Slurry compositions comprising salts of modified natural oils, methods of making and use thereof

Abstract

The present disclosure discloses a slurry composition comprising (i) the reaction product of (a) a maleated natural oil; and (b) a base; (ii) at least one dispersed particulate; and (iii) at least one solvent. Also disclosed are simultaneously ceramic coated separators comprising the slurry composition of the present disclosure, energy storage devices (e.g., fuel cells, electrochemical cells, batteries, and capacitors) comprising the ceramic coated separators of the present disclosure, coating compositions, personal care compositions, and agricultural compositions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The processes, steps, methods, products, results, and / or concepts of this disclosure (collectively, “this disclosure”) generally relate to slurry compositions comprising modified natural oils (including their salts) and methods for preparing them. This disclosure also relates to various compositions derived from the slurry compositions of this invention.

[0002] Natural oils are abundant, inexpensive, and sustainably sourced, making them one of the most promising raw materials for the synthesis of renewable compounds such as polymers, plastics, and plasticizers. These natural oils are inexpensive, plentiful, and reliably and sustainably sourced, possessing high modification potential. Natural oils are typically mixtures of different triglycerides (esterification products of fatty acids and glycerol) containing varying degrees of unsaturation (i.e., double bonds). Oils can be characterized by their hydroxyl value and fatty acid composition. A challenge in the application of natural oils lies in their nature as blends of triglycerides containing varying degrees of unsaturated double bonds, which are relatively inactive. To make natural oils reactive, these unsaturated double bonds are usually chemically modified to enhance their reactivity. For example, these unsaturated bonds can react with maleate esters / salts to provide natural oils chemically modified / functionalized with epoxy and succinic anhydride functional groups. These chemical modifications also allow for the addition of many hydroxyl-containing substances to natural oils. Modified natural oils can be non-dispersible in water or alcohol. Therefore, these oils can be used in a variety of compositions and applications, such as personal care (e.g., hair care, sun protection, skin care, oral care), adhesives, coatings, varnishes, electronics, household / industrial and public (HI&I) compositions, inks, films, metalworking fluids, oilfield chemicals, plastics and plasticizers, textiles, industrial products, biocides, nutritional supplements, and agrochemical compositions.

[0003] U.S. Patent No. 9,809,538,B2 describes a modified natural compound synthesized from epoxidized natural fatty acids, maleated natural fatty acids, epoxidized natural oils, or maleated natural oils and a lactam compound having at least one hydroxyl group, wherein the modified natural compound can be used, for example, in adhesives or beverage compositions.

[0004] The article “Maleated soybean oil and its multifunctional properties,” by Gripp, Anna A., Steinberg, and David C., published in Cosmetics Exhibition & Conference Conference Proceedings, Barcelona, ​​Mar. 22-24, 1994, provides an exploration of reaction schemes for the maleation reaction in vegetable oils.

[0005] The article “Microwave Assisted Syntheses of Vegetable Oil Based Monomer,” by Rafael T. Alarcon et al., published in Journal of Polymers and the Environment 28:1265–1278, 2020, provides an exploration of reaction schemes for the maleation reaction in vegetable oils.

[0006] The Handbook of Maleic Anhydride Based Materials: Syntheses, Properties and Applications by Osama M. Musa, in chapter 3, page 166, published in Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016, provides an exploration of the general reactions between maleic anhydride and unsaturated vegetable oils.

[0007] U.S. Patent No. 2,754,306A describes the reaction of soybean oil, maleic anhydride, and isooctyl alcohol to provide a modified plasticizer for use in nitrocellulose compositions.

[0008] PCT Publication No. 2019113068A1 describes a technique involving a metalworking fluid comprising a maleated soybean oil derivative.

[0009] The article “Polymerization of Maleic Anhydride–Modified Plant Oils with Polyols,” by Tarik Eren, Selim H. Kusefoglu, and Richard Wool, published in the Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Barcelona, ​​Volume 90, Issue 1, Pages 197-202, 2003, provides an exploration of maleic anhydride polymerization and the modification of plant oils with polyols.

[0010] U.S. Patent No. 2,754,306A describes the reaction of soybean oil, maleic anhydride, and isooctyl alcohol to provide a modified plasticizer for use in nitrocellulose compositions.

[0011] PCT Publication No. 2005071050A1 describes a succinate triglyceride oil derived from the maleation reaction of triglyceride oils of plant or terrestrial animal origin, which can be used as an emulsifier for metalworking fluids.

[0012] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20180070584A1 describes an adjuvant composition comprising a maleic natural oil derivative obtained from the reaction of a maleic natural oil with a derivative compound such as polyoxyalkylene glycol, monoalkyl polyoxyalkylene glycol, polyetheramine, alkyleneamine, alkanolamine, thiol-terminated polyoxyalkylene glycol, ammonia, Group IA metal hydroxide, Group IIA metal hydroxide, or mixtures thereof.

[0013] U.S. Patent No. 10,889,693B2 teaches a composition comprising modified oleyl esters and / or modified olearyl esters of a reaction product of an oil (soybean oil) and a surfactant having hydroxyl groups undergoing an transesterification reaction.

[0014] U.S. Patent No. 5,733,970A teaches a water-dispersible epoxy crosslinked maleic oil (maleic glycerol ester oil) microgel polymer for use in protective coatings.

[0015] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20130210630A1 teaches a self-emulsifying oil having a modified vegetable oil modified by a portion that is more polar than the vegetable oil, and the polar portion being covalently linked to the vegetable oil and an active ingredient.

[0016] While natural fatty acids, natural oils, and their maleated counterparts possess renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, and beneficial properties, they exhibit characteristics that limit their applications. For example, maleated soybean oil is insoluble and non-dispersible in water or alcohol. Therefore, these oils may tend to leach from the formulation or undergo phase separation. This characteristic makes formulation more difficult and often requires additional ingredients to facilitate the formation of solutions, emulsions, or dispersions. Natural oils and maleated natural oils may not impart the properties desired for end applications, such as solubility, glass transition, flexibility, gloss, and / or plasticizing effects. Consequently, their properties (including but not limited to stability, resistance to phase separation, absorption, clean-up, solubility, staining potential, lubricity, film-forming properties, spreading uniformity, acne-causing tendency, and removability) may be lower than expected. Finally, although these natural oils are important renewable materials, they are not always the formulator's first choice; in fact, they are often not considered at all.

[0017] Therefore, there remains an urgent need to further modify these modified natural oils to prevent them from exhibiting the limiting properties of modified natural oils, and there remains an urgent need for various compositions derived from them. Summary of the Invention

[0018] In one aspect, this disclosure provides a slurry composition comprising: (i) a reaction product of: (a) a maleic natural oil comprising a natural oil having maleic functional groups; and (b) a base; (ii) at least one dispersed particle; and (iii) at least one solvent. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the reaction product comprises maleic functional groups that have reacted completely or partially with the base. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the base is selected from the group consisting of inorganic bases, organic bases, and mixtures thereof. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the Malaysian natural oil is selected from the group consisting of: Malaysian avocado oil, Malaysian coconut oil, Malaysian corn oil, Malaysian cottonseed oil, Malaysian jojoba oil, Malaysian linseed oil, Malaysian nut oil, Malaysian olive oil, Malaysian palm oil, Malaysian raisin oil, Malaysian rapeseed oil, Malaysian safflower oil, Malaysian sesame oil, Malaysian soybean oil, Malaysian pumpkin seed oil, Malaysian sunflower seed oil, Malaysian almond oil, Malaysian cauliflower oil, Malaysian flaxseed oil, Malaysian grapeseed oil, Malaysian palm kernel oil, Malaysian peanut oil, Malaysian walnut oil, Malaysian chickpea oil, Malaysian basil oil, and mixtures thereof. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the Malaysian natural oil is Malaysian soybean oil.

[0019] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the reaction product comprises one or more structures selected from the group consisting of: and their combinations.

[0020] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the dispersed particles are selected from the group consisting of: alumina, alumina hydroxide, SiO2, BaSO4, TiO2, SnO2, CeO2, ZrO2, BaTiO3, Y2O3, B2O3, carbon nanotubes, ZnO, Al-doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO), and combinations thereof. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the dispersed particles are in powder form. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the dispersed particles have a particle size distribution (d50) ranging from about 0.05 µm to about 50.0 µm.

[0021] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of at least one aqueous solvent, alcohols, phenols, acetates, ketones, ethylene glycols, propylene glycols, amides, pyrrolidones, hydroxy esters, sulfoxides, lactones, anilines, hydrocarbons, halogenated solvents, aromatic solvents, glycol esters, and combinations thereof.

[0022] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry composition is selected from the group consisting of: agricultural compositions, biocidal compositions, ceramic slurry compositions, cleaning compositions, coating compositions, personal care compositions, building compositions, disinfectant compositions, energy compositions, food compositions, home care compositions, industrial and institutional compositions, laundry compositions, nutritional and health care compositions, oral care compositions, antiseptic compositions, textile compositions, carbon nanotube compositions, battery pack compositions, and ceramic-coated separators for battery packs. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry composition is a personal care composition, coating composition, food composition, agricultural composition, or carbon nanotube composition.

[0023] Another aspect of this disclosure provides an energy storage device comprising the ceramic-coated separator of this disclosure, wherein the energy storage device is selected from the group consisting of a fuel cell, an electrochemical cell, a battery, and a capacitor.

[0024] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a battery pack comprising: (i) at least one ceramic-coated separator of this disclosure; (ii) at least one cathode; and (iii) at least one anode.

[0025] Another aspect of this disclosure provides coating compositions comprising the slurry of this disclosure. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry is present in the range of about 0.1% by weight to about 95.0% by weight of the coating composition.

[0026] Another aspect of this disclosure provides personal care compositions comprising the slurry of this disclosure. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry is present in an amount from about 0.1% by weight to about 95.0% by weight of the personal care composition.

[0027] Another aspect of this disclosure provides an agricultural composition comprising the slurry of this disclosure. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry is present in an amount from about 0.1% by weight to about 95.0% by weight of the agricultural composition.

[0028] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a carbon nanotube composition comprising the slurry of this disclosure. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry is present in an amount from about 0.1% by weight to about 95.0% by weight of the carbon nanotube composition. Detailed Implementation

[0029] Before explaining in detail at least one embodiment of the inventive concept through exemplary drawings, experiments, results, and laboratory procedures, it should be understood that the inventive concept, in its application, is not limited to the construction details and arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings, experiments, and / or results. The inventive concept can encompass other embodiments or can be practiced or implemented in a variety of different ways. Therefore, the language used herein is intended to be given the broadest possible scope and meaning; and these embodiments are intended to be exemplary—not exhaustive. Furthermore, it should be understood that the wording and terminology used herein are intended for description and should not be considered limiting.

[0030] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in conjunction with this disclosure shall have the meanings commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0031] All patents, published patent applications, and non-patent publications mentioned in this specification indicate the level of skill of a person skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. All patents, published patent applications, and non-patent publications cited in any part of this application are expressly and entirely incorporated herein by reference to the same extent that each individual patent or publication is specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0032] According to this disclosure, all compositions and / or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be prepared and performed without excessive experimentation. Although the compositions and methods of the invention have been described in conjunction with preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variations can be made to the compositions and / or methods described herein, as well as the steps or sequence of steps of the methods, without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutions and modifications that are obvious to those skilled in the art are considered to fall within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

[0033] Unless otherwise stated, the following terms shall be understood to have the following meanings when used in accordance with this disclosure: When used in conjunction with the term "comprising" in the claims and / or specification, the word "a" or "an" may mean "one / a," but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one or more," "at least one," and "one or more than one." Unless explicitly stated otherwise, the term "or" in the claims is used to mean "and / or," although this disclosure supports the definition of referring only to alternatives and "and / or." Throughout this application, the term "about" is used to indicate that values ​​include inherent variations in the error of the device, variations in the method used to determine the value, and / or variations between study subjects. The use of the term "at least one of X, Y, and Z" will be understood to include X alone, Y alone, and Z alone, as well as any combination of X, Y, and Z.

[0034] As used in this specification and claims, the terms “comprising” (and any form of “comprising”, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of “having”, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of “including”, such as “includes” and “includes”), or “containing” (and any form of “containing”, such as “contains” and “contains”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unreferenced elements or method steps.

[0035] As used herein, the term "or combinations thereof" refers to all permutations and combinations of the items listed preceding the term. For example, "A, B, C or combinations thereof" is intended to cover any of the following: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and, if the order is substantial in the particular context, also covers BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with the above examples, combinations of repeating units containing one or more items or terms are explicitly included, such as BB, AAA, MB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, etc. Those skilled in the art will understand that the number of items or terms in a combination is generally not limited unless obvious from the context.

[0036] The term "each independently selected from the group" means that when a group appears more than once in the structure, each time the group appears, it can be independently selected from the group.

[0037] The term "polymer" refers to a compound comprising repeating structural units (monomers) linked by covalent chemical bonds. Polymers can be further derivatized, crosslinked, grafted, or end-capped. Non-limiting examples of polymers include copolymers, terpolymers, tetrapolymers, quaternary polymers, and homologues. The term "copolymer" refers to a polymer consisting substantially of two or more monomers of different types, polymerized to obtain the copolymer.

[0038] The term "reaction product" refers to the substance produced by a chemical reaction of one or more reactant substances.

[0039] The term "natural oil" refers to compounds containing triglycerides, and may contain varying levels of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and diglycerides, wherein the triglycerides are derived from oils of plant or animal origin. Natural oils also contain fatty acid glycerides, which are synthesized by reacting glycerol with 1, 2, or 3 molar equivalents of fatty acids or mixtures of fatty acids. These compounds can be monoglycerides, diglycerides, or triglycerides of a single fatty acid or a mixture of fatty acids.

[0040] As used herein, the terms "maleation natural oil" or "natural oil having a maleation functional group" are used interchangeably without limiting the scope of this disclosure, and both refer to natural oils containing at least one maleation functional group. Therefore, the terms "maleation" or "maleated" as used below should be understood as "functionalization," since this disclosure may use other functionalizing agents besides maleic anhydride.

[0041] As used in this article, the term "moiety" or "moieties" refers to a part or functional group of a molecule.

[0042] The term "maleic functional group" refers to the portion formed by attaching maleic anhydride to an unsaturated fatty acyl chain present in natural oils through an olefin reaction. "Maleic functional groups" include, but are not limited to, cyclic anhydride forms (I), diacid forms (II), disodium dicarboxylate forms (III), other dicarboxylate salt forms, and half-ester forms (IV). Because the carbon-carbon double bond of maleic anhydride is converted to a saturated carbon-carbon single bond during the olefin reaction, the "maleic functional groups" drawn in I, II, III, and IV can also be referred to by those skilled in the art as succinic anhydride, succinic acid, succinate, or succinate half-ester functional groups.

[0043]

[0044] As used herein, the term "base" refers to any substance that can change the pH of a solution from neutral pH 7.0 to alkaline pH (i.e., 7.1 to 14.0). Generally, a base is a large class of compounds that have one or more of the following properties: bitterness, a slippery feel in solution, the ability to turn litmus blue and give other indicators their characteristic color, and the ability to react (neutralize) acids to form salts (including organic or inorganic bases and mixtures thereof).

[0045] As used herein, the term "organic base" includes ammonia, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, pyridine, imidazoles, benzimidazoles, histidines, guanidines, and mixtures thereof.

[0046] As used herein, the term "inorganic base" includes oxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, carbonates of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, bicarbonates of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, oxides of transition metals, hydroxides of transition metals, carbonates of transition metals, bicarbonates of transition metals, and combinations thereof.

[0047] The term "alkali metal alkali" includes oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or bicarbonates of sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr).

[0048] The term "alkaline earth metal alkalis" includes oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or bicarbonates of beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).

[0049] The term "transition metal alkali" includes oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or bicarbonates of scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), mercury (Hg), α (Rf), β (Db), β (Sg), β (Bh), β (Hs), β (Mt), β (Ds), and β (Rg).

[0050] As used herein, the term "dispersed particles" refers to a substance added to the slurry composition of the present invention to improve particle separation and prevent its sedimentation or agglomeration. Suitable and non-limiting examples of such dispersed particles of the present disclosure may include particles of the following: alumina, alumina hydroxide, SiO2, BaSO4, TiO2, SnO2, CeO2, ZrO2, BaTiO3, Y2O3, B2O3, carbon nanotubes, ZnO, aluminum-doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (Al-doped LLZO), and combinations thereof.

[0051] As used herein, the term "battery" includes a single electrochemical cell or unicell and / or one or more electrochemical cells connected in series and / or parallel in a manner known to those skilled in the art. Further suitable and non-limiting examples of battery packs according to this disclosure may include, but are not limited to, rechargeable battery packs, secondary battery packs, and / or electrochemical cells. The battery packs of this disclosure may include: a positive electrode (cathode) and a negative electrode (anode), wherein both electrodes comprise carbon nanotube (CNT) material capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium in an electrochemical system, and wherein lithium metal powder is dispersed in the CNTs of the anode or cathode; a separator separating the cathode and anode; and an electrolyte in communication with the cathode and anode.

[0052] As used herein, the term "carbon nanotube" (CNT) refers to a hollow carbon structure having a diameter of about 4 nm to about 100 nm. Furthermore, the "carbon nanotube" (CNT) according to this disclosure can be any suitable type of carbon nanotube. Suitable and non-limiting examples of carbon nanotubes include single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, few-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, bundled carbon nanotubes, or combinations thereof. Carbon nanotubes with high electrical conductivity may be particularly suitable.

[0053] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a slurry composition comprising: (i) a reaction product of: (a) a maleic natural oil comprising a natural oil having maleic functional groups; and (b) an alkali; (ii) at least one dispersed particle; and (iii) at least one solvent.

[0054] The reaction products according to this disclosure include natural oils having maleic functional groups, wherein the maleic functional groups react completely or partially with a base.

[0055] The use of maleic natural oils or natural oils having maleic functional groups in the slurry compositions of the present invention includes natural oils containing at least one maleic functional group. Suitable examples of such natural oils having maleic functional groups may include, but are not limited to, maleic avocado oil, maleic coconut oil, maleic corn oil, maleic cottonseed oil, maleic jojoba oil, maleic flaxseed oil, maleic nut oil, maleic olive oil, maleic palm oil, maleic raisin oil, maleic rapeseed oil, maleic safflower oil, maleic sesame oil, maleic soybean oil, maleic pumpkin oil, maleic sunflower oil, maleic almond oil, maleic kale oil, maleic flaxseed oil, maleic grapeseed oil, maleic palm kernel oil, maleic peanut oil, maleic walnut oil, maleic chickpea oil, maleic perilla oil, and mixtures thereof. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the maleic natural oil is maleic soybean oil.

[0056] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the base may be selected from the group consisting of inorganic bases, organic bases, and mixtures thereof.

[0057] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the base may be an inorganic base. Suitable examples of inorganic bases may include, but are not limited to, oxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, carbonates of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, bicarbonates of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, oxides of transition metals, hydroxides of transition metals, carbonates of transition metals, bicarbonates of transition metals, and combinations thereof. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the alkali metal may be selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, and mixtures thereof. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the alkaline earth metal may be selected from the group consisting of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, and mixtures thereof. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the transition metal may be selected from scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, argon, etc. The inorganic base is selected from the group consisting of sodium, calcium oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates, and mixtures thereof. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the inorganic base is selected from the group consisting of sodium, calcium oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates, and combinations thereof.

[0058] Furthermore, the base suitable for the purposes of this disclosure may be an organic base. Suitable examples of such organic bases may include, but are not limited to, ammonia, primary amines, secondary amines, pyridine, imidazoles, benzimidazoles, histidine, guanidines, and mixtures thereof.

[0059] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the reaction product comprises one or more structures selected from the group consisting of: and their combinations.

[0060] Furthermore, the masified natural oil or natural oil having masified functional groups in the slurry composition of the present invention can be prepared by a masification reaction of natural oil. During the masification reaction, one or more... , Unsaturated carboxylic acids or their anhydrides (e.g., maleic anhydride) react with unsaturated fatty acyl chains present in natural oils. The maleization of natural oils can be carried out under heating conditions via three methods. The first method, called the "ene" reaction (a reaction between the allyl moiety and the alkenophile in a pericyclic reaction), yields a triglyceride structure with an anhydride moiety (succinic anhydride). The second method is radical addition, which consumes the double bond in the fatty acid, introducing the succinic anhydride into the natural oil structure. The final reaction, also radical addition, introduces maleic anhydride into the natural oil structure without consuming the C=C bond (fatty acid chain and maleic anhydride); this reaction is achieved by abstracting hydrogen atoms from two olefinic groups.

[0061] The preparation of maleic natural oils is well known to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the maleic natural oils used for the purposes of this disclosure can be prepared by methods known in the relevant art. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, maleic anhydride reacts with at least one natural oil at an elevated temperature. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the maleization reaction can be carried out in a temperature range of about 150°C to about 300°C. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the maleization reaction can be carried out at a temperature of about 170°C to about 230°C or about 200°C to about 220°C.

[0062] Furthermore, the reaction time can range from about 0.5 hours to about 14 hours. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the reaction time can be from about 1 hour to about 5 hours, or from about 2 hours to about 6 hours, or from about 6 hours to 10 hours.

[0063] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the molar ratio of maleic anhydride to natural oil may be equal to 1. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the molar ratio of maleic anhydride to natural oil per mole may be in the range of about 1 to about 2, or about 1 to about 2.8, or about 1 to about 3.2.

[0064] The maleic natural oil of this disclosure is reacted with a suitable alkali to form a reaction product. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the maleic natural oil and a suitable alkali are reacted at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined duration to obtain the reaction product of this disclosure. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the maleic natural oil is reacted with a suitable alkali in a temperature range of about 20°C to about 120°C. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the maleic natural oil is reacted with a suitable alkali in a temperature range of about 40°C to about 100°C. In yet another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the maleic natural oil is reacted with a suitable alkali in a temperature range of about 40°C to about 49°C, about 50°C to about 59°C, about 60°C to about 69°C, about 70°C to about 79°C, about 80°C to about 89°C, and about 90°C to about 100°C. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the maleic natural oil is reacted with a suitable alkali at a suitable temperature for about 30 minutes to about 6 hours. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the maltodextrin natural oil is reacted with a suitable alkali for about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, or about 6 hours.

[0065] The slurry composition of this disclosure may further comprise at least one dispersed particle. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the dispersed particle is selected from the group consisting of alumina, alumina hydroxide, SiO2, BaSO4, TiO2, SnO2, CeO2, ZrO2, BaTiO3, Y2O3, B2O3, carbon nanotubes, ZnO, aluminum-doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO), and combinations thereof. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the dispersed particle is in powder form. Furthermore, the dispersed particle of this disclosure has a particle size distribution (d50) ranging from about 0.05 µm to about 50.0 µm. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the particle size distribution may range from about 0.05 µm to about 0.1 µm, or about 0.11 µm to about 0.2 µm, or about 0.21 µm to about 0.3 µm, or about 0.31 µm to about 0.4 µm, or about 0.41 µm to about 0.5 µm, or about 0.5 µm to about 0.61 µm, or about 0.61 µm to about 0.7 µm, or about 0.71 µm to about 0.8 µm, or about 0.81 µm to about 9 µm, or about 0.91 µm to about 1 µm, or about 1.1 µm to about 5 µm, or about 6 µm to about 10 µm, or about 11 µm to about 15 µm, or about 16 µm to about 20 µm, or about 21 µm to about 25 µm, or about 26 µm to about 30 µm, or about 31 µm to about 35 µm, or about 36 µm to about 30 µm. The range is from approximately 40 µm to approximately 41 µm to approximately 45 µm, or approximately 46 µm to approximately 50 µm.

[0066] The solvent in the slurry composition disclosed herein may be selected from the group consisting of at least one aqueous solvent, alcohols, phenols, acetates, ketones, ethylene glycols, propylene glycols, amides, pyrrolidones, hydroxy esters, sulfoxides, lactones, anilines, hydrocarbons, halogenated solvents, aromatic solvents, glycol esters, and combinations thereof. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the solvent may be selected from the group consisting of: water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, butanol, terpineol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl isobutyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-n-propyl ether, propylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol propyl ether, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N-ethylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, γ-butyrolactone, methyl lactate, ethyl lactate, methyl β-methoxyisobutyrate, methyl α-hydroxyisobutyrate, aniline, N-methylaniline, hexane, chloroform, toluene, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), acetoacetate, and combinations thereof.

[0067] The slurry composition disclosed herein also comprises at least one functional ingredient selected from the group consisting of: skin care agents, oral care agents, hair care agents, energy preparations, building preparations, biocides, preservatives, nutritional supplements, food preparations, agricultural preparations, coating preparations, cosmetic preparations, home care agents, industrial and institutional preparations, textile preparations, laundry detergents, cleaning agents, inorganic particles of ceramic compositions, and disinfectants.

[0068] The slurry compositions disclosed herein can be used in a variety of applications. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry composition may be selected from the group consisting of: agricultural compositions, biocidal compositions, ceramic slurry compositions, cleaning compositions, coating compositions, personal care compositions, building compositions, disinfection compositions, energy compositions, food compositions, home care compositions, industrial and institutional compositions, laundry compositions, nutritional and health care compositions, oral care compositions, antiseptic compositions, textile compositions, carbon nanotube compositions, battery pack compositions, and ceramic-coated separators for battery packs.

[0069] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry composition may be a personal care composition, a coating composition, a food composition, an agricultural composition, or a carbon nanotube composition.

[0070] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the paste composition may be a personal care composition. Suitable examples of such personal care compositions may include, but are not limited to, cosmetic compositions, skin care compositions, sun protection compositions, hair care compositions, nail care compositions, antiperspirants, or deodorants, and cosmetic compositions.

[0071] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry composition may be a coating composition suitable for a variety of applications. Suitable examples of such coating compositions may include, but are not limited to, architectural coatings, metallic coatings, marine coatings, paints, decorative paints, interior wall paints, exterior wall paints, nonwoven fabric coatings, ceramic coatings, anti-corrosion coatings, flame-retardant coatings, glass coatings, protective coatings, powder coatings, wood coatings, industrial coatings, antifouling coatings, heat-insulating coatings, water-based coatings, and solvent-based coatings.

[0072] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry composition may be an agricultural composition.

[0073] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry composition can be used for ceramic-coated spacers for energy storage devices.

[0074] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry composition may be a carbon nanotube composition.

[0075] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a ceramic-coated spacer for an energy storage device, comprising: (i) a slurry composition of the present disclosure, wherein the slurry composition is a ceramic slurry composition; and (ii) a spacer, wherein the ceramic slurry composition provides a coating in contact with at least a portion of the spacer. In a non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the ceramic slurry composition is coated on at least one surface of the spacer to form a coating thereon.

[0076] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the spacer comprises a polyolefin. The polyolefin may be selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, and combinations thereof.

[0077] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the spacer is a pretreated spacer, wherein the spacer has been pretreated by at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of: corona treatment, atmospheric plasma treatment, flame plasma treatment, chemical plasma treatment, ozone treatment, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) treatment, and polydopamine treatment.

[0078] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the coating is uniformly distributed on the spacer. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the average thickness of the coating ranges from about 0.5 μm to about 5.0 μm. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the average thickness of the coating ranges from about 0.5 µm to about 0.61 µm, about 0.61 µm to about 0.7 µm, about 0.71 µm to about 0.8 µm, about 0.81 µm to about 0.9 µm, about 0.91 µm to about 1.0 µm, or about 1.1 µm to about 5.0 µm.

[0079] Another aspect of this disclosure provides an energy storage device that includes the ceramic-coated separator of this disclosure. The energy storage device of this disclosure can be selected from the group consisting of fuel cells, electrochemical cells, battery packs, and capacitors.

[0080] In another non-limiting example of this disclosure, the energy storage device is selected from the group consisting of fuel cells, electrochemical cells, battery packs, and capacitors.

[0081] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a battery pack comprising: (i) at least one ceramic-coated separator of this disclosure; (ii) at least one cathode; and (iii) at least one anode.

[0082] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a method for manufacturing a ceramic-coated spacer, comprising: a) coating at least a portion of the spacer with a slurry composition of the present disclosure by a method selected from the group consisting of blade coating, rod coating, slot die coating, dip coating, spin coating, direct gravure coating, reverse coating, and combinations thereof; b) drying the slurry composition obtained from step (a) coated on the spacer by using an energy source selected from the group consisting of thermal energy, ultraviolet (UV), light-emitting diode (LED), electron beam (EEB), and combinations thereof; and c) conditioning the dried coating of step (b) at a predetermined temperature.

[0083] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the drying (b) method step includes heating the coated spacer in a temperature range of about 20°C to about 80°C for about 5 seconds to about 10 minutes. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the drying method step may be performed in a temperature range of about 50°C to about 80°C for about 1 minute to about 10 minutes.

[0084] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the slurry layer on the spacer is further conditioned at a temperature up to 100°C for up to 24 hours. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, conditioning can be performed for about 30 minutes in a temperature range of about 60°C to about 80°C. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the method step of drying the slurry layer on the spacer includes heating the spacer coated with the slurry composition of this disclosure for a period of about 5 seconds to about 10 minutes in a temperature range of about 20°C to about 80°C. In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the temperature can be in the range of about 21°C to about 30°C, or about 31°C to about 40°C, or about 41°C to about 50°C, or about 51°C to about 60°C, or about 61°C to about 70°C, or about 71°C to about 80°C.

[0085] Another aspect of this disclosure provides coating compositions comprising the slurry compositions of this disclosure. In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the amount of the slurry composition, based on the total weight of the coating composition, may be from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, or from about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, or from about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, or from about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, or from 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, or from about 15 wt% to about 20 wt%, or from about 20 wt% to about 25 wt%, or from about 25 wt% to about 30 wt%, or from about 30 wt% to about 35 wt%, or from about 3 5% by weight to about 40% by weight, or about 40% by weight to about 45% by weight, or about 45% by weight to about 50% by weight, or about 50% by weight to about 55% by weight, or about 55% by weight to about 60% by weight, or about 60% by weight to about 65% by weight, or about 65% by weight to about 70% by weight, or about 70% by weight to about 75% by weight, or about 75% by weight to about 80% by weight, or about 80% by weight to about 85% by weight, or about 85% by weight to about 90% by weight, or about 90% by weight to about 95% by weight.

[0086] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the coating composition may further comprise at least one additive, wherein the additive, based on the total weight of the coating composition, ranges from about 0.1% by weight to about 1% by weight, or about 1% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, or about 2.5% by weight to about 5% by weight, or about 5% by weight to about 10% by weight, or about 10% by weight to about 15% by weight, or about 15% by weight to about 20% by weight, or about 20% by weight to about 25% by weight, or about 25% by weight to about 30% by weight, or about 30% by weight to about 35% by weight, or about 35% by weight. From about 40% by weight, or about 40% by weight to about 45% by weight, or about 45% by weight to about 50% by weight, or about 50% by weight to about 55% by weight, or about 55% by weight to about 60% by weight, or about 60% by weight to about 65% by weight, or about 65% by weight to about 70% by weight, or about 70% by weight to about 75% by weight, or about 75% by weight to about 80% by weight, or about 80% by weight to about 85% by weight, or about 85% by weight to about 90% by weight, or about 90% by weight to about 95% by weight, or about 95% by weight to about 99.9% by weight.

[0087] Suitable examples of additives used in this coating composition may include, but are not limited to, film-forming polymers, coalescent agents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, rheology modifiers, cosolvents, dispersants, defoamers, wet-edge additives, wetting agents, humectants, waxes, colorants, thickeners, anti-caking agents, antifoaming agents, UV absorbers, antifreeze agents, gel inhibitors, preservatives, hydrophobic agents, adhesion promoters, biocides, antioxidants, pigments, plasticizers, or combinations thereof.

[0088] Furthermore, the coating compositions disclosed herein can be water-based or non-water-based compositions for a variety of coating purposes, including but not limited to lacquer coatings, primer coatings, inkjet printing coatings, topcoat coatings, varnish coatings, architectural coatings, wood coatings, printing inks, or metallic or non-metallic coatings.

[0089] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the coating composition is applied to a substrate selected from the group consisting of: porous and non-porous substrates, paper, nonwoven materials, textiles, leather, wood, concrete, masonry, metals, non-metals, roofing membranes, building materials, fiberglass, polymer products, face masks, medical drapes and gowns, carpets, interior furnishings, tents, awnings, airbags, fabrics, ceramics, yarns, and woven, knitted, natural, synthetic, or recycled substrates.

[0090] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a personal care composition comprising the slurry composition of the present invention. In a non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the personal care composition may comprise, by weight of the total personal care composition, about 0.1% to about 1% by weight, or about 1% to about 2.5% by weight, or about 2.5% to about 5% by weight, or about 5% to about 10% by weight, or 10% to about 15% by weight, or about 15% to about 20% by weight, or about 20% to about 25% by weight, or about 25% to about 30% by weight, or about 30% to about 35% by weight, or about 35% by weight. A slurry composition ranging from % to about 40% by weight, or from about 40% by weight to about 45% by weight, or from about 45% by weight to about 50% by weight, or from about 50% by weight to about 55% by weight, or from about 55% by weight to about 60% by weight, or from about 60% by weight to about 65% by weight, or from about 65% by weight to about 70% by weight, or from about 70% by weight to about 75% by weight, or from about 75% by weight to about 80% by weight, or from about 80% by weight to about 85% by weight, or from about 85% by weight to about 90% by weight, or from about 90% by weight to about 95% by weight.

[0091] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the personal care composition may further comprise at least one personal care functional active ingredient, wherein the content of the personal care functional active ingredient, based on the total weight of the personal care composition, ranges from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, or about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, or about 15 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 20 wt% to about 25 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 30 wt%, or about 30 wt% to about 3 5% by weight, or about 35% by weight to about 40% by weight, or about 40% by weight to about 45% by weight, or about 45% by weight to about 50% by weight, or about 50% by weight to about 55% by weight, or about 55% by weight to about 60% by weight, or about 60% by weight to about 65% by weight, or about 65% by weight to about 70% by weight, or about 70% by weight to about 75% by weight, or about 75% by weight to about 80% by weight, or about 80% by weight to about 85% by weight, or about 85% by weight to about 90% by weight, or about 90% by weight to about 95% by weight, or about 95% by weight to about 99.9% by weight.

[0092] Suitable examples of such personal care functional active ingredients may include, but are not limited to, colorants, hair care products, skin care products, and sunscreens, or combinations of two or more thereof. Furthermore, non-limiting examples of personal care functional active ingredients used in the personal care compositions disclosed herein may include, but are not limited to, fragrances, preservatives, solvents, propellants, exfoliants, surfactants, skin cell renewals, anti-acne medications, antiperspirants, sunscreens, oil or fat breakdown products, water-insoluble ingredients, oxidants, conditioning agents, humectants, pH-adjusting buffers, waxes, mineral oils, emulsifiers, fatty substances, gelling agents, thickeners, moisturizers, emollients, hydrophilic or lipophilic active agents, antioxidants, sequestering agents, acidifiers or alkalizers, fillers, dyes, plant extracts, proteins, peptides, neutralizers, solvents, anti-dandruff ingredients, reducing agents, or combinations thereof.

[0093] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the personal care composition may include, but is not limited to, cosmetic compositions, skin care compositions, sunscreen compositions, hair care compositions, nail care compositions, antiperspirants, or deodorants, and cosmetic compositions. Further suitable and non-limiting examples of such compositions may include, but are not limited to, […]. Shower gel compositions, body lotion compositions, sunscreen compositions, anti-wrinkle compositions, moisturizing compositions, facial cleansing compositions, lipstick compositions, lip gloss compositions, mascara compositions, foundation compositions, antiperspirant compositions, shaving compositions, hair conditioning compositions, antiperspirant compositions, deodorant compositions, hair rinse compositions, shampoo compositions, hair styling compositions, makeup remover compositions, or oral care compositions.

[0094] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the personal care composition is an aqueous or non-aqueous formulation in the form of a spray, lotion, mousse, fluid, serum, solution, suspension, perm solution, emulsion, gel, mist, vesicle, dispersion, ointment, cream, stick, shampoo, ointment, wipes, emulsion, foam, jelly, or liquid.

[0095] Another aspect of this disclosure provides agricultural compositions comprising the slurry compositions of this disclosure.

[0096] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the agricultural composition comprises, based on the total weight of the agricultural composition, the amounts ranging from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, or about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, or 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, or about 15 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 20 wt% to about 25 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 30 wt%, or about 30 wt% to about 35 wt%, or about 35 wt%. The slurry comprises approximately 40% by weight, or approximately 40% by weight to approximately 45% by weight, or approximately 45% by weight to approximately 50% by weight, or approximately 50% by weight to approximately 55% by weight, or approximately 55% by weight to approximately 60% by weight, or approximately 60% by weight to approximately 65% ​​by weight, or approximately 65% ​​by weight to approximately 70% by weight, or approximately 70% by weight to approximately 75% by weight, or approximately 75% by weight to approximately 80% by weight, or approximately 80% by weight to approximately 85% by weight, or approximately 85% by weight to approximately 90% by weight, or approximately 90% by weight to approximately 95% by weight.

[0097] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the agricultural composition may further comprise one or more agriculturally active ingredients and one or more additional ingredients. The total amount of the aforementioned ingredients, based on the total weight of the agricultural composition, may range from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, or about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, or about 15 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 20 wt% to about 25 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 30 wt%, or about 30 wt% to about 35 wt%, or about 35 wt% to about 40 wt%, or about 40 wt%. From about 45% by weight, or about 45% by weight to about 50% by weight, or about 50% by weight to about 55% by weight, or about 55% by weight to about 60% by weight, or about 60% by weight to about 65% by weight, or about 65% by weight to about 70% by weight, or about 70% by weight to about 75% by weight, or about 75% by weight to about 80% by weight, or about 80% by weight to about 85% by weight, or about 85% by weight to about 90% by weight, or about 90% by weight to about 95% by weight, or about 95% by weight to about 99.9% by weight.

[0098] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, one or more agriculturally active ingredients used in the agricultural compositions of this disclosure include fertilizers or pesticides. Suitable and non-limiting examples of such fertilizers or pesticides may include, but are not limited to, rodenticides, miticides, algaecides, molluscicides, acaricides, birdicides, insecticides, herbicides, ovicides, fungicides, microbial agents, antibiotics, antibacterial agents, antiviral agents, antifungal agents, antiprotozoal agents, antiparasitic agents, antimicrobial agents, or combinations thereof.

[0099] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, one or more additional ingredients used may include adjuvants or inert ingredients. Suitable examples of adjuvants used in the agricultural compositions of this disclosure may include, but are not limited to, acidifiers, buffers, anti-foam agents, defoaming agents, antitranspirants, dyes and brighteners, compatibilizers, crop oil concentrates, oil surfactants, depositing agents, drift reduction agents, foam markers, feeding stimulants, herbicide safeners, spreaders, extenders, adhesives, suspending agents, gelling agents, synergists, wetting agents, emulsifiers, dispersants, penetrants, tank and equipment cleaners, adjusters, absorbents, water softeners, or combinations thereof. Similarly, suitable examples of inert ingredients used in the agricultural compositions of this disclosure may include, but are not limited to, solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, thickeners, wetting agents, repellents, attractants, compatibilizers, bactericides, antifreeze agents, crystallization inhibitors, colorants, viscous agents, adhesives, preservatives, pH adjusters, clarifying agents, stabilizers, UV stabilizers, or combinations thereof.

[0100] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the agricultural composition is: an adjuvant composition, a fertilizer composition, a nutrient composition, a plant strengthening composition, a seed coating composition, a soil conditioner composition, a livestock composition, a granular composition, a controlled-release composition, a film-coated composition, a pesticide composition selected from the group consisting of ovicides, rodenticides, insecticides, acaricides, algaecides, molluscicides, miticides, birdicides, fungicides, and herbicides, a microbial composition, an antibiotic composition, an antibacterial composition, an antiviral composition, an antifungal composition, an antiprotozoal composition, an antiparasitic composition, a wood preservative composition, or an antimicrobial composition.

[0101] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the agricultural composition is in the form of an aqueous or non-aqueous composition, including capsule suspensions, emulsifiable concentrates, seed treatment emulsions, concentrated water emulsions, microemulsions, suspension emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, flowable concentrates for seed treatment, oil dispersants, suspension concentrates, water-dispersible granules, or wettable powders.

[0102] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a carbon nanotube composition comprising the slurry composition of this disclosure.

[0103] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the carbon nanotube composition comprises, based on the total weight of the carbon nanotube composition of this disclosure, the range being from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, or about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, or 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, or about 15 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 20 wt% to about 25 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 30 wt%, or about 30 wt% to about 35 wt%. The slurry comprises about 35% to about 40% by weight, or about 40% to about 45% by weight, or about 45% to about 50% by weight, or about 50% to about 55% by weight, or about 55% to about 60% by weight, or about 60% to about 65% by weight, or about 65% to about 70% by weight, or about 70% to about 75% by weight, or about 75% to about 80% by weight, or about 80% to about 85% by weight, or about 85% to about 90% by weight, or about 90% to about 95% by weight.

[0104] The carbon nanotube composition disclosed herein further comprises: (i) about 0.01% by weight to about 10.0% by weight of carbon nanotubes; and (ii) at least one solvent.

[0105] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the carbon nanotubes may be selected from the group consisting of: single-walled nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, triple-walled carbon nanotubes, tetra-walled carbon nanotubes, few-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, carbon nanofibers, short nanotubes, carbon particle nanotubes, and combinations thereof.

[0106] In one non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the solvent present in the carbon nanotube composition may be selected from the group consisting of at least one aqueous solvent, alcohols, ketones, ethylene glycols, propylene glycols, amides, pyrrolidones, hydroxy esters, sulfoxides, lactones, anilines, hydrocarbons, halogenated solvents, aromatic solvents, glycol esters, and combinations thereof.

[0107] In another non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure, the solvent may be selected from the group consisting of: water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, butanol, terpineol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl isobutyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-n-propyl ether, propylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol propyl ether, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N-ethylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, γ-butyrolactone, methyl lactate, ethyl lactate, methyl β-methoxyisobutyrate, methyl α-hydroxyisobutyrate, aniline, N-methylaniline, hexane, chloroform, toluene, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), and combinations thereof.

[0108] The reactions and compositions disclosed herein can be analyzed using known techniques. Particularly preferred are… 13 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography (LC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques were used to determine identity, residual monomer concentration, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution.

[0109] Furthermore, certain aspects of this disclosure are described in detail through the following embodiments. The embodiments given herein are intended to illustrate the application and not to limit it.

[0110] Example Example A: Grafting maleic anhydride onto natural oil Example A1: Grafting maleic anhydride into soybean oil 600 g of soybean oil (SBO) and 204 g (3 molar equivalents of SBO) of maleic anhydride were added to a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen sparge adapter, and mechanical stirrer. The mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 15 minutes at room temperature, then slowly heated to 210 °C and maintained at 210 °C for 6 to 8 hours. NMR indicated the reaction was complete, and LC showed that the residual maleic anhydride was less than 0.5%.

[0111] Example A2: Grafting maleic anhydride into palm oil 100 g of palm oil and 23 g (2 molar equivalents relative to palm oil) of maleic anhydride were added to a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen bubbling adapter, and mechanical stirrer. The mixture was bubbled under nitrogen at room temperature for 15 minutes, then slowly heated to 210 °C and maintained at 210 °C for 8 to 10 hours. The amber-colored viscous product was characterized by NMR, and LC showed that the residual maleic anhydride was <1%. Yield >96%.

[0112] Example A3: Grafting maleic anhydride onto scallop oil 100 g of senna oil and 22.2 g (2 molar equivalents relative to senna oil) of maleic anhydride were added to a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen bubbling adapter, and mechanical stirrer. The mixture was bubbled under nitrogen at room temperature for 15 minutes, then slowly heated to 210 °C and maintained at 210 °C for 8 to 10 hours. The amber-colored viscous product was characterized by NMR, and LC showed that the residual maleic anhydride was <1%. Yield >96%.

[0113] Example A4: Grafting maleic anhydride into sunflower seed oil 100 g of sunflower oil and 22.4 g (2 molar equivalents relative to palm oil) of maleic anhydride were added to a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen bubbling adapter, and mechanical stirrer. The mixture was bubbled under nitrogen at room temperature for 15 minutes, then slowly heated to 210 °C and maintained at 210 °C for 8 to 10 hours. The amber-colored viscous product was characterized by NMR, and LC showed that the residual maleic anhydride was <1%. Yield >96%.

[0114] Example A5: Grafting maleic anhydride onto castor oil 100 g of castor oil and 21 g (2 molar equivalents relative to castor oil) of maleic anhydride were added to a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen bubbling adapter, and mechanical stirrer. The mixture was bubbled under nitrogen at room temperature for 15 minutes, then slowly heated to 210 °C and maintained at 210 °C for 8 to 10 hours. The amber-colored viscous product was characterized by NMR, and LC showed that the residual maleic anhydride was <1%. Yield >96%.

[0115] Example B: Salt from Malayan natural oil Example B1: Preparation of sodium salt of maleated soybean oil using aqueous sodium hydroxide solution In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 100 g of the product from maleic reaction A1 was heated to 90 °C, and after 1 hour, a mixture of 20.20 g (3 molar equivalents of soybean oil) of 50% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and 70 g of water was added, controlling the bubbling. After the addition was complete, the mixture was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 70% by weight of solids and was characterized by IR and NMR. Yield >96%.

[0116] Example B2: Preparation of sodium salt of maleated palm oil using aqueous sodium hydroxide solution In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 123 g of the product from maleic reaction A2 was heated to 90 °C, and after 1 hour, a mixture of 18.04 g (2 molar equivalents relative to palm oil) of a 50% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and 45 g of water was added, controlling the bubbling. After the addition was complete, the mixture was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 70% by weight of solids and was characterized by IR and NMR. Yield >96%.

[0117] Example B3: Preparation of sodium salt of maleic cauliflower oil using aqueous sodium hydroxide solution In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 123 g of the product from maleic reaction A3 was heated to 90 °C, and after 1 hour, a mixture of 18.25 g (equivalent to 2 molar amounts of senna oil) of 50% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and 45 g of water was added, controlling the bubbling. After the addition was complete, the mixture was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 70% by weight of solids and was characterized by IR and NMR. Yield >96%.

[0118] Example B4: Preparation of sodium salt of maleic sunflower seed oil using aqueous sodium hydroxide solution In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 123 g of the product from maleic reaction A4 was heated to 90 °C, and after 1 hour, a mixture of 18.26 g (equivalent to 2 molar amounts of sunflower oil) of a 50% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and 45 g of water was added, controlling the bubbling. After the addition was complete, the mixture was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 70% by weight of solids and was characterized by IR and NMR. Yield >96%.

[0119] Example B5: Preparation of sodium salt of maleic castor oil using aqueous sodium hydroxide solution In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 123 g of the product from maleic reaction A5 was heated to 90 °C, and after 1 hour, a mixture of 17.15 g (2 molar equivalents relative to castor oil) of a 50% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and 45 g of water was added, controlling the bubbling. After the addition was complete, the mixture was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 70% by weight of solids and was characterized by IR and NMR. Yield >96%.

[0120] Example C1: Preparation of sodium salts for maleated soybean oil using sodium carbonate In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 100 g of the product from maleic reaction A1 was heated to 90 °C, and after 3 hours, 27.86 g (3 molar equivalents of soybean oil) of sodium carbonate dissolved in 85 g of water was added, controlling foam formation. The reaction was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 56% by weight of solids and was characterized by IR spectroscopy. Yield >96%.

[0121] Example D: Sodium and calcium salts of Malaysian natural oils Example D1: Preparation of sodium-calcium salts of Malaysian soybean oil using calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate (7:3 ratio) In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 100 g of the product from maleic reaction A1 was heated to 90 °C, and after 3 hours, a mixture of 8.36 g (0.9 mol equivalents relative to soybean oil) of sodium carbonate and 17.8 g (2.1 mol equivalents relative to soybean oil) dissolved in 85 g of water was added, controlling foam formation. The reaction was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 60% by weight of solids and was characterized by IR spectroscopy. Yield >96%.

[0122] Example D2: Preparation of sodium-calcium salts of Malaysian palm oil using calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate (7:3 ratio) In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 122 g of the product from maleic reaction A2 was heated to 90 °C and, after 3 hours, a mixture of 11.55 g (0.9 mol equivalents relative to palm oil) of sodium carbonate and 24.6 g (2.1 mol equivalents relative to palm oil) dissolved in 122 g of water was added, controlling foam formation. The reaction was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 60% by weight of solids and was characterized by IR spectroscopy. Yield >96%.

[0123] Example D3: Preparation of sodium-calcium salts of Malayan chard oil using calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate (7:3 ratio) In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 122 g of the product from maleic reaction A3 was heated to 90 °C and, after 3 hours, a mixture of 11.3 g (0.9 mol equivalents relative to cauliflower oil) of sodium carbonate and 24 g (2.1 mol equivalents relative to cauliflower oil) dissolved in 122 g of water was added, controlling foam formation. The reaction was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 60% by weight of solids and was characterized by IR spectroscopy. Yield >96%.

[0124] Example D4: Preparation of sodium-calcium salts of Malaysian sunflower seed oil using calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate (7:3 ratio) In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 122 g of the product from maleic reaction A4 was heated to 90 °C, and after 3 hours, a mixture of 11.55 g (relative to 0.9 mol equivalents of sunflower oil) of sodium carbonate and 24.6 g (relative to 2.1 mol equivalents of sunflower oil) of calcium carbonate dissolved in 122 g of water was added, controlling foam formation. The reaction was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 60 wt% solids and was characterized by IR spectroscopy. Yield >96%.

[0125] Example D5: Preparation of sodium-calcium salts of maleic castor oil using calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate (7:3 ratio) In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 122 g of the product from maleic reaction A5 was heated to 90 °C, and after 3 hours, a mixture of 10.6 g (0.9 mol equivalents relative to castor oil) of sodium carbonate and 22.5 g (2.1 mol equivalents relative to castor oil) of calcium carbonate dissolved in 122 g of water was added, controlling foam formation. The reaction was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 60 wt% solids and was characterized by IR spectroscopy. Yield >96%.

[0126] Example E1: Preparation of calcium salts for maleated soybean oil using calcium carbonate In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 100 g of the product from maleic reaction A1 was heated to 90 °C, and after 3 hours, a solution of 25.5 g (3 molar equivalents of soybean oil) of calcium carbonate in 85 g of water was added, controlling foam formation. The reaction was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 60% by weight of solids and was characterized by IR spectroscopy. Yield >96%.

[0127] Example F1: Preparation of sodium salt of maleated soybean oil using aqueous sodium hydroxide solution In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purging adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 123 g of the product from maleic reaction A1 was heated to 90 °C, and after 1 hour, a mixture of 9.04 g (2 molar equivalents of soybean oil) of 50% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and 80 g of water was added, controlling bubbling. After the addition was complete, the mixture was maintained at 90 °C for 3 hours. The product contained 70% by weight of solids and was characterized by IR and NMR. Yield >96%.

[0128] Example F2: Sodium and diethanolamine salts of Malaysian soybean oil In a 1 L four-necked flask equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen adapter, and mechanical stirrer, 150 g of maleic soybean oil prepared according to Example A1 and 150 g of water were heated to 90°C and maintained for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to 60°C, and 15.1 g (1 molar equivalent relative to MSBO) of diethanolamine diluted in 150 g of water was added over 30 to 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was maintained at 60°C for 4 to 6 hours. 9.5 g (0.9 molar equivalent relative to MSBO) of a 50% by weight aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was added over 15 minutes to neutralize the viscous two-phase mixture, and the mixture was maintained at 60°C for 1 to 2 hours. The amber-colored viscous product was characterized by NMR and IR. Yield >96%.

[0129] Example G: Preparation of a toothpaste composition containing silica and titanium dioxide slurry Toothpaste compositions were prepared using methods and equipment commonly used by those skilled in the art. Tables 1 and 2 detail the compositions prepared, including a list of the ingredients used and their weight proportions. In a typical method, a tooth gel phase (containing the toothpaste rheology-modified gum in the toothpaste liquid phase) was first prepared. Subsequently, the remaining ingredients were mixed in a dual planetary mixer under a vacuum of at least 28 inches of mercury. By dissolving these ingredients in the gel phase and then vacuum-processing in a dual planetary mixer, a toothpaste composition comprising the sodium salt of maleic soybean oil or the Gantrez™ S-97 p (MVE / MA) copolymer of Example B1 was prepared. The essential oil / fragrance mixture used in this example consisted of 8.34 wt% 4-isopropylm-methylphenol (IPMP), 25.00 wt% eugenol, 25.00 wt% eucalyptol, and 41.66 wt% peppermint oil.

[0130] Table 1: Toothpaste compositions containing essential oils Table 2. Toothpaste compositions containing triclosan

[0131] Example H: Retention of essential oils and triclosan on artificial teeth Prior to treatment, sintered calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (HAP) sheets were placed in a 1% mucin / electrolyte solution (“artificial saliva”) and treated overnight at 37°C to form a mucin film layer on the sheet surface. A 1:1 slurry of the toothpaste composition of Example G was prepared in deionized water and centrifuged at 4,500 × g for 45 minutes to prepare a toothpaste supernatant. The supernatant layer was poured off the top of the centrifuge tube and used as is.

[0132] A single membrane-coated HAP sheet (“artificial tooth”) was placed in a culture tube containing toothpaste supernatant and treated with shaking in a test tube shaker at 37°C for 30 minutes. The treated sheet was then thoroughly rinsed in deionized water, placed in a new culture tube containing artificial saliva, and further subjected to vigorous shaking in a test tube shaker at 37°C for 1 hour. The sheet was then removed from the artificial saliva, rinsed with deionized water, and the target compound was extracted from the sheet using a known weight of an organic solvent capable of dissolving the target compound. The concentration of the compound in the solvent extract was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The given error range is the standard deviation.

[0133] As can be clearly seen from Table 3, the slurry composition of this disclosure improves the retention of essential oils / fragrances on film-coated HAP sheets (“artificial teeth”).

[0134] Table 3: Retention of essential oils on membrane-coated HAP sheets

[0135] As can be seen from Table 4, the slurry composition of this disclosure improves the retention of triclosan on film-coated HAP sheets (“artificial teeth”).

[0136] Table 4. Retention of triclosan on membrane-coated HAP tablets

[0137] Example I: Preparation of water-based carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion The aqueous carbon nanotube dispersion of this embodiment was prepared using sodium salt of maleic soybean oil and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (Ambergum™ 1221, Ashland) in different weight ratios as dispersants. In typical experiments, the dispersant (0.25 g) of Example B1 was completely dissolved in 49.5 g of distilled water at 5°C to 35°C, and stirred at 200 to 1000 rpm for approximately 1 to 8 hours using a top stirrer until no visible particles were observed. Carbon nanotubes (JiangSuCnano, 0.25 g) were added to the aqueous mixture, and the mixture in a sealed container was shaken by hand for 30 seconds, followed by placing the container in an ultrasonic bath for 15 minutes. The container was then transferred to an ultrasonic mixer and sonicated for approximately 2 to 4 hours using a cooling water bath for temperature control. The container was then removed from the ultrasonic mixer and allowed to cool.

[0138] Example J: Analysis of water-based carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersions The particle size distribution and resistivity of water-based CNT dispersions prepared according to Example I using different proportions of the dispersant from Example B1 and carboxymethyl cellulose CMC (Ambergum™ 1221, Ashland) were analyzed. As shown in Table 5, the dispersant from Example B1 improved the particle size distribution and resistivity of the CNT dispersions compared to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).

[0139] Table 5. Characteristics of CNT dispersions using the dispersant of Example B1

[0140] Example K: Coating containing a slurry of titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, talc, and clay. Paints comprising sodium salts of maleic soybean oil (Example B1) or Indofil 731 as dispersants were prepared using methods and equipment commonly used by those skilled in the art. Table 6 details the prepared compositions. Table 7 presents the performance data.

[0141] Table 6: Paint compositions containing slurries of TiO2, CaCO3, talc, and clay

[0142] Table 7: Properties of paint compositions containing slurries of TiO2, CaCO3, talc, and clay

[0143] Example L: Preparation of ceramic slurry and characterization of spacers Ashland Soteras™ CCS-A and deionized water were mixed at 900 rpm for several minutes. Ceramic particles were added, and the slurry was mixed at 1500 rpm for 1 hour. A 10% by weight aqueous solution of Soteras™ CCS-B was added dropper, and the slurry was mixed for 5 minutes. A 10% by weight aqueous solution of dispersant F2 from Example F2 was added dropper to the slurry, and the slurry was further mixed for 30 minutes. Ambergum™ 1221 (Ashland, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware) was used as a control dispersant.

[0144] The viscosity of the slurry was measured at 25°C using an LV Brookfield viscometer. The viscosity of the slurry was reduced by adding a dispersant.

[0145] Using a scraper, spread the slurry onto the polyolefin separator film to form a smooth, uniform ceramic coating. Cur the coated film in an oven at 60°C for 1 minute. Remove the cured film from the oven and allow it to cool to room temperature.

[0146] Gurley porosity test: The air permeability of coated polyolefin films and uncoated films was measured using a Gurley apparatus. The Gurley value represents the time required for 100 mL of air to pass through a spacer of a specific area. The time difference between the coated film (which typically takes longer) and the blank uncoated polyolefin film was measured.

[0147] The Gurley porosity of the ceramic-coated spacers was measured using a Gurley permeability tester from TMI Machine, Inc. (Newcastle, Delaware). Gurley increment results are expressed as a percentage (%). Ideally, the Gurley increment result should be unchanged (0%) compared to the Gurley porosity measurement result on a blank polyolefin substrate.

[0148] Heat shrinkage rate: The ceramic-coated spacers were heated in a 150°C convection oven for 1 hour. After 1 hour, the square spacers were inspected, and the thermal shrinkage rate was measured. A lower shrinkage rate indicates a better result.

[0149] The viscosity, Gurley increment, and thermal shrinkage of the slurry were tested, and the results are listed in Table 8. These better-than-expected performance characteristics demonstrate the high application value of ceramic-coated separators in the field of lithium-ion batteries.

[0150] Table 8. Slurries based on boehmite APYRAL® AOH 60 (Nabaltec AG, Germany):

[0151] Although the compositions and methods of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concepts have been described in conjunction with specific aspects, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variations may be made to the compositions and / or methods described herein, as well as the steps or sequence of steps of the methods, without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concepts. All such similar substitutions and modifications that are obvious to those skilled in the art are considered to fall within the spirit, scope, and concept of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concepts.

Claims

1. A slurry composition comprising: (i) the reaction products of the following: (a) masametic natural oil, including natural oil having masametic functional groups; and (b) base; (ii) at least one dispersed particle; and (iii) At least one solvent.

2. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the reaction product comprises maleic functional groups that react completely or partially with the alkali.

3. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the alkali is selected from the group consisting of inorganic alkalis, organic alkalis, and mixtures thereof.

4. The slurry composition of claim 3, wherein the inorganic alkali is selected from the group consisting of: oxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, carbonates of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, bicarbonates of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, oxides of transition metals, hydroxides of transition metals, carbonates of transition metals, bicarbonates of transition metals, and combinations thereof.

5. The slurry composition of claim 4, wherein the organic base is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, pyridine, imidazole, benzimidazole, histidine, guanidine, and mixtures thereof.

6. The slurry composition of claim 4, wherein the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, and mixtures thereof.

7. The slurry composition of claim 4, wherein the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, and mixtures thereof.

8. The slurry composition of claim 4, wherein the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of: scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, , , , , , , , , , and mixtures thereof.

9. The slurry composition of claim 4, wherein the inorganic base is selected from the group consisting of sodium, calcium oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates, and combinations thereof.

10. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the Malaysian natural oil is selected from the group consisting of: Malaysian avocado oil, Malaysian coconut oil, Malaysian corn oil, Malaysian cottonseed oil, Malaysian jojoba oil, Malaysian flaxseed oil, Malaysian nut oil, Malaysian olive oil, Malaysian palm oil, Malaysian raisin oil, Malaysian rapeseed oil, Malaysian safflower oil, Malaysian sesame oil, Malaysian soybean oil, Malaysian pumpkin oil, Malaysian sunflower seed oil, Malaysian almond oil, Malaysian canola oil, Malaysian flaxseed oil, Malaysian grapeseed oil, Malaysian palm kernel oil, Malaysian peanut oil, Malaysian walnut oil, Malaysian chickpea oil, Malaysian perilla oil, and mixtures thereof.

11. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the Malay natural oil is Malay soybean oil.

12. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the reaction product comprises one or more structures selected from the group consisting of: and their combinations.

13. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the dispersed particles are selected from the group consisting of: alumina, alumina hydroxide, SiO2, BaSO4, TiO2, SnO2, CeO2, ZrO2, BaTiO3, Y2O3, B2O3, carbon nanotubes, ZnO, aluminum-doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO), and combinations thereof.

14. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the dispersed particles are in powder form.

15. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the dispersed particles have a particle size distribution (d50) ranging from 0.05 µm to 50 µm.

16. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of at least one aqueous solvent, alcohols, phenols, acetates, ketones, ethylene glycols, propylene glycols, amides, pyrrolidones, hydroxy esters, sulfoxides, lactones, anilines, hydrocarbons, halogenated solvents, aromatic solvents, glycol esters, and combinations thereof.

17. The slurry composition of claim 16, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of: water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, butanol, terpineol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl isobutyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-n-propyl ether, propylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol propyl ether, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N-ethylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, γ-butyrolactone, methyl lactate, ethyl lactate, methyl β-methoxyisobutyrate, methyl α-hydroxyisobutyrate, aniline, N-methylaniline, hexane, chloroform, toluene, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), acetoacetate, and combinations thereof.

18. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises at least one functional ingredient selected from the group consisting of: skin care agents, oral care agents, hair care agents, energy preparations, building preparations, biocides, preservatives, nutritional supplements, food preparations, agricultural preparations, coating preparations, cosmetic preparations, home care agents, industrial and institutional preparations, textile preparations, laundry detergents, cleaning agents, inorganic particles of ceramic compositions, and disinfectants.

19. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the slurry composition is selected from the group consisting of: agricultural compositions, biocidal compositions, ceramic slurry compositions, cleaning compositions, coating compositions, cosmetic compositions, building compositions, disinfectant compositions, energy compositions, food compositions, hair care compositions, skin care compositions, nail care compositions, sun protection compositions, home care compositions, industrial and institutional compositions, laundry compositions, nutritional and health care compositions, oral care compositions, nutritional and health care compositions, preservative compositions, textile compositions, carbon nanotube compositions, battery pack compositions, and ceramic-coated separators for battery packs.

20. The slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the slurry composition is a personal care composition, a coating composition, a food composition, an agricultural composition, or a carbon nanotube composition.

21. A ceramic-coated spacer for an energy storage device, comprising: (i) the slurry composition of claim 1, wherein the slurry composition is a ceramic slurry composition; and (ii) a spacer, wherein the ceramic slurry composition provides a coating in contact with at least a portion of the spacer.

22. The ceramic-coated spacer of claim 21, wherein the ceramic slurry composition is coated on at least one surface of the spacer to form a coating thereon.

23. The ceramic-coated spacer of claim 21, wherein the spacer comprises a polyolefin.

24. The ceramic-coated spacer of claim 23, wherein the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, and combinations thereof.

25. The ceramic-coated spacer of claim 21, wherein the spacer has undergone at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of: corona treatment, atmospheric plasma treatment, flame plasma treatment, chemical plasma treatment, ozone treatment, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) treatment, and polydopamine treatment.

26. The ceramic-coated spacer of claim 21, wherein the coating is uniformly distributed on the spacer.

27. The ceramic-coated spacer of claim 21, wherein the average thickness of the coating ranges from about 1 to about 5 μm.

28. An energy storage device comprising the ceramic-coated separator of claim 21, wherein the energy storage device is selected from the group consisting of a fuel cell, an electrochemical cell, a battery pack, and a capacitor.

29. A battery pack comprising the ceramic-coated separator of claim 21.

30. A battery pack comprising: (i) at least one ceramic-coated separator as claimed in claim 21; (ii) at least one cathode; and (iii) at least one anode.

31. A coating composition comprising the slurry of claim 1.

32. The coating composition of claim 31, wherein the slurry comprises in the range of about 0.1% by weight to about 95.0% by weight of the composition.

33. The coating composition of claim 31, further comprising at least one additive in the range of 0.01% by weight to 99.9% by weight.

34. The coating composition of claim 33, wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of: film-forming polymers, coalescing agents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, rheology modifiers, cosolvents, dispersants, defoamers, wet edge additives, wetting agents, humectants, waxes, colorants, thickeners, anti-caking agents, antifoaming agents, UV absorbers, antifreeze agents, gel inhibitors, preservatives, hydrophobic agents, adhesion promoters, biocides, antioxidants, pigments, and plasticizers.

35. The coating composition of claim 31, wherein the coating composition is an aqueous or non-aqueous composition for use in paints, primers, inkjet printing, topcoats, varnishes, architectural coatings, wood coatings, printing inks, or metallic or non-metallic coatings.

36. The coating composition of claim 31, wherein the composition is coated on a substrate selected from the group consisting of: porous and non-porous substrates, paper, nonwoven materials, textiles, leather, wood, concrete, masonry, metals, non-metals, roofing membranes, building materials, fiberglass, polymer products, masks, medical drapes and surgical gowns, carpets, interior furnishings, tents, awnings, airbags, fabrics, ceramics, yarns, and woven, knitted, natural, synthetic or recycled substrates.

37. A personal care composition comprising the paste of claim 1.

38. The personal care composition of claim 37, wherein the paste is present in an amount of about 0.1% by weight to about 95.0% by weight of the personal care composition.

39. The personal care composition of claim 37, wherein the personal care composition further comprises at least one personal care functional active ingredient in the range of about 0.01% by weight to about 99.9% by weight.

40. The personal care composition of claim 39, wherein the personal care functional active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of colorants, hair care agents, skin care agents, sunscreens, and combinations thereof.

41. The personal care composition of claim 37, wherein the personal care composition is selected from the group consisting of: shower gel composition, body lotion composition, sunscreen composition, anti-wrinkle composition, moisturizing composition, facial cleanser composition, lipstick composition, lip gloss composition, mascara composition, foundation composition, antiperspirant composition, shaving composition, hair conditioning composition, antiperspirant composition, deodorant composition, hair rinse composition, shampoo composition, hair styling composition, makeup remover composition, and oral care composition.

42. The personal care composition of claim 37, wherein the personal care composition is an aqueous or non-aqueous formulation in the form of a spray, lotion, mousse, fluid, serum, solution, suspension, perm agent, emulsion, gel, mist, vesicle, dispersion, ointment, cream, stick, shampoo, ointment, wipes, emulsion, foam, gel, or liquid.

43. An agricultural composition comprising the slurry of claim 1.

44. The agricultural composition of claim 43, wherein the slurry is present in the range of about 0.1% by weight to about 95.0% by weight of the agricultural composition.

45. The agricultural composition of claim 43, wherein the agricultural composition further comprises about 0.01% by weight to about 99.9% by weight of one or more agriculturally active ingredients and one or more additional ingredients.

46. ​​The agricultural composition of claim 45, wherein the agricultural active ingredient is a fertilizer or pesticide selected from the group consisting of: rodenticides, acaricides, algaecides, molluscicides, miticides, birdicides, insecticides, herbicides, ovicides, fungicides, microbial agents, antibiotics, antibacterial agents, antiviral agents, antifungal agents, antiprotozoal agents, antiparasitic agents, and antimicrobial agents.

47. The agricultural composition of claim 45, wherein the additional ingredient is an adjuvant or an inert ingredient.

48. The agricultural composition of claim 47, wherein the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of: acidifiers, buffers, defoamers, antifoaming agents, antitranspirants, dyes and brighteners, compatibilizers, crop oil concentrates, oil surfactants, depositing agents, drift reducing agents, foam markers, attractants, herbicide safeners, spreading agents, delaying agents, adhesives, suspending agents, gelling agents, synergists, wetting agents, emulsifiers, dispersants, penetrants, tank and equipment cleaners, regulators, absorbents, water softeners, and mixtures thereof.

49. The agricultural composition of claim 47, wherein the inert component is selected from the group consisting of: solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, thickeners, wetting agents, insect repellents, attractants, compatibilizers, bactericides, antifreeze agents, crystallization inhibitors, colorants, thickeners, adhesives, preservatives, pH adjusters, clarifying agents, stabilizers, UV stabilizers, and mixtures thereof.

50. The agricultural composition of claim 43, wherein the agricultural composition is: an adjuvant composition, a fertilizer composition, a nutrient composition, a plant strengthening composition, a seed coating composition, a soil conditioner composition, a livestock composition, a granular composition, a controlled-release composition, a film coating composition, a pesticide composition selected from the group consisting of ovicides, rodenticides, insecticides, acaricides, algaecides, molluscicides, miticides, birdicides, fungicides, and herbicides, a microbial composition, an antibiotic composition, an antibacterial composition, an antiviral composition, an antifungal composition, an antiprotozoal composition, an antiparasitic composition, a wood preservative composition, or an antimicrobial composition.

51. The agricultural composition of claim 43, wherein the agricultural composition is in the form of an aqueous or non-aqueous composition, including capsule suspensions, emulsifiable concentrates, seed treatment emulsions, concentrated water emulsions, microemulsions, suspension emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, flowable concentrates for seed treatment, oil dispersants, suspension concentrates, water-dispersible granules, or wettable powders.

52. A carbon nanotube composition comprising the slurry of claim 1.

53. The carbon nanotube composition of claim 52, wherein the slurry is present in an amount of about 0.1% by weight to about 95.0% by weight of the carbon nanotube composition.

54. The carbon nanotube composition of claim 52, wherein the carbon nanotube composition further comprises: about 0.01% by weight to about 10.0% by weight of carbon nanotubes; and a solvent.

55. The carbon nanotube composition of claim 54, wherein the carbon nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of: single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, triple-walled carbon nanotubes, tetra-walled carbon nanotubes, few-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, carbon nanofibers, short nanotubes, carbon particle nanotubes, and combinations thereof.

56. The carbon nanotube composition of claim 54, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of at least one aqueous solvent, alcohols, ketones, ethylene glycols, propylene glycols, amides, pyrrolidones, hydroxy esters, sulfoxides, lactones, anilines, hydrocarbons, halogenated solvents, aromatic solvents, glycol esters, and combinations thereof.

57. The carbon nanotube composition of claim 54, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of: water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, butanol, terpineol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl isobutyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-n-propyl ether, propylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol propyl ether, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N-ethylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, γ-butyrolactone, methyl lactate, ethyl lactate, methyl β-methoxyisobutyrate, methyl α-hydroxyisobutyrate, aniline, N-methylaniline, hexane, chloroform, toluene, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), and combinations thereof.

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