An impact-resistant repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology

Abstract

The application relates to an anti-impact and anti-abrasion repairing material based on a multi-scale fiber coupling technology and belongs to the technical field of engineering material repairing. The anti-impact and anti-abrasion repairing material is composed of cement gel material, aggregate, a four-element multi-scale fiber reinforcing body, admixture, a modified coupling agent, an additive and water; a four-element multi-scale fiber system of "memory alloy fiber-carbon fiber-polyethylene fiber-whisker" is constructed, the four-element multi-scale fiber system is matched with the self-developed modified coupling agent, the interpenetration and lap joint of different scale and different function fibers are utilized to form a synergistic coupling effect, and the characteristics of the modified coupling agent are synergistically strengthened, so that the comprehensive improvement of the impact resistance, the wear resistance, the toughness and the intelligent repairing adaptability of the material is realized, and the efficient repairing and long-term protection problems of cement-based engineering structures under complex impact and abrasion conditions are solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of engineering material repair technology, specifically, it relates to an impact and abrasion resistant repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology. Background Technology

[0002] In the fields of water conservancy and hydropower, mining transportation, and port and waterway engineering, concrete structures such as hydraulic spillway structures (such as dam overflow surfaces, stilling basins, and diversion tunnels), water conveyance channels, tunnels, and port wharves are subjected to the combined effects of high-speed water flow scouring, silt abrasion, cavitation, and freeze-thaw cycles for a long time. They are extremely prone to surface damage, aggregate exposure, spalling, and even structural failure, which seriously threatens the safe operation of the project and significantly shortens the service life of the structure.

[0003] Currently, the technical approaches to solving the problem of impact and abrasion repair at home and abroad are mainly divided into two categories: one is to use ordinary cement-based materials (such as high-strength cement mortar and fine stone concrete) for pouring repair. Although these materials have good compatibility with the original concrete matrix, they have defects such as poor impact toughness, insufficient wear resistance, and slow early strength development, and are prone to damage again under strong impact and abrasion conditions; the other is to use organic composite material coatings (such as polyurea, epoxy mortar, etc.) for surface protection. However, traditional organic coatings generally have problems such as mismatch with the thermal expansion coefficient of cement-based matrix, poor weather resistance, and easy cracking, warping and delamination under high frequency impact and temperature difference. Moreover, they are costly and have poor environmental performance, making it difficult to achieve long-term effective impact and abrasion protection.

[0004] To improve the impact and abrasion resistance of cement-based repair materials, existing technologies are gradually moving towards fiber-reinforced composites. However, several technical bottlenecks remain: First, the fiber systems are often simple or have limited combinations. Existing patents mostly use single-component fibers (such as steel fibers or polypropylene fibers) or two-component fibers (such as steel fibers + polypropylene fibers or carbon fibers + glass fibers) to reinforce cement-based materials. This fails to achieve synergistic optimization of multi-component functional fibers, making it difficult to balance the material's comprehensive performance, including impact resistance, abrasion resistance, toughness, and intelligent repair adaptability. Second, multi-scale design is insufficient. Existing multi-scale fiber-reinforced cement-based materials often focus on the simple superposition of continuous and short fibers, failing to form a cross-linked structure of fibers across the entire "macro-meso-micro" scale, thus failing to fully leverage the multi-scale effect to improve the overall material performance. Third, the coupling effect is not fully utilized. Existing fiber-reinforced cement-based materials rely solely on the single load-bearing or crack-resistant function of fibers, failing to achieve synergistic coupling between different functional fibers.

[0005] Furthermore, current cement-based impact and abrasion-resistant repair materials generally lack intelligent adaptability. When subjected to impact deformation after repair, they cannot adaptively adjust their shape, making them prone to secondary damage due to stress concentration. Therefore, developing an impact and abrasion-resistant repair material with a cement-based matrix, possessing full-scale fiber synergy, multi-effect coupling reinforcement, and intelligent repair adaptability, is key to addressing the pain points of existing technologies and is of great significance for ensuring the long-term safe operation of engineering structures and reducing repair costs. Summary of the Invention

[0006] In order to solve the technical problems mentioned in the background art, the purpose of this invention is to provide an anti-abrasion repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology.

[0007] The objective of this invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions: An impact and abrasion resistant repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology is composed of cement gel material, aggregate, quaternary multi-scale fiber reinforcement, admixture, modified coupling agent, additives and water.

[0008] Furthermore, the cement gel material is a blend of rapid-hardening sulfoaluminate cement and ordinary silicate cement in a weight ratio of 60-75:25-40, with preferred strength grades of 42.5 and 52.5 respectively.

[0009] Furthermore, the aggregate is quartz sand, with a mass fraction of 120-180% based on the amount of cement gel material used, and preferably a continuous gradation with a particle size of 0.15-1.2 mm.

[0010] Furthermore, the quaternary multi-scale fiber reinforcement consists of shape memory alloy fibers, carbon fibers, polyethylene fibers, and whiskers, with mass fractions of 2-6%, 3-8%, 1-4%, and 0.5-2.5% respectively, based on the amount of cement gel material used. The shape memory alloy fiber Ni-Ti alloy is preferred, with a phase transformation temperature of 35-55℃.

[0011] Furthermore, the admixtures are silica fume, metakaolin, and nano-alumina, with mass fractions of 5-12%, 3-8%, and 0.5-2%, respectively, based on the amount of cement gel material used.

[0012] Furthermore, the modified coupling agent, based on the amount of cementitious gel material used, has a mass fraction of 0.3-1.5%; wherein the modified coupling agent is prepared by the following method: Step A1: Premix triethylenediamine and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran in a dry nitrogen atmosphere, cool in an ice-water bath, slowly add allyl bromide, then add triethylamine and heat to reflux for substitution reaction. After the reaction is complete, filter and rotary evaporate to obtain the intermediate. Step A2: Mix the intermediate, silane coupling agent KH-580, photoinitiator and anhydrous dichloromethane in a dry nitrogen atmosphere, and then carry out a click addition reaction by ultraviolet irradiation at room temperature. After the reaction is completed, rotary evaporate to obtain the modified coupling agent.

[0013] Further, in step A1, the ratio of triethylenediamine, allyl bromide, triethylamine and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran is 0.1 mol: 0.45-0.5 mol: 20-25 mL: 180-220 mL, where allyl bromide is substituted with triethylenediamine to introduce a branched allyl structure.

[0014] Further, in step A2, the ratio of the intermediate, silane coupling agent KH-580, photoinitiator, and anhydrous dichloromethane is 0.1 mol: 0.4 mol: 0.17-0.25 g: 350-450 mL. The active terminal thiol group of the silane coupling agent KH-580 undergoes a thiol-alkene click addition reaction with the branched allyl group of the intermediate to introduce a branched triethoxysilane structure.

[0015] Furthermore, the admixtures include water-reducing agents, retarders, and defoamers, with mass fractions of 0.8-2.0%, 0.1-0.5%, and 0.05-0.2%, respectively, based on the amount of cement gel material used.

[0016] The beneficial effects of this invention are: 1. Innovation of Quaternary Multi-Scale Fiber-Cement-Based Synergistic System: This invention is the first to mix four types of functional fibers—shape memory alloy fibers (intelligent response), carbon fibers (high strength load-bearing), polyethylene fibers (high toughness and impact resistance), and whiskers (microscopic reinforcement)—into a cement-based matrix in a specific ratio, constructing a full-scale fiber reinforcement network of "macroscopic (continuous fiber) - mesoscopic (short-cut fiber) - microscopic (whisker)". This breaks through the limitations of existing cement-based materials with single-component or two-component fiber reinforcement, achieving multi-dimensional performance synergistic optimization, while ensuring good compatibility between the material and the original concrete matrix.

[0017] 2. Multi-scale coupling effect enhancement design: By precisely controlling the length, thickness, volume fraction and distribution of different fibers, a three-dimensional interlacing network is formed between the fibers, realizing the multi-effect coupling of "shape memory effect - high strength load-bearing capacity - high toughness impact resistance - micro-reinforcement", which significantly improves the comprehensive impact and abrasion resistance of cement-based materials, which is different from the design ideas of existing technologies that only focus on improving a single performance.

[0018] 3. Breakthrough in intelligent repair adaptability: Utilizing the shape memory effect of shape memory alloy fibers, cement-based repair materials can achieve adaptive recovery of shape when subjected to impact deformation after repair through temperature triggering (such as curing heating or changes in ambient temperature), reducing stress concentration, avoiding secondary damage, and filling the technological gap in the intelligent adaptability of existing cement-based impact and abrasion resistant materials.

[0019] 4. Interface Coupling Optimization Design: A modified coupling agent suitable for strengthening the interface coupling of quaternary multi-scale fibers is disclosed. Its centrosymmetric thioether-tertiary amine structure forms multi-site chelates, effectively chelating with alloy fibers. The edge-branched triethoxysilane is fully hydrolyzed in the cement-based high-alkalinity environment and forms coupling grafting effects with non-metallic fibers (carbon fiber, polyethylene fiber, and whiskers), improving the lap coupling strength between quaternary fibers. It forms a gel with cement to construct a high-strength composite reinforcement network, improving the interfacial bonding strength with the cement matrix, ensuring the full play of the multi-scale coupling effect, and significantly improving the material's impact and wear resistance and mechanical strength. Detailed Implementation

[0020] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0021] The raw material information disclosed in the implementation process of this invention is as follows: Example 1: Preparation of impact and abrasion resistant repair material. The specific implementation process is as follows: I. Preparation of Modified Coupling Agents Step A1: Dry nitrogen gas is introduced into the reactor. Triethylenediamine and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran are added and stirred for premixing. The mixture is cooled to 5°C in an ice-water bath. Allyl bromide is slowly added and stirred for pre-reaction. Then, triethylamine is added and the mixture is heated to 55°C and refluxed for 3 hours. The ratio of triethylenediamine, allyl bromide, triethylamine and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran is 0.1 mol: 0.45 mol: 20 mL: 180 mL. After the reaction is complete, the mixture is filtered and rotary evaporated to obtain the intermediate.

[0022] Step A2: Dry nitrogen gas is introduced into the reactor. The intermediate, silane coupling agent KH-580, photoinitiator (model: 1173) and anhydrous dichloromethane are added and stirred until homogeneous. Then, the mixture is irradiated with a 200W, 365nm ultraviolet lamp at room temperature and stirred for 7 hours. The ratio of intermediate, silane coupling agent KH-580, photoinitiator and anhydrous dichloromethane is 0.1mol:0.4mol:0.17g:350mL. After the reaction is complete, the mixture is rotary evaporated to obtain the modified coupling agent.

[0023] II. Preparation of Anti-Abrasion Repair Materials Ingredients: Rapid-hardening sulfoaluminate cement and ordinary silicate cement are prepared in a weight ratio of 65:35 as cement gel material. Based on this, the following are also included: 150% quartz sand, 4% shape memory alloy fiber, 6% carbon fiber, 2.5% polyethylene fiber, 1.5% CaSiO3 whiskers, 8% ultrafine silica fume, 5% metakaolin, 1.0% modified coupling agent, 1.2% nano Al2O3, 1.5% water-reducing agent, 0.3% retarder, 0.15% defoamer, and 25% water.

[0024] Dry material premixing: Under normal temperature and dry conditions, rapid-hardening sulfoaluminate cement, ordinary silicate cement, quartz sand, ultrafine silica fume, and metakaolin are added to a forced mixer in proportion and mixed at low speed (300 r / min) for 10 min to form a uniform dry material mixture system; then carbon fiber and shape memory alloy fiber are added, the speed is adjusted to 500 r / min, and the mixture is stirred for 15 min to form a preliminary overlapping network by utilizing the difference in the aspect ratio of the fibers.

[0025] Multi-scale fiber gradient dispersion and wet mixing: Water, modified coupling agent, water-reducing agent, and retarder are mixed evenly in proportion, and then gradually added to the dry premix system. The mixture is stirred at high speed (800 r / min) for 20 min to form a uniform cement-based slurry. Polyethylene fibers are then added, and the speed is adjusted to 600 r / min. The mixture is stirred for 15 min to fill the gaps between the coarse-scale fibers. Finally, CaSiO3 whiskers and nano-Al2O3 are added. The mixture is then combined with ultrasonic dispersion (power 200 W, time 30 min) and mechanical stirring (speed 500 r / min) to ensure that the whiskers and nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the micro-gap of the fiber network. Defoamer is added and the mixture is stirred at low speed for 5 min to obtain the impact and abrasion resistant repair material.

[0026] III. Molding and Testing Construction, molding, and curing: The impact and abrasion repair material mixture is sprayed onto the concrete substrate surface and molded. After construction, it is covered with plastic film to keep it moist and cured at room temperature for 24 hours. Then, it is heated for curing (heating rate 5℃ / h, heated to 45℃ and kept at 4h), and then cooled to room temperature for continued curing.

[0027] Impact abrasion test was conducted according to DL / T 5207-2021, and the result was: abrasion amount 0.052 g / h; mechanical property test was conducted according to GB / T50081-2019, and the results were: 1-day compressive strength 38 MPa, 3-day compressive strength 65 MPa, 28-day compressive strength 92 MPa, tensile strength 9.5 MPa, and flexural strength 17.2 MPa; bond strength (concrete matrix) test was conducted according to JGJ / T 70-2009, and the result was: bond strength 4.5 MPa; artificial accelerated aging test: freeze-thaw cycle -20℃ -20℃, 300 cycles, impact abrasion performance retention rate 88%, compressive strength retention rate 92%.

[0028] Example 2: Preparation of impact and abrasion resistant repair material. The specific implementation process is as follows: I. Preparation of Modified Coupling Agents Step A1: Dry nitrogen gas is introduced into the reactor. Triethylenediamine and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran are added and stirred for premixing. The mixture is cooled to 5°C in an ice-water bath. Allyl bromide is slowly added and stirred for pre-reaction. Then, triethylamine is added and the mixture is heated to 60°C and refluxed for 2.5 hours. The ratio of triethylenediamine, allyl bromide, triethylamine and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran is 0.1 mol: 0.48 mol: 22 mL: 200 mL. After the reaction is complete, the mixture is filtered and rotary evaporated to obtain the intermediate.

[0029] Step A2: Dry nitrogen gas is introduced into the reactor. The intermediate, silane coupling agent KH-580, photoinitiator (model: 1173) and anhydrous dichloromethane are added and stirred until homogeneous. Then, the mixture is irradiated with a 200W, 365nm ultraviolet lamp at room temperature and stirred for 6 hours. The ratio of intermediate, silane coupling agent KH-580, photoinitiator and anhydrous dichloromethane is 0.1mol:0.4mol:0.2g:400mL. After the reaction is complete, the mixture is rotary evaporated to obtain the modified coupling agent.

[0030] The composition of the impact and abrasion resistance repair material is as follows: rapid-hardening sulfoaluminate cement and ordinary silicate cement are prepared in a weight ratio of 60:40 as cement gel material, and based on this, the following components are included: 130% quartz sand, 6% shape memory alloy fiber, 3% carbon fiber, 4% polyethylene fiber, 2.5% CaSiO3 whiskers, 12% ultrafine silica fume, 3% metakaolin, 0.3% modified coupling agent, 2.0% nano Al2O3, 2.0% water-reducing agent, 0.5% retarder, 0.2% defoamer, and 28% water.

[0031] The specific preparation, molding, and testing methods for the impact-resistant repair material are the same as in Example 1. The specific test results are as follows: Impact abrasion test was conducted according to DL / T 5207-2021, and the result was: abrasion amount 0.068 g / h; mechanical property test was conducted according to GB / T50081-2019, and the results were: 1-day compressive strength 35 MPa, 3-day compressive strength 60 MPa, 28-day compressive strength 85 MPa, tensile strength 8.2 MPa, and flexural strength 15.8 MPa; bond strength (concrete matrix) test was conducted according to JGJ / T 70-2009, and the result was: bond strength 4.2 MPa; artificial accelerated aging test: freeze-thaw cycle -20℃ -20℃, 300 cycles, impact abrasion performance retention rate 86%, compressive strength retention rate 90%.

[0032] Example 3: Preparation of impact and abrasion resistant repair material. The specific implementation process is as follows: I. Preparation of Modified Coupling Agents Step A1: Dry nitrogen gas is introduced into the reactor. Triethylenediamine and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran are added and stirred for premixing. The mixture is cooled to 5°C in an ice-water bath. Allyl bromide is slowly added and stirred for pre-reaction. Then, triethylamine is added and the mixture is heated to 65°C and refluxed for 2 hours. The ratio of triethylenediamine, allyl bromide, triethylamine and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran is 0.1 mol: 0.5 mol: 25 mL: 220 mL. After the reaction is complete, the mixture is filtered and rotary evaporated to obtain the intermediate.

[0033] Step A2: Dry nitrogen gas is introduced into the reactor. The intermediate, silane coupling agent KH-580, photoinitiator (model: 1173) and anhydrous dichloromethane are added and stirred until homogeneous. Then, the mixture is irradiated with a 200W, 365nm ultraviolet lamp at room temperature and stirred for 5 hours. The ratio of intermediate, silane coupling agent KH-580, photoinitiator and anhydrous dichloromethane is 0.1mol:0.4mol:0.25g:450mL. After the reaction is complete, the mixture is rotary evaporated to obtain the modified coupling agent.

[0034] The composition of the impact and abrasion resistance repair material is as follows: rapid-hardening sulfoaluminate cement and ordinary silicate cement are prepared in a weight ratio of 75:25 as cement gel material, and based on this, the following components are included: 170% quartz sand, 2% shape memory alloy fiber, 8% carbon fiber, 1% polyethylene fiber, 0.5% CaSiO3 whiskers, 5% ultrafine silica fume, 8% metakaolin, 1.5% modified coupling agent, 0.5% nano Al2O3, 0.8% water-reducing agent, 0.1% retarder, 0.05% defoamer, and 22% water.

[0035] The specific preparation, molding, and testing methods for the impact-resistant repair material are the same as in Example 1. The specific test results are as follows: Impact abrasion test was conducted according to DL / T 5207-2021, and the result was: abrasion amount 0.045 g / h; mechanical property test was conducted according to GB / T50081-2019, and the results were: 1-day compressive strength 42 MPa, 3-day compressive strength 72 MPa, 28-day compressive strength 102 MPa, tensile strength 10.8 MPa, and flexural strength 18.5 MPa; bond strength (concrete matrix) test was conducted according to JGJ / T 70-2009, and the result was: bond strength 4.8 MPa; artificial accelerated aging test: freeze-thaw cycle -20℃ -20℃, 300 cycles, impact abrasion performance retention rate 90%, compressive strength retention rate 94%.

[0036] To verify the innovativeness and superiority of this invention, five sets of comparative cases were set up, as follows: The materials prepared according to the above comparative examples were tested and compared with Comparative Example 1, as follows: Based on the above test results, the following analysis is performed: 1. The abrasion amount of Example 1 was reduced by 72.0% compared to Comparative Example 1 (two-component fiber) and by 53.6% compared to Comparative Example 2 (three-component fiber); the flexural strength was increased by 63.8% compared to Comparative Example 1 and by 24.6% compared to Comparative Example 2. This indicates that after introducing CaSiO3 whiskers, a more complete three-dimensional reinforcement network was formed through the interlacing of quaternary multi-scale fibers, and the multi-scale effect and coupling effect were fully utilized, which is significantly better than the existing two-component and three-component fiber reinforced cement-based systems.

[0037] 2. The abrasion amount in Example 1 was reduced by 75.8% compared with Comparative Example 3, indicating that the introduction of the modified coupling agent effectively improved the interaction force between the multi-fiber system and ensured the stable performance of the multi-scale coupling effect, which is one of the key technologies for improving the comprehensive performance of materials.

[0038] 3. The abrasion amount of Example 1 was reduced by 73.7% compared with Comparative Example 5 (existing high-strength steel fiber concrete), the compressive strength was increased by 48.3%, the flexural strength was increased by 120.5%, and the bond strength was increased by 80.0%. This shows that the material of the present invention has surpassed the existing cement-based abrasion-resistant materials in terms of impact and abrasion resistance, mechanical properties, and intelligent adaptability, and solved the core pain points of short service life and insufficient repair adaptability of existing materials.

[0039] 4. The 1-day compressive strength of Example 1 is 26.3% higher than that of Comparative Example 4 and 52.0% higher than that of Comparative Example 3, which can quickly meet the construction load requirements and significantly shorten the repair period; the retention rate of impact and abrasion resistance after freeze-thaw is 25.7% higher than that of Comparative Example 4 and 29.4% higher than that of Comparative Example 3, indicating that the early strength development of the material of the present invention is fast and the durability is excellent, making it suitable for engineering repair under complex and harsh working conditions.

[0040] In the description of this specification, the references to terms such as "an embodiment," "example," "specific example," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0041] The above description is merely an example and illustration of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can make various modifications or additions to the specific embodiments described, or use similar methods to replace them, as long as they do not deviate from the invention or exceed the scope defined in the claims, all of which should fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An impact-resistant and abrasion-resistant repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology, characterized in that, It is composed of cementitious gel material, aggregate, quaternary multi-scale fiber reinforcement, admixture, modified coupling agent, additives and water; The modified coupling agent is prepared by the following method: Step A1: Trimethylenediamine and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran were premixed in a dry nitrogen atmosphere, cooled in an ice-water bath, and then allyl bromide was slowly added. Triethylamine was then added and the mixture was heated to reflux for substitution reaction. The intermediate was obtained after treatment. Step A2: The intermediate, silane coupling agent KH-580, photoinitiator and anhydrous dichloromethane are mixed in a dry nitrogen atmosphere, and then a click addition reaction is carried out by ultraviolet irradiation at room temperature to obtain the modified coupling agent.

2. The impact-resistant and abrasion-resistant repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ratio of triethylenediamine, allyl bromide, triethylamine, and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran is 0.1 mol: 0.45-0.5 mol: 20-25 mL: 180-220 mL.

3. The impact and abrasion resistant repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology according to claim 2, characterized in that, The ratio of intermediate, silane coupling agent KH-580, photoinitiator and anhydrous dichloromethane is 0.1mol:0.4mol:0.17-0.25g:350-450mL.

4. The impact and abrasion resistant repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology according to claim 3, characterized in that, The quaternary multi-scale fiber reinforcement consists of shape memory alloy fibers, carbon fibers, polyethylene fibers, and whiskers, with mass fractions of 2-6%, 3-8%, 1-4%, and 0.5-2.5%, respectively, based on the amount of cement gel material used.

5. The impact and abrasion resistant repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology according to claim 4, characterized in that, The modified coupling agent, based on the amount of cement gel material used, has a mass fraction of 0.3-1.5%.

6. The impact and abrasion resistant repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology according to claim 1, characterized in that, The aggregate is quartz sand, with a mass fraction of 120-180% based on the amount of cement gel material used, and preferably a continuous gradation with a particle size of 0.15-1.2mm.

7. The impact-resistant and abrasion-resistant repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology according to claim 1, characterized in that, The admixtures are silica fume, metakaolin, and nano-alumina, with mass fractions of 5-12%, 3-8%, and 0.5-2%, respectively, based on the amount of cement gel material used.

8. The impact and abrasion resistant repair material based on multi-scale fiber coupling technology according to claim 1, characterized in that, The admixtures include water-reducing agents, retarders, and defoamers, with mass fractions of 0.8-2.0%, 0.1-0.5%, and 0.05-0.2%, respectively, based on the amount of cement gel material used.

Images