Planting method for high-efficiency construction of prunus domestica l. garden in sandy land of south Xinjiang

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of in south desertification land prune high-efficiency garden planting method of plum, belong to biotechnology field.The application discloses a kind of in south desertification land prune high-efficiency garden planting method of plum, including first year cultivation stock, second year grafting promotes seedling, the third year shaping promotes flower bud.The application is through innovative technical means, accurately controls the growth condition of prune seedling under the special environment of desertification land.Under the premise of effectively reducing the capital investment, labor cost and material loss before garden construction, the survival rate of prune seedling is significantly improved, the growth of young tree is promoted, and the cultivation period of young tree is shortened.Meanwhile, scientifically planning orchard management system, realize the efficient construction of desertification land prune orchard, help orchard to enter the high yield period early, and quickly produce economic benefits.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of biotechnology, and more specifically to a method for the efficient establishment of plum orchards in desertified areas of southern Xinjiang. Background Technology

[0002] Xinjiang, located in my country's arid region, has an extremely fragile ecological environment. Southern Xinjiang, in particular, is characterized by its large area, wide distribution, and severe desertification, posing a serious challenge to plant growth. In recent years, the plum industry in southern Xinjiang has experienced rapid development, with the planting area exceeding 700,000 mu (approximately 46,667 hectares), becoming a landmark achievement in Xinjiang's fruit industry. With the continuous expansion of plum planting, traditional suitable land resources are becoming increasingly scarce, leading to the expansion of plum cultivation into newly reclaimed desertified land. However, desertified land has inherent drawbacks: extremely low soil moisture content, poor fertility, high evaporation rates, and low air humidity. These factors directly result in a significant reduction in the survival rate of newly planted orchard seedlings, greatly increasing the difficulty of orchard construction. At the same time, existing traditional plum planting methods have revealed many shortcomings in desertified land environments. Not only are planting costs high and seedling juvenile periods too long to generate economic benefits in the short term, but existing technologies are also insufficiently adaptable to the special environment of desertified land, failing to effectively solve key problems in the planting process.

[0003] In view of the above situation, in order to break through the technical bottleneck of plum cultivation in desertified land and promote the sustainable development of plum industry in southern Xinjiang, it is urgent to develop an efficient orchard establishment and planting method suitable for desertified land conditions, so as to solve the defects in existing technologies and improve the survival rate and economic benefits of plum cultivation in desertified land.

[0004] Therefore, providing a planting method for the efficient establishment of plum orchards in the desertified areas of southern Xinjiang is a problem that urgently needs to be solved by those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of this, the present invention provides a planting method for the efficient establishment of plum orchards in desertified areas of southern Xinjiang.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: A method for efficiently establishing plum orchards in desertified areas of southern Xinjiang includes the following steps: (1) Cultivating rootstock in the first year: In spring, from March 20 to April 10, dig trenches in newly reclaimed sandy land. The trenches should be 40-60 cm deep and 80-100 cm wide. The spacing between the trenches (the distance between the midpoints of the two trenches) should be 3-4 m. Apply 3000-5000 kg / mu of organic fertilizer into the trenches, mix it with the original soil, and backfill it to make it level with the original ground. After backfilling, in early to mid-April, sow rootstock seeds along the center line of the original trench at a depth of 4-6 cm and a spacing of 1-1.5 m between plants. Immediately after sowing, lay drip irrigation tape and drip water, then drip water every 3-7 days, each time at a rate of 15-25 cubic meters per acre. After sowing, lay straw or straw mats in the sowing rows, with 2000-2500 kg of straw per mu and a covering thickness of 3-5 cm, to retain moisture and reduce wind damage to seedlings; when the seedlings have two leaves and one heart, spray with a 3‰ urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 2-3 times, with an interval of 5-8 days between each spray, and spray 30-50 liters of solution per mu. Based on the growth vigor of the seedlings, apply high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P:K = 20:10:10) with water. The first application is 5-10 kg per mu during the seedling stage (2-4 weeks after sowing), and the second application is 10-15 kg per mu during the rapid growth stage (6-10 weeks after sowing). Stop watering and fertilizing in mid-August to promote lignification of the seedlings and ensure safe overwintering. (2) Grafting to promote seedling growth in the second year: From the end of March to the beginning of April, the rootstock is pruned with a stump of 10-15 cm. Select healthy, plump branches from the periphery of the superior plum mother tree as scions. Bud grafting is done immediately after budding, leaving a 1 cm petiole. Branch grafting is combined with winter pruning, cut into 8-12 cm sections, retaining 2-3 buds, and stored after wax sealing. The buds are 2.0-2.5 cm long and 1.0-1.5 cm wide. The grafting site is wrapped tightly with binding film from bottom to top. The buds should be smooth and not loose when gently pressed by hand, with the grafted bud exposed. Adjust the spacing between plants and rows according to the orchard establishment model, including open-center shape with a spacing of 3×4 m and central leader shape with a spacing of 2×4 m; when the scions grow to 10-15 cm, remove the wrapping material; and apply high-nitrogen fertilizer (N:P:K = 20:10:10) at a rate of 2-3 kg per acre each time, 3-5 times, to promote seedling growth; when the scions grow to 30-40 cm, tie them to supports with a support length of 1-1.5 meters, and cultivate the tree shape according to the cultivation model. From late May to early June, perform branch training to open the basal angle to 80-90°. Add monoammonium phosphate or diammonium phosphate drips into the water, 25-50 grams per plant, 2-3 times, spraying every 10-15 days. Supplement with foliar spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and amino acid fertilizer; potassium dihydrogen phosphate concentration 2‰-3‰, amino acid fertilizer 500-600 times dilution; spray every 10-15 days, 6-8 times, 60-80 liters per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares). This promotes flower bud differentiation. Stop watering and fertilizing by mid-August to promote branch lignification and ensure safe overwintering. (3) In the third year, shaping and promoting flower buds: based on the planting model established in the early stage, the distribution of main branches is continuously optimized, and high-quality branches are cultivated through fine pruning to construct a scientific and reasonable canopy structure: from the end of May to mid-June, timely pinching and twisting operations are carried out on the vigorous new shoots to effectively control vegetative growth and promote the conversion of nutrients to reproductive growth; in early July, the branches are pulled to adjust the angle of the branches, and the base angle is opened to 80-90° to create a favorable environment for flower bud differentiation; drip irrigation with high nitrogen compound fertilizer N: P:K = 20:10:10, 100-200 grams per tree, applied before flowering to ensure the tree's growth needs. At the same time, focus on increasing the application of diammonium phosphate, applying 0.1-0.15 kg per tree per year during the young tree stage, divided into 1-2 applications, once each during the flower bud differentiation period or once before flowering and once during the flower bud differentiation period. Combine with 3‰ potassium dihydrogen phosphate for foliar spraying, 2-3 times per month, with a spraying amount of 80-100 liters per mu, to enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of leaves and effectively promote flower bud differentiation.

[0007] Furthermore, the organic fertilizer mentioned in step (1) is well-rotted cow manure or sheep manure; the rootstock seeds are peach seeds or wild apricot seeds.

[0008] Furthermore, the support in step (2) is a bamboo pole or a wooden stick.

[0009] As can be seen from the above technical solution, compared with the prior art, this invention discloses a planting method for high-efficiency plum orchard establishment in desertified areas of southern Xinjiang. The method is simple to operate, easy to learn, and highly efficient, with initial fruit production as early as the third year. This invention, through the innovative method of in-situ sowing and grafting, effectively avoids the problem of seedling damage during digging, transportation, and storage, improving seedling survival rate and significantly reducing orchard establishment costs. At the same time, it significantly shortens the root recovery time after planting, accelerates seedling growth, greatly reduces the seedling juvenile period, and achieves early production and early returns. In the first and second years, the in-situ sowing and grafting are completed, and timely water and fertilizer management is carried out to promote the rapid growth of seedlings. In the second year, the focus is on cultivating the tree shape, promoting branching development through pruning, pinching and other means, and applying fertilizer in a reasonable manner to enhance tree vigor and form a small number of flower buds. In the third year, the tree shape is continuously optimized and flower bud differentiation is promoted. Pinching and shoot twisting are carried out from the end of May to mid-June, and branch pulling is carried out in early July. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are precisely applied according to the tree vigor, supplemented by foliar spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, so as to achieve the goal of yield in the fourth year. Detailed Implementation

[0010] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0011] Example 1: A planting method for efficient plum orchard establishment in desertified areas of southern Xinjiang This embodiment is applied to newly reclaimed desertified land, using an open-center tree (an open-center tree shape refers to a tree with a relatively tall trunk, no central leader or a weak central leader, and a small number of main branches (usually 2-4), with a few lateral branches or fruiting branches on the main branches, and a canopy that is open, flat, or umbrella-shaped, with an overall shape resembling an open "heart") orchard establishment model to cultivate high-quality grafted plum seedlings. The specific steps are as follows: (1) First year of rootstock cultivation On March 28th, spring, ditching was carried out on newly reclaimed desertified land. The ditches were 55cm deep and 95cm wide, with a row spacing (the distance between the midpoints of two ditch widths) of 3.8m. 4500kg / mu of organic fertilizer (well-rotted sheep manure) was evenly applied into the ditch. After thoroughly mixing the organic fertilizer with the original soil in the ditch, it was backfilled, ensuring it was level with the original ground surface to prevent water accumulation and depressions in the ditch surface.

[0012] On April 8th, rootstock seeds (peach seeds) were sown at the center line of the original furrow, at a depth of 5.5cm and a plant spacing of 1.4m. Immediately after sowing, drip irrigation tape was laid and water was dripped, followed by dripping every 6 days at a rate of 22 cubic meters per acre each time, to ensure that the soil moisture was kept stable at 60%-70% of field capacity.

[0013] After sowing, spread wheat straw evenly in the sowing rows, using 2200 kg of straw per acre, with a covering thickness of 4 cm, to retain moisture, protect against wind, and safeguard the seedlings. When the rootstock seedlings have grown to two leaves and a bud, prepare a 3‰ urea solution and spray 40 liters per acre, repeating the spray twice with a 7-day interval, to promote robust seedling growth.

[0014] Based on the seedling growth vigor, apply high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P:K=20:10:10) with irrigation water. The first application is 8 kg per mu (667 square meters) 3 weeks after sowing; the second application is 12 kg per mu 8 weeks after sowing. Stop irrigation and fertilization on August 15th to promote lignification of the rootstock seedlings and ensure safe overwintering.

[0015] (2) Grafting to promote seedling growth in the second year On March 30th, the rootstock was pruned, leaving a 12cm stump. Healthy, plump branches from the current year's growth were selected from the periphery of superior plum mother trees as scions. Budding was used, grafting immediately after harvesting. Each scion retained a 1cm petiole, and the removed bud patch was 2.2cm long and 1.2cm wide. The grafting site was tightly wrapped from bottom to top with binding film, ensuring that the bud patch was firm and not loose when gently pressed, with the bud exposed.

[0016] Adjust the plant spacing according to the open-center orchard model, setting it to 3×4m. When the scions reach 12cm in length, remove the wrapping material; apply high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P:K=20:10:10) via drip irrigation at a rate of 2.5 kg per acre each time, for a total of 4 drip irrigations, to promote scion growth. When the scions reach 35cm in length, tie them to supports (bamboo poles) with a support length of 1.2 meters, and cultivate the tree according to the open-center cultivation model, retaining 3-4 main branches.

[0017] On May 25th, branch training was performed to open the main branches to an 85° angle. Diammonium phosphate (high-phosphorus compound fertilizer) was dripped into the irrigation water at a rate of 35 grams per plant, applied twice, 15 days apart. Simultaneously, foliar spraying was applied using a 3‰ potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution and a 600-fold diluted amino acid fertilizer, using 70 liters per acre, spraying once every 12 days for 6 applications to promote flower bud differentiation. Drip irrigation and fertilization were stopped on August 15th to promote lignification of the branches and ensure the seedlings safely overwinter.

[0018] (3) Shaping and promoting flower buds in the third year Based on the open-center planting model, the distribution of main branches is continuously optimized, and high-quality branches are cultivated through meticulous pruning to construct a scientific and reasonable canopy structure. In early June, pinching and twisting operations are carried out on the vigorous new shoots to control vegetative growth and promote the conversion of nutrients to reproductive growth.

[0019] On July 1st, the branches were adjusted by pulling them back, opening the base angle of the main branches and lateral branches to 85° to create a favorable environment for flower bud differentiation. Before flowering, 150 grams of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P:K=20:10:10) was drip-irrigated per plant to ensure the tree's growth needs.

[0020] Emphasis should be placed on increasing the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. During the young tree stage, apply 0.12 kg of diammonium phosphate per tree per year, divided into two applications: once before flowering and once during flower bud differentiation. Combine this with a 3‰ concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate for foliar spraying, twice a month, at a rate of 100 liters per mu (667 square meters), to enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves, effectively promote flower bud differentiation, and ensure that the seedlings meet the planting standards.

[0021] Example 2: High-density planting and efficient cultivation method for plum seedlings in desertified areas This embodiment is applied to newly reclaimed desertified land, adopting a central leader tree (a central leader tree refers to a tree shape with a single, upright, strong trunk (central leader) as the framework, on which multiple fruiting branches or fruiting branches grow directly, forming a crown structure that is smaller at the top and larger at the bottom, resembling a cone or cylinder) orchard establishment model to achieve high-density planting and efficient cultivation of seedlings. The specific steps are as follows: (1) First year of rootstock cultivation On March 22nd, spring, trenching was carried out on newly reclaimed desertified land. The trenches were 45cm deep, 85cm wide, and the spacing between the rows (the midpoint between two trenches) was 3.2m. 3500kg / mu of organic fertilizer (well-rotted sheep manure) was evenly applied into the trenches. After thoroughly mixing the organic fertilizer with the original soil in the trenches, the soil was backfilled, ensuring it was level with the original ground surface to prevent the desertified soil from collapsing.

[0022] On April 7th, rootstock seeds (wild apricot) were sown at the center line of the original furrow, at a depth of 4.5cm and a plant spacing of 1.2m. Immediately after sowing, drip irrigation tape was laid and water was dripped, followed by dripping every 4 days at a rate of 18 cubic meters per acre each time, to quickly improve soil moisture and ensure seed germination rate.

[0023] After sowing, lay straw mats in the sowing rows, using 2000 kg of straw per acre (equivalent to the amount of straw mat), with a covering thickness of 3 cm, to retain moisture, protect against wind, and safeguard the seedlings. When the rootstock seedlings have grown to two leaves and a bud, prepare a 3‰ potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution and spray 30 liters per acre, repeating the spray three times at 5-day intervals to promote root growth and robust development of the above-ground parts of the seedlings.

[0024] Based on the seedling growth vigor, apply high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P:K=20:10:10) with irrigation water. The first application is 5 kg per mu (667 square meters) two weeks after sowing; the second application is 10 kg per mu (667 square meters) six weeks after sowing. Stop irrigation and fertilization on August 10th to promote lignification of the rootstock seedlings and ensure safe overwintering.

[0025] (2) Grafting to promote seedling growth in the second year On April 5th, the rootstock was pruned, leaving a 10cm stub. Healthy, plump branches from the current year's growth were selected from the periphery of superior plum mother trees as scions. A branch grafting method was used, with scions taken during winter pruning, cut into 8cm sections, retaining two plump buds, and sealed with wax for later storage. During grafting, the scion and rootstock were precisely aligned, and the grafting area was tightly wrapped from bottom to top with binding film to ensure a tight interface and exposed buds.

[0026] Adjust the plant spacing to 2×4m according to the central leader system orchard establishment model. When the scions reach 10cm in length, remove the wrapping material; apply high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P:K=20:10:10) by drip irrigation at a rate of 2 kg per acre each time, for a total of 3 drip irrigations, to promote rapid growth of the scions. When the scions reach 30cm in length, tie them to supports (bamboo poles) with a support length of 1.0 meter, cultivate the tree according to the central leader system, retain the main trunk, and promptly remove lateral buds.

[0027] On June 1st, perform branch training to open the basal angle of the lateral branches sprouting from the main trunk to 80°. Apply monoammonium phosphate (high-phosphorus compound fertilizer) via drip irrigation, 25 grams per plant, for a total of 3 applications, 10 days apart. Simultaneously, supplement with foliar spraying, preparing a 3‰ potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution and a 500-fold dilution of amino acid fertilizer, spraying 70 liters per acre, once every 10 days, for 6 applications, to promote flower bud differentiation. Stop drip irrigation and fertilization on August 10th to promote lignification of the branches and ensure the seedlings safely overwinter.

[0028] (3) Shaping and promoting flower buds in the third year Based on the central leader planting model, the distribution of main branches was continuously optimized, and high-quality branches were cultivated through meticulous pruning to construct a compact, well-ventilated, and light-permeable canopy structure. On May 25, pinching and twisting operations were promptly carried out on the vigorous new shoots to control vegetative growth and promote the conversion of nutrients to reproductive growth.

[0029] On July 5th, the branches were adjusted by pulling them back, opening the base angle of the lateral branches on the main trunk to 80° to create a favorable environment for flower bud differentiation. Before flowering, 100 grams of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P:K=20:10:10) was drip-irrigated per plant to ensure the tree's growth needs.

[0030] Emphasis should be placed on increasing the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. During the young tree stage, apply 0.1 kg of diammonium phosphate per tree annually, divided into one application, during the flower bud differentiation period. Combine this with a 3‰ concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate for foliar spraying, three times a month, at a rate of 100 liters per mu (approximately 667 square meters). This will enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves, effectively promote flower bud differentiation, accelerate the seedling cultivation process, and ensure that the seedlings reach the standards for dense planting.

[0031] Comparative Example 1: Open-center tree shape under traditional cultivation methods (1) Planting of seedlings purchased from outside in the first year In late March to early April, dig planting holes in newly reclaimed desertified land. The holes should be 40-50cm deep and 50-60cm wide, with a spacing of 3m x 4m. Apply well-rotted farmyard manure into the planting holes, mix it with the topsoil, and then place the purchased grafted plum seedlings (1.2m tall, 0.5-0.7cm in diameter) into the holes. Straighten the seedlings, fill in the soil, compact it, and water thoroughly.

[0032] After planting, replenish water by flood irrigation, watering intermittently according to soil moisture. Once the seedlings have established themselves and recovered, prune the trunk 50-60cm above the ground, retaining the height of the main stem, and allow new shoots to sprout and grow freely. During the growing season, apply a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer according to the seedling growth, without precise water and fertilizer control. Before winter, water and fertilize normally, without deliberately controlling fertilizer and water.

[0033] (2) Tree shaping and management in the second year The following spring, replant the seedlings that died during the winter, maintaining a uniform spacing between trees and rows in the orchard. After new shoots emerge, select the main branches to cultivate an open-center tree structure. In summer, train vigorous branches to adjust their angle and remove some overly dense and weak branches.

[0034] During the growing season, apply nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer, supplemented with a small amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Apply fertilizer by spreading it on the ground or by trenching. Continue to use the flood irrigation method, without drip irrigation facilities or foliar fertilization. Maintain normal care in mid-to-late August, without stopping water and fertilizer supply, allowing the branches to grow naturally over winter.

[0035] (3) Shaping and pruning in the third year and garden formation In the third spring, continue to optimize the tree shape, remove ineffective branches, and make minor adjustments to the retained main and lateral branches. In summer, prune excessively long new shoots appropriately to maintain the open-center crown shape. Apply nitrogen fertilizer appropriately before flowering, and supplement with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer during the growing season. Water and fertilizer management will continue to be based on experience, without quantitative control.

[0036] No surface covering or special wind protection measures are implemented throughout the year to conserve moisture; the seedlings are nurtured by relying on natural climate conditions. Once the trees have reached a basic stage of development, they enter the regular orchard management phase, awaiting flower bud differentiation, flowering, and fruiting.

[0037] Comparison of the core cultivation technology advantages between Example 1 and Comparative Example 1: Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 are both applicable to the establishment of open-center plum orchards in desertified areas of southern Xinjiang. However, there are significant differences between the two in terms of seedling cultivation methods, soil improvement, water and fertilizer management, tree shape cultivation, growth cycle and production effect.

[0038] In terms of seedling cultivation and planting, Comparative Example 1 used purchased finished seedlings for planting. The long-distance transportation of seedlings easily damaged the root system, resulting in a long recovery period and a low survival rate. In Example 1, rootstocks were cultivated in situ before grafting, resulting in seedlings with strong adaptability, no long recovery period, and a significantly improved survival rate.

[0039] In terms of soil and water and fertilizer management, Comparative Example 1 did not perform deep plowing and soil improvement in advance, applied less base fertilizer, and wasted water and fertilizer due to flood irrigation, resulting in low nutrient utilization. Example 1 improved the sandy land by opening trenches and applying organic fertilizer in advance, and combined it with drip irrigation for precise water and fertilizer control, which resulted in good water and fertilizer retention and higher water and fertilizer utilization.

[0040] In terms of tree shape cultivation, Comparative Example 1 shows that the tree shape cultivation is too extensive, with irregular trunk setting and branch pulling, slow crown formation, and unreasonable structure; Example 1 shows that the entire process is refined shaping, with timely branch pulling to open the angle and pruning to control excessive growth, and a standard open-center crown can be formed in three years, with excellent ventilation and light conditions.

[0041] In terms of cultivation and management, Comparative Example 1 showed insufficient lignification of branches, resulting in weak resistance to cold, wind and sand, and drought, leading to frequent winter frost damage and dieback. Example 1, through technical measures such as water and fertilizer interruption and straw mulching to conserve moisture and prevent wind damage, significantly enhanced the seedlings' resistance to adverse conditions and greatly improved the overwintering survival rate, effectively adapting to the complex climate and geographical environment of southern Xinjiang.

[0042] Comparative Example 2: Central Stem Formation under Traditional Cultivation Methods (1) Planting of seedlings purchased from outside in the first year In late March to early April, dig planting holes in newly reclaimed desertified land. The holes should be 40-50cm deep and 50-60cm wide, with a spacing of 2m x 4m. Apply well-rotted farmyard manure into the planting holes and mix it evenly with the topsoil. Then, place the purchased grafted plum seedlings (1.2m tall and 0.5-0.7cm in diameter) into the holes, straighten the seedlings, fill the holes with soil in layers, compact the soil, and water thoroughly.

[0043] After planting, water thoroughly using a flood irrigation method, and water as needed depending on soil dryness. Once the seedlings have established themselves, prune them to a height of 60-70cm above the ground, maintaining the main stem height and allowing lateral buds to sprout and branch out. During the growing season, apply a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer based on the seedling growth, without precise water and fertilizer control or foliar fertilization. Before winter, water and fertilize normally, without deliberately stopping watering or fertilization, and without promoting lignification of branches.

[0044] After transplanting, no straw or other coverings are laid, and no wind protection or seedling protection measures are taken. The seedlings are nurtured by the natural environment.

[0045] (2) Tree shaping and management in the second year The following spring, clear away the dead seedlings that had survived the winter and replant them to maintain uniform spacing between trees and rows in the orchard. After new shoots emerge, retain the central trunk, remove some messy branches, and initially cultivate a trunk-shaped tree framework. In summer, appropriately train the lateral branches that sprout from the main trunk, adjust the branch angles, and remove weak and overly dense branches.

[0046] During the growing season, topdressing should primarily consist of nitrogen fertilizer, supplemented with a small amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, applied by spreading it on the ground. Continue watering using the flood irrigation method, without drip irrigation or foliar fertilizer. Maintain normal care from mid to late August, continuing water and fertilizer supply, allowing the branches to grow naturally through the winter.

[0047] (3) Shaping and pruning in the third year and garden formation In the third spring, continue to prune the tree, remove ineffective and diseased branches, and perform simple pruning on the main trunk and lateral branches to maintain the main trunk shape and crown outline. In summer, appropriately shorten the vigorous new shoots to control excessive growth, and do not carry out refined pinching or shoot twisting operations.

[0048] Apply nitrogen fertilizer appropriately before flowering, and supplement with a small amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer during flower bud differentiation. Water and fertilizer management follows an experience-based approach, without fixed dosages or cycles. No standardized branch training is performed, resulting in messy branch angles, insufficient canopy compactness, and poor ventilation and light penetration. There is no ground cover throughout the year, and no specific moisture retention or wind protection measures are implemented. Once the trees have basically taken shape, they are placed under regular orchard management, awaiting flowering and fruiting.

[0049] Comparison of two main stem cultivation methods: Example 2 and Comparative Example 2: Both the cultivation methods in Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 are suitable for dense planting of plum trees in desertified areas of southern Xinjiang. However, there are significant differences between the two methods in terms of seedling cultivation, soil management, water and fertilizer regulation, tree shape cultivation, growth efficiency, and stress resistance.

[0050] In terms of seedling cultivation and planting, Comparative Example 2 purchased finished seedlings, which were prone to root damage, had a long recovery period, low survival rate, and uneven growth. Example 2 cultivated rootstocks in situ and then grafted them, which made the seedlings suitable for the sandy environment, with no obvious recovery period, high survival rate, and strong and uniform seedlings.

[0051] In terms of soil and water and fertilizer management, Comparative Example 2 showed that the soil improvement was not thorough, the fertilization was not deep, and the water and fertilizer were wasted due to flood irrigation, resulting in an unbalanced nutrient supply and low utilization rate. Example 2 showed that the sandy land was improved by ditching and applying organic fertilizer in advance, and the water and fertilizer were precisely controlled by drip irrigation, combined with foliar fertilization. The water and fertilizer utilization rate was high, the soil moisture retention and wind protection effects were good, and the seedling growth needs could be quickly met.

[0052] In terms of tree shape cultivation, Comparative Example 2 showed extensive tree shape cultivation, irregular trunk setting and branch pulling, messy lateral branches, poor canopy compactness, and slow shaping; Example 2, on the other hand, was managed meticulously according to the main trunk shape standard throughout the process, with timely trunk setting, branch pulling, bud thinning, and pinching, resulting in a compact and regular canopy, excellent ventilation and light penetration, and a fast tree shape cultivation speed.

[0053] In terms of growth, production, and stress resistance, Comparative Example 2 has low branch lignification, is susceptible to frost damage and dieback during winter, has slow tree formation, and a long production cycle; Example 2 stops fertilization and watering in a timely manner, accelerates branch lignification, and the seedlings have strong resistance to cold, drought, and wind and sand. They can reach the standard for dense planting in 3 years, enter the fruiting period earlier, and have stronger high and stable yield in the later stage.

[0054] The garden construction effects of Examples 1-2 and Comparative Examples 1-2 were statistically analyzed, and the results are shown in Table 1.

[0055] Table 1

[0056] 1) Comparison of Example 1 (open-center innovative cultivation) and Comparative Example 1 (open-center traditional cultivation): (1) Survival rate and overwintering loss rate: Overwintering loss rate refers to the proportion of plum seedlings that die during the overwintering period due to frost damage, dieback, etc., to the total number of seedlings before overwintering. The survival rate of Example 1 was 90% (5 percentage points higher than that of Comparative Example 1), and the overwintering loss rate was 7% (5 percentage points lower). Because Example 1 cultivated rootstocks in situ, carried out meticulous management, and laid straw mats to retain moisture and prevent wind, the adaptability and stress resistance of the seedlings were improved; Comparative Example 1 had purchased seedlings that were damaged, had rough management, and did not lay straw mats, resulting in weak stress resistance and higher loss.

[0057] (2) Branch utilization rate: refers to the proportion of branches that can be cultivated into effective fruiting branches in plum cultivation to the total number of branches. Example 1 (85%) is 15 percentage points higher than Comparative Example 1 (70%). Example 1 is finely pruned according to the open-center shape standard to reduce ineffective branches; Comparative Example 1 has a rough tree shape, messy branches, many ineffective branches, and low utilization rate.

[0058] (3) Input cost: Example 1: In-situ cultivation of rootstock significantly reduces the cost of purchasing finished seedlings; at the same time, the drip irrigation system enables precise water and fertilizer regulation, significantly reducing water and fertilizer waste and subsequent maintenance costs. Example 1 saves 20-30% of costs because in-situ seedling cultivation saves on seedling purchase costs, and drip irrigation controls water and fertilizer; Comparative Example 1: Purchased seedlings + extensive water and fertilizer management, with no room for cost optimization.

[0059] (4) Yield performance: The yield per tree in Example 1 was 5.5 kg, which was 120% higher than that in Comparative Example 1 (2.5 kg). This was due to the standardized tree shape and good flower bud differentiation; the tree shape in Comparative Example 1 was messy and the growth was uneven, resulting in a lower yield.

[0060] 2) Comparison of Example 2 (innovative central leader cultivation) and Comparative Example 2 (traditional central leader cultivation): (1) Survival rate and overwintering loss rate: The overwintering loss rate refers to the proportion of plum seedlings that die during the overwintering period due to frost damage, dieback, etc., to the total number of seedlings before overwintering. Example 2 had a survival rate of 90% and a loss rate of 7%, which was 5 percentage points higher and 5 percentage points lower than Comparative Example 2, respectively. This was because Example 2 used in-situ seedling cultivation and precise management, and laid straw mats to retain moisture and prevent wind damage, thus enhancing its resistance to adverse conditions; while Comparative Example 2 used purchased seedlings and had extensive management, and did not lay straw mats, resulting in high overwintering losses.

[0061] (2) Branch utilization rate: refers to the proportion of branches that can be cultivated into effective fruiting branches in plum cultivation to the total number of branches. Example 2 (75%) is 5 percentage points higher than Comparative Example 2 (70%). Example 2 was pruned and branches were controlled according to the central leader standard; Comparative Example 2 had an irregular tree shape, many ineffective branches, and a low utilization rate.

[0062] (3) Input cost: Example 2 cultivates rootstocks in-situ, which greatly reduces the cost of purchasing finished seedlings; at the same time, the drip irrigation system enables precise water and fertilizer regulation, which significantly reduces water and fertilizer waste and later maintenance costs. Example 2 saves 20-30% of costs, which is consistent with the advantages of Example 1; Comparative Example 2 purchases seedlings + extensive management, with no cost savings.

[0063] (4) Yield performance: The yield per plant in Example 2 was 4.5 kg, which was 125% higher than that in Comparative Example 2 (2.0 kg). This was due to the compact tree shape and good flower bud differentiation. The yield was lower than that in Example 1 because the tree structure led to a difference in the utilization rate of branches.

[0064] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for efficiently establishing plum orchards in desertified areas of southern Xinjiang, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Cultivating rootstock in the first year: In spring, from March 20 to April 10, dig trenches in newly reclaimed sandy land. The trenches should be 40-60 cm deep, 80-100 cm wide, and 3-4 m apart. Apply 3000-5000 kg / mu of organic fertilizer into the trenches, mix it with the original soil, and backfill it to make it level with the original ground. After backfilling, in early to mid-April, sow rootstock seeds along the center line of the original trench at a depth of 4-6 cm and a spacing of 1-1.5 m between plants. After sowing, lay drip irrigation tape and drip water immediately, then drip water every 3-7 days, each time at a rate of 15-25 cubic meters per acre. After sowing, lay straw or straw mats in the sowing rows, with 2000-2500 kg of straw per mu and a covering thickness of 3-5 cm. When the seedlings have two leaves and one heart, spray with 3‰ urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 2-3 times, with an interval of 5-8 days between each spray, and spray 30-50 liters of solution per mu. Based on the seedling growth vigor, apply high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P:K = 20:10:10) with irrigation water. The first application is 5-10 kg per mu (667 square meters) 2-4 weeks after sowing, and the second application is 10-15 kg per mu 6-10 weeks after sowing. Stop watering and fertilizing in mid-August. (2) Grafting to promote seedling growth in the second year: From the end of March to the beginning of April, the rootstock is pruned with a stump of 10-15 cm. Select healthy, plump branches from the periphery of the superior plum mother tree as scions. Bud grafting is done immediately after budding, leaving a 1 cm petiole. Branch grafting is combined with winter pruning, cut into 8-12 cm sections, retaining 2-3 buds, and stored after wax sealing. The buds are 2.0-2.5 cm long and 1.0-1.5 cm wide. The grafting site is wrapped tightly with binding film from bottom to top. The buds should be smooth and not loose when gently pressed by hand, with the grafted bud exposed. Adjust the spacing between plants and rows according to the orchard establishment model, including open-center shape with a spacing of 3×4 m and central leader shape with a spacing of 2×4 m; when the scions grow to 10-15 cm, remove the wrapping material; and drip irrigate with high nitrogen fertilizer (N:P:K=20:10:10), 2-3 kg per acre each time, for 3-5 times; when the scions grow to 30-40 cm, tie them with stakes, with a stake length of 1-1.5 meters, and cultivate the tree shape according to the cultivation model. From late May to early June, perform branch training to open the basal angle to 80-90°. Apply monoammonium phosphate or diammonium phosphate dripped into the water at a rate of 25-50 grams per plant, 2-3 times, and spray every 10-15 days. Supplement with foliar spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and amino acid fertilizer; potassium dihydrogen phosphate concentration 2‰-3‰, amino acid fertilizer 500-600 times diluted; spray every 10-15 days, 6-8 times, applying 60-80 liters per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares). Stop watering and fertilizing by mid-August. (3) In the third year, shape and promote flower buds. Based on the planting model established in the early stage, continue to optimize the distribution of main branches, cultivate high-quality branches through fine pruning, and build a scientific and reasonable crown structure: from the end of May to the middle of June, timely carry out pinching and twisting operations on vigorous new shoots; in early July, pull branches to adjust the angle of branches, and open the base angle to 80-90°; drip irrigation with high nitrogen compound fertilizer N:P:K=20:10:10, 100-200 grams per plant, applied before flowering, and at the same time, focus on increasing the application of diammonium phosphate. During the young tree period, apply 0.1-0.15 kg per plant per year, divided into 1-2 applications, once during the flower bud differentiation period or once before flowering and once during the flower bud differentiation period, and spray the leaves with potassium dihydrogen phosphate at a concentration of 3‰, 2-3 times a month, with a spraying amount of 80-100 liters per mu.

2. The planting method for establishing a high-efficiency plum orchard in desertified areas of southern Xinjiang according to claim 1, characterized in that, The organic fertilizer mentioned in step (1) is well-rotted cow manure or sheep manure; the rootstock seeds are peach seeds or wild apricot seeds.

3. The planting method for establishing a high-efficiency plum orchard in desertified areas of southern Xinjiang according to claim 1, characterized in that, The support in step (2) is a bamboo pole or a wooden stick.

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