Multi-photon imaging detection system based on three-anode photon counting

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of photon imaging detection, and more particularly to a multi-photon imaging detection system based on trianode photon counting. The system includes a sealed tube imaging detector and a position readout circuit. The sealed tube imaging detector comprises an entrance window coated with a photocathode, a microchannel plate stack, and three anodes. The cross-shaped anode in the trianodes works in conjunction with a multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit, a multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit, and a microprocessor in the position readout circuit to detect the incident position of photons. The array anode in the trianodes works in conjunction with a multi-channel amplification discriminator circuit and a time measurement circuit in the position readout circuit to detect the arrival time of photons. A synchronization control circuit is used to synchronize the clocks of all circuits, achieving matching between the incident position and arrival time of photons. This invention separates the position measurement and time measurement functions through physical structure, achieving high temporal resolution while retaining high spatial resolution, and solving the problem of position ambiguity caused by multiple synchronously incident photons.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of photon imaging and detection technology, and particularly relates to a multi-photon imaging and detection system based on trianodine photon counting. Background Technology

[0002] Microchannel plates (MCPs) are vacuum electronic devices with two-dimensional continuous electron multiplication capabilities, used to directly detect various particles such as photons, electrons, and ions. When combined with a position-sensitive anode, they can form a two-dimensional imaging detector with single-photon sensitivity, called a position-sensitive anode photon counting imaging detector. This type of detector has important applications in scientific fields such as space astronomy and plasma physics.

[0003] Among various position-sensitive anodes, the cross-strip anode has attracted widespread attention due to its superior performance. The cross-strip anode consists of two sets of mutually insulated, orthogonally arranged strip electrodes (in the X and Y directions). Its working principle is as follows: the electron cloud generated at the exit end of the microchannel plate by a single photon incident event simultaneously excites multiple X and Y electrodes; by measuring the amount of charge induced on each electrode and using the centroid algorithm to calculate the centroid of the charge distribution in the X and Y directions respectively, the two-dimensional coordinates (x, y) of the photon incident event can be obtained.

[0004] Although cross-strip anode detectors have achieved high spatial resolution and count rates, they still have two significant technical limitations: First, there is a limitation in temporal resolution. For cutting-edge applications such as high-resolution single-photon 3D imaging, detectors are often required to have both high temporal resolution (e.g., better than 100 picoseconds) and high spatial resolution, which current technologies struggle to meet.

[0005] Secondly, and more importantly, there is a problem of positional ambiguity in synchronous photon incident events. When two photons arrive at the detector synchronously or almost synchronously, the two electron clouds they generate will simultaneously induce charges on the intersecting strip anode. For example... Figure 1 As shown, for a single photon incident event, the centroid algorithm can uniquely determine the coordinates (x1, y1). However, for a synchronous two-photon incident event, the electrode in the X direction senses the superposition of charges from two electron clouds, from which the algorithm will resolve two centroid positions x1 and x2; similarly, in the Y direction, it will resolve y1 and y2. In this case, the system can only obtain a set of unordered coordinate values ​​{x1, x2, y1, y2}.

[0006] like Figure 2 and Figure 3As shown, this set of coordinate values ​​corresponds to two possibilities that are physically distinct but completely indistinguishable at the signal level: one is that the photon pair is actually located at positions A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2); the other is that the photon pair is located at positions C(x1,y2) and D(x2,y1). Existing centroid algorithms cannot determine which coordinate pair (x1,y1) and (x2,y2), or (x1,y2) and (x2,y1), represents the actual physical event, leading to severe ambiguity in position decoding. This makes traditional cross-strip anode detectors unreliable for scenarios with multiple synchronous photon incident events.

[0007] In summary, existing cross-strip anode photon counting imaging detectors have limitations in high temporal resolution applications and synchronous event detection. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a novel detector structure and readout method to overcome the temporal resolution bottleneck while maintaining the advantages of high spatial resolution and high count rate, and to completely solve the problem of positional ambiguity in synchronous photon incident events. Summary of the Invention

[0008] In view of this, the present invention aims to provide a multiphoton imaging detection system based on trianodine photon counting to solve the technical problems of existing cross-strip anode photon counting imaging detectors that cannot simultaneously achieve temporal and spatial resolution and cannot achieve synchronous multiphoton detection.

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution created by this invention is implemented as follows: A multiphoton imaging detection system based on trianode photon counting includes a sealed tube imaging detector, a position readout circuit, and a computer. The sealed tube imaging detector includes an entrance window, a microchannel plate stack, and three anodes. A photocathode is deposited on the inner surface of the entrance window to convert incident photons into photoelectrons. The microchannel plate stack is located at the light-emitting end of the entrance window to multiply photoelectrons into an electron cloud. The three anodes are located at the emission end of the microchannel plate stack to receive the electron cloud and generate charge pulse signals. The three anodes are composed of a cross-shaped strip anode and an array anode. The charge pulse signals output by the cross-shaped strip anodes are used to determine the centroid coordinates of the electron cloud, which serve as the position coordinates of the incident photon. The charge pulse signals output by the array anodes are used to determine the arrival time and incident area of ​​the incident photon. The incident area and position coordinates of the incident photon are used as position information. The position readout circuit includes a multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit, a multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit, a microprocessor, and a multi-channel amplifier and detector. The system includes a photon detector circuit, a time measurement circuit, and a synchronization control circuit. A multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit converts the charge pulse signal output from the cross-shaped anodes into a Gaussian analog voltage pulse signal. A multi-channel analog-to-digital converter (ADC) receives the Gaussian analog voltage pulse signal and converts it into a digital pulse signal. A microprocessor calculates the position coordinates of the incident photon based on the digital pulse signal. A multi-channel amplifier and discriminator circuit receives the charge pulse signal output from the array anodes and generates a digital timestamp. The time measurement circuit measures the arrival time of the incident photon based on the digital timestamp. The synchronization control circuit performs clock synchronization control on the multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit, the multi-channel ADC, the microprocessor, the multi-channel amplifier and discriminator circuit, and the time measurement circuit to match the position information and arrival time of the incident photon. The computer includes a data acquisition card and a screen. The data acquisition card acquires the position information and arrival time of all matched incident photons through an optical fiber interface and displays them on the screen.

[0010] Furthermore, the cross-strip anode includes orthogonally arranged strip electrodes, and the array anode is located below the cross-strip anode. The array anode includes array electrode units arranged in a two-dimensional array, with each array electrode unit corresponding to a region of the cross-strip anode.

[0011] Furthermore, the multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit includes a charge amplifier, a pole-zero cancellation circuit, and a shaping amplifier. The charge amplifier is used to convert the charge pulse signal into an exponential analog voltage pulse signal, the pole-zero cancellation circuit is used to reduce the tail length of the exponential analog voltage pulse signal, and the shaping amplifier is used to shape the exponential analog voltage pulse signal into a Gaussian analog voltage pulse signal.

[0012] Furthermore, the microprocessor includes an input buffer module, a peak extraction module, a centroid calculation module, an output buffer module, and a data transmission control module. The input buffer module buffers the digital pulse signals output by the multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit. The peak extraction module extracts the waveform peaks from the digital pulse signals output by the input buffer module. The centroid calculation module calculates the centroid coordinates of the electron cloud using the waveform peaks and uses the obtained centroid coordinates as the position coordinates of the incident photon. The output buffer module buffers the position coordinates of the incident photon. The data transmission control module sends the position coordinates of the incident photon to the data acquisition card in the computer via an optical fiber interface when the storage area of ​​the output buffer module is full.

[0013] Furthermore, the peak extraction module uses Gaussian fitting to extract the waveform peak value.

[0014] Furthermore, the centroid calculation module uses a Gaussian fitting algorithm or a centroid algorithm to calculate the centroid coordinates of the electron cloud.

[0015] Furthermore, the multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit adopts a multi-channel analog-to-digital converter with a sampling accuracy of 12-bit to 14-bit and a sampling rate of 65MSPS to 140MSPS.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the present invention can achieve the following beneficial effects: (1) The present invention adopts a three-anode structure, with the cross-shaped anode responsible for high spatial resolution position measurement and the array anode responsible for high precision time measurement. Therefore, it can simultaneously achieve high temporal resolution and high spatial resolution detection.

[0017] (2) By introducing array anode to measure time information and matching it with position information, the present invention uses array anode as a tag area to distinguish multiple photons that arrive at the same time, thus fundamentally eliminating the position ambiguity problem. Attached Figure Description

[0018] The accompanying drawings, which form part of this invention, are used to provide a further understanding of the invention. The illustrative embodiments and descriptions of the invention are used to explain the invention and do not constitute an undue limitation of the invention. In the drawings: Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the coordinates of the electron cloud A generated by a single photon; Figure 2 A schematic diagram showing the coordinates of electron clouds A and B generated by two photons arriving simultaneously; Figure 3 A schematic diagram showing the coordinates of electron clouds C and D generated by two photons arriving simultaneously; Figure 4A schematic diagram of the structure of a multiphoton imaging detection system based on trianode photon counting, as exemplified by an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the three anode structure of an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the position readout circuit for an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 A schematic diagram of the structure of a microprocessor according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] Figure reference numerals: 1. Incident window; 2. Microchannel plate stack; 3. Triple anode; 31. Cross-strip anode; 32. Array anode; 4. Position readout circuit; 41. Multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit; 42. Multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit; 43. Microprocessor; 431. Input buffer module; 432. Peak extraction module; 433. Centroid calculation module; 434. Output buffer module; 435. Data transmission control module; 435. Multi-channel amplifier discriminator circuit; 44. Time measurement circuit; 45. Synchronization control circuit; 46. Computer; 5. Detailed Implementation

[0020] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and do not constitute a limitation thereof.

[0021] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in the present invention can be combined with each other.

[0022] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicating orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, are only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation on this invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, features defined with "first," "second," etc., may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this invention, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more.

[0023] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "assembly," "connection," and "joining" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0024] The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0025] like Figures 4-7 As shown, the present invention provides a multiphoton imaging detection system based on trianode photon counting, including a sealed tube imaging detector, a position readout circuit 4, and a computer 5. The sealed tube imaging detector includes an entrance window 1, a microchannel plate stack 2, and a trianode 3.

[0026] A photocathode is deposited on the inner surface of the entrance window 1. The photocathode is used to synchronously convert multiple incident photons passing through the entrance window 1 into multiple photoelectrons. A first electric field is set between the entrance window 1 and the entrance end of the microchannel plate stack 2. Under the action of the first electric field, the photoelectrons fly towards the entrance end of the microchannel plate stack 2.

[0027] A microchannel plate stack 2 is positioned at the light-emitting end of the incident window 1 to convert multiple synchronously incident photoelectrons into multiple electron clouds. A high voltage is applied to both ends of the microchannel plate stack 2, causing the photoelectrons to multiply continuously within the microchannel stack 2, forming a cloud containing 10 electrons at its emission end. 6 -10 7 An electron cloud of individual electrons. Microchannel plate stacks are either V-shaped structures formed by stacking two microchannel plates or Z-shaped structures formed by stacking three microchannel plates. A microchannel plate is a sheet-like structure composed of a large number of hollow capillaries (microchannels) arranged in two dimensions. The inner walls of the microchannel plate are treated to generate secondary electrons when particles bombard it. A voltage is applied to both ends of the microchannel, creating an electric field inside. The secondary electrons generated by particle bombardment are accelerated by the electric field and bombard the microchannel again, generating more secondary electrons. This process is repeated multiple times within the same microchannel, ultimately outputting a large electron cloud at the outlet.

[0028] A second electric field is set between the microchannel plate stack 2 and the three anodes 3, and the electron cloud flies towards the three anodes 3 under the action of the second electric field.

[0029] The three anodes 3 are disposed at the output end of the microchannel plate stack 2 to receive multiple electron clouds output from the microchannel plate stack 2 and generate charge pulse signals. The three anodes 3 are composed of stacked cross-strip anodes 31 and array anodes 32, with the array anodes 32 located below the cross-strip anodes 31. The cross-strip anodes 31 include orthogonally arranged X-direction strip electrodes and Y-direction strip electrodes, which are used to collect the charge distribution of the electron clouds in the X and Y directions, respectively. The array anodes include array electrode units arranged in a two-dimensional array, with each array electrode unit corresponding to a region of the cross-strip anodes 31.

[0030] This invention employs a cross-shaped strip anode 31 dedicated to high-precision position measurement, and introduces an array anode 32 dedicated to high-precision time measurement. The array anode 32 consists of many independent array electrode units, each with a small area and low capacitance. When bombarded by an electron cloud, the induced charge is collected extremely quickly, generating a very steep rising edge (down to sub-nanosecond levels), laying the foundation for accurate time measurement. Simultaneously, a dedicated time measurement circuit is configured for the array anode 32, used solely for measuring the arrival time of incident photons. This physically separates the tasks of time measurement and position measurement, improving the accuracy of photon arrival time measurement to the picosecond level. While retaining high spatial resolution, it also improves temporal resolution, possessing dual high-resolution temporal and spatial detection capabilities, suitable for imaging ultrafast photon events.

[0031] The charge pulse signal output by each bar is used to determine the centroid coordinates (X, Y) of the electron cloud, which serves as the position coordinates (X, Y) of the incident photon. The charge pulse signal output by each array electrode unit is used to determine the arrival time and incident area of ​​the incident photon. The charge pulse signal output by each array electrode unit is marked with a position to identify which array electrode unit the charge pulse signal originated from, thereby determining the incident area of ​​the incident photon, i.e., the approximate incident position range of the incident photon. The incident area and position coordinates of the incident photon are collectively referred to as position information.

[0032] The position readout circuit 4 includes a multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit 41, a multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit 42, a microprocessor 43, a multi-channel amplifier discriminator circuit 44, a time measurement circuit 45, and a synchronization control circuit 46.

[0033] The multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit 41 is used to convert the charge pulse signal output from the crossbar anode 31 into a Gaussian analog voltage pulse signal. The multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit 41 includes a charge amplifier, a pole-zero cancellation circuit, and a shaping amplifier. The charge amplifier converts the charge pulse signal into an exponential analog voltage pulse signal with a long tail. The pole-zero cancellation circuit reduces the tail length of the exponential analog voltage pulse signal. The shaping amplifier shapes the exponential analog voltage pulse signal into a Gaussian analog voltage pulse signal. The shaping time of the shaping amplifier depends on the requirements of the detector count rate and spatial resolution.

[0034] The multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit 42 is used to receive Gaussian analog voltage pulse signals and convert them into digital pulse signals. The multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit 42 adopts a sampling accuracy of 12-bit to 14-bit and a sampling rate of 65MSPS to 140MSPS.

[0035] The microprocessor 43 is used to calculate the position coordinates of the incident photon based on the digital pulse signal and send them to the computer 5. The microprocessor 43 uses an FPGA, and is pre-programmed within the FPGA to form an input buffer module 431, a peak extraction module 432, a centroid calculation module 433, an output buffer module 434, and a data transmission control module 435. Among them, the input buffer module 431 is used to buffer the digital pulse signal output by the multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit 42; the peak extraction module 432 is used to extract the waveform peak of the digital pulse signal output by the input buffer module 431 using a Gaussian fitting method; the centroid calculation module 433 is used to calculate the centroid coordinates of the electron cloud using the waveform peaks obtained simultaneously by multiple strip electrodes, and uses the obtained electron cloud centroid coordinates as the position coordinates of the incident photon. The calculation method uses a Gaussian fitting algorithm or a centroid algorithm; the output buffer module 434 is used to buffer the position coordinates of the incident photon; the data transmission control module 435 is used to send the position coordinates of the incident photon to the computer 5 when the storage area of ​​the output buffer module is full.

[0036] The multi-channel amplification and discriminator circuit 44 mainly includes a charge amplifier and a constant ratio discriminator. The charge amplifier is used to receive and amplify the charge pulse signal output by the array anode 32. The constant ratio discriminator is used to generate a digital timestamp for the amplified charge pulse signal. The time measurement circuit 45 is implemented based on FPGA and is used to measure the arrival time of the incident photon according to the digital timestamp. The synchronization control circuit 46 is used to perform clock synchronization control on the multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit 41, the multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit 42, the microprocessor 43, the multi-channel amplification and discriminator circuit 44, and the time measurement circuit 45 to achieve the matching of the position information and arrival time of the incident photon.

[0037] Computer 5 includes a data acquisition card and a screen. The data acquisition card acquires the position information and arrival time of all incident photons by matching their position coordinates through an optical fiber interface, and displays the information on the screen.

[0038] This invention first uses the arrival time of photons as a timestamp to filter out the position coordinates of all photons that are incident on the cross-shaped strip anode and the array anode at that arrival time. Then, by using the range of photon incident positions determined by the array anode, it determines which areas of the array anode experience photon incident events, thereby eliminating false position combinations and determining the true coordinates of the photon incident.

[0039] For example, array anode 32 displays two photon synchronous incident events occurring in regions A and B, respectively. The superimposed charge pulse signal output by the crossbar anode 31 is processed to obtain two sets of centroid coordinate candidate (X1,Y1), (X2,Y2) and (X1,Y2), (X2,Y1). Based on the spatial ranges corresponding to regions A and B of array anode 32, it is determined that (X1,Y1) falls within the coverage area of ​​region A, and (X2,Y2) falls within the coverage area of ​​region B. However, (X1,Y2) and (X2,Y1) do not match the spatial ranges of regions A and B, so incorrect combinations are excluded. The final output data are (X1,Y1,t) and (X2,Y2,t).

[0040] This invention overcomes the limitation of relying solely on the time dimension to distinguish photons. Even if multiple photons are incident simultaneously (with the same timestamp), the invention can achieve the identification, accurate positioning, and effective differentiation of the number of synchronous photons through the complementarity and matching of spatial information, thus completely solving the problem of ambiguous synchronous photon positions in existing technologies.

[0041] It should be understood that the various forms of processes shown above can be used to reorder, add, or delete steps. For example, the steps described in this invention disclosure can be executed in parallel, sequentially, or in different orders, as long as the desired result of the technical solution disclosed in this invention can be achieved, and this is not limited herein.

[0042] The specific embodiments described above do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of this invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations, and substitutions can be made according to design requirements and other factors. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of this invention should be included within the scope of protection of this invention.

Claims

1. A multi-photon imaging detection system based on three-anode photon counting, characterized in that, The system includes a sealed tube imaging detector, a position readout circuit, and a computer. The sealed tube imaging detector includes an entrance window, a microchannel plate stack, and three anodes. A photocathode is deposited on the inner surface of the entrance window to convert incident photons into photoelectrons. The microchannel plate stack is located at the light-emitting end of the entrance window to multiply photoelectrons into an electron cloud. The three anodes are located at the emission end of the microchannel plate stack to receive the electron cloud and generate charge pulse signals. The three anodes are composed of a cross-shaped strip anode and an array anode. The charge pulse signals output by the cross-shaped strip anode are used to determine the centroid coordinates of the electron cloud, which serve as the position coordinates of the incident photon. The charge pulse signals output by the array anode are used to determine the arrival time and the incident area of ​​the incident photon. The incident area and position coordinates of the incident photon are used as position information. The position readout circuit includes a multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit, a multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit, a microprocessor, a multi-channel amplifier discriminator circuit, a time measurement circuit, and a synchronization control circuit. The multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit converts the charge pulse signal output from the crossbar anode into a Gaussian analog voltage pulse signal. The multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit receives the Gaussian analog voltage pulse signal and converts it into a digital pulse signal. The microprocessor calculates the position coordinates of the incident photon based on the digital pulse signal. The multi-channel amplifier discriminator circuit receives the charge pulse signal output from the array anode and generates a digital timestamp. The time measurement circuit measures the arrival time of the incident photon based on the digital timestamp. The synchronization control circuit performs clock synchronization control on the multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit, the multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit, the microprocessor, the multi-channel amplifier discriminator circuit, and the time measurement circuit to match the position information and arrival time of the incident photon. The computer includes a data acquisition card and a screen. The data acquisition card acquires the position information and arrival time of all matching incident photons through an optical fiber interface and displays them on the screen.

2. The multiphoton imaging detection system based on trianode photon counting according to claim 1, characterized in that, The crossbar anode includes orthogonally arranged bar electrodes, and the array anode is located below the crossbar anode. The array anode includes array electrode units arranged in a two-dimensional array, with each array electrode unit corresponding to a region of the crossbar anode.

3. The multiphoton imaging detection system based on trianode photon counting according to claim 1, characterized in that, The multi-channel preamplifier and shaping circuit includes a charge amplifier, a pole-zero cancellation circuit, and a shaping amplifier. The charge amplifier is used to convert the charge pulse signal into an exponential analog voltage pulse signal. The pole-zero cancellation circuit is used to reduce the tail length of the exponential analog voltage pulse signal. The shaping amplifier is used to shape the exponential analog voltage pulse signal into a Gaussian analog voltage pulse signal.

4. The multiphoton imaging detection system based on trianode photon counting according to claim 1, characterized in that, The microprocessor includes an input buffer module, a peak extraction module, a centroid calculation module, an output buffer module, and a data transmission control module. The input buffer module buffers the digital pulse signals output from the multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit. The peak extraction module extracts the waveform peak values ​​from the digital pulse signals output from the input buffer module. The centroid calculation module calculates the centroid coordinates of the electron cloud using the waveform peak values ​​and uses these coordinates as the position coordinates of the incident photon. The output buffer module buffers the position coordinates of the incident photon. The data transmission control module sends the position coordinates of the incident photon to the data acquisition card in the computer via an optical fiber interface when the storage area of ​​the output buffer module is full.

5. The multiphoton imaging detection system based on trianode photon counting according to claim 4, characterized in that, The peak extraction module uses Gaussian fitting to extract the peak value of the waveform.

6. The multiphoton imaging detection system based on trianode photon counting according to claim 4, characterized in that, The centroid calculation module uses a Gaussian fitting algorithm or a centroid algorithm to calculate the centroid coordinates of the electron cloud.

7. The multiphoton imaging detection system based on trianode photon counting according to claim 1, characterized in that, The multi-channel analog-to-digital converter circuit uses a multi-channel analog-to-digital converter with a sampling accuracy of 12-bit to 14-bit and a sampling rate of 65MSPS to 140MSPS.

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