Apparatus with optical layer for collimating light beam and screen door effect mitigation and method for adjusting the apparatus

Abstract

According to one embodiment, an apparatus is provided comprising an optical layer (610) for being disposed on a sub-pixel of a plurality of sub-pixels (614), each sub-pixel of the plurality of sub-pixels emitting a light beam and corresponding to a color. Further, the apparatus can comprise the optical layer for combining the light beam of each sub-pixel of the plurality of sub-pixels and / or mixing the color of the light beam of each sub-pixel of the plurality of sub-pixels by expanding the light beam from each sub-pixel of the plurality of sub-pixels to cover an area corresponding to a full pixel pitch. The apparatus can comprise an embodiment in which a beam divergence angle of the combined light beam overlaps at least 80% of a beam divergence angle of each sub-pixel of the plurality of sub-pixels.

Description

[0001] Cross-citation of related applications This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 611,632, filed December 18, 2023, entitled “RGB all-color display consolidator for both efficient light collection and mitigate screen door effect,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0002] The present invention generally relates to display devices, and in certain embodiments to display devices having an optical layer for mitigating the screen-door effect and improving optical efficiency by collimating a beam to collect more light through image optics, and a method for adjusting said display device. Background Technology

[0003] In optics, optical spread is a light property in an optical system that characterizes how light "spreads" across an area and an angle. Optical spread can be defined as the product of the area or length of the light source and the beam divergence angle. The beam divergence angle represents the extent to which light spreads from the source. Optical spread is relevant to the configuration and operation of display systems, where the quality of the displayed image is affected by the range and distribution of light on the display panel.

[0004] In display systems, pixels are typically composed of subpixels that emit red, green, and blue light. Combinations of these colors with different intensities can produce a range of colors. The arrangement and distribution of subpixels affect the visual quality of the display. For example, gaps between subpixels can cause visual artifacts, such as the screen-door effect, where a visible grid pattern of fine lines or gaps between pixels can be observed on the screen. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The technical advantages are typically achieved through embodiments of the present invention, which describe a display panel with an optical layer for optical extension integration and screen-door effect mitigation, and a method for adjusting the display panel.

[0006] According to one embodiment, a device is provided that may include an optical layer disposed on sub-pixels among a plurality of sub-pixels, each sub-pixel emitting a light beam and corresponding to a color. The device may further include the optical layer, which may be used to combine the light beams of each sub-pixel and / or mix the colors of the light beams of each sub-pixel by extending the light beams from each sub-pixel to cover an area corresponding to the full pixel pitch. The device may further include an implementation where the total beam divergence angle of the combined beams overlaps with at least 80% of the beam divergence angle of each sub-pixel.

[0007] The implementation may include one or more of the following features. The device may include the following implementation: the combined beam having the total beam divergence angle may include at least 50% of the light energy emitted by each of the plurality of sub-pixels. The device may include the following implementation: relative to a sub-pixel on which the optical layer is not disposed, the optical layer is used to reduce the beam divergence angle of the sub-pixel to a range between 1 / 3 and 1 / 1000. The device may include the following implementation: relative to a sub-pixel on which the optical layer is not disposed, the optical layer is used to reduce the beam divergence angle of the sub-pixel to a range between 1 / 6 and 1 / 100.

[0008] The device may include the following implementation: the height variation of the surface of the optical layer is equal to or less than 1.5 micrometers. The device may include the optical layer, which can be used to guide multiple beams of light from a first sub-pixel to a first angle. The device may include the optical layer, which can guide a first color of the first sub-pixel to combine beams from the multiple beams.

[0009] The device may include the following implementation: the optical layer may include a first sub-layer and a second sub-layer. In some implementations, the first sub-layer may be used to guide multiple beams of a first beam from a first sub-pixel to a first angle, and the second sub-layer may be used to guide a first color of the first sub-pixel to combine the beams of the multiple beams. The device may also include the following implementation: the cross-section of the beam profile in the far field is at least partially elliptical, and the ratio of the longer diameter to the shorter diameter of the beam profile is in the range of 1 to 1.5.

[0010] The device may include the following implementations: the projections of active sub-pixels having a first color over the optical layer at least partially overlap. The device may include the following implementations: the optical layer is passive. The device may include the following implementations: the optical layer may include regions of RGB pixel units. The device may include the following implementations: the plurality of sub-pixels are arranged in a hexagonal pattern. The device may include the following implementations: the plurality of sub-pixels are arranged in a striped pattern.

[0011] The device may include the following implementation: the beam divergence angle of each of the plurality of sub-pixels is equal to or less than 0.024 steradian units measured at a distance of 20 mm from the top surface of the sub-pixel. The device may also include the following implementation: the area of ​​the RGB pixel unit is covered by the cross-sectional profile of the beam, which is observed using a microscope with a resolution equal to or greater than 0.5 micrometers. Finally, the device may include the following implementation: the product of the pixel area and the total beam divergence angle is less than 14 mm. 2 × sphericity, the pixel has a surface area of ​​590 mm² 2 The display panel.

[0012] In one general aspect, a system is provided that can include a display device having an optical layer for disposed on sub-pixels among a plurality of sub-pixels, each of the plurality of sub-pixels emitting a light beam and corresponding to a color. The system can include an implementation whereby the optical layer is used to combine the light beams of each of the plurality of sub-pixels and / or mix the colors of the light beams of each of the plurality of sub-pixels by extending the light beams from each of the plurality of sub-pixels to cover an area corresponding to a full pixel pitch. The system can include an implementation whereby the beam divergence angle of the combined light beam overlaps with at least 80% of the beam divergence angle of each of the plurality of sub-pixels. The system can include an implementation whereby, relative to a sub-pixel on which the optical layer is not disposed, the optical layer is used to reduce the beam divergence angle from the sub-pixel to a range between 1 / 3 and 1 / 1000. The system can include an implementation whereby, relative to a sub-pixel on which the optical layer is not disposed, the optical layer is used to reduce the beam divergence angle of the sub-pixel to a range between 1 / 6 and 1 / 100.

[0013] In one general aspect, a method is provided that can include disposing an optical layer on subpixels of a plurality of subpixels, each of the plurality of subpixels emitting a light beam and corresponding to a color. The method can include combining the light beams of each of the plurality of subpixels by extending the light beams from each of the plurality of subpixels to cover a region corresponding to a full pixel pitch. The method can further include an implementation in which the beam divergence angle of the combined beam overlaps with at least 80% of the beam divergence angle of each of the plurality of subpixels. Attached Figure Description

[0014] To gain a more complete understanding of the invention and its advantages, the following description is taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0015] Figure 1 The optical extensions provided by some implementation methods are shown.

[0016] Figure 2 The screen window effect is shown in some implementations.

[0017] Figure 3A An optical system in an initial state showing the amount of optical extension is shown in some implementations.

[0018] Figure 3B The optical system after the initial integrated optical extension provided by some implementation methods is described.

[0019] Figure 3C Some implementations of optical systems after further optical extension integration are shown.

[0020] Figure 4 Some implementations of optical systems with hexagonal arrangements of subpixels are presented.

[0021] Figure 5A Some implementations of optical systems with compound parabolic concentrators are shown.

[0022] Figure 5B and Figure 5C Some implementations of optical systems with microlenses are shown.

[0023] Figure 6A and Figure 6B Optical systems with display panels including planar lenses are described in several implementations.

[0024] Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of optical systems with strip arrangements of subpixels provided by some implementations are shown.

[0025] Figure 8Aand Figure 8B Schematic diagrams are shown of optical systems for display panels with expanded subpixel pitch and / or reduced beam divergence angles, provided by some implementation methods.

[0026] Figure 9A Some implementations of optical systems are presented.

[0027] Figure 9B Some implementations of optical layers with two sublayers are shown.

[0028] Figures 10A to 10C The diagram illustrates some implementations of color routers.

[0029] Figure 11A A top view of a display panel with a subpixel array provided by some implementation methods is shown.

[0030] Figure 11B and Figure 11C Cross-sectional views of optical systems provided by some implementations are shown.

[0031] Figures 12A to 12C Cross-sectional views of near-field radiation patterns of blue, green, and red beams provided by some implementation methods are presented.

[0032] Figures 13A to 13C Cross-sectional views of near-field radiation patterns of blue, green, and red beams through optical layers, provided by some implementation methods, are presented.

[0033] Figures 14A to 14C Polar plots depicting the far-field radiation patterns of blue, green, and red beams provided by some implementation methods.

[0034] Figures 15A to 15C The polar coordinates of far-field radiation maps of blue, green, and red beams through optical layers are described for some implementations.

[0035] Figure 16 A diagram of an embodiment of the processing system provided by some implementation methods is shown.

[0036] Figure 17 A flowchart outlining some implementation methods for mitigating the screen-door effect in display panels is shown.

[0037] Unless otherwise indicated, corresponding numbers and symbols in different figures generally refer to corresponding parts. The figures are drawn to clearly illustrate relevant aspects of the embodiments and are therefore not necessarily drawn to scale. Detailed Implementation

[0038] The following section discusses in detail the making and use of embodiments of the present invention. However, it should be understood that the concepts disclosed herein can be embodied in various specific contexts, and the specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the scope of the claims. Furthermore, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and modifications can be made to this document without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

[0039] For example, in the following description, forming a first feature above or on a second feature can include embodiments where the first and second features are in direct contact, or embodiments where an additional feature is formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features are not in direct contact. Furthermore, the reference numerals and / or letters in various examples may be repeated in this invention. This repetition is for simplicity and clarity and does not in itself define the relationship between the various embodiments and / or configurations discussed.

[0040] Furthermore, for ease of description, spatially related terms such as "below," "below," "lower," "above," and "higher" may be used herein to describe the relationship of an element or feature to one or more other elements or features, as shown in the figures. Spatially related terms are intended to cover different orientations of the device during use or operation, other than those described in the figures. The device may be oriented in other ways (rotated 90 degrees or otherwise), and the spatially related descriptors used herein may be interpreted accordingly.

[0041] This invention relates to an optical system for a display panel, with a particular focus on the integration of optical extension and the mitigation of the screen-door effect. The screen-door effect is a visual artifact that occurs in digital displays, where the fine lines separating pixels become visible, thus disrupting the viewing experience. For example, this effect can occur in high-resolution display systems where small subpixels and the gaps between them create a pixelated effect, similar to viewing an image through a screen.

[0042] Non-imaging optics (such as condensers) can be used in optical systems to manipulate the beam divergence angle or spot size of light while conserving optical spread. The solid angle Ω is a measure of the field of view covered by a given object when observed from a point. Solid angles can be measured in steradian degrees. In some implementations, steradian degrees can be expressed in meters (m). 2 / m 2 The solid angle Ω can be expressed using the following equation: Ω = A / r 2 Where Ω is the solid angle, measured in steradian degrees (sr); A is the surface area of ​​the sphere formed by the solid angle; and r is the radius of the sphere.

[0043] A steradian can correspond to a solid angle subtended by a surface area at the center of a sphere, where the surface area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. In other words, a solid angle of one steradian is subtended by a portion of a sphere whose area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius.

[0044] The beam divergence angle (or beam spread) is a measure of how much a beam spreads as it propagates through space. The beam divergence angle is defined as the solid angle at which most of the beam's energy is emitted.

[0045] Optical spread is an optical property in an optical system, described by the product of the size of the light source and the beam divergence angle. Optical spread affects optical coupling efficiency and the overall visual quality of a display. The principle of conservation of optical spread, also known as the Lagrange invariant, can be applied to lossless optical systems.

[0046] In the field of display technology, there is a trend towards larger display panels and higher resolutions. This trend is driven by the expectation of a more immersive viewing experience and sharper image quality. These improvements present challenges in managing the optical spread of display panels. As pixel unit sizes decrease and panel sizes increase, optical spread becomes greater, making it more difficult to efficiently couple or collect light. This can at least partially lead to a loss of image sharpness and a reduction in the overall quality of the display.

[0047] This invention addresses this technical problem by introducing an optical layer (e.g., a non-imaging overlay or phase mask) disposed on subpixels of a display panel. In some embodiments, the optical layer may be formed by a planar lens (as further described below). Subpixels emit light beams corresponding to a specific color (e.g., red, green, or blue, RGB). The optical layer is used to extend the light beams from the subpixels to cover an area corresponding to the full pixel pitch. This process effectively combines light beams from subpixels of the same color, thereby filling the gaps between these subpixels and reducing the beam divergence angle of the combined beam.

[0048] In some implementations, the optical layer can integrate the optical extension of the subpixels. For example, by extending the light from the subpixels to cover the entire pixel pitch, the optical layer effectively reduces the beam divergence angle of the light, thereby integrating the optical extension of the subpixels and reducing the overall beam divergence angle of the display panel.

[0049] This invention offers several advantages. By reducing the gap between subpixels, the screen-door effect can be effectively mitigated, thereby improving the visual quality of the display. By integrating the optical extension of subpixels, this invention can improve the efficiency of light coupling in the display panel, which enables brighter and more vibrant images.

[0050] Figure 1The diagram illustrates optical spread in an optics or display system that may include a display panel. Optical spread is an optical property that quantifies the spatial and angular range of a light beam. Optical spread can be determined by multiplying the surface area of ​​the light source by the solid angle of the emitted light.

[0051] A light source with a surface dimension of Δx can emit light rays that diverge at an angle of Δθx. The surface dimension Δx represents the physical size of the emitting region, and the divergence angle Δθx indicates the angular spread of the emitted light rays.

[0052] The optical spread of a light source can be expressed as the product of Δx and Δθx. This relationship illustrates the interdependence between the spatial and angular ranges of the light field. The larger the surface area or the beam divergence angle, the higher the optical spread of the light source. Light sources with larger surface areas will have higher optical spread, and light sources with wider beam divergence angles will also have higher optical spread.

[0053] The relationship between the expanded illumination area and the reduced beam divergence angle can be approximated using the principle of conservation of optical spread. Optical spread can be defined as the product of the beam area and the solid angle, and it remains constant in a lossless optical system. A lossless optical system produces an image with the same optical spread as the source. In an optical system where optical power is conserved, optical spread does not decrease. Optical spread is related to Lagrange invariants and optical invariants, both of which have the property of remaining constant in an ideal optical system.

[0054] Assuming the area of ​​the original subpixel is A and the area of ​​the expanded circle is A', the conservation equation for optical expansion can be written as equation (1): A × Ω ≤ A' × Ω' (1), Where Ω and Ω' are the solid angles of the light beam before and after passing through the optical layer, respectively.

[0055] Radiance can refer to the radiant flux per unit solid angle per unit area. Radiance can quantify the amount of radiant energy passing through a region in a specific direction. Radiance can represent the brightness or intensity of light emitted or transmitted by an optical system. Radiant flux is the total amount of radiant energy passing through a given surface per unit time.

[0056] The relationship between radiance and optical spread can be defined by the derivative of radiant flux with respect to optical spread. As described in this paper, optical spread is a measure of the spatial and angular extent of light rays that can pass through an optical system. The derivative of radiant flux with respect to optical spread provides a measure of the efficiency with which an optical system captures and transmits light.

[0057] Figure 2The image illustrates the screen door effect (SDE). SDE can be a visual artifact in display devices (such as near-eye displays like virtual reality displays) characterized by a visible grid-like pattern of fine lines or gaps between pixels or subpixels on the screen, resembling a screen door. SDE is at least partly caused by noticeable gaps between pixels or subpixels, large enough to be resolved by typical viewing optics, resulting in a relatively disruptive visual effect. These visible gaps can impair the user's immersive experience. SDE can degrade overall image quality and immersion, for example, in high-resolution displays where individual pixels are more easily resolved.

[0058] Figure 3A An optical system in an initial state, illustrating optical extension, is shown in some implementations. A display panel can emit light to form an image. For example, a display panel can be used to display an image to a target or viewer. The display system may include device 300. Specifically, device 300 may be a light field device. In some implementations, device 300 includes light-emitting units or pixels. Each pixel may include multiple sub-pixels 314 that emit light of a specific color. In a display panel, sub-pixels 314 may be light sources. A pixel typically includes three sub-pixels (e.g., 314a, 314b, and 314c) that emit light of a specific color. Sub-pixels 314 are typically arranged in a periodic array, each sub-pixel 314 emitting light of a specific color, such as red (R), green (G), and blue (B). Combinations of these colors of different intensities can produce a range of other colors.

[0059] Each light-emitting unit or pixel emits one or more light fields. In this context, the light field is described by a vector function that describes the amount of light flowing through multiple points in space in multiple directions. Specifically, the light field comprises multiple rays or beams (e.g., 316 and 318) defined by a phantom light function. Each ray 316 or 318 has a radiance, which is a measurement of the amount of light propagating along ray 316 or 318. In other words, each light-emitting unit or pixel emits multiple rays, such as 316 and 318.

[0060] In the example shown, only some of the rays 316 and 318 radiated toward the target or viewer are shown. Each of the rays 316 and 318 propagates along a direction forming an acute angle with a direction orthogonal to the main surface of the device 300. Therefore, the appearance of an image can be created by the rays (e.g., 316 and 318) emitted by the light-emitting units or pixels.

[0061] A light source with a surface size of Δx (e.g., Δb for blue sub-pixel 314b) or sub-pixel 314 emits light with a divergence angle of Δθx (e.g., Δθb for blue sub-pixel 314b). The divergence angle can be the angle at which the light spreads out from the light source. The optical spread of the light source is the product of the surface size Δx and the divergence angle Δθx; the optical spread represents the range of the light field.

[0062] Due to manufacturing limitations and electrical interconnections, gaps may exist between adjacent subpixels 314. These gaps do not emit light and may appear as dark spaces in a display. When the subpixels 314 are small enough and closely spaced, the human eye may perceive these gaps as a visible grid pattern, known as SDE. SDE is more pronounced when the optical spread of the subpixels 314 is high. Larger subpixel sizes result in larger surface areas, thus increasing optical spread. A wider emission angle from the subpixels 314 also contributes to higher optical spread. As the optical spread of the subpixels 314 increases, the light emitted from the subpixels 314 becomes more dispersed and diffused, making the gaps between the subpixels 314 more noticeable.

[0063] Reducing the beam divergence angle of a display system can help mitigate the screen-door effect. This method of reducing the beam divergence angle can decrease the size of the sub-pixels 314 and the gaps between them. However, this approach may present manufacturing challenges and could affect the overall brightness and efficiency of the display. Another approach is to employ optical techniques that can extend the light emitted from the sub-pixels 314 to cover a larger area, thereby effectively reducing perceptible gaps and mitigating the screen-door effect.

[0064] This invention provides an optical layer 310 (see...) Figure 3B An optical layer 310 can be disposed on sub-pixels 314 in the display panel. The optical layer 310 can be used to amplify the light emitted from the sub-pixels 314 to cover the area corresponding to the full pixel pitch, thereby reducing the beam divergence angle and creating an overlapping illumination pattern that fills the gaps between the sub-pixels 314. By manipulating the light field and redistributing the amount of optical amplification, the optical layer 310 reduces the visual impact of the screen-door effect while essentially maintaining the original sub-pixel size and resolution.

[0065] Figure 3B The first stage of reducing the divergence angle in the display system is described. When the sub-pixels 314 are spaced apart, each sub-pixel 314 (e.g., the sub-pixel 314g corresponding to green) can emit light with a divergence angle Δθg (see also...). Figure 3A The divergence angle represents the angular spread of light emitted from sub-pixel 314. A larger divergence angle indicates a wider light cone, which leads to greater optical spread and increases the screen-door effect.

[0066] An optical layer may be disposed on the top surface of a sub-pixel (e.g., on sub-pixels 314a, 314b, and 314c). When optical layer 310 is used, it interacts with light emitted from sub-pixels 314 and can alter the spatial distribution of the light. Optical layer 310 is used to expand the illumination area of ​​sub-pixels 314, allowing light to diffuse over a larger surface area. This expansion is achieved through a combination of refraction, diffraction, and waveguide effects, and depends at least in part on the configuration of optical layer 310.

[0067] When, for example, sub-pixels 314b, 314g, and 314r are not spaced apart, the expanded illumination area (in) Figure 3B The divergence angle of the light emitted from sub-pixel 314 is reduced from Δθg to Δθg2 (denoted as D1). This reduction in divergence angle provides more focused and collimated light, thus propagating within a narrower light cone (illustrated by the narrower angle between rays 316 and 318). Optical layer 310 reorients and focuses the light, thereby providing light covering a larger portion of the pixel pitch without significantly increasing angular spread.

[0068] The illumination area is expanded and the divergence angle is reduced while maintaining a substantially the same overall display panel size D1. The optical layer 310 does not physically enlarge the sub-pixels 314 or the display panel itself. In some implementations, the optical layer 310 utilizes the available display area to improve the light distribution within the existing pixel pitch.

[0069] By expanding the illumination area and reducing the beam divergence angle, a lower overall optical spread of the display system can be achieved. For example... Figure 1 As discussed herein, optical spread is the product of the surface area of ​​the light source (e.g., the surface area of ​​sub-pixel 314) and the emission angle of the light source. Figure 3B In this design, the effective surface area of ​​sub-pixel 314 is increased, while the emission angle is decreased. This combination results in an overall reduction in the beam divergence angle, indicating that the light is more efficiently focused and directed toward the viewer.

[0070] Reducing the beam divergence angle offers several benefits to display quality. It mitigates the screen-door effect by filling the gaps between sub-pixels 314. As the illumination area of ​​sub-pixels 314 expands, the dark spaces between them become less noticeable, resulting in a more seamless and continuous image. In some implementations, reducing the beam divergence angle improves the overall brightness and contrast of the display. With more focused and collimated light, a higher percentage of emitted light reaches the viewer's eye, making the image brighter and more vivid.

[0071] Figure 3CFurther divergence angle reduction is shown through optical layer 310. The subpixel illumination areas are expanded to overlap each other, thereby creating a relatively seamless emission surface. The divergence angle is further reduced to Δθg3, thereby reducing the optical spread of the display panel.

[0072] Figure 3C The overlap of the sub-pixel illumination regions is shown. This overlap creates a relatively seamless emission surface, thereby reducing the visible gaps or dark spaces between sub-pixels 314. Due to the overlapping illumination regions, the divergence angle of the emitted light is further reduced from Δθg2 to Δθg3. Figure 3B Compared to the previous stage, this additional reduction in the divergence angle provides more collimated and focused light, thus allowing it to propagate within a narrower light cone.

[0073] The combination of overlapping illumination areas and a reduced beam divergence angle can decrease the optical spread of the display panel. As mentioned earlier, optical spread is the product of the surface area of ​​the light source and the emission solid angle of the light source. By increasing the overlap of the illumination areas and reducing the beam divergence angle, spatial and angular light distribution can be improved.

[0074] In some implementations, an optical layer or phase mask 310 can be used to extend light from each sub-pixel 314 (e.g., red, green, or blue sub-pixels 314r, 314g, 314b, respectively) to the full size of each pixel pitch. This extension can increase the area covered by light from each sub-pixel 314 by 3 to 40 times, depending at least in part on the configuration of the device 300.

[0075] For example, by conserving the optical spread, the optical layer 310 allows the light exit cone angle to be reduced from 1 / 3 to 1 / 40 of the area angle. When the optical spread is at a relatively low value, the light emitted from the sub-pixel 314 is efficiently focused and oriented.

[0076] In some implementations, the optical layer 310 can be used to eliminate or significantly reduce the gaps between subpixels 314 in a full-color display panel. In some implementations, the active pixel area of ​​each subpixel 314 can be less than 1 / 3 of the total pixel area. By expanding the active pixel area of ​​each RGB subpixel 314 (which can constitute approximately 1 / 3 to 1 / 1000 of the total pixel area), the optical layer 310 can substantially eliminate or reduce the gaps between subpixels 314. In some implementations, the active pixel area of ​​each RGB subpixel 314 can be approximately in the range between 1 / 6 and 1 / 100 of the total pixel area.

[0077] While the optical spread may not be reduced, it can be integrated from the perspective of the display panel. Optical layer 310 integrates the optical spread by spreading light from each sub-pixel 314 (e.g., red, green, and blue sub-pixels 314r, 314g, and 314b, respectively) across the full size of the pixel pitch, which can result in an area spread ranging from 3 to 1000 times. This expansion supports mixing light from the RGB sub-pixels 314 to integrate the optical spread from each sub-pixel 314. In some implementations, the light exit cone angle θ is reduced from an area angle to a range of 1 / 3 to 1 / 1000, integrating the overall optical spread of the display device 300. In some implementations, optical layer 310 can reduce the divergence angle θ of sub-pixels 314 to a range between 1 / 6 and 1 / 100, relative to sub-pixels 314 on which optical layer 310 is not applied.

[0078] Reducing the gap between subpixels 314 and collimating light emission helps improve contrast. A relatively seamless emitting surface prevents light leakage and reduces the influence of ambient light, resulting in deeper blacks and more vibrant colors.

[0079] The optical layer 310 can control the angular distribution of light to provide a display that maintains its brightness and color over a wide range of viewing angles. This feature is beneficial for applications where multiple viewers may be present or where off-axis viewing is common.

[0080] Overlapping illumination areas and a reduced beam divergence angle provide a higher percentage of emitted light reaching the viewer's eyes. This improved luminous efficacy results in brighter and more vibrant displays, for example, achievable at lower power consumption levels.

[0081] By reducing the beam divergence angle and improving light distribution, better visual performance can be achieved with lower power consumption. This is beneficial for portable devices where energy efficiency is critical for battery life, such as smartphones and virtual reality headsets.

[0082] Figure 3C The invention demonstrates a relatively seamless emission surface achieved through overlapping illumination areas, and collimated light emission resulting from a reduced beam divergence angle. By reducing limitations caused by the screen-door effect and inefficient light distribution, the invention provides a display with higher pixel density, improved brightness, and enhanced visual immersion.

[0083] Figure 3CThis demonstrates a reduction in the divergence angle in a display system achieved through an improved configuration. By overlapping the sub-pixel illumination areas or reducing the beam divergence angle to a relatively low value, the optical layer 310 provides a relatively seamless emitting surface and improves the optical efficiency of the display system. This reduction in divergence reduces the screen-door effect and improves the brightness, contrast, viewing angle, and energy efficiency of the display. Figure 3C The improvements shown can enhance visual quality and immersive experience.

[0084] In typical display systems, a diffraction-limited divergence angle will appear. For a circular spot, the half-divergence angle, denoted as θ0, can be determined by equation (2): θ0 = 1.22λ / D'(2) Where λ represents the wavelength of light, and D' is the diameter of the aperture through which the light passes. This relationship can be caused by the diffraction of light, which occurs when a light wave encounters an obstacle or opening (such as an aperture) that would disrupt its propagation. Equation (2) can represent the diffraction limit of a circular aperture, and it can be called the Airy disk formula.

[0085] A typical optical diffuser increases the cone angle, thereby increasing optical spread. SDE (Surface Deflection) can occur when the display resolution is lower than the sharpness of the displayed image. To reduce SDE, the display resolution can be increased, or algorithms can be used to slightly blur the image, making the grid less noticeable. Optical devices, such as diffusers, can be used to reduce grid patterns by softening the sharp edges of pixels. A typical diffuser increases the optical spread by increasing the diverging cone angle within the optical stack. Adding a diffuser increases the cone angle by increasing the original cone angle θe, denoted as θ. cone This relationship can be expressed by the following equation: θ cone = θe+ θ diffuse >θe. This increase in the divergence cone angle reduces the quality of the optical stack.

[0086] To reduce SDE (Surface Depth), piezoelectric actuators can be used to dither the display. This method achieves pixel displacement. By dithering the display, the gap between pixels can be reduced, making the pixels appear larger and closer together, thus minimizing SDE. However, implementing this dithering method may require the display to operate at a relatively high frame rate, such as 240 frames per second, which necessitates increased display bandwidth.

[0087] Figure 4 This describes a hexagonal arrangement of pixels, where each pixel includes red (R), green (G), and blue (B) subpixels. The hexagonal pattern can be a geometric arrangement where each subpixel is surrounded by six other subpixels in a hexagonal shape. In some implementations, optics can be used to mix and combine RGB lighting.

[0088] A typical compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) can be an optical device used to project light from a small surface onto a larger aperture while reducing the beam divergence angle. Pixel unit sizes can be reduced to accommodate more pixels in a display system. For example, larger panel sizes can be created to achieve a wider field of view (FOV). A wider FOV, up to 120 degrees (or 3.142 steradian degrees), can provide a more immersive viewing experience, especially in applications such as virtual reality displays.

[0089] Higher resolutions, or more than 30 cycles per degree, may be needed to achieve so-called "retina displays." This level of resolution is high enough for the human eye to distinguish individual pixels, resulting in relatively sharp and detailed images. As pixel size decreases, the beam divergence angle, or the angle at which light spreads from a pixel, also increases. When combined with larger panel sizes, this results in a relatively large optical spread. A large optical spread makes it more difficult to efficiently couple or collect light, potentially leading to a loss of light intensity. By projecting light from a smaller surface onto a larger aperture while reducing the beam divergence angle, CPC attempts to manage the optical spread of the optical system, thereby improving the efficiency of light coupling and collection.

[0090] Figure 5A An optical system for implementing a CPC, or micro-focusing light, is shown. Reducing the beam divergence angle can improve optical efficiency and mitigate the screen-door effect. For example, a typical OLED 4K display panel can have a high resolution of 8 million pixels, with the individual sub-pixels (e.g., red, green, and blue sub-pixels) spaced approximately 2.3 micrometers apart in diameter. The green light emitted by the display can have a wavelength of 550 nanometers, and the half-angle of the emitted light can be calculated to be approximately 16.6 degrees (0.29 radians or 0.071 steradian). To capture and utilize this light, relatively large and heavy optical components may be required due to the numerical aperture of 0.3, which determines the light-gathering capability of the display system.

[0091] A typical device using a compound parabolic concentrator can employ a 130 nm light-emitting pixel, or so-called nanopixel. Light emitted from the nanopixel is diffused using a compound parabolic concentrator that extends the light to a size of 263 nm. This extension allows control over the direction and angle of light diffusion. At the extended size of 263 nm, light emitted from the nanopixel can still have a relatively high beam divergence angle. For example, this divergence angle can be as high as 2.55 radians (or 146 degrees or 4.457 steradian degrees), as calculated using equation (2): θ0 = 1.22λ / D'.

[0092] Using the micro-focusing method, the divergence angle can be reduced to θe ≈ θp / 4, where θp is the original pixel angle. The micro-focusing method can achieve... The linear divergence angle is reduced. As described herein, compared to micro-focusers, this invention achieves a greater reduction in divergence angle, thereby improving optical performance to a greater extent.

[0093] Figure 5B and Figure 5C An optical system with microlenses is shown. In a typical microlens approach, each subpixel can be covered with a microlens to broaden the emitted light. For example... Figure 5B As shown, the extended illumination area can be hexagonal. The diameter of each microlens can be related to the pixel pitch D and can be expressed as: microlens diameter = (2 / 3)D, where D is the pixel pitch.

[0094] This diameter can provide microlenses that cover subpixels and allow for light collimation. The spacing between two adjacent subpixels arranged in a hexagonal pattern can be expressed by the following equation: Spacing between two adjacent subpixels = ( D.

[0095] like Figure 5C As shown, the divergence angle θe of light after passing through the microlens can be derived from the geometry of the microlens and the initial divergence angle θp. The microlens can collimate the light emitted from the sub-pixel, thereby reducing the divergence angle. The relationship between the initial divergence angle θp and the reduced divergence angle θe can be expressed as: θe ≈ θp / 4. Since the divergence angle can be reduced to approximately... θp / 4 can lead to a linear decrease / 4. Microlenses can adjust the light to a small divergence angle, with a coefficient of... / 4 indicates the use of microlenses to reduce the divergence angle.

[0096] For example, a hexagonal arrangement of pixels with a spacing D of 7 μm results in a spacing between adjacent sub-pixels of... / 3 D. A hexagonal microlens with a circular diameter of (2 / 3)D can be used, assuming the subpixel diameter is... Half the adjacent distance at / 3 D. This allows for optical cone collimation until θe ≈ θp / 4.

[0097] By placing a circle with a diameter of ( ) on each sub-pixel / 3) A hexagonal microlens of D can collimate the light cone to reduce the divergence angle by more than half, thus achieving a similar reduction in divergence angle. Despite this reduction, the gaps between subpixels may still be visible due to the limitations of the microlens imaging system. The visibility of these gaps contributes to the screen-door effect.

[0098] A typical device may have microlenses located on top of each pixel (where each pixel may include multiple subpixels) to manipulate the optical path and attempt to reduce the screen-door effect by filling the gaps between subpixels, thereby attempting to create a more continuous and seamless visual experience in the imaging plane.

[0099] In a display system, the imaging plane refers to the surface from which light from the display pixels is intended to form a visible image for the viewer. For LCD, OLED, or micro-LED displays, the imaging plane can be the actual screen surface that the user sees.

[0100] Light from each sub-pixel entering the microlens at different angles can be focused at different positions on the imaging plane because the f-θ rule provides that the position of the focused spot on the imaging plane is a function of the incident angle (θ) and the focal length (f) of the lens, expressed as P = f × θ. Since the RGB sub-pixels are spatially spaced, light from each sub-pixel may have different incident angles when entering the microlens, resulting in different focal points on the imaging plane.

[0101] According to the f-θ rule, as the angle of incidence (θ) increases, the position of the focused spot, or the distance (P) from the optical axis to the focused spot (the position where the light is focused on the plane), increases proportionally. This relationship also applies to small angles. In devices that use microlenses on a display, the f-θ rule indicates that light entering from RGB subpixels at different angles can be focused at different positions on the imaging plane. This can lead to focal separation for each color, which is detrimental to color mixing, and it can result in visible subpixel structure and color inaccuracies in the display.

[0102] Light from each RGB subpixel may remain independent instead of merging into a single, well-mixed patch on the imaging plane, resulting in incorrect color combination. This can lead to color fringing, inaccuracies, and the screen-door effect, where individual subpixels remain visible, degrading overall image quality. Therefore, without additional optical configuration, microlens methods may be insufficient to achieve the desired results of effective color mixing on the imaging plane of a digital display.

[0103] Figure 6A and Figure 6B Various aspects of the present invention providing overlapping illumination are illustrated. The method used in the display device 600 having optical layer 610 provides a high-quality immersive display system with reduced screen-door effect and improved optical efficiency.

[0104] In some implementations, Figure 6A and Figure 6BThe configuration of the optical layer 610 for the hexagonal subpixel arrangement is shown. In some implementations, the device 600 may include the optical layer 610 disposed on the subpixel 614. The optical layer 610 is used to amplify the light from the subpixel 614 to cover the area corresponding to the full pixel pitch, thereby reducing the beam divergence angle of the light and creating an overlapping illumination pattern that blends colors relatively seamlessly.

[0105] In some implementations, Figure 6A and Figure 6B The invention described herein uses an optical layer 610 to mix and overlap illumination from adjacent sub-pixels 614 of the same color, thereby reducing the visible boundary between adjacent sub-pixels 614 of the same color.

[0106] like Figure 9A As shown, the optical layer 610 expands the illumination area of ​​the sub-pixel 614 to a diameter of (2... / 3) A circle of diameter D, where D is the pixel pitch. For example, optical layer 610 can be used to project sub-pixels onto the top surface 620 of optical layer 610 with a diameter of (2 / 3)D circle. This extension supports color blending and reduces visible subpixel boundaries. Overlapping illumination regions from, for example, green subpixels 614g1, 614g2, and 614g3 cover the entire pixel pitch, resulting in a continuous emission surface that significantly reduces or eliminates the screen-door effect. Regions 616 and 618 represent the overlapping illumination regions from, for example, subpixels 614r1, 614b1, and 614g2 of three different colors corresponding to region 616, and subpixels 614r2, 614b1, and 614g2 of region 618.

[0107] In some implementations, the OLED panel can have a diagonal spacing of 1.35 inches. The total divergence angle after collimation by optical layer 610 can be a 5.5-degree linear angle or a 0.024-steradian solid angle (see...). Figures 15A to 15C The product of the pixel area and the total beam divergence angle of such a display panel can be less than 14 mm. 2 × sr.

[0108] For example, a 1.35" diagonal panel can have 590 mm. 2 The surface area. A half-angle of five degrees (equivalent to a full angle of ten degrees in linear measurements) corresponds to a solid angle of 0.024 steradian degrees. Taking the product of the surface area and the solid angle measured in steradian degrees, multiplying these values ​​gives 14 mm. 2 The result is × sr (square millimeters multiplied by steradian).

[0109] Figure 6AThis illustrates the effect of overlapping illumination techniques on the sub-pixel level. A device 600 using optical layer 610 expands the illumination area of ​​sub-pixel 614 (e.g., sub-pixel 614g2) to overlap with adjacent sub-pixels 614 of the same color (e.g., sub-pixels 614g1 and 614g3). This is achieved by expanding the illumination area of ​​sub-pixel 614 to a diameter of (2... The circular shape of / 3)D, with light from adjacent sub-pixels 614 of the same color overlapping, creates a continuous illumination area. This overlap reduces the visible gap and decreases the beam divergence angle of the emitted light.

[0110] like Figure 6B As shown, this invention utilizes a plane lens to reduce the beam divergence angle of the emitted light. The plane lens or superlens can be a type of optical layer 610 that can manipulate light at the subwavelength scale. For example, the plane lens can be an optical element that manipulates the phase and amplitude of a light wave, thereby providing control over the light distribution.

[0111] In some implementations, sub-pixel 614 may have an initial divergence angle θp / n for the light emitted from sub-pixel 614, where n is the refractive index of the medium. The refractive index can be defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a material. A higher refractive index indicates that light travels more slowly in a material, causing light to bend or refract as it enters or leaves the material. For example, this bending of light allows a lens to focus or magnify an image.

[0112] The refractive index determines how light interacts with a material. For example, different materials can have different refractive indices, which can vary at least in part depending on factors such as wavelength and temperature. By controlling the refractive index of a material, the optical device 600 can be configured to have specific properties.

[0113] Without overlapping illumination, light from sub-pixels 614 can be confined to their own discrete regions, resulting in visible gaps and potential color inhomogeneities between sub-pixels 614. By configuring a planar lens structure, the divergence angle can be reduced to θe ≈ θp / n, where n is the refractive index of the medium, thereby significantly reducing the beam divergence angle and improving light collimation.

[0114] Figure 6A The illumination diameter is shown as (2 / 3) The sub-pixels of the circular region D, where D represents the distance between two nearest sub-pixels of the same color (e.g., 614g4 and 614g5). In some implementations, the distance D can be, for example, a pixel pitch value or the distance between the centers of adjacent pixels. / 3) The value of D can represent the distance between two nearest subpixels of different colors (e.g., 614b2 and 614g5). In some implementations, an optical layer can be used to manipulate the light emitted from subpixels 614. For example, optical layer 610 can be used to extend the light from subpixels 614 to cover the area corresponding to the full pixel pitch. The mixing of light from adjacent subpixels 614 of the same color (e.g., 614g1, 614g2, and 614g3) provides a smooth transition between colors and reduces potential color edges or artifacts that may arise from the boundaries of different subpixels. By extending the illumination area to cover the full pixel pitch, the gap between subpixels 614 can be effectively reduced, thereby creating a relatively continuous and uniform color appearance over the entire or substantially the entire pixel area.

[0115] Illumination diameter (2 / 3) The derivation of D is based on the geometry of a hexagonal pixel arrangement. For example, in a hexagonal grid, the distance between the centers of adjacent pixels can be ( / 2)D. To provide adequate overlap and reduced gap, the diameter of the circular lighting area is approximately twice this distance, resulting in the following equation 2 × ( / 3)D = (2 / 3)D.

[0116] Compared with display devices that do not use optical layer 610 (e.g., devices with micro-focus configurations) (e.g., such as...) Figure 5A Compared to the method shown, the described overlapping illumination technique offers several advantages. In a typical device without optical layer 610, a micro-concentrator can be positioned on the top surface of each sub-pixel to extend the light to a finite extent (typically to a hexagon with a diameter of (2 / 3)D, where D is the pixel pitch). The micro-concentrator method can linearly reduce the divergence angle to / 4. The gaps between subpixels may still be visible. Although the micro-focusing method expands the illumination area into a hexagon with a diameter of (2 / 3)D, it will still leave visible boundaries between subpixels 614, and the screen-door effect may not be effectively mitigated.

[0117] Figure 6B An optical layer 610, which may include a planar lens, is shown. The planar lens optical layer 610 is placed on the sub-pixel 614 and extends the illumination area of ​​the sub-pixel 614 to cover the entire pixel pitch. In some implementations, the optical layer 610 reduces the exit divergence angle θe of the light beam, thereby preventing or significantly reducing unwanted crosstalk between adjacent pixels.

[0118] In some implementations, when optical layer 610 extends the illumination area of ​​subpixel 614 to cover the full pixel pitch, optical layer 610 can reduce the visibility of the gap between subpixels 614, thereby creating a more seamless and relatively continuous image. The planar lens structure of optical layer 610 may include subwavelength-scale elements that manipulate the phase and amplitude of incident light. These elements are patterned to control the propagation and distribution of light emitted from subpixel 614. By modifying the configuration of the subwavelength-scale elements, optical layer 610 can shape the beam of light from subpixel 614 and extend the coverage of the subpixel beam to cover the full pixel pitch.

[0119] The emission divergence angle can be expressed as θe. By reducing the divergence angle, the optical layer 610 provides beams from adjacent sub-pixels 614 that do not overlap or interfere with each other, thereby significantly reducing or preventing crosstalk and essentially maintaining the integrity of the displayed image.

[0120] The divergence angle of the emitted beam is reduced by using a planar lens structure. Subwavelength scale elements in optical layer 610 are used to modify the phase wavefront of the emitted light, thereby effectively collimating the beam and reducing its angular spread.

[0121] To quantify the improvement in display quality achieved by optical layer 610, this paper describes the relationship between the expanded illumination area and the reduction in the divergence angle of the emitted beam. This is expressed as (2 / 3) The expanded subpixel spacing of D represents the increased area covered by light after passing through optical layer 610. Expansion factor 2 / 3 is derived from the hexagonal arrangement of sub-pixels 614, where D represents the original pixel spacing.

[0122] For example, in a hexagonal pixel arrangement, the distance between the centers of adjacent pixels is equal to the pixel pitch D. To achieve overlap and reduce gaps, the diameter of the circular illumination area spans the distance between the centers of two adjacent pixels in the hexagonal arrangement. In a hexagonal grid, the distance between the centers of adjacent sub-pixels 614 of different colors can be ( / 3)D. To provide overlap and reduced gaps, the diameter of the circular lighting area is approximately twice that distance, for example, 2 × ( / 2)D = (2 / 3)D. By extending the lighting area to (2 / 3)D, optical layer 610 reduces the outgoing divergence angle θe.

[0123] As can be seen from equation (1), the solid angle is proportional to the square of the divergence angle. Therefore, Ω ∝ θ^2 and Ω' ∝ θ'^2, where θ represents the original divergence angle and θ' represents the divergence angle reduced after passing through the optical layer 610.

[0124] Substituting these relationships into the conservation equation for optical extension (1), we get: A × θ^2 = A' × θ'^2 In some implementations, the reduced divergence angle θ' can be approximately 1 / 4 of the original divergence angle θ: θ' ≈ (1 / 4) × θ Optical layer 610 is superior to display devices that do not use optical layer 610, such as micro-focusing devices (see...). Figure 5A This is because optical layer 610 can significantly reduce the outgoing beam divergence angle while maintaining a relatively seamless and continuous illumination area. The micro-focusing method extends the illumination area to a hexagon with a diameter of (2 / 3)D. The micro-focusing method reveals visible boundaries between sub-pixels 614 and has a lower degree of reduction in the outgoing beam divergence angle, where θe ≈ θp / 4 and the linear divergence angle is reduced to... / 4.

[0125] In some implementations, the optical layer 610 of the present invention extends the illumination area to a diameter of (2... The circular shape of / 3)D effectively reduces the visible boundary between sub-pixels 614. In some implementations, the planar lens structure of the optical layer 610 provides a greater reduction in the outgoing divergence angle, where θ' ≈ (1 / 4) × θ, thus significantly improving optical performance and image quality.

[0126] Compared to microlens methods, this invention more effectively mitigates the screen-door effect and improves the visual performance of the display panel. For example, the optical layer 610 can achieve full pixel pitch coverage, significantly reduce the beam divergence angle, achieve more effective overlap of illumination areas, and improve optical efficiency.

[0127] This invention uses an optical layer 610 to amplify the light from each sub-pixel 614 to cover the entire pixel pitch, resulting in substantially no visible gaps between the sub-pixels 614. The optical layer 610 can provide a resulting beam divergence angle that overlaps at least 80% of the beam divergence angle of each sub-pixel 614, thereby producing a more uniform and seamless display appearance. In some implementations, the combined beam with the total beam divergence angle can have at least 50% of the light energy emitted by each sub-pixel 614. The optical layer 610 can be passive; for example, the optical layer 610 may not require active components, such as electronics or moving parts, for its operation. For example, the optical layer 610 can utilize the inherent physical properties of the material or the manufacturing configuration to achieve proper manipulation of light in the optical system.

[0128] The planar lens configuration of optical layer 610 offers advantages over typical devices that do not use optical layer 610. In some implementations, optical layer 610 may comprise a relatively lightweight 2 μm thick layer that can be integrated into existing display manufacturing processes. The relatively lightweight optical layer 610 provides a relatively simple and cost-effective solution that can be integrated into display manufacturing processes without the relative complexity of, for example, aligning individual microlenses with their corresponding subpixels.

[0129] By integrating optical extension and reducing the overall or total beam divergence angle, this invention improves the optical efficiency of the display system, thereby obtaining relatively brighter and more vivid images and improving contrast.

[0130] In some implementations, the modulation transfer function (MTF) describes the optical system's ability to transfer contrast from an object (e.g., from subpixel 614) to an imaging plane, which may be a combined RGB emitting surface 620. A higher MTF indicates better image quality, characterized by sharper edges and reduced blur.

[0131] The improvement in display quality facilitated by optical layer 610 can be represented by the following metric: full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the light beam after passing through optical layer 610. FWHM can be calculated as follows: FWHMe = 2 × arctan(θe / 2), Where FWHMe represents the full width of the angle at half maximum.

[0132] Similarly, the MTF of the optical system can be determined by considering the spatial frequency response of the optical layer 610 and the arrangement of the sub-pixels 614. The MTF is a function of the spatial frequency f and can be expressed as: MTF(f) = |OTF(f)|, Wherein, OTF(f) is the optical transfer function, which is the Fourier transform of the point spread function (PSF) of the optical system.

[0133] Figure 6B This demonstrates how extending the illumination area of ​​sub-pixels 614 to cover the entire pixel pitch and reducing the emission divergence angle θe reduces the screen-door effect and improves the optical efficiency of the display system. The extended sub-pixel pitch (2...) The derivation of / 3)D and the reduced divergence angle θ' ≈ (1 / 4) × θ illustrates the improvement achieved by optical layer 610 compared to a display device without optical layer 610. Optical layer 610 provides a relatively seamless and continuous appearance of the displayed image, resulting in a high-quality visual experience.

[0134] In some embodiments, subpixels 614 may be arranged in a checkerboard array. In the checkerboard pixel array, subpixels 614 may be aligned diagonally in a top-down view. Other acceptable pixel shapes may be used. For example, subpixels 614 may have other polygonal shapes. In some implementations, subpixels 614 may have non-polygonal shapes.

[0135] Figure 7 A schematic representation of an optical system according to some implementations is shown. The display system may be arranged in a stripe pattern. The stripe pattern may be an arrangement of subpixels in a linear sequence or stripe alignment. In some implementations, the stripes may include pairs of subpixels, each subpixel being 1 / 6 the width of the pixel pitch and equal in length to the pixel pitch.

[0136] Figure 8A and Figure 8B A cross-section of an optical system with an astigmatic phase mask is shown, which can be an exemplary implementation of optical layer 810. A phase mask can refer to a type of optical layer that modifies the phase of light passing through optical layer 810.

[0137] Figure 8A and Figure 8B Cross-sectional views of the display system in different planes are provided. In some implementations, surface 820 represents the exiting surface of light after it has transitioned from its initial state to a more controlled and collimated state, thereby improving display performance. For example, surface 820 can represent the light exiting surface when light transitions from a wider beam divergence angle to a narrower beam divergence angle after passing through optical layer 810.

[0138] The light rays originating from sub-pixel 814 are shown with their initial divergence angle θps, indicating the angular spread of the light emitted by sub-pixel 814. Figure 11A The initial divergence angle θps shown represents the angular spread of light emitted by sub-pixel 814 when light enters optical layer 810. An initial beam divergence angle can lead to several visual artifacts and performance limitations in the display system. For example, a large beam divergence angle can cause crosstalk between adjacent sub-pixels 814, resulting in unwanted color mixing between sub-pixels 814 with different colors and degrading overall image quality. Furthermore, inefficient light divergence can cause a screen-door effect, where the boundaries between individual sub-pixels 814 become visible, thus reducing perceived resolution and immersion.

[0139] Astigmatism occurs when light rays from different planes focus at different distances. Astigmatic phase masks can be used, for example, to resolve astigmatism by managing the asymmetric divergence of light rays along the XY plane in orthogonal directions.

[0140] exist Figure 8A and Figure 8B In the optical layer 810, the light rays entering the optical layer have an initial divergence angle θps in the sagittal (x) plane and an initial divergence angle θpt in the tangential (y) plane. The optical layer 810 can be configured with a surface profile or microstructure that introduces phase delay to the incident light rays. By configuring the optical layer 810, the wavefront of light can be manipulated to control the propagation of light.

[0141] As light passes through optical layer 810, it experiences varying phase delays, which depend at least in part on the position and angle of incidence of the light rays. Phase manipulation results in modifications to the beam divergence angles in the sagittal and tangential planes. Surface 820 represents the surface where light exits to narrower exit divergence angles θes / 2 and θet / 2 compared to wider initial divergence angles θps and θpt. By reducing the angular spread of light, optical layer 810 can reduce the beam divergence angle of the display system.

[0142] The relationship between the initial divergence angles θps and θpt and the outgoing divergence angles θes / 2 and θet / 2 is described below. Optical layer 810 introduces a phase function φ(x, y) to modify the wavefront of the light. The phase function is used to reduce the beam divergence angle in the sagittal and tangential planes.

[0143] The exit divergence angles θes / 2 and θet / 2 are related to the initial divergence angles θps and θpt, as well as the phase function φ(x, y), as follows: θes / 2 = f(θps, φ(x, y)), θet / 2 = g(θpt, φ(x, y)), Where f and g are functions that depend at least in part on the specific configuration of the optical layer 810 or the optical properties of the optical system.

[0144] The reduction in beam divergence angle achieved by optical layer 810 at least partially alleviates the screen-door effect and improves the visual quality of the display. By concentrating light and reducing angular diffusion, optical layer 810 helps fill the gaps between subpixels 814 and creates a relatively seamless and immersive viewing experience.

[0145] Figure 8A and Figure 8BThis illustrates how reduced divergence angles θes / 2 and θet / 2, achieved by an optical layer 810 having a combined RGB emitting surface 820, contribute to an overall improvement in display visual quality. For example, after passing through the optical layer 810 at surface 820, light rays from sub-pixels 814 exhibit reduced divergence angles θes / 2 and θet / 2 in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively. These reduced beam divergence angles are at least partly a result of phase manipulation introduced by the optical layer 810, which collimates the light and reduces the angular spread of light emitted by each sub-pixel 814.

[0146] The reduced beam divergence angle affects the formation of the RGB emitting surface 820 for light propagation and combination. When light rays from the red sub-pixel 814r, green sub-pixel 814g, and blue sub-pixel 814b leave the optical layer 810, they converge and overlap to create a new emitting surface 820 in which light from different sub-pixels 814 of the same color is mixed together relatively seamlessly.

[0147] By reducing the divergence angles θes / 2 and θet / 2, the optical layer 810 allows light from adjacent sub-pixels 814 to mix together relatively smoothly, thereby producing a more continuous and uniform emission surface 820.

[0148] In some implementations, device 800 may include pairs of subpixels 814, each subpixel being 1 / 6 the width of the pixel pitch and equal in length to the pixel pitch, as in microscopic images (see...). Figure 7 As shown in the diagram. This configuration provides the following condensation at the exit cone: θet ≈ θpt / 2, θes ≈ θps / 6.

[0149] For a square overall pitch, this relationship can be expressed as θes ≈ θet. In some implementations, an astigmatic display with varying cone angles can be converted into a display with a relatively uniform cone angle.

[0150] Various metrics can be used to quantify the degree of reduction in beam divergence angle and the quality of the combined RGB emitting surfaces 820. One such metric is the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), which measures the angular width of the beam at half its maximum intensity. A lower FWHM indicates a more collimated and focused beam, resulting in better color mixing and reduced crosstalk between subpixels 814.

[0151] Another metric is the modulation transfer function (MTF), which describes the ability of an optical system to transfer contrast from an object (e.g., subpixel 814) to an image (e.g., a combined RGB emitting surface 820). A higher MTF indicates better image quality, sharper edges, and less blur.

[0152] Improvements in display quality achieved through optical systems can be expressed using such metrics. For example, the FWHM of the light beam after passing through optical layer 810 can be calculated as: FWHMes = 2 × arctan(θes / 2), FWHMet = 2 × arctan(θet / 2), Where FWHMes and FWHMet represent the full width at half maximum of the angle in the sagittal plane and the tangential plane, respectively.

[0153] In some implementations, the MTF of the optical system can be determined by considering the spatial frequency response and subpixel arrangement of the optical layer 810. The MTF is a function of the spatial frequency f and can be expressed as: MTF(f) = |OTF(f)|, Wherein, OTF(f) is the optical transfer function, which can be the Fourier transform of the point spread function (PSF) of an optical system.

[0154] Figure 8A and Figure 8B The reduction and control of the beam divergence angle achieved by the optical layer 810 are illustrated. The resulting combined RGB emitting surface 820 can reduce the screen-door effect and improve color mixing. By configuring the optical layer 810 and controlling the beam divergence angle, the optical system can provide a high-quality immersive display with reduced visual artifacts and an improved user experience. The device 800 with the optical layer 810 can be used with various display technologies, including LCD, OLED, and Micro-LED, thereby improving their display performance.

[0155] Figure 8A and Figure 8B The illustrated device 800 can improve the performance of a high-resolution display by reducing the screen-door effect and increasing optical efficiency due to high optical spread. By incorporating an optical layer 810 with a nanostructure pattern, the device 800 of the present invention can expand the subpixel illumination area, reduce the outgoing beam divergence angle, and create a relatively seamless overlapping illumination pattern. The device 800 can reduce the visibility of subpixel boundaries, improve color mixing, and enhance overall display quality.

[0156] Figure 9A The diagram illustrates light rays emanating from sub-pixel source 914. This figure depicts a state where the light does not pass through the optical components of the present invention. The display panel may include multiple sub-pixels 914b, 914g, and 914r, each sub-pixel 914b, 914g, and 914r emitting light of a specific color. Sub-pixels 914b, 914g, and 914r can create a full spectrum of colors suitable for displaying images and content on the display screen. Figure 9A In the middle, sub-pixel 914 can be covered by a diffuser, which can be without... Figure 9B The optical layer 910 shown is a typical diffuser. A typical diffuser can spread light in all directions, which can lead to a loss of intensity and control over the emitted light. Without the optical layer 910 (see...), Figure 9B If the diffuser is used to guide and focus the light, the diffusion process of a typical diffuser may result in a less precise and efficient distribution of light on the display panel.

[0157] Figure 9B A device 900 is shown that includes an optical layer 910 to manipulate light in a display system, improving upon typical diffuser methods that do not use the optical layer 910 (such as...). Figure 9A (As shown). In some implementations, optical layer 910 reorients the light beam to create a relatively uniform illumination pattern with reduced divergence. This targeted light manipulation improves display performance and reduces the negative effects of light scattering.

[0158] Figure 9B The optical layer 910 is shown to reorient the light beam to create a relatively uniform illumination pattern with reduced divergence, thereby improving display performance and at least partially overcoming the limitations of typical diffusers without the optical layer 910 (see [link to documentation]). Figure 9A The optical layer 910 improves display performance, enhances color accuracy, and reduces the effects of light scattering by reorienting the light beam and creating a relatively uniform illumination pattern with reduced divergence. Nanoscale elements within the optical layer 910 provide targeted light manipulation, offering benefits such as reduced crosstalk between sub-pixels 914, improved contrast, and configuration flexibility. Devices 900 with the optical layer 910 provide a higher quality, more immersive, and visually more appealing display system.

[0159] In some implementations, optical layer 910 may include two sublayers: a beam guiding sublayer 911 (or planar lens 1) and a reverse color routing sublayer 912 (or planar lens 2). These sublayers may include nanostructure patterns that can modulate the phase of light to improve beam spreading and reduce beam divergence angle. Spatial variations in the nanostructure patterns provide relative control over the propagation of light through optical layer 910.

[0160] In some implementations, the dielectric constant ε r The distribution (later in) Figure 11B and Figure 11C The optical layer 910 (described in the text) can be used to implement color routing, where wavelengths of light (corresponding to different colors) are selectively guided from their designated sub-pixels 914. The dielectric constant distribution ε of the optical layer 910... r It can have a dielectric constant ε r Spatial variations are used to provide control over the propagation of light.

[0161] By configuring the dielectric constant ε r Spatial variations can achieve wavelength-dependent phase shifting to route the red, green, and blue light components from their respective sub-pixels 914r, 914g, and 914b, thereby providing accurate color reproduction and reducing crosstalk. For example, by using silicon dioxide and silicon nitride, the dielectric constant distribution within the optical layer 910 can provide beam guiding and color routing.

[0162] Figure 9B An optical system for a display panel, including eccentric and symmetrical lenses, is described. Figure 9B In the exemplary embodiment shown, an eccentric lens may be disposed on sub-pixels 914b and 914r, which are respectively blue and red; a symmetrical lens may be disposed on the green sub-pixel 914g.

[0163] An off-center lens can be used to guide light beams from the blue sub-pixel 914b and the red sub-pixel 914r at appropriate angles. The off-center lens is configured not to be centrally aligned with the light emission axis of the sub-pixels. For the blue sub-pixel 914b, the off-center lens can redirect the light beam to one side, which can be the left or right side, depending at least in part on the configuration and the appropriate optical path. Figure 9B In the illustrated embodiment, for the red sub-pixel 914r, an off-center lens can guide the light beam to the opposite side of the blue sub-pixel 914b. In some implementations, light from the blue sub-pixel 914b and the red sub-pixel 914r, respectively, is guided in a manner that provides efficient color mixing and routing. Off-center lenses for the blue sub-pixel 914b and the red sub-pixel 914r can achieve appropriate overlap of the light beams and facilitate the integration of optical spread and mitigation of the screen-door effect.

[0164] exist Figure 9BIn this configuration, a symmetrical lens is arranged for the green sub-pixel 914g to maintain the symmetry of light beam propagation. The symmetrical lens can be substantially aligned with the central axis of light emission from the green sub-pixel 914g, thus providing a substantially centered light beam as it passes through the lens. The symmetrical lens provides light from the green sub-pixel 914g that is not directed to the left or right, and that continues to propagate in a direction substantially orthogonal to the main surface of the display device 900. The symmetrical lens for the green sub-pixel 914g helps to substantially maintain the uniformity and consistency of light output.

[0165] Figure 9B The use of eccentric and / or symmetrical lenses within optical layer 310 to manipulate light emitted from RGB subpixels 914 is illustrated. The eccentric lenses for blue subpixels 914b and red subpixels 914r, respectively, and the symmetrical lens for green subpixels 914g, can control the direction and substantial symmetry of the light beam, thereby contributing to an overall improvement in display performance by reducing the screen-door effect and improving color mixing.

[0166] Typical diffuser without optical layer 910 (see Figure 9A It scatters light in almost all directions. In some implementations, the optical layer 910 can control the propagation of light. For example, the optical layer 910 can be configured with nanoscale elements, such as planar lenses or photonic crystals, to selectively manipulate the direction and distribution of light.

[0167] Nanoscale elements within optical layer 910 can be used to improve light reorientation and beam shaping. These nanoscale elements can be configured to have geometric properties, such as shape, size, and orientation, which interact with incident light in a controlled manner. By adjusting the properties of the nanoscale elements, optical layer 910 can guide the beam in a more favorable direction and reduce potentially undesirable scattering and divergence.

[0168] In some implementations, the optical layer 910 can create a relatively uniform illumination pattern. A typical diffuser without the optical layer 910 (see...) Figure 9A The non-uniformity of the illumination pattern can cause visible hot spots or dark areas on the display surface. In some implementations, the optical layer 910 can redistribute light more uniformly, thereby providing a relatively stable amount of illumination from the pixels. This uniform illumination improves the overall display quality, thereby improving brightness uniformity and reducing the occurrence of visual artifacts.

[0169] By configuring nanoscale components, optical layer 910 can collimate light, thereby reducing its angular diffusion and focusing it in the appropriate direction. This targeted light manipulation reduces the amount of light scattered in potentially unsuitable or unintended directions.

[0170] The divergence reduction achieved by the optical layer 910 offers several benefits to display performance. For example, divergence reduction can reduce crosstalk between adjacent pixels, allowing light from a pixel to be properly confined to its designated area. Reduced crosstalk improves the sharpness and clarity of the displayed image because individual pixels remain relatively sharp with well-defined boundaries.

[0171] In some implementations, divergence reduction maintains the integrity of the displayed colors. In a typical diffuser-based system without optical layer 910, scattered light from sub-pixels 914 of different colors may mix and interfere with each other, leading to color desaturation and inaccurate color reproduction. Optical layer 910, with its light reorientation capability, maintains the relative color purity of the color channels, ensuring that the displayed colors remain relatively vivid and faithfully reproduce their expected values.

[0172] In some implementations, the controlled divergence of optical layer 910 helps improve the viewing experience, for example, in terms of contrast and black level performance. By reducing the amount of light reaching unintended areas of the display, optical layer 910 can maintain a deep, pure black level, thereby improving the overall contrast of the display. This improved contrast results in more immersive and visually appealing images with better depth perception and a greater dynamic range.

[0173] From a manufacturing perspective, the optical layer 910 offers several advantages over typical diffusers without it. Nanoscale elements within the optical layer 910 can be fabricated using improved photolithography techniques, such as electron beam lithography and nanoimprint lithography, which provide control over element size and arrangement. This fabrication process provides relative uniformity and reliability for the optical layer 910, enabling large-scale production with reduced performance variation.

[0174] In some implementations, the optical layer 910 can be integrated into the existing display architecture without requiring significant modifications to the underlying pixel structure or driving electronics. For example, the optical layer 910 can be manufactured as a separate component and subsequently laminated or bonded to the display panel, making the device 900 compatible with various display technologies such as LCD, OLED, or micro-LED.

[0175] Optical layer 910 offers configuration flexibility and customization possibilities. By adjusting the properties of nanoscale components, such as their shape, size, and arrangement, optical layer 910 can be modified to meet specific display standards and improve performance for different applications. This adaptability supports the development of optical layer 910 for a variety of display systems, such as virtual reality headsets, augmented reality glasses, and high dynamic range displays.

[0176] Now consider a typical color routing system. A typical color router's cross-section may include microlenses (MLs) and color filters (CFs) for the red, green, blue, and near-infrared (NIR) channels. Below the CFs, a thin passivation layer and a silicon photodetector (PD) region can be placed. In another typical color router, the MLs and CFs can be replaced with color router devices. These color router devices can directly route light to the PD based on its color, without requiring free-space propagation. This color routing can provide efficient color routing for subwavelength pixels.

[0177] Color router systems can include color router devices with four color channels (RGB-IR, where IR refers to the infrared spectral range), covering the visible and NIR spectral ranges. Color router systems can be used with 400 nm wide pixels having a 280 nm wide photodetector. The color router devices can guide spectral colors to the RGB-IR channel photodetector with virtually no crosstalk, reflection, or light leakage into non-PD areas.

[0178] A typical color sorting superlens system for a high-sensitivity image sensor with color router devices may include a single-layer color separator that can exhibit an average sorting efficiency of up to 51%, accommodate acceptable angles of up to 16.5 degrees or 0.068 spherical degrees, and support pixel sizes down to the submicron level.

[0179] In a typical color image sensor configuration without a color router device, no more than about 25% of the incident light reaches the photodetector. A color image sensor using a color router device and an on-chip color separator allows virtually all incident light to reach the photodetector.

[0180] A typical color-sorting superlens array for image sensor applications can include the functions of a dichroist and a lens, and can be directly integrated into the sensor pixels. The operation of the superlens array can classify virtually all incident light and focus it onto four separate pixels based on the color of the light.

[0181] Figures 10A to 10C A color router is shown, which can route light of different wavelengths to the appropriate channel. Figure 15A The light field distribution of blue light with a wavelength of 457 nm passing through an RGB router is shown. Figure 10A The field distribution in the image illustrates the intensity distribution of blue light. RGB routers are used to selectively guide light based on color, thus routing each color of light to the appropriate channel. The router can maintain the relative purity and intensity of the blue channel.

[0182] Figure 10B The light field distribution of green light with a wavelength of 527 nm is shown in an RGB router. Similar to blue light, green light is manipulated by the RGB router to guide the light along the appropriate path. The field distribution indicates that the intensity distribution of the green light is relatively strong and concentrated.

[0183] Figure 10C The light field distribution of 611 nm wavelength red light passing through an RGB router is depicted. The router can guide the red light to the appropriate channel. The field distribution of the red light shows a concentrated intensity distribution, indicating that the router can essentially maintain the color integrity and brightness of red.

[0184] Figure 11A A top view of the display panel is depicted, showing an array of 1114 RGB subpixels. Figure 11A The dimensions and arrangement of RGB subpixels 1114b, 1114g, and 1114r in a display panel 1100 having multiple pixels 1102 are shown. An optical layer 1110 is used to adapt the size, and the pixel 1102 is spaced 4.5 μm × 4.5 μm apart. In some implementations, all subpixels 1114 may have a width of 1 μm, and the width-direction distance between each subpixel is 0.5 μm, while all subpixels 1114 may have a length of 3 μm.

[0185] An optical layer 1110 covering subpixels 1114 is used to adapt to the subpixel size. The optical layer 1110 can amplify the light emitted from the subpixels 1114 to cover the entire area corresponding to the pixel pitch. The optical layer 1110 can mix the emitted colors, thereby improving the color uniformity and vibrancy of the displayed image. In some implementations, the optical layer 1110 can reduce the visible gaps between the subpixels 1114, which are treated as a grid pattern of the screen-door effect. By reducing the visible gaps, the optical layer 1110 enhances the visual appeal of the display and contributes to a more immersive viewing experience.

[0186] Figure 11A The configuration of the subpixels 1114 shown allows for efficient manipulation of light from the subpixels 1114, resulting in a display panel that provides higher resolution, accurate color reproduction, and reduced visual artifacts. The combination of the subpixel arrangement and the optical layer 1110 improves high-resolution displays.

[0187] Figure 11B and Figure 11C The dielectric constant distribution ε of the material of optical layer 1110 at different cross-sections in the XZ and XY planes is depicted. r Dielectric constant ε r Spatial variations at least partially control the phase modulation of light.

[0188] Dielectric constant ε r Dielectric constant ε is a property of materials that describes their ability to store and transfer electromagnetic energy. r It is a measure of how efficiently a material is polarized by an electric field. Dielectric constant ε r The distribution of dielectric constant ε within the optical layer 1110 at least partially controls the propagation of light through the material. r The distribution of light determines how light interacts with the material of optical layer 1110, and how light is modified as it passes through the material.

[0189] Dielectric constant ε r The distribution allows for at least partial control of light propagation through optical layer 1110. Optical layer 1110 may include a relative permittivity ε. r For two (2) silicon dioxide (SiO2) and relative permittivity ε r It is a mixture of four (4) silicon nitride (SiN).

[0190] Figure 11B and Figure 11C The internal structure and properties of the optical layer 1110 are shown. More specifically, Figure 11B and Figure 11C The dielectric constant ε in optical layer 1110 is shown. r The distribution of dielectric constant ε in different cross sections is shown. r Spatial changes. Figure 11B and Figure 11C The dielectric constant ε of the optical layer 1110 material was described. r Distribution along cross sections of the XZ and XY planes.

[0191] In some implementations, different dielectric constants ε are used. r The distributed optical layer 1110 can manipulate light propagation and achieve improved beam guiding or reverse color routing effects. For example, by configuring the dielectric constant ε of the material... r The optical layer 1110 can control the phase and amplitude of light waves as they propagate through the space. This control over the light properties provides the ability to manipulate the beam emitted by the sub-pixel 1114.

[0192] Figure 11B The dielectric constant ε in the XZ plane of optical layer 1110 is shown. r The distribution of the dielectric constant ε. More specifically, the cross-sectional view in the XZ plane illustrates this. r Spatial variation along the horizontal (X) and vertical (Z) axes. Figure 11B and Figure 11C Different hues or colors in the image represent different dielectric constants ε. r Values, different dielectric constants ε rThe value corresponds to a specific material composition.

[0193] Figure 11C The dielectric constant ε in the XY plane of optical layer 1110 is shown. r The distribution of dielectric constant ε is shown in the cross-sectional view in the XY plane. r Spatial variation along the horizontal (X) and depth (Y) axes. Different hues or colors represent different dielectric constant values, indicating the presence of different materials or material compositions.

[0194] By combining different materials with different dielectric constant values, the dielectric constant ε within the optical layer 1110 was achieved. r Spatial variation. In this invention, the optical layer 1110 may comprise a mixture of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (SiN). The relative permittivity ε of silicon dioxide... r The relative permittivity ε of silicon nitride is approximately two (2), while that of silicon nitride is approximately two (2). r Approximately four (4). By arranging these materials within the optical layer 1110, the dielectric constant distribution can be adjusted according to the dielectric constant ε. r The distribution provides a way to configure the appropriate phase modulation of light.

[0195] In some implementations, surface 1120 represents a light-emitting surface such that light, after passing through optical layer 1110, transitions from a wider beam divergence angle to a narrower beam divergence angle. In some implementations, the height variation of surface 1120 of optical layer 1110 can be the difference between the relatively high profile and the relatively low profile of the material of optical layer 1110 (e.g., a nanostructure pattern of silicon dioxide and silicon nitride). For example, the height variation of surface 1120 can be equal to or less than 1.5 micrometers.

[0196] Phase modulation of light can provide beam guidance or reverse color routing. As light propagates through optical layer 1110, it is transformed by different phase shifts, at least in part depending on the local dielectric constant value. These phase shifts can be used to provide constructive or destructive interference patterns, thereby effectively reorienting light to the appropriate direction or selectively transmitting or reflecting wavelengths.

[0197] For example, by configuring the dielectric constant ε r The distribution of light beams allows for the introduction of a linear phase gradient on the optical layer 1110, enabling the beam to be guided in the appropriate direction. This beam guiding capability facilitates the guidance of extended illumination from sub-pixels 1114 to cover the entire pixel pitch.

[0198] In some implementations, the dielectric constant ε rThe distribution can be used to implement reverse color routing, where the wavelengths of light (corresponding to different colors) are selectively guided from their designated sub-pixels 1114. This is achieved by configuring the dielectric constant ε. r Spatial variations can be configured to reverse route the wavelength-dependent phase shifts of the red, green, and blue light components from their respective sub-pixels 1114.

[0199] The dielectric constant ε in optical layer 1110 r The distribution of light provides at least partial control over light propagation, thereby offering improved beam guiding or reverse color routing capabilities. By selecting materials and their spatial arrangement, optical layer 1110 can reduce the screen-door effect.

[0200] In some implementations, the fabrication of the optical layer 1110 with an improved dielectric constant distribution may include computational modeling and nanofabrication techniques. The selection of materials (e.g., silicon dioxide and silicon nitride) may be based on the optical properties of such materials, compatibility with existing manufacturing processes, or the ability to provide an improved dielectric constant distribution.

[0201] In some implementations, the use of silicon dioxide and silicon nitride in the optical layer 1110 offers several advantages. For example, these materials exhibit low optical loss, high transparency, and suitable thermal and mechanical stability, making them suitable for integration into display systems. In some implementations, the relatively simple manufacturing process of these materials allows for the scalable production of the optical layer 1110.

[0202] Figure 11B and Figure 11C This indicates that by configuring the dielectric constant ε r The distribution of light beams can enable improved beam guidance or reverse color routing, thereby enhancing the performance of the display system.

[0203] Figures 12A to 12C Cross-sectional views of the near-field radiation patterns of blue beam 1218, green beam 1220, and red beam 1222 are shown. Simulations were performed using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, a computational technique for modeling the interaction between electromagnetic waves and material structures.

[0204] The near field refers to the region close to an object or source, where electromagnetic fields dominate. In some implementations, the near field region can be within certain wavelengths of the source, where the electric and magnetic fields are not completely separated, behaving similarly to a combined electromagnetic field. The near field region can have a relatively non-uniform field distribution and relatively significant interactions between the field and nearby objects.

[0205] Figures 12A to 12CThe vertical scale in each figure describes the energy or power distribution that occurs when the power (defined as the square of the intensity) decreases to half its peak value at the center of the cross-sectional view.

[0206] In respectively Figure 12A , Figure 12B and Figure 12C The near-field distribution of light from each of the blue subpixels 1214b, green subpixels 1214g, and red subpixels 1214r is shown. The near-field simulation used the following wavelengths: 457 nm for blue, 527 nm for green, and 611 nm for red. Each subpixel 1214 represents a 1 μm × 3 μm cross-sectional waveguide, and the zeroth (0) order waveguide mode was used in the simulation.

[0207] Figures 12A to 12C This illustrates relatively large beam divergence angles, which can lead to several visual artifacts and performance limitations in display systems. For example... Figure 12A As shown, for blue light without using the planar lens optical layer 1310 (see...) Figures 13A to 13C The cone angle is approximately 30 to 35 degrees (or 0.226 to 0.304 steradian degrees). For Figure 12B The green light shown has a cone angle of approximately 40 degrees, or 0.394 steradian degrees. For Figure 12C The red light shown has a cone angle of approximately 40 degrees or 0.394 steradian degrees.

[0208] Figures 12A to 12C The cone angle of the device (excluding optical layer 1310) is greater than the cone angle of the device 1300 using the planar lens optical layer 1310 (see Figures 12D to 12F), indicating... Figures 12A to 12C The beams 1218, 1220, and 1222 in the image have greater divergence. A larger beam divergence angle can cause crosstalk between adjacent sub-pixels 1214, resulting in unwanted color mixing between sub-pixels 1214 with different colors and reducing the overall image quality.

[0209] Figures 13A to 13C Near-field simulation results of light propagation through a display system with optical layer 1310 are shown. In the FDTD method, sub-pixels are considered as waveguides with a cross-sectional area of ​​1 μm × 3 μm. The zeroth (0) order waveguide mode was initiated in the simulation. The near-field distribution shows color separation and beam shaping by optical layer 1310 for the blue wavelength (457 nm), green wavelength (527 nm), and red wavelength (611 nm) of the blue beam 1318, green beam 1320, and red beam 1322, respectively. The relatively well-defined intensity distribution indicates that optical layer 1310 can guide beams 1318, 1320, and 1322 from sub-pixels 1314b, 1314g, and 1314r to their respective designated regions.

[0210] Figure 13A Near-field simulation results of light propagation through a display system with optical layer 1310 for the blue channel at a wavelength of 457 nm are shown. The simulation was performed using the FDTD method. In the FDTD simulation, sub-pixels 1314 are treated as waveguides with a cross-sectional area of ​​1 μm × 3 μm. The waveguide representation supports modeling of light emission from sub-pixels 1314 and the interaction between these sub-pixels and optical layer 1310. Figure 13A The simulations demonstrate that the blue channel achieves color reproduction and reduces the screen-door effect.

[0211] The near-field distribution represents the electromagnetic field distribution relatively close to the optical layer 1310 and illustrates how the nanostructures within the optical layer 1310 manipulate and shape light.

[0212] The nanostructures configured within the optical layer 1310, including a mixture of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (SiN) as described herein, modulate the phase and amplitude of blue light as it passes through the optical layer 1310. Optical manipulation and color reproduction characteristics can be improved by modifying the dielectric constant distribution and arrangement of the silicon dioxide and silicon nitride materials.

[0213] Figures 13A to 13C The vertical scale in each figure depicts the energy when the power drops to half of its peak value at the center of the cross-sectional view. Within the beam divergence angle corresponding to the power dropping to half its peak value, the power distribution covers approximately 40% of the total energy.

[0214] Figure 13A The near-field distribution in the image shows a relatively clear and concentrated light distribution. When the energy value within the light cone exceeds 40% of the total energy, the beam divergence angle of the light distribution is equal to or less than 0.024 steradian degrees or 5 degrees corresponding to a half angle (or 10 degrees corresponding to a full angle along the linear length). This relatively clear and concentrated light distribution instructs the optical layer 1310 to shape and guide blue light in the appropriate direction. Spatial confinement of light helps reduce crosstalk between adjacent sub-pixels 1314 and improves overall display quality.

[0215] In some implementations, Figure 13A The near-field distribution in the optical layer 1310 differs from the light propagation in the absence of the optical layer 1310 (see...). Figure 12A For example, without a superlens or planar lens structure, blue light emitted from sub-pixel 1214b would diverge at a larger angle, resulting in more diffuse and more uncontrolled light distribution. Figure 13A Improvements in optical operation and confinement are shown through optical layer 1310.

[0216] Figure 13B and Figure 13CNear-field simulation results of green and red light propagating through optical layer 1310 at wavelengths of 527 nm and 611 nm are shown, respectively. (This is in contrast to focusing on the blue channel.) Figure 13A similar, Figure 13B and Figure 13C This demonstrates the effectiveness of optical layer 1310 in controlling and shaping the propagation of green and red light. For example, Figure 13B and Figure 13C The light distribution is shown to have a relatively clear and concentrated profile. When the energy value within the light cone includes more than 40% of the total energy, the beam divergence angle of the light distribution is equal to or less than 0.024 steradian degrees or 5 degrees of the corresponding half angle (or 10 degrees of the corresponding full angle in the linear length).

[0217] Simulations performed using the FDTD method demonstrate the effectiveness of optical layer 1310 in manipulating and shaping green and red light, resulting in a well-defined and focused light distribution. In some implementations, optical layer 1310 can offer advantages such as reduced screen-door effect, improved color mixing, and increased optical efficiency across all three color channels. In some implementations, optical layer 1310 can provide high-quality full-color display with reduced visual artifacts relative to the entire RGB color gamut.

[0218] Figures 13A to 13C The near-field simulation results shown illustrate the effectiveness of optical layer 1310 compared to display devices without optical layer 1310 (see [link]). Figures 12A to 12C Planar lens structures with appropriate nanostructures and dielectric constant distributions can provide at least partial control over the light propagation of all three color channels, thereby improving display quality, reducing the screen-door effect, and increasing optical efficiency.

[0219] In some implementations, the optical layer 1310 with a superlens or planar lens structure can offer advantages over the micro-condenser and / or microlens layer described herein for all three color channels (blue, green, and red). Display devices without the optical layer 1310 may have limitations such as visible subpixel boundaries, limited color mixing, and reduced optical efficiency. The optical layer 1310 reduces the screen-door effect by expanding the illumination area, reducing the beam divergence angle, and providing color mixing for the color channels.

[0220] Figures 14A to 14C The far-field radiation patterns of the blue beam 1418, green beam 1420, and red beam 1422 are shown respectively without the use of optical layer 1310. Figures 15A to 15C The light distribution achieved by the optical layer 1310 is shown. More specifically, Figures 15A to 15C The far-field radiation patterns corresponding to the blue beam 1518, green beam 1520 and red beam 1522 after passing through the optical layer 1310 are shown respectively.

[0221] Without optical layer 1310 Figures 14A to 14C The far-field patterns shown exhibit elliptical beams 1418, 1420, and 1422 with divergence angles of 40 degrees × 17 degrees. Display devices that do not use optical layer 1310 may suffer from limitations such as visible subpixel boundaries, limited color mixing, and reduced optical efficiency due to larger beam divergence angles and less controlled light distribution.

[0222] In some implementations, the far field can refer to a region located at a distance of 10 mm or more from the panel surface. In the far field region, electromagnetic waves or fields are considered to be sufficiently far from the panel. In some implementations, waves in the far field region can have relatively uniform wavefronts and directions, providing more predictable and consistent behavior compared to the near field.

[0223] In some implementations, the far-field pattern of optical layer 1310 is used (see...). Figures 15A to 15C The diagram shows relatively circular beams 1518, 1520, and 1522 with reduced beam divergence angles. In some implementations, the divergence angle of each sub-pixel 1314 can be equal to or less than a half-angle of 5 degrees (equivalent to a full angle of 10 degrees in linear measurements), corresponding to a solid angle of 0.024 steradian degrees measured at a distance of 20 mm from the top surface of sub-pixel 1314. This reduction in beam divergence angle can alleviate the screen-door effect and improve overall display quality.

[0224] Figure 15A The far-field radiation pattern of the blue channel at a wavelength of 457 nm is shown, illustrating the light distribution after passing through optical layer 1310. Figure 15A The angular distribution and divergence of blue light are shown.

[0225] Figure 15A The far-field radiation pattern is represented in polar coordinates, with radial distance indicating light intensity and angular position indicating propagation direction. This pattern shows a concentrated or collimated beam 1518 of blue light, exhibiting a reduced beam divergence angle compared to the light distribution without optical layer 1310 (see...). Figure 14A ).

[0226] In some implementations, the optical layer 1310 converts the blue light distribution, thereby changing the far-field radiation pattern of the device 1300 having the optical layer 1310. Figure 15A This is an improvement over display devices without a superlens or planar lens structure. For example, without a planar lens, the blue light emitted from sub-pixel 1314 can exhibit a wider divergence angle, approximately 40 degrees × 17 degrees, resulting in more diffuse reflection and a more uncontrolled light distribution. Without the optical layer 1310, the elliptical indicator light of the beam 1418 is not well collimated and diffuses more in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction.

[0227] In some implementations, Figure 15A The far-field radiation pattern in the image shows that the blue beam 1518 is concentrated and substantially circular in shape, for example, for an intensity of 0.004 (compare). Figure 15A The polar coordinates shown represent the relative intensity of light at different angles, exhibiting a reduced divergence angle of 5 degrees (10 degrees for the full angle) or 0.024 steradian solid angles. This reduction in beam divergence angle may be a result of the nanostructure configuration and / or dielectric constant distribution of the optical layer 1310.

[0228] In some implementations, the cross-sectional profile of the blue beam 1518 in the far field may be at least partially elliptical, with the ratio of the longer diameter to the shorter diameter of the beam profile ranging from 1 to 1.5. In some implementations, the green beam 1520 and the red beam 1522 (see [reference to other implementations]) are respectively... Figure 15B and Figure 15C It can provide a similar partially elliptical profile with a ratio of 1.5.

[0229] In some implementations, reducing the beam divergence angle to mitigate the screen-door effect can improve overall display quality. For example, by collimating the blue light and reducing its angular diffusion, the light from the sub-pixels 1314 provided by the optical layer 1310 is directed efficiently towards the viewer's eye, thereby reducing unwanted crosstalk between adjacent sub-pixels 1314 and improving perceived image quality.

[0230] Optical layer 1310 has a superlens or planar lens structure, reducing beam divergence angle through phase modulation and wavefront shaping. As described above, optical layer 1310 comprises a mixture of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (SiN) arranged in a pattern to form a dielectric constant distribution. This dielectric constant distribution supports the manipulation of the phase and amplitude of blue light as it propagates through optical layer 1310, thereby generating… Figure 15A The collimated and relatively concentrated far-field radiation pattern observed in the image.

[0231] Figure 15A The far-field radiation pattern illustrates the effectiveness of optical layer 1310 compared to display devices without optical layer 1310 (see...). Figure 14A For example, optical layer 1310 can control light distribution, reduce beam divergence angle, and improve display performance. This improved light manipulation of optical layer 1310 can reduce visual artifacts.

[0232] Compared to the far-field radiation pattern provided by a display device that does not use optical layer 1310 (e.g., a display device using a micro-concentrator or microlens as described herein), the device 1300 having optical layer 1310... Figure 15A The far-field radiation pattern in the model provides improvements. For example, Figure 15AThe far-field radiation pattern in the image shows one of the favorable results of combining and aligning the RGB light from sub-pixel 1314 to achieve a relatively seamless and uniform display appearance.

[0233] Figure 15A The far-field radiation pattern in the image illustrates the blue light distribution controlled by optical layer 1310. In some implementations, optical layer 1310, having a planar lens structure, achieves a relatively collimated and focused blue light beam 1518, such as... Figure 15A The far-field radiation pattern is shown in the diagram. The focused and collimated beam 1518 indicates that a portion of the blue light was effectively captured and guided, thereby reducing optical loss.

[0234] In some implementations, the optical layer 1310 can reduce the screen-door effect, improve color mixing, and enhance overall display quality. The dielectric constant distribution within the optical layer 1310, comprising silicon dioxide and silicon nitride, supports phase modulation and wavefront shaping, thereby producing… Figure 15A The collimated and focused blue beam observed in 1518.

[0235] Figure 15B and Figure 15C Far-field radiation maps of the green and red channels at wavelengths of 527 nm and 611 nm are presented, respectively. Figure 15B and Figure 15C The far-field radiation patterns of the green and red channels are shown respectively, illustrating the light distribution after passing through optical layer 1310.

[0236] In some implementations, Figure 15B and Figure 15C The far-field radiation pattern in the image shows the efficiency with which optical layer 1310 directs green and red light toward the viewer's eye, respectively. For example, Figure 15B and Figure 15C The focused and collimated beams 1520 and 1522 in the display effectively capture and guide a portion of the green and red light, thereby reducing optical loss and improving overall display efficiency.

[0237] In some implementations, optical layer 1310 can reduce the screen-door effect, improve color mixing, and enhance overall display quality. The dielectric constant distribution within optical layer 1310, composed of silicon dioxide and silicon nitride, supports phase modulation and wavefront shaping, thereby producing collimated and focused beams 1520 and 1522 for the green and red channels, such as... Figure 15B and Figure 15C As shown.

[0238] Figure 15B and Figure 15CThe far-field radiation pattern illustrates the advantages of optical layer 1310 compared to display devices without it. For example, optical layer 1310 can control light distribution, reduce beam divergence angle, and improve display performance in the green and red channels. Improved light manipulation can provide a high-quality, immersive display system, reducing visual artifacts across the entire visible spectrum.

[0239] In some implementations, the display device 1300 uses an optical layer 1310 having a superlens or planar lens structure, the superlens or planar lens structure having Figures 15A to 15C The far-field radiation pattern shown in the display device provides a reduction in beam divergence angle and improved light control for all three color channels by optical layer 1310.

[0240] In some implementations, display systems with optical layer 1310 can integrate optical extension and reduce the screen-door effect without significantly sacrificing resolution. By overlapping the RGB subpixel illumination regions to extend to a full pixel pitch of approximately 4.5 μm, optical layer 1310 can mix colors while relatively maintaining the original subpixel size. Devices that do not use optical layer 1310 (such as micro-condensers or microlens arrays) extend illumination to a relatively limited 2 / 3 pixel pitch and still exhibit visible subpixel gaps.

[0241] In microscopic evaluations using a KEYENCE® VHZ-7000N microscope (supplied by Keyence Corporation, Room 200, 500 Park Avenue, Itasca, Illinois) and similar microscopes with resolutions finer than 0.5 micrometers, optical layer 1310 provides light emission from the relatively entire pixel area as a single spot, rather than showing relatively distinct RGB subpixel emissions. This relatively seamless color integration at this microscopic level is achieved through the optical layer 1310 configuration that supports reduced screen-door effect.

[0242] In some implementations, combining RGB light from sub-pixels 1314 can provide a full-color display with improved visual quality. An optical layer 1310, with an appropriate nanostructure and dielectric constant distribution, provides the mixing and overlapping of red, green, and blue light. By expanding the illumination area of ​​the sub-pixels and reducing the beam divergence angle, the optical layer 1310 provides RGB light, which is combined and directed toward the viewer's eye, thereby producing a high-quality full-color image.

[0243] In some implementations, the optical layer 1310, using a superlens or planar lens structure, effectively expands the light from the corresponding sub-pixels 1314 to cover the entire pixel pitch for all color channels, while reducing the beam divergence angle. This expansion and collimation of light from specific color sub-pixels achieves a more uniform and relatively seamless display appearance, thereby reducing the screen-door effect.

[0244] In some implementations, the optical layer 1310, with a superlens or planar lens structure, offers advantages over the microconcentrator or microlens layer described herein. The optical layer 1310 reduces the screen-door effect by expanding the illumination area, reducing the beam divergence angle, and providing color mixing.

[0245] In some implementations, the planar lens configuration of optical layer 1310 offers advantages over typical devices that do not use optical layer 1310. For example, optical layer 1310 may comprise a relatively lightweight layer with a thickness of 2 μm, and can be integrated into existing display manufacturing processes.

[0246] Figure 16 This is a block diagram of a computing system 1600, which can be used to implement the devices and methods disclosed herein. For example, the computing system can be any component of the display system disclosed herein. A particular device may use all of the components shown or only a subset of said components, and the degree of integration between devices may vary. Furthermore, the device may include multiple instances of components, such as multiple processing units, multiple processors, multiple memories, multiple transmitters, multiple receivers, etc. The computing system 1600 includes a processing unit 1602. The processing unit includes a central processing unit (CPU) 1614, memory 1608, and may also include a mass storage device 1604 connected to a bus 1620, a video adapter 1610, and an I / O interface 1612.

[0247] Bus 1620 can be one or more of any type of bus architecture, including a memory bus or memory controller, peripheral bus, or video bus. CPU 1614 can include any type of electronic data processor. Memory 1608 can include any type of non-transitory system memory, such as static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, memory 1608 can include ROM for use at boot time and DRAM for storing programs and data during program execution.

[0248] Mass storage 1604 may include any type of non-transitory storage device for storing data, programs, and other information, and making such data, programs, and other information accessible via bus 1620. Mass storage 1604 may include one or more of a solid-state drive, hard disk drive, disk drive, or optical disk drive.

[0249] Video adapter 1610 and I / O interface 1612 provide interfaces to couple external input and output devices to processing unit 1602. As shown, examples of input and output devices include a display device 1618 coupled to video adapter 1610, and a mouse, keyboard, or printer 1616 coupled to I / O interface 1612. Display device 1618 can incorporate and utilize the techniques described in this invention. Other devices can be coupled to processing unit 1602, and more or fewer interface cards can be used. For example, a serial interface (not shown) such as universal serial bus (USB) can be used to provide interfaces for external devices.

[0250] The processing unit 1602 also includes one or more network interfaces 1606, which may include wired links such as Ethernet cables or wireless links for accessing nodes or different networks. The network interface 1606 enables the processing unit 1602 to communicate with remote units over a network. For example, the network interface 1606 may provide wireless communication via one or more transmitter / transmit antennas and one or more receiver / receive antennas. In one embodiment, the processing unit 1602 is coupled to one or more local area networks 1622 or wide area networks for data processing and communication with remote devices, such as other processing units, the Internet, or remote storage facilities.

[0251] Figure 17 This is a flowchart of process 1700 provided as an example of the present invention. In some implementations, Figure 17 One or more process frames can be executed by devices 300, 600, 800, 900, 1100 or 1300.

[0252] like Figure 17 As shown, process 1700 may include setting an optical layer (box 1702) on a subpixel of a plurality of subpixels. In some implementations, each subpixel of the plurality of subpixels may emit a beam of light and correspond to a color. Furthermore, as... Figure 17 As shown, process 1700 may include combining the light beams from each of the multiple sub-pixels through an optical layer (box 1704). As described above, the light beams can be combined by expanding the light beams from each of the multiple sub-pixels to cover an area corresponding to the full pixel pitch.

[0253] For example, optical layers 310, 610, 810, 910, 1110, or 1310 can be used to amplify light from sub-pixels 314, 614, 814, 914, 1114, or 1314 to cover areas corresponding to the full pixel pitch. This process may include mixing light from sub-pixels 314, 614, 814, 914, 1114, or 1314 of different colors, and reducing the light exit cone angle. In some implementations, optical layers 310, 610, 810, 910, 1110, or 1310 provide overlapping illumination and / or a reduced beam divergence angle using the planar lens of the present invention.

[0254] In some implementations, the present invention reduces the visibility of the boundary between sub-pixels 314, 614, 814, 914, 1114, or 1314 by using planar lenses to mix and overlap illumination from adjacent sub-pixels 314, 614, 814, 914, 1114, or 1314. For example, optical layers 310, 610, 810, 910, 1110, or 1310 may include planar lens structures placed on sub-pixels 314, 614, 814, 914, 1114, or 1314 of the display panel. In some implementations, devices 300, 600, 800, 900, 1100, or 1300 may manipulate the beam divergence angle of the combined beam such that the beam divergence angle of the combined beam overlaps with at least 80% of the beam divergence angle of each of the plurality of sub-pixels, as described above. In some implementations, devices 300, 600, 800, 900, 1100, or 1300 may be included in a display panel having an optical layer for optical extension integration and screen-door effect mitigation as described above.

[0255] Figure 17 The method shown can achieve, for example Figures 15A to 15C The embodiments described herein, Figures 15A to 15C The far-field radiation patterns of blue beam 1518, green beam 1520 and red beam 1522 are shown respectively. Figures 15A to 15C The effectiveness of optical layers 310, 610, 810, 910, 1110, or 1310 in producing relatively focused and collimated beams with reduced beam divergence angles, which are at least in part a result of the dielectric constant distribution of the planar lenses of optical layers 310, 610, 810, 910, 1110, or 1310. In some implementations, optical layers 310, 610, 810, 910, 1110, or 1310 comprising a mixture of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (SiN) provide phase modulation and wavefront shaping, such as... Figure 11B and Figure 11C As shown.

[0256] In addition, such as Figure 16As shown, the computing system 1600 can be used to implement devices 300, 600, 800, 900, 1100, or 1300, and can manage the operation of optical layers 310, 610, 810, 910, 1110, or 1310. The computing system 1600 includes a CPU 1614, a memory 1608, and an interface 1612, which facilitate communication with other devices and users, thereby providing... Figure 17 The execution of the method described.

[0257] In some implementations, Figure 17 The method outlined in the document combines optical layers 310, 610, 810, 910, 1110, or 1310 with a computing system 1600 to reduce the screen-door effect in display panels.

[0258] It should be noted that, although Figure 17 An example box of process 1700 is shown, but in some implementations, process 1700 may include... Figure 17 The boxes shown can be compared to more blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or blocks with different arrangements. Furthermore, or alternatively, two or more boxes of process 1700 can be executed in parallel.

[0259] The embodiments can achieve advantages. For example, the present invention provides display devices 300, 600, 800, 900, 1100, or 1300 having optical layers 310, 610, 810, 910, 1110, or 1310, which effectively mitigate the screen-door effect, reduce the beam divergence angle, and improve optical efficiency. By expanding the subpixel illumination area, reducing the outgoing beam divergence angle, and creating a relatively seamless overlapping illumination pattern, devices 300, 600, 800, 900, 1100, or 1300 improve display quality, color mixing, and overall visual performance. The planar lens approach provides the improvements disclosed herein while maintaining a thin profile and compatibility with established manufacturing techniques. The technical improvements achieved by devices 300, 600, 800, 900, 1100, or 1300 provide superior image quality and viewing experience for high-resolution displays.

[0260] It should be understood that one or more steps of the methods provided in this embodiment may be performed by corresponding units or modules. The corresponding units / modules may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more of these units / modules may be integrated circuits, such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).

[0261] While this specification has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments described herein, as those skilled in the art will readily recognize from this invention that existing or later-developed processes, machines, articles of manufacture, material components, modules, methods, or steps can perform substantially the same functions or achieve substantially the same results as the corresponding embodiments described herein. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to include such processes, machines, articles of manufacture, material components, modules, methods, or steps within their scope.

Claims

1. A device, characterized in that, include: An optical layer is disposed on a plurality of sub-pixels, each of which emits a light beam and corresponds to a color. The optical layer is used for at least one of the following operations: Combine the light beams of each of the plurality of sub-pixels, or The color of the light beam from each of the plurality of sub-pixels is blended by expanding the light beam from each sub-pixel to cover the region corresponding to the full pixel pitch. The total beam divergence angle of the combined beam overlaps with at least 80% of the beam divergence angle of each of the plurality of sub-pixels.

2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The combined beam having the total beam divergence angle comprises at least 50% of the light energy emitted by each of the plurality of sub-pixels.

3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, Compared to a subpixel on which the optical layer is not provided, the optical layer is used to reduce the beam divergence angle of the subpixel to a range between 1 / 3 and 1 / 1000.

4. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that, Compared to a subpixel on which the optical layer is not disposed, the optical layer is used to reduce the beam divergence angle of the subpixel to a range between 1 / 6 and 1 / 100.

5. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The height variation of the surface of the optical layer is equal to or less than 1.5 micrometers.

6. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The optical layer is used for: Guide multiple beams of light from the first sub-pixel to the first angle; The first color of the first sub-pixel is guided to combine the beams in the plurality of beams.

7. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The optical layer includes a first sub-layer and a second sub-layer. The first sub-layer is used to guide multiple beams in the first beam of the first sub-pixel to a first angle. The second sub-layer is used to guide the first color of the first sub-pixel to combine the beams in the plurality of beams.

8. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, The cross-section of the beam profile in the far field is at least partially elliptical, and the ratio of the longer diameter of the beam profile to the shorter diameter of the beam profile is in the range of 1 to 1.

5.

9. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The projections of active subpixels with a first color over the optical layer at least partially overlap.

10. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The optical layer is passive.

11. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The optical layer includes the area of ​​RGB pixel units.

12. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The multiple sub-pixels are arranged in a hexagonal pattern.

13. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The multiple sub-pixels are arranged in a strip pattern.

14. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The beam divergence angle of each of the plurality of sub-pixels is equal to or less than 0.024 spherical degrees measured at a distance of 20 mm from the top surface of the sub-pixel.

15. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The area of ​​the RGB pixel unit is covered by the cross-sectional profile of the light beam, which is observed by a microscope with a resolution of 0.5 micrometers or higher.

16. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The product of the pixel area and the total beam divergence angle is less than 14 mm. 2 × Sphericity, the pixel includes a surface area of ​​590 mm² 2 The display panel.

17. A system, characterized in that, include: A display device, the display device comprising: An optical layer is disposed on a plurality of sub-pixels, each of which emits a light beam and corresponds to a color. The optical layer is used for at least one of the following operations: Combine the light beams of each of the plurality of sub-pixels, or The color of the light beam from each of the plurality of sub-pixels is blended by expanding the light beam from each sub-pixel to cover the region corresponding to the full pixel pitch. The beam divergence angle of the combined beam overlaps with at least 80% of the beam divergence angle of each of the plurality of sub-pixels.

18. The system according to claim 17, characterized in that, The optical layer is used to reduce the beam divergence angle from the sub-pixel to a range between 1 / 3 and 1 / 1000, relative to the sub-pixel that does not have the optical layer.

19. The system according to claim 18, characterized in that, Compared to a subpixel on which the optical layer is not disposed, the optical layer is used to reduce the beam divergence angle of the subpixel to a range between 1 / 6 and 1 / 100.

20. A method, characterized in that, include: An optical layer is disposed on a sub-pixel of a plurality of sub-pixels, each of which emits a light beam and corresponds to a color. The optical layer combines the light beams from each of the plurality of sub-pixels by expanding the light beams from each sub-pixel to cover the region corresponding to the full pixel pitch. The beam divergence angle of the combined beam overlaps with at least 80% of the beam divergence angle of each of the plurality of sub-pixels.

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