An oil tank thermal management device for high load transformers

Abstract

This invention discloses a thermal management device for an oil tank in a high-load transformer, comprising a transformer body, an oil tank, a slag removal mechanism, and a circulating cooling mechanism. The oil tank is fixedly installed on the transformer body, the slag removal mechanism is installed on the oil tank, and the circulating cooling mechanism is installed between the oil tank and the transformer body. A temperature sensor is fixedly installed inside the transformer body and connected to the transformer control terminal. This invention utilizes an activated carbon adsorption filter to remove fine particles and aging products from the cooled oil before it flows back to the oil tank, forming a closed-loop cooling circuit. Simultaneously, a drive motor rotates an electromagnetic roller, whose magnetic field attracts metal debris from the hot oil to its surface. A scraper then scrapes the metal debris into a filter box, where a filter screen performs secondary filtration before the oil flows back to the oil tank. This achieves the separation of metallic and non-metallic impurities, effectively extending the filter element's lifespan and reducing maintenance frequency.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of transformer thermal management technology, and more specifically, to a tank thermal management device for high-load transformers. Background Technology

[0002] As a core piece of equipment in the power system, the stability of the operation of high-load transformers is directly related to the safety of the power grid and the reliability of power supply.

[0003] However, during the operation of high-load transformers, the hot oil circulation system inside the tank plays a crucial role in heat transfer and dissipation. But over a long period of operation, the aging of the insulation materials inside the transformer, the wear of metal parts, and the intrusion of external impurities will generate impurities such as sludge, metal debris, and carbonized particles in the hot oil circulation path. These impurities will accumulate in the tank with the circulation of hot oil, which will not only block the pipes and channels of hot oil circulation, reduce the flow efficiency of hot oil, and affect the timely transfer of heat, but also form high-temperature areas in some areas, accelerate the aging of insulation materials, and may even cause partial discharge faults.

[0004] Traditional hot oil circulation systems typically only have basic filtration functions, with a single type of filter mechanism for non-metallic materials. However, metallic impurities are mostly hard particles, and if they are mixed with non-metallic impurities for filtration, the pores of the non-metallic impurity filter element will be blocked more quickly, significantly shortening its service life. At the same time, there is a lack of an active mechanism for removing impurities, which leads to the continuous accumulation of impurities in the system, posing a threat to the safe and stable operation of the transformer. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a tank thermal management device that can reduce the number of maintenance operations, extend the operating cycle, and improve operational stability to meet the requirements of long-term safe and stable operation of high-load transformers. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the problems existing in the prior art, the purpose of this invention is to provide a thermal management device for oil tanks of high-load transformers, which solves the technical problems of short filter life and lack of active impurity removal mechanism caused by the mixed filtration of metal and non-metal impurities in traditional hot oil circulation systems.

[0006] To solve the above problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solution.

[0007] A thermal management device for an oil tank of a high-load transformer includes a transformer body, an oil tank, a slag removal mechanism, and a circulating cooling mechanism. The oil tank is fixedly installed on the transformer body, the slag removal mechanism is installed on the oil tank, and the circulating cooling mechanism is installed between the oil tank and the transformer body. A temperature sensor is fixedly installed inside the transformer body and connected to a transformer control terminal. A cooling fan is provided on one side of the transformer body.

[0008] The oil tank is internally equipped with an outer pipe, an inner filter cylinder, an inner blade, a rotating joint, and an inner tube. One end of the outer pipe passes through and is fixedly connected to the inside of the oil tank. One end of the rotating joint is fixedly connected to the end of the outer pipe. One end of the inner tube is fixedly connected to the other end of the rotating joint. The inner blade is fixedly installed inside the port of the inner tube. The other end of the inner filter cylinder is sleeved and rotatably installed to the outside of the outer pipe. The outside of the inner filter cylinder is fixedly connected with scrapers arranged at equal intervals. The inside of the inner filter cylinder is fixedly connected to the inner tube.

[0009] The slag removal mechanism includes a fixed cylinder, a drive motor, an electromagnetic roller, a filter box, and a filter screen. The bottom of the fixed cylinder is fixedly connected to the top of the oil tank, and the fixed cylinder and the oil tank are connected. The drive motor is fixedly installed at one end of the fixed cylinder, and the output end of the drive motor passes through and is rotatably connected to the inside of the fixed cylinder. The output end of the drive motor is fixedly connected to one end of the electromagnetic roller through a coupling. The other end of the electromagnetic roller is rotatably connected to the inside of the fixed cylinder. The filter box is fixedly installed on one side of the fixed cylinder and is connected to it. The filter box has a vertically arranged scraper inside, and the end of the scraper contacts and engages with the outer side of the electromagnetic roller. The bottom of the filter box is connected to the oil tank. The filter screen is fixedly installed inside the filter box.

[0010] The oil tank is equipped with a third cylinder, the bottom of which is connected to the oil tank. A circular tube is rotatably connected inside the third cylinder. The outer side of the circular tube is equipped with uniformly distributed adsorption heads. The adsorption heads extend into the interior of the oil tank. One end of the circular tube passes through and is rotatably connected to the outer side of the third cylinder and is rotatably connected to the external negative pressure adsorption equipment pipeline.

[0011] As a further description of the above technical solution: the circulating cooling mechanism includes a circulating pump, an inlet pipe, and a threaded heat exchange pipe. The circulating pump is fixedly installed on the transformer body. The input end of the circulating pump is connected and fixedly connected to one end of the external pipe. The output end of the circulating pump is connected and fixedly connected to the inlet pipe. The other end of the inlet pipe passes through and is fixedly connected to the interior of the transformer body. One end of the threaded heat exchange pipe passes through and is fixedly connected to the bottom of the inner side of the transformer body. The top end of the threaded heat exchange pipe passes through and is fixedly connected to the interior of the oil tank. The cooling fan is located below the threaded heat exchange pipe. An activated carbon adsorption filter is provided between the top end of the threaded heat exchange pipe and the oil tank.

[0012] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of this invention are:

[0013] (1) In this solution, after the cooled oil is filtered by an activated carbon adsorption filter to remove small particles and aging products, it is returned to the oil tank to form a closed-loop cooling circuit. At the same time, the drive motor drives the electromagnetic roller to rotate. The magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic roller adsorbs metal debris in the hot oil onto its surface. The scraper scrapes the metal debris into the filter box. The filter screen plate performs secondary filtration on the oil and then returns it to the oil tank, thus achieving the separation of metal impurities and non-metal impurities, effectively extending the service life of the filter element and reducing the frequency of maintenance.

[0014] (2) This scheme monitors the oil temperature change inside the transformer body in real time through temperature sensors and feeds the data back to the transformer control terminal. When the detected temperature exceeds the preset threshold, the control terminal automatically starts the circulating pump and cooling fan to enhance the circulation flow and heat dissipation intensity of the cooling medium, realize the intelligent control of the thermal management system, and ensure that the transformer is always in a safe temperature operating range under high load conditions.

[0015] (3) This scheme significantly increases the contact area between hot oil and pipe wall and the length of heat exchange path through the spiral structure design of the threaded heat exchange tube, so that the hot oil can fully exchange heat with the pipe wall during the rising process. The airflow generated by the cooling fan flows from bottom to top through the outer surface of the threaded heat exchange tube, forming forced convection heat exchange, accelerating the loss of heat to the external environment. The flow equalization hole opened at the bottom of the threaded coil makes the cooled oil evenly distributed at the bottom of the transformer body, avoiding local overcooling or uneven temperature distribution, and improving the uniformity of the overall heat dissipation effect.

[0016] (4) This solution simultaneously keeps the inner surface of the oil tank lower than the highest point of the inner filter cylinder, and starts the external negative pressure adsorption device to adsorb the oil sludge accumulated on the surface of the inner filter cylinder when it rotates through the adsorption head on the circular tube inside the third cylinder. As the inner filter cylinder rotates, its scraper will contact and push the adsorption head to drive the circular tube to rotate, so that the adsorption head continuously switches adsorption. This will not cause operational interference, but will also continuously clean the oil sludge accumulated inside the oil tank, so as to keep the inner wall of the oil tank clean and improve the overall heat dissipation performance. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a frontal cross-sectional view of the present invention.

[0018] Figure 2 for Figure 1 Enlarged schematic diagram of section A in the middle;

[0019] Figure 3 for Figure 1 Enlarged schematic diagram of section B in the middle;

[0020] Figure 4 This is a partial bottom view of the structure of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 5 This is a partial three-dimensional cross-sectional structural diagram of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the side cross-sectional structure of the oil tank of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 7 for Figure 5 Enlarged schematic diagram of section A in the middle;

[0024] Explanation of the labels in the diagram:

[0025] 1. Transformer body; 2. Oil tank; 21. External pipe; 22. Inner filter screen cylinder; 23. Inner blade; 24. Rotary joint; 25. Inner tube; 251. Connecting frame; 26. Scraper; 27. Sunshade cover; 3. Slag removal mechanism; 31. Fixed cylinder; 32. Drive motor; 33. Electromagnetic roller; 34. Filter box; 341. Inspection door; 35. Filter screen plate; 36. Scraper; 4. Circulating cooling mechanism; 41. Circulating pump; 42. Liquid inlet pipe; 421. Threaded coil; 422. Flow equalization hole; 43. Threaded heat exchange tube; 44. Activated carbon adsorption filter; 5. Temperature sensor; 6. Cooling fan; 7. Third cylinder; 8. Round tube; 9. Adsorption head. Detailed Implementation

[0026] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.

[0027] Traditional hot oil circulation systems often only have basic filtration functions and are equipped with a single type of filter mechanism for non-metallic substances. However, metallic impurities are mostly high-hardness particles. If non-metallic impurities are mixed in the filter, the pores of the non-metallic impurity filter element will be blocked more quickly, significantly shortening its service life. Example 1 is proposed to address this problem:

[0028] Please see Figure 1-7 In this invention, a thermal management device for an oil tank of a high-load transformer includes a transformer body 1, an oil tank 2, a slag removal mechanism 3, and a circulating cooling mechanism 4. The oil tank 2 is fixedly installed on the transformer body 1, the slag removal mechanism 3 is installed on the oil tank 2, and the circulating cooling mechanism 4 is installed between the oil tank 2 and the transformer body 1. A temperature sensor 5 is fixedly installed inside the transformer body 1 and is connected to the transformer control terminal. A cooling fan 6 is provided on one side of the transformer body 1.

[0029] The oil tank 2 is rotatably equipped with an outer pipe 21, an inner filter cylinder 22, an inner blade 23, a rotating joint 24, and an inner tube 25. One end of the outer pipe 21 passes through and is fixedly connected to the inside of the oil tank 2. One end of the rotating joint 24 is fixedly connected to the end of the outer pipe 21. One end of the inner tube 25 is fixedly connected to the other end of the rotating joint 24. The inner blade 23 is fixedly installed inside the port of the inner tube 25. The other end of the inner filter cylinder 22 is sleeved and rotatably installed to the outside of the outer pipe 21. Scrapers 26 arranged at equal intervals are fixedly connected to the outside of the inner filter cylinder 22. The inside of the inner filter cylinder 22 is fixedly connected to the inner tube 25.

[0030] The slag removal mechanism 3 includes a fixed cylinder 31, a drive motor 32, an electromagnetic roller 33, a filter box 34, and a filter screen 35. The bottom of the fixed cylinder 31 is fixedly connected to the top of the oil tank 2, and the fixed cylinder 31 and the oil tank 2 are connected. The drive motor 32 is fixedly installed at one end of the fixed cylinder 31. The output end of the drive motor 32 passes through and is sealed to the inside of the fixed cylinder 31. The output end of the drive motor 32 is fixedly connected to one end of the electromagnetic roller 33 through a coupling. The other end of the electromagnetic roller 33 is rotatably connected to the inside of the fixed cylinder 31. The filter box 34 is fixedly installed on one side of the fixed cylinder 31 and is connected to it. The inside of the filter box 34 is provided with a vertically arranged scraper 36. The end of the scraper 36 contacts and cooperates with the outer side of the electromagnetic roller 33. The bottom of the filter box 34 is connected to the oil tank 2. The filter screen 35 is fixedly installed inside the filter box 34.

[0031] The oil tank 2 is equipped with a third cylinder 7, which is connected to the bottom of the oil tank 2. A circular tube 8 is rotatably connected inside the third cylinder 7. The outer side of the circular tube 8 is equipped with uniformly distributed adsorption heads 9, which extend into the interior of the oil tank 2. One end of the circular tube 8 passes through and is rotatably connected to the outer side of the third cylinder 7 and is rotatably connected to the external negative pressure adsorption equipment pipeline.

[0032] The circulating cooling mechanism 4 includes a circulating pump 41, an inlet pipe 42, and a threaded heat exchange pipe 43. The circulating pump 41 is fixedly installed on the transformer body 1. The input end of the circulating pump 41 is connected and fixedly connected to one end of the external pipe 21. The output end of the circulating pump 41 is connected and fixedly connected to the inlet pipe 42. The other end of the inlet pipe 42 passes through and is fixedly connected to the inside of the transformer body 1. The inlet pipe 42 is a threaded coil 421. The bottom of the threaded coil 421 is provided with equally spaced flow equalization holes 422. One end of the threaded heat exchange pipe 43 passes through and is fixedly connected to the bottom of the inside of the transformer body 1. The top end of the threaded heat exchange pipe 43 passes through and is fixedly connected to the inside of the oil tank 2. The cooling fan 6 is located below the threaded heat exchange pipe 43. An activated carbon adsorption filter 44 is provided between the top end of the threaded heat exchange pipe 43 and the oil tank 2.

[0033] In this invention, during use, the hot oil inside the transformer body 1 is extracted by the circulating cooling mechanism 4 and transported to the oil tank 2 for cooling. The circulating pump 41 is started to extract the internal oil through the external pipe 21 and input it into the oil tank 2 to cool the internal components. The internal hot oil is then adsorbed and refluxed through the threaded heat exchange pipe 43, where it dissipates heat and is cooled. During this process, the hot oil first undergoes preliminary filtration through the inner filter cylinder 22. Under the impact force generated by the oil flow, the inner filter cylinder 22 drives the inner blades 23 and the inner pipe 25 to rotate synchronously. The inner filter cylinder 22 divides the interior of the oil tank 2 into two parts, and the reflux... The oil passes through the inner filter cylinder 22 at the bottom to filter metal particles and waste separately. The oil after preliminary filtration passes through the inner filter cylinder 22 and is then adsorbed by the inner tube 25 to continue circulating. As the inner filter cylinder 22 rotates with the inner tube 25, it drives the scraper 26 to move the filtered metal particles and impurities to the electromagnetic roller 33. At the same time, the drive motor 32 is started to drive the electromagnetic roller 33 to rotate and charge the electromagnetic roller 33, thereby adsorbing the metal particles and impurities and achieving cleaning. The adsorbed metal particles are scraped off by the scraper 36 as the electromagnetic roller 33 rotates and fall into the interior of the filter box 34, achieving independent separation of metal impurities.

[0034] Furthermore, during the continued circulation of the oil after the metal impurities have been filtered, the activated carbon adsorption filter 44 independently adsorbs non-metallic impurities and sludge. Under the monitoring of the temperature sensor 5, when the oil temperature exceeds the set temperature, the cooling fan 6 starts the auxiliary threaded heat exchange tube 43 to improve the heat exchange efficiency. At the same time, it keeps the oil level inside the oil tank 2 lower than the highest point of the inner filter cylinder 22. The external negative pressure adsorption device is activated, and the adsorption head 9 on the round tube 8 inside the third cylinder 7 adsorbs the sludge accumulated on the surface of the inner filter cylinder 22 as it rotates. As the inner filter cylinder 22 rotates, its scraper 26 contacts and pushes the adsorption head 9 to drive the round tube 8 to rotate, so that the adsorption head 9 continuously switches adsorption. This avoids operational interference and continuously cleans the sludge accumulated inside the oil tank 2, keeping the inner wall of the oil tank 2 clean and improving the overall heat dissipation performance. This achieves the separation and independent removal of metal and non-metallic impurities, effectively extending the service life of the non-metallic filtration mechanism, reducing the frequency of transformer downtime maintenance, and ensuring the thermal management stability and reliability of the high-load transformer during long-term operation.

[0035] Furthermore, to address the problem of the lack of an active mechanism for removing impurities, which leads to the continuous accumulation of impurities within the system and poses a threat to the safe and stable operation of the transformer, a second embodiment is proposed:

[0036] Please see Figure 1 and Figure 2The oil tank 2 is fixedly connected to a sunshade 27, which is located on the top of the fixed cylinder 31; the horizontal height of the connection between the filter box 34 and the oil tank 2 is lower than that of the connection between the filter box 34 and the fixed cylinder 31; a maintenance door 341 is provided on one side of the filter box 34, and the top of the maintenance door 341 is provided with an L-shaped bend and is fixedly connected to the filter box 34 by bolts.

[0037] The outer side of the scraper 26 slides in contact with the inner wall of the oil tank 2. The scraper 26 is a filter mesh plate. The outer side of the inner tube 25 is fixedly connected to a ring-shaped connecting frame 251. The other end of the connecting frame 251 is fixedly connected to the inner side of the inner filter screen cylinder 22.

[0038] In this invention, by setting the connection between the filter box 34 and the fixed cylinder 31 at a higher position and the connection between the filter box 34 and the oil tank 2 at a lower position, a high-low position structure is formed. This allows the metal particles scraped off by the scraper 36 to naturally settle and accumulate at the bottom of the filter box 34 under gravity, preventing the metal particles from being re-engulfed back into the fixed cylinder 31 by the oil. This ensures effective isolation and collection of metal impurities. At the same time, the L-shaped bending structure design of the inspection door 341, combined with the bolt fixing method, not only ensures the sealing performance of the filter box 34 and prevents oil leakage, but also facilitates maintenance personnel to open and clean it regularly without disassembling the entire slag removal mechanism 3, thus significantly shortening downtime.

[0039] Furthermore, by designing the scraper 26 as a filter mesh plate structure, it not only scrapes off the deposits on the inner wall of the oil tank 2 while rotating with the inner filter cylinder 22, but also has its own filtration function, which performs secondary interception of larger particulate impurities suspended in the oil, thereby improving filtration efficiency. Meanwhile, the annular connecting frame 251 distributed on the outer side of the inner tube 25 effectively enhances the structural connection strength between the inner tube 25 and the inner filter cylinder 22, ensuring that the two maintain synchronous and stable operation under high-speed rotation conditions, effectively avoiding loosening of the connection due to oil impact or vibration, and ensuring the continuous and reliable operation of the hot oil circulation system.

[0040] In addition, the sunshade 27 effectively blocks direct sunlight from hitting the fixed cylinder 31, reducing the ambient temperature at the top of the oil tank 2 and reducing oil temperature fluctuations caused by external heat sources. In conjunction with the temperature sensor 5, it monitors the internal temperature of the transformer body 1 in real time and feeds it back to the control terminal, realizing intelligent linkage control between the cooling fan 6 and the circulating pump 41. The cooling intensity is dynamically adjusted according to the actual heat load, further improving the energy efficiency ratio and response speed of the thermal management system.

[0041] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention; however, the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any equivalent substitutions or modifications made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in the present invention, based on the technical solution and its improved concepts, should be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A thermal management device for an oil tank of a high-load transformer, characterized in that: The transformer body (1), oil tank (2), slag removal mechanism (3), and circulating cooling mechanism (4) are included. The oil tank (2) is fixedly installed on the transformer body (1). The slag removal mechanism (3) is installed on the oil tank (2). The circulating cooling mechanism (4) is installed between the oil tank (2) and the transformer body (1). A temperature sensor (5) is fixedly installed inside the transformer body (1). The temperature sensor (5) is connected to the transformer control terminal. A cooling fan (6) is provided on one side of the transformer body (1). The oil tank (2) is rotatably equipped with an outer pipe (21), an inner filter cylinder (22), an inner blade (23), a rotating joint (24), and an inner tube (25). One end of the outer pipe (21) passes through and is fixedly connected to the inside of the oil tank (2). One end of the rotating joint (24) is fixedly connected to the end of the outer pipe (21). One end of the inner tube (25) is fixedly connected to the other end of the rotating joint (24). The inner blade (23) is fixedly installed inside the port of the inner tube (25). The other end of the inner filter cylinder (22) is sleeved and rotatably installed to the outside of the outer pipe (21). The outer side of the inner filter cylinder (22) is fixedly connected with scrapers (26) arranged at equal intervals. The inner side of the inner filter cylinder (22) is fixedly connected to the inner tube (25). The slag removal mechanism (3) includes a fixed cylinder (31), a drive motor (32), an electromagnetic roller (33), a filter box (34), and a filter screen (35). The bottom of the fixed cylinder (31) is fixedly connected to the top of the oil tank (2), and the fixed cylinder (31) and the oil tank (2) are connected. The drive motor (32) is fixedly installed at one end of the fixed cylinder (31). The output end of the drive motor (32) passes through and is sealed to the inside of the fixed cylinder (31). The output end of the drive motor (32) is connected to the inside of the fixed cylinder (31) through a coupling. One end of the electromagnetic roller (33) is fixedly connected, and the other end of the electromagnetic roller (33) is rotatably connected to the inside of the fixed cylinder (31). The filter box (34) is fixedly installed on one side of the fixed cylinder (31) and communicates with it. The filter box (34) is provided with a vertically arranged scraper (36) inside. The end of the scraper (36) is in contact with the outside of the electromagnetic roller (33). The bottom of the filter box (34) is connected to the oil tank (2). The filter screen plate (35) is fixedly installed inside the filter box (34). The oil tank (2) is provided with a third cylinder (7), the bottom of which is connected to the oil tank (2). A round tube (8) is rotatably connected inside the third cylinder (7). An adsorption head (9) is evenly distributed on the outside of the round tube (8). The adsorption head (9) extends into the inside of the oil tank (2). One end of the round tube (8) passes through and is rotatably connected to the outside of the third cylinder (7) and is rotatably connected to the pipeline of the external negative pressure adsorption equipment.

2. The oil tank thermal management device for a high-load transformer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The circulating cooling mechanism (4) includes a circulating pump (41), an inlet pipe (42), and a threaded heat exchange pipe (43). The circulating pump (41) is fixedly installed on the transformer body (1). The input end of the circulating pump (41) is connected and fixedly connected to one end of the external pipe (21). The output end of the circulating pump (41) is connected and fixedly connected to the inlet pipe (42). The other end of the inlet pipe (42) passes through and is fixedly connected to the inside of the transformer body (1). One end of the threaded heat exchange pipe (43) passes through and is fixedly connected to the bottom of the inside of the transformer body (1). The top end of the threaded heat exchange pipe (43) passes through and is fixedly connected to the inside of the oil tank (2). The cooling fan (6) is located below the threaded heat exchange pipe (43). An activated carbon adsorption filter (44) is provided between the top end of the threaded heat exchange pipe (43) and the oil tank (2).

3. The oil tank thermal management device for a high-load transformer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inlet pipe (42) is a threaded coil (421), and the bottom of the threaded coil (421) is provided with equal-distance flow equalization holes (422).

4. The oil tank thermal management device for a high-load transformer according to claim 1, characterized in that: A sunshade (27) is fixedly connected to the top of the oil tank (2), and the sunshade (27) is located on the top of the fixed cylinder (31).

5. A thermal management device for an oil tank of a high-load transformer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The horizontal height of the connection between the filter box (34) and the oil tank (2) is lower than that of the connection between the filter box (34) and the fixed cylinder (31).

6. A thermal management device for an oil tank of a high-load transformer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The filter box (34) has an inspection door (341) on one side. The top of the inspection door (341) has an L-shaped bend and is fixedly connected to the filter box (34) by bolts.

7. A thermal management device for an oil tank of a high-load transformer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outer side of the scraper (26) slides in contact with the inner wall of the oil tank (2), and the scraper (26) is a filter mesh plate.

8. A thermal management device for an oil tank of a high-load transformer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outer side of the inner tube (25) is fixedly connected to a ring-shaped connecting frame (251), and the other end of the connecting frame (251) is fixedly connected to the inner side of the inner filter cylinder (22).

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