perform gradient evacuation of the vacuum chamber until the vacuum level inside the chamber stabilizes at 10. - 9 Torr or higher; then the liquid helium cooling system of the superconducting coil is activated to reduce the coil temperature to the superconducting state of 4.2 K, the coil power is turned on and the current is gradually increased to form a magnetic mirror magnetic field with an intensity >1 T in the central region of the vacuum cavity. After the magnetic field stabilizes for ≥10 minutes, proceed to the next step. The second step is to turn on two deuterium molecular ion radio frequency ion sources, adjust the working parameters of the ion sources, and simultaneously start two superconducting cyclotron accelerators to accelerate the deuterium molecular ions to 1-3 MeV, adjust the beam current intensity to 1-5 mA, focus them through magnetic lens coils, control the beam spot diameter to <3 mm, and continuously inject the dual beam ions along the symmetrical interface of the vacuum cavity sidewall. In the third step, two beams of high-energy deuterium molecular ions collide head-on in the central region of the vacuum cavity. The kinetic energy of the ions is much higher than the dissociation energy of the deuterium molecules. After the collision, D2 + It dissociates into two deuteron nuclei and releases one free electron. The dissociation process forms a high-density D nucleus in the central region. + ; The fourth step is the dissociation that produces D. + The charge-to-mass ratio is D2 + Twice that of the magnetic mirror, under the influence of the magnetic field, its circular motion radius is only the undissociated D2. + Half of the electrons are efficiently confined in the central region; simultaneously, the low-energy electron gun of the space charge neutralization system is activated, injecting 50-100 eV electrons along the axial direction to achieve space charge neutralization; D + It continues to precess along a self-collision trajectory in the magnetic field, interacting with other D-type particles in the trajectory. + High-frequency collisions occur because of D + The kinetic energy is much higher than the Coulomb barrier, so a large number of DD fusion reactions occur, producing protons, 3 He, neutrons, and small amounts of tritium, etc.; The fifth step involves using the charged particles produced by fusion to directly convert and release electrical energy. 3 He ions continue to react with D in the device + The collision triggers a fusion reaction, and the high-energy neutrons produced are absorbed by the fluid in the vacuum chamber wall and interlayer. The heat is used to heat the coolant, and the heated coolant is then used to heat water to turn into steam, thereby driving the generator to generate electricity. During the peak power output phase, an energy storage and control system is used to store the instantaneous high power energy. The sixth step is to achieve continuous and stable output of electrical energy by adopting the principle of firecracker-style controlled nuclear fusion: a single device operates in pulse mode. When the fusion reaction efficiency in the vacuum chamber reaches the critical value, that is, when there are too many impurities in the device, the input ion beam is stopped and the gas in the vacuum chamber is discharged through the vacuum pump. At this time, the energy storage device discharges to achieve stable and continuous energy output throughout the entire period. Employing a multi-reactor relay operation mode, two or more sets of firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion devices are deployed. When firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion device A stops working or is about to stop working, firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion device B is activated. This reduces the requirement for the continuous working time of a single firecracker-type cyclotron collision beam fusion device, or achieves different scales of power generation needs through modular combination of devices, or achieves different extraction outlets by changing the energy of deuterium molecular ions extracted by the cyclotron. The first outlet is connected to the first vacuum reaction system through the first outlet pipe and the first valve, and the second outlet is connected to the second vacuum reaction system through the second outlet pipe, the right-angle connecting pipe, the second valve, and the deflecting magnet, thereby realizing the sharing of the dual-beam cyclotron acceleration system, reducing the cost and device size of multi-reactor operation. The deflecting magnet forms a uniform magnetic field, relying on the Lorentz force to make D2 + The beam's path deflects at 90° as it passes through the right-angle connecting tube, thus reducing the D2 beam's velocity. + The beam is introduced into the second vacuum reaction system.

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