A method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder mycelium and its application

Abstract

This invention provides a method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and mycelium residue, belonging to the field of livestock and poultry feed preparation technology. Using bamboo powder and mycelium residue, a byproduct of edible fungi cultivation with bamboo powder as the core substrate, as raw material, the invention achieves efficient degradation of lignocellulose and bioconversion of nutrients in the bamboo powder and mycelium residue through core steps such as enzymatic pre-cell wall disruption pretreatment, segmented solid-state fermentation with compound functional microbial agents, and precise nutrient compounding. The resulting fermented pig feed is low in crude fiber, high in crude protein, palatable, and rich in bioactive substances. It can replace 10%-30% of traditional corn-soybean meal diets, significantly reducing feed costs for pig farming, improving pig growth performance and pork quality, and simultaneously constructing a closed-loop circular economy model of bamboo-fungi-livestock, possessing significant economic, ecological, and social benefits.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of livestock and poultry feed preparation technology, specifically to a method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and its application. Background Technology

[0002] The processing of bamboo generates a large amount of waste such as bamboo shavings and bamboo powder. Traditional incineration and landfill disposal methods not only cause serious waste of resources but also lead to environmental pollution problems. At the same time, bamboo powder, as a high-quality carbon source, can replace sawdust in the cultivation of edible fungi. However, the cultivation of edible fungi produces a large amount of by-product mushroom residue. Approximately 3-5 kg ​​of mushroom residue is generated for every 1 kg of edible fungi produced. If not treated in time, it is prone to spoilage and deterioration, becoming a new environmental hazard.

[0003] The current pig farming industry faces severe competition between humans and livestock for grain. Traditional pig feed is highly dependent on grain raw materials such as corn and soybean meal, with feed costs accounting for more than 60% of the total farming cost. There is an urgent need to develop low-cost, renewable non-grain feed raw materials. While bamboo powder contains residual mycelium, polysaccharides, amino acids, and minerals, it also suffers from high lignocellulose content, difficulty in digestion and absorption by monogastric animals, poor palatability, susceptibility to mold, and nutritional imbalances, making its direct use as feed raw material extremely ineffective.

[0004] While existing technologies include research on using fermented bamboo shoot residue in pig feed, they generally suffer from the following technical shortcomings: First, the dense lignocellulose structure of bamboo shoot residue is not pretreated, leading to insufficient cellulose degradation and a still high crude fiber content, limiting its addition ratio in feed. Second, the fermentation strain is singular, using only conventional probiotics, failing to simultaneously achieve multiple effects such as efficient cellulose degradation, nutritional enhancement, palatability improvement, and inhibition of unwanted bacteria. Third, the fermentation process is a conventional one-time fermentation, resulting in poor controllability, low efficiency, limited nutrient conversion, and a risk of mycotoxin contamination. Fourth, precise formulation design is not tailored to the nutritional needs of pigs at different growth stages, easily leading to nutritional imbalances and failing to fully realize the feeding value of fermented bamboo shoot residue.

[0005] Therefore, a method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and its application is proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and mycelium residue, and its application. This method achieves efficient bioconversion of bamboo powder and mycelium residue through the synergistic effect of enzymatic pre-cell disruption and segmented solid-state fermentation. It solves the technical problems of insufficient degradation of bamboo powder and mycelium residue, low fermentation efficiency, poor feeding effect and high safety risk in the prior art. At the same time, it reduces the feed cost of pig farming and builds a new model for the recycling of agricultural waste.

[0007] The specific technical solution is as follows: A method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and spore residue includes the following steps: (1) Pretreatment of bamboo powder fungal substrate: Select fresh, mold-free bamboo powder fungal substrate after harvesting edible fungi, with bamboo powder as the main cultivation substrate and the dry weight ratio of bamboo powder in the cultivation substrate not less than 60%. After sorting and removing impurities, coarsely crush the fungal substrate and dry it to a moisture content of 8%-15%. Then, finely crush it and pass it through a 40-80 mesh sieve to obtain fungal substrate powder. Add compound enzyme preparation and water to the fungal substrate powder, adjust the material-liquid ratio to 1:0.3-0.8, control the pH of the system to 4.5-6.0, and carry out enzymatic hydrolysis pre-cell wall breaking treatment at 35-55℃ for 12-24h to obtain enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder fungal substrate. (2) Fermentation substrate preparation: Add nitrogen source, carbon source and buffer to the enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder fungus, mix evenly and adjust the moisture content of the system to 35%-50% and the pH to 6.0-7.5 to obtain the fermentation substrate; (3) Inoculation and segmented solid-state fermentation: Inoculate the fermentation substrate with compound fermentation agent, mix evenly and send it into solid-state fermentation equipment for segmented solid-state fermentation to obtain fermented material after fermentation is completed; (4) Post-processing of fermentation products: The fermentation material is dried at low temperature at 40-60℃ until the moisture content is 10%-14%, and then crushed through a 40-60 mesh sieve to obtain fermented bamboo powder fungus base material. (5) Complete feed compounding and forming: Fermented bamboo powder and bran base material are mixed evenly with the basic diet components in proportion, and after pelleting, fermented pig feed is obtained.

[0008] This solution employs a series of sequential processing steps. First, basic treatment of the raw materials ensures their uniformity and stability. Then, pre-enzymatic hydrolysis breaks down the dense structure within the raw materials, creating conditions for subsequent microbial activity. Next, base material formulation provides a suitable environment for microbial growth. A phased fermentation process allows for more efficient microbial activity. Subsequent low-temperature treatment preserves the active nutrients in the raw materials. Finally, the compounding process ensures the finished product meets the actual needs of aquaculture. This entire process transforms agricultural byproducts that are difficult to utilize into usable feed ingredients for aquaculture, reducing the environmental pressure from waste and lowering the dependence on conventional feed ingredients in the aquaculture process.

[0009] Further, the compound enzyme preparation mentioned in step (1), based on enzyme activity, includes 5000-15000 U / g cellulase, 8000-20000 U / g xylanase, 2000-6000 U / g β-glucanase, and 1000-5000 U / g lignin peroxidase; the amount of the compound enzyme preparation added is 0.2%-1.0% of the dry basis weight of the bacterial residue powder. This scheme, through the combination of multiple enzyme preparations, can specifically dismantle different types of fiber structures in the raw materials, making the dismantling and treatment of the raw materials more thorough and further reducing the difficulty of subsequent microbial action. The limitation on the amount of enzyme preparation added can not only ensure the effect of dismantling and treatment but also avoid unnecessary waste of raw materials, making the cost of the treatment process more controllable.

[0010] Further, the fermentation substrate mentioned in step (2), by dry weight, includes 70-90 parts of enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder mycelium, 5-20 parts of nitrogen source, 3-10 parts of carbon source, and 0.5-2 parts of buffer; the nitrogen source is at least one of soybean meal, wheat bran, and peanut meal; the carbon source is at least one of corn flour, molasses, and glucose; and the buffer is at least one of calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate. This scheme, through the combination of different types of nutrient components, can fully meet the nutritional needs of microbial growth and reproduction during fermentation, allowing microorganisms to proliferate stably and ensuring the smooth progress of the fermentation process. The addition of the buffer can maintain the pH of the fermentation system within a stable and suitable range, avoiding large fluctuations in pH during fermentation, which would affect the activity of microorganisms and ensure the stability of the fermentation effect.

[0011] Further, the compound fermentation agent mentioned in step (3) comprises, by mass percentage, 10%-20% cellulose-degrading bacteria, 70%-85% probiotic fermentation bacteria, and 5%-10% aroma-producing bacteria; wherein the cellulose-degrading bacteria include at least two of Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma koningii, and Trichoderma viride, with a total viable count of 1×10⁻⁶. 8 -5×10 9 CFU / g; the probiotic fermentation flora includes at least three of the following: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a total viable count of 5 × 10⁻⁶. 9 -1×10 11 CFU / g; the aroma-producing functional microbial community includes at least one of *Candida utilis* and *Saccharomyces rouxii*, with a total viable count of 1×10⁻⁶. 8 -1×10 9CFU / g. This method, through the combination of different functional microbial communities, can simultaneously achieve multiple objectives during fermentation. Each community performs its specific function, including the breakdown of raw material components, nutrient conversion, and improvement of finished product palatability. These communities work well together without interference. Limiting the viable cell count ensures that the microbial community quickly establishes dominance in the fermentation system, inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms, and guarantees the safety and stability of the fermentation process.

[0012] Furthermore, the inoculation amount of the compound fermentation agent in step (3) is 1%-5% of the wet substrate mass of the fermentation substrate. This scheme limits the inoculation amount of the agent, which allows the microbial community to quickly complete colonization and proliferation in the fermentation system, shortens the fermentation start-up time, and avoids the increased cost caused by excessive inoculation amount or insufficient fermentation caused by insufficient inoculation amount. While ensuring the fermentation effect, it makes the treatment cost more reasonable.

[0013] Furthermore, the specific process of the segmented solid-state fermentation described in step (3) is as follows: Pre-fermentation stage: Control the fermentation environment temperature at 28-32℃, let it ferment statically for 8-16 hours, and aerate for 5-10 minutes every 4 hours at a rate of 0.2-0.5 vvm to achieve rapid activation and proliferation of the strain, laying the foundation for subsequent main fermentation; Main fermentation stage: The fermentation system is heated to 35-42℃ and fermented for 48-96 hours. The material is turned over once every 12 hours, and aeration is carried out for 10-20 minutes at the same time. The aeration rate is 0.3-0.8 vvm. During the fermentation process, the moisture content of the substrate is controlled to be no less than 30% to achieve deep degradation of lignocellulose and bioconversion of nutrients. Post-fermentation stage: Cool the fermentation system to 25-30℃, seal it and carry out anaerobic fermentation for 24-72 hours to complete the fermentation process. The acid produced by anaerobic fermentation reduces the pH of the system, inhibits the growth of miscellaneous bacteria and molds, and produces flavor substances to improve the palatability of the feed.

[0014] This method controls the temperature, aeration, and duration of fermentation in stages, adapting to the growth and metabolic characteristics of microbial communities at different fermentation stages. It activates and proliferates the microbial community in the early stage, achieves full conversion of raw material components in the middle stage, and improves the flavor of the finished product while inhibiting the growth of miscellaneous bacteria in the later stage. This ensures that each stage of fermentation achieves the corresponding processing goal, making the fermentation process more controllable and the processing effect more stable.

[0015] Furthermore, the fermented bamboo powder and bran substrate described in step (4), on a dry basis, has a crude protein content of 10%-16%, a crude fiber content of 12%-20%, a crude fat content of 2%-4%, a nitrogen-free extract content of 45%-55%, and a total mycotoxin content that meets the requirements of GB13078 feed hygiene standards. This scheme's limitations on the nutritional components and safety indicators of the fermented substrate ensure that the final substrate meets the basic requirements for feed use, that the nutritional components are compatible with the basic needs of farmed animals, and that the safety indicators avoid adverse effects on farmed animals and the farming environment, thus guaranteeing the usability and safety of the finished product.

[0016] Furthermore, the amount of fermented bamboo powder and bran substrate added to the complete feed in step (5) is 10%-30% on a dry basis; the basic diet components include corn, soybean meal, wheat bran, mineral premix, vitamin premix, and salt. This scheme's limitation on the amount of substrate added ensures the nutritional balance of the complete feed while replacing conventional feed ingredients, preventing nutritional deficiencies due to the addition of by-product ingredients. The combination of basic diet components complements the fermented substrate, meeting the comprehensive nutritional needs of farmed animals and ensuring the normal progress of the farming process.

[0017] Furthermore, the complete feed for growing-finishing pigs, on a dry basis by weight, includes 15-25 parts fermented bamboo powder and bran substrate, 45-60 parts corn, 10-20 parts soybean meal, 3-8 parts wheat bran, 0.5-2 parts mineral premix, 0.2-1 parts vitamin premix, and 0.2-0.5 parts salt. This formula adjusts the proportions of each component in the complete feed to meet the nutritional needs of animals at specific growth stages, replacing conventional feed ingredients without affecting the animals' normal growth rhythm and ensuring stable progress in breeding.

[0018] Furthermore, the complete feed for pregnant sows, on a dry basis, includes 10-20 parts fermented bamboo powder and bran substrate, 40-55 parts corn, 8-15 parts soybean meal, 8-15 parts wheat bran, 0.8-2 parts mineral premix, 0.3-1 part vitamin premix, and 0.2-0.5 parts salt. This formula adjusts the proportions of each component in the complete feed to meet the specific nutritional needs of sows at this stage, ensuring stable health and avoiding adverse effects on the breeding process, thus meeting the breeding requirements of this stage.

[0019] This invention also provides an application of fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and mycelium. The fermented pig feed prepared by the above method is used in pig farming. It can be fed directly or mixed with conventional pig feed in a certain proportion. The fermented pig feed accounts for no less than 10% of the daily ration. This solution clarifies the practical application of the feed, allowing it to be fed directly or mixed with conventional feed, adapting to different farming scenarios and conditions, thus expanding its applicability and making its use more flexible in the farming process.

[0020] Furthermore, for growing-finishing pigs, the fermented pig feed accounts for 15%-25% of the daily ration; for pregnant sows, it accounts for 10%-20%; and for piglets, it accounts for 10%-15%. This scheme adjusts the feed ratio for animals at different growth stages and physiological states, adapting to the different digestive capacities and nutritional needs of various animals. It avoids digestive abnormalities or insufficient nutrient supply due to inappropriate feeding ratios, ensuring stable performance in different farming scenarios.

[0021] The present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. This invention pioneers a synergistic process of enzymatic pre-cell wall disruption and segmented solid-state fermentation. Targeting the dense structural characteristics of lignocellulose in bamboo powder mycelium residue, it first uses a compound enzyme preparation for pre-cell wall disruption to break down the crystalline structure of lignocellulose, opening up the fiber entanglement system and providing accessible sites for subsequent microbial fermentation. Then, through three-stage solid-state fermentation, it achieves precise step-by-step control of strain activation, deep cellulose degradation, nutrient conversion, and flavor improvement. Compared with existing direct fermentation processes, the crude fiber degradation rate is increased by more than 35%, and the crude protein content is increased by more than 40%, significantly improving the feed value of bamboo powder mycelium residue.

[0022] 2. This invention designs a compound fermentation agent with three types of functional microbial communities, and clarifies the ratio range of each community. The cellulose-degrading microbial community is responsible for the deep decomposition of lignocellulose and the release of usable carbohydrates; the probiotic fermentation microbial community is responsible for the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, the conversion and synthesis of microbial protein, and the improvement of intestinal health in pigs; the aroma-producing functional microbial community is responsible for the production of alcohols and esters to improve feed palatability. The three types of microbial communities work synergistically to achieve multiple effects of degradation, quality improvement, aroma enhancement, and antibacterial activity, solving the technical problem of limited fermentation function of single microbial strains in existing technologies.

[0023] 3. This invention employs a comprehensive safety control system to clearly define the proportion of bamboo powder from the source of raw materials, ensuring no mold or contamination. During fermentation, a segmented process inhibits the growth of miscellaneous bacteria, and the post-fermentation stage further inhibits the production of mycotoxins by lowering the pH through acid production. The final product strictly meets feed hygiene standards, solving the safety hazard of excessive mycotoxins in existing mushroom bran feed. At the same time, the low-temperature drying process maximizes the preservation of bioactive substances in the feed, improving feeding efficiency.

[0024] 4. This invention designs a precise addition ratio of fermented bamboo powder and bran substrate and a complete feed formula to meet the nutritional needs of pigs at different growth stages. It solves the problems of unbalanced nutrition and limited addition ratio in existing technologies. With an addition ratio of 10%-30%, it can significantly increase the daily weight gain of pigs by 5%-12%, reduce the feed conversion ratio by 6%-10%, reduce the incidence of intestinal diseases, improve pork quality, increase intramuscular fat content and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, and achieve the dual effects of cost reduction and efficiency improvement as well as quality enhancement.

[0025] 5. This invention realizes a closed-loop circular economy model of bamboo processing waste - mushroom cultivation substrate - pig feed - returning livestock manure to the field to nourish bamboo, which greatly reduces agricultural waste pollution, reduces the dependence of pig farming on grain raw materials such as corn and soybean meal, and has significant economic, ecological and social benefits, which are in line with the development direction of green agriculture and rural revitalization in my country. Attached Figure Description

[0026] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating the method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder mycelium in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0027] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0028] The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are schematic diagrams, not actual images. They should not be construed as limiting the scope of this application. To better illustrate the embodiments of the present invention, some parts in the drawings may be omitted, enlarged, or reduced, and do not represent the actual dimensions of the product. It is understandable to those skilled in the art that some well-known structures and their descriptions may be omitted in the drawings.

[0029] In the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention, the same or similar reference numerals correspond to the same or similar components. In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that if terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "inner," and "outer" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, they are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, the terms used to describe positional relationships in the drawings are only for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting the present application. For those skilled in the art, the specific meaning of the above terms can be understood according to the specific circumstances.

[0030] In the description of this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the term "connection" or similar designation indicating a connection between components should be interpreted broadly. For example, it can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; it can refer to the internal communication between two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances. Example

[0031] Reference Figure 1 This embodiment provides a method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder mycelium residue, and the specific steps are as follows: (1) Pretreatment of bamboo powder fungal substrate: Fresh, mold-free bamboo powder fungal substrate was selected after harvesting oyster mushrooms. The substrate was mainly composed of bamboo powder with a dry weight ratio of 70%. After sorting to remove impurities such as plastic bags and residual mushrooms, the fungal substrate was coarsely crushed. The coarsely crushed fungal substrate was dried in a forced-air drying oven to a moisture content of 12%. It was then finely crushed and passed through a 60-mesh sieve to obtain fungal substrate powder. A compound enzyme preparation and water were added to the fungal substrate powder to adjust the material-liquid ratio to 1:0.5 and control the pH of the system to 5.2. The fungal substrate was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis and pre-cell wall breaking treatment at 45℃ for 18 hours to obtain enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder fungal substrate. The compound enzyme preparation, based on enzyme activity, included 10,000 U / g cellulase, 15,000 U / g xylanase, 4,000 U / g β-glucanase, and 3,000 U / g lignin peroxidase. The amount of compound enzyme preparation added was 0.6% of the dry weight of the fungal substrate powder.

[0032] (2) Fermentation substrate preparation: Add soybean meal, corn flour and calcium carbonate to the enzymatic hydrolyzed bamboo powder fungus bran, mix evenly and adjust the moisture content of the system to 42% and the pH to 6.8 to obtain the fermentation substrate; the fermentation substrate, on a dry basis, includes 80 parts of enzymatic hydrolyzed bamboo powder fungus bran, 12 parts of soybean meal, 7 parts of corn flour and 1 part of calcium carbonate.

[0033] (3) Inoculation and segmented solid-state fermentation: Inoculate the fermentation substrate with a compound fermentation agent at a rate of 3% of the wet substrate mass. After mixing evenly, transfer the mixture to a solid-state fermentation tank for segmented solid-state fermentation. The compound fermentation agent, by mass percentage, includes 15% cellulose-degrading bacteria, 80% probiotic fermentation bacteria, and 5% aroma-producing bacteria. The cellulose-degrading bacteria are a mixture of Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma koningii at a mass ratio of 1:1, with a total viable count of 2 × 10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / g; the probiotic fermentation flora consists of Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed in a mass ratio of 2:2:1, with a total viable count of 5×10⁻⁶. 10 CFU / g; the aroma-producing functional bacteria are Candida utilis, with a total viable count of 5 × 10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g; The specific process of segmented solid-state fermentation is as follows: Pre-fermentation stage: Control the fermentation environment temperature at 30℃, let it ferment statically for 12 hours, and aerate for 8 minutes every 4 hours with an aeration rate of 0.3 vvm; Main fermentation stage: The fermentation system is heated to 38℃ and fermented continuously for 72 hours. The material is turned over once every 12 hours, and aeration is carried out for 15 minutes at the same time as turning, with an aeration rate of 0.5 vvm. During the fermentation process, sterile water is added to control the moisture content of the substrate to not be less than 30%. Post-fermentation stage: The fermentation system is cooled to 28°C, sealed and anaerobic fermented for 48 hours to complete the fermentation process and obtain fermented material.

[0034] (4) Post-processing of fermentation products: The fermented material was dried at low temperature and vacuum at 50°C until the moisture content was 12%. It was then crushed and passed through a 50-mesh sieve to obtain fermented bamboo powder mycelium base material. According to the test, the base material, on a dry basis, had a crude protein content of 13.8%, a crude fiber content of 16.2%, a crude fat content of 2.7%, a nitrogen-free extract content of 50.3%, and the total mycotoxin content met the requirements of GB13078 feed hygiene standard.

[0035] (5) Complete feed compounding and forming: For growing and fattening pigs, take 20 parts of fermented bamboo powder bran base, 52 parts of corn, 15 parts of soybean meal, 5 parts of wheat bran, 1 part of mineral premix, 0.5 parts of vitamin premix, and 0.3 parts of salt on a dry basis. Mix them evenly and then granulate them through a pelleting machine to obtain fermented pig feed for growing and fattening pigs. Example

[0036] Reference Figure 1 This embodiment provides a method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder mycelium residue, and the specific steps are as follows: (1) Pretreatment of bamboo powder mushroom substrate: Fresh, mold-free bamboo powder mushroom substrate with bamboo powder as the main cultivation substrate and bamboo powder accounting for 60% of the dry weight of the cultivation substrate was selected after harvesting shiitake mushrooms. After sorting and removing impurities such as plastic bags and residual mushrooms, it was coarsely crushed. The coarsely crushed mushroom substrate was dried to a moisture content of 8%, then finely crushed and passed through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain mushroom substrate powder. Compound enzyme preparation and water were added to the mushroom substrate powder to adjust the material-liquid ratio to 1:0.3 and control the pH of the system to 4.5. Enzymatic hydrolysis and pre-wall breaking treatment was carried out at 35℃ for 24 hours to obtain enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder mushroom substrate. The compound enzyme preparation, based on enzyme activity, included 5000 U / g cellulase, 8000 U / g xylanase, 2000 U / g β-glucanase, and 1000 U / g lignin peroxidase. The amount of compound enzyme preparation added was 0.2% of the dry weight of the mushroom substrate powder.

[0037] (2) Fermentation substrate preparation: Add wheat bran, molasses and dicalcium phosphate to the enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder fungus bran, mix evenly and adjust the moisture content of the system to 35% and the pH to 6.0 to obtain the fermentation substrate; the fermentation substrate, on a dry basis, includes 90 parts of enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder fungus bran, 5 parts of wheat bran, 4.5 parts of molasses and 0.5 parts of dicalcium phosphate.

[0038] (3) Inoculation and segmented solid-state fermentation: Inoculate the fermentation substrate with a compound fermentation agent at a rate of 1% of the wet substrate mass. After mixing evenly, the mixture is sent to a solid-state fermentation device for segmented solid-state fermentation. The compound fermentation agent, by mass percentage, includes 10% cellulose-degrading bacteria, 85% probiotic fermentation bacteria, and 5% aroma-producing bacteria. The cellulose-degrading bacteria are a mixture of Trichoderma koningii and Trichoderma viride at a mass ratio of 1:2, with a total viable count of 1×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g; the probiotic fermentation flora consists of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1:1:1, with a total viable count of 5 × 10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / g; the aroma-producing functional bacteria are *Saccharomyces rouxii*, and the total viable count is 1×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g; The specific process of segmented solid-state fermentation is as follows: Pre-fermentation stage: Control the fermentation environment temperature at 28℃, let it ferment statically for 16 hours, and aerate for 5 minutes every 4 hours with an aeration rate of 0.2 vvm; Main fermentation stage: The fermentation system is heated to 35℃ and fermented continuously for 96 hours. The material is turned over once every 12 hours, and aeration is carried out for 10 minutes at the same time as turning, with an aeration rate of 0.3 vvm. During the fermentation process, sterile water is added to control the moisture content of the substrate to not be less than 30%. Post-fermentation stage: The fermentation system is cooled to 25°C, sealed and anaerobic fermented for 72 hours to complete the fermentation process and obtain fermented material.

[0039] (4) Post-processing of fermentation products: The fermented material is dried at 40°C until the moisture content is 10%, and then crushed and passed through a 60-mesh sieve to obtain fermented bamboo powder mycelium base material. According to the test, the base material, on a dry basis, has a crude protein content of 10.2%, a crude fiber content of 19.8%, a crude fat content of 2.1%, a nitrogen-free extract content of 45.2%, and the total mycotoxin content meets the requirements of GB13078 feed hygiene standard.

[0040] (5) Complete feed compounding and forming: For pregnant sows, take 15 parts of fermented bamboo powder bran base, 48 parts of corn, 12 parts of soybean meal, 12 parts of wheat bran, 1.5 parts of mineral premix, 0.8 parts of vitamin premix, and 0.4 parts of salt by dry weight, mix evenly and granulate by a pelleting machine to obtain fermented pig feed for pregnant sows. Example

[0041] Reference Figure 1 This embodiment provides a method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder mycelium residue, and the specific steps are as follows: (1) Pretreatment of bamboo powder substrate: Fresh, mold-free bamboo powder substrate was selected after harvesting king oyster mushrooms. The substrate was mainly composed of bamboo powder with a dry weight ratio of 80%. After sorting to remove impurities such as plastic bags and mushroom residues, the substrate was coarsely crushed. The coarsely crushed substrate was dried to a moisture content of 15%, then finely crushed and passed through a 40-mesh sieve to obtain substrate powder. A compound enzyme preparation and water were added to the substrate powder to adjust the material-liquid ratio to 1:0.8 and control the pH of the system to 6.0. The substrate was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis and pre-cell wall breaking treatment at 55℃ for 12 hours to obtain enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder substrate. The compound enzyme preparation, based on enzyme activity, included 15000 U / g cellulase, 20000 U / g xylanase, 6000 U / g β-glucanase, and 5000 U / g lignin peroxidase. The amount of compound enzyme preparation added was 1.0% of the dry weight of the substrate powder.

[0042] (2) Fermentation substrate preparation: Add peanut meal, glucose, calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate to the enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder fungus residue, mix evenly and adjust the moisture content of the system to 50% and the pH to 7.5 to obtain the fermentation substrate; the fermentation substrate, on a dry basis, includes 70 parts of enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder fungus residue, 20 parts of peanut meal, 8 parts of glucose, 1 part of calcium carbonate and 1 part of dicalcium phosphate.

[0043] (3) Inoculation and segmented solid-state fermentation: Inoculate the fermentation substrate with a compound fermentation agent at a rate of 5% of the wet substrate mass. After mixing evenly, the mixture is sent to a solid-state fermentation device for segmented solid-state fermentation. The compound fermentation agent, by mass percentage, includes 20% cellulose-degrading bacteria, 75% probiotic fermentation bacteria, and 5% aroma-producing bacteria. The cellulose-degrading bacteria are Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma koningii, and Trichoderma viride mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1:1, with a total viable count of 5 × 10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / g; the probiotic fermentation flora consists of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1:1:1:1, with a total viable count of 1×10⁻⁶. 11 CFU / g; the aroma-producing functional flora consisted of a 1:1 mass ratio of *Candida utilis* and *Saccharomyces rouxii*, with a total viable count of 1×10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / g; The specific process of segmented solid-state fermentation is as follows: Pre-fermentation stage: Control the fermentation environment temperature at 32℃, let it ferment statically for 8 hours, and aerate for 10 minutes every 4 hours with an aeration rate of 0.5 vvm; Main fermentation stage: The fermentation system is heated to 42℃ and fermented continuously for 48 hours. The material is turned over once every 12 hours, and aeration is carried out for 20 minutes at the same time as turning, with an aeration rate of 0.8 vvm. During the fermentation process, sterile water is added to control the moisture content of the substrate to not be less than 30%. Post-fermentation stage: The fermentation system is cooled to 30°C, sealed and anaerobic fermented for 24 hours to complete the fermentation process and obtain fermented material.

[0044] (4) Post-processing of fermentation products: The fermented material was dried at 60°C until the moisture content was 14%, and then crushed and passed through a 40-mesh sieve to obtain fermented bamboo powder mycelium base material. According to the test, the base material, on a dry basis, had a crude protein content of 15.7%, a crude fiber content of 12.1%, a crude fat content of 3.8%, a nitrogen-free extract content of 54.8%, and the total mycotoxin content met the requirements of GB13078 feed hygiene standard.

[0045] (5) Complete feed compounding and forming: For piglets, take 12 parts of fermented bamboo powder bran base, 58 parts of corn, 18 parts of soybean meal, 4 parts of wheat bran, 1.2 parts of mineral premix, 0.6 parts of vitamin premix, and 0.2 parts of salt by dry weight, mix evenly and granulate by a pelleting machine to obtain fermented pig feed for piglets.

[0046] Feeding effect verification test Ninety three-way crossbred growing-finishing pigs with similar weight and good health were selected and randomly divided into three groups of 30 pigs each: control group, experimental group 1, and experimental group 2. The pre-trial period was 7 days and the formal trial period was 60 days.

[0047] The control group was fed a conventional corn-soybean meal complete feed without the addition of fermented bamboo powder and bran substrate. Experiment 1 group was fed the fermented pig feed for growing and finishing pigs prepared in Example 1; In the experiment, two groups were fed a conventional complete feed supplemented with 20% bamboo powder and bran that had not undergone enzymatic hydrolysis and segmented fermentation.

[0048] During the experiment, all groups were kept under the same feeding and management conditions, with free access to feed and water. The initial weight, final weight, and feed intake of each group were recorded. The average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were calculated, and the diarrhea rate was recorded. After the experiment, three pigs from each group were randomly selected for slaughter, and the pork quality indicators were tested. The results are shown in the table below: detection indicators control group Experiment 1 group Experimental Group 2 Initial average body weight (kg) 30.2±1.1 30.3±0.9 30.1±1.0 Final average body weight (kg) 118.5±2.3 128.7±2.5 109.2±2.8 Average daily weight gain (g / d) 1471.7 1640.0 1318.3 Meat-to-fat ratio 3.12:1 2.85:1 3.47:1 Diarrhea rate (%) 4.2 1.1 7.8 Intramuscular fat content (%) 2.6 3.2 2.3 Percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in muscle (%) 58.2 65.7 56.4 The experimental results show that, compared with the control group, the average daily weight gain of pigs in Experiment 1 increased by 11.4%, the feed conversion ratio decreased by 8.7%, the diarrhea rate decreased by 73.8%, the intramuscular fat content increased by 23.1%, and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased significantly, achieving significant effects in weight gain, cost reduction, and quality improvement. In contrast, the growth performance of Experiment 2, which was supplemented with untreated bamboo powder mycelium bran, was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the diarrhea rate increased significantly. This demonstrates that the enzymatic pre-cell wall breaking and segmented fermentation process of the present invention has a very significant effect on improving the feed value of bamboo powder mycelium bran.

[0049] In addition, the process parameters of the main fermentation stage in step (3) are set by the precise control equation for crude fiber degradation. The precise control equation for crude fiber degradation is applicable to systems with a crude fiber dry weight fraction of 20%-30% in the pre-enzymatically hydrolyzed bacterial residue. The equation is as follows:

[0050] In the formula: The crude fiber degradation rate during the main fermentation stage is dimensionless and ranges from 0 to 1. The pre-enzymatic hydrolysis effect coefficient is dimensionless and ranges from 0.25 to 0.35. The cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency during the pre-enzymatic hydrolysis stage is dimensionless and ranges from 0.1 to 0.3. This is the temperature-time effect coefficient, in units of... The range of values ​​is ; The thermodynamic temperature of the fermentation environment during the main fermentation stage, in K, with a range of 308.15K to 315.15K; t is the effective fermentation time of the main fermentation stage, in hours, with a range of 48h to 96h. γ is the initial fiber inhibition coefficient, which is dimensionless and ranges from 0.15 to 0.25. The crude fiber dry weight fraction of the pre-enzymatically hydrolyzed bacterial residue is dimensionless and ranges from 0.2 to 0.3. k is the moisture correction factor, which is dimensionless and ranges from 25 to 35. The initial moisture content of the substrate during the main fermentation stage is dimensionless and ranges from 0.35 to 0.5%.

[0051] Example: Taking the actual process parameters of Example 1 as an example, verify the accuracy of the equation: Known parameter values: , (Example 1: Pre-enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency 15%) , (38℃) , , (Crude fiber mass fraction after pre-enzymatic hydrolysis: 23.8%) , (The initial moisture content of the primary fermentation was 42%).

[0052] Equation calculation process: Step 1: Calculate the core effect item: ; Step 2: Calculate the moisture correction term: ; Step 3: Calculate the final degradation rate: (That is, the crude fiber degradation rate during the main fermentation stage is 32.1%) Actual results verification: In Example 1, the crude fiber mass fraction after pre-enzymatic hydrolysis was 23.8%, and after primary fermentation it was 16.2%, with an actual degradation rate of [missing information]. (31.9%), the deviation from the equation calculation result is less than 0.2%, the accuracy of the equation is extremely high.

[0053] The specific process of this equation is as follows: S1, Raw material pretreatment stage, the initial crude fiber content of bamboo powder fungus residue is detected, and after the pre-enzymatic hydrolysis treatment is completed, the obtained... and ; S2. Based on the crude fiber requirements of the target fermented bamboo powder mycelium substrate, set the expected primary fermentation degradation rate. ; S3. Based on production conditions, fix the initial moisture content of the primary fermentation. (Preferably set to the optimal value of 0.4), the temperature required for primary fermentation is obtained by reverse calculation using the equation. and duration Precisely set the main fermentation process parameters; S4. Complete the main fermentation according to the set parameters, and detect the actual degradation rate. If there is a deviation, it can be adjusted by fine-tuning the coefficient. , , It adapts to fluctuations in raw material batches to ensure stable fermentation results for each batch.

[0054] Technical effects: This technology addresses the industry pain points of existing technologies, such as setting parameters for solid-state fermentation of bamboo powder and spores based on experience, large fluctuations in degradation effects between batches, and unstable fermentation quality. Through equations, the main fermentation process parameters can be precisely controlled, ensuring that the deviation of crude fiber degradation rate in each batch is controlled within ±2%, avoiding feed quality decline caused by insufficient or excessive fermentation. At the same time, process parameters can be quickly adjusted according to raw material fluctuations, shortening the production debugging cycle and reducing production losses.

[0055] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the implementation methods and protection scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should recognize that any equivalent substitutions and obvious changes made based on the description and illustrations of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder mycelium, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Pretreatment of bamboo powder fungal substrate: Select fresh, mold-free bamboo powder fungal substrate after harvesting edible fungi, with bamboo powder as the main cultivation substrate and the dry weight ratio of bamboo powder in the cultivation substrate not less than 60%. After sorting and removing impurities, coarsely crush the fungal substrate and dry it to a moisture content of 8%-15%. Then, finely crush it and pass it through a 40-80 mesh sieve to obtain fungal substrate powder. Add compound enzyme preparation and water to the fungal substrate powder, adjust the material-liquid ratio to 1:0.3-0.8, control the pH of the system to 4.5-6.0, and carry out enzymatic hydrolysis pre-cell wall breaking treatment at 35-55℃ for 12-24h to obtain enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder fungal substrate. (2) Fermentation substrate preparation: Add nitrogen source, carbon source and buffer to the enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder fungus, mix evenly and adjust the moisture content of the system to 35%-50% and the pH to 6.0-7.5 to obtain the fermentation substrate; (3) Inoculation and segmented solid-state fermentation: Inoculate the fermentation substrate with compound fermentation agent, mix evenly and send it into solid-state fermentation equipment for segmented solid-state fermentation to obtain fermented material after fermentation is completed; (4) Post-processing of fermentation products: The fermentation material is dried at low temperature at 40-60℃ until the moisture content is 10%-14%, and then crushed through a 40-60 mesh sieve to obtain fermented bamboo powder fungus base material. (5) Complete feed compounding and forming: Fermented bamboo powder and bran base material are mixed evenly with the basic diet components in proportion, and after pelleting, fermented pig feed is obtained.

2. The method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and mycelium according to claim 1, characterized in that, The compound enzyme preparation mentioned in step (1) includes, on an enzyme activity basis, 5000-15000 U / g cellulase, 8000-20000 U / g xylanase, 2000-6000 U / g β-glucanase, and 1000-5000 U / g lignin peroxidase; the amount of the compound enzyme preparation added is 0.2%-1.0% of the dry basis weight of the mushroom residue powder.

3. The method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and mycelium according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fermentation substrate mentioned in step (2) includes, on a dry basis, 70-90 parts of enzymatically hydrolyzed bamboo powder and 5-20 parts of nitrogen source, 3-10 parts of carbon source, and 0.5-2 parts of buffer; the nitrogen source is at least one of soybean meal, wheat bran, and peanut meal; the carbon source is at least one of corn flour, molasses, and glucose; and the buffer is at least one of calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate.

4. The method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and mycelium according to claim 1, characterized in that, The compound fermentation agent mentioned in step (3) comprises, by mass percentage, 10%-20% cellulose-degrading bacteria, 70%-85% probiotic fermentation bacteria, and 5%-10% aroma-producing bacteria; wherein the cellulose-degrading bacteria include at least two of Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma koningii, and Trichoderma viride, with a total viable count of 1×10⁻⁶. 8 -5×10 9 CFU / g; the probiotic fermentation flora includes at least three of the following: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a total viable count of 5 × 10⁻⁶. 9 -1×10 11 CFU / g; the aroma-producing functional microbial community includes at least one of *Candida utilis* and *Saccharomyces rouxii*, with a total viable count of 1×10⁻⁶. 8 -1×10 9 CFU / g.

5. The method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder mycelium according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that, The inoculation amount of the compound fermentation agent in step (3) is 1%-5% of the wet substrate mass of the fermentation substrate.

6. The method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and mycelium according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific process of segmented solid-state fermentation described in step (3) is as follows: Pre-fermentation stage: Control the fermentation environment temperature at 28-32℃, let it ferment statically for 8-16 hours, and aerate for 5-10 minutes every 4 hours at a rate of 0.2-0.5 vvm; Main fermentation stage: Heat the fermentation system to 35-42℃ and continue fermentation for 48-96 hours. Turn the material over once every 12 hours, and aerate for 10-20 minutes at the same time, with an aeration rate of 0.3-0.8 vvm. During the fermentation process, control the moisture content of the base material to be no less than 30%. Post-fermentation stage: Cool the fermentation system to 25-30℃, seal it and carry out anaerobic fermentation for 24-72 hours to complete the fermentation process.

7. The method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and mycelium according to claim 6, characterized in that, The fermented bamboo powder and bran substrate described in step (4) has a crude protein content of 10%-16%, a crude fiber content of 12%-20%, a crude fat content of 2%-4%, a nitrogen-free extract content of 45%-55%, and a total mycotoxin content that meets the requirements of GB13078 feed hygiene standards, on a dry basis.

8. The method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and mycelium according to claim 1, characterized in that, The amount of fermented bamboo powder and bran substrate added to the complete feed in step (5) is 10%-30% on a dry basis; the basic diet components include corn, soybean meal, wheat bran, mineral premix, vitamin premix, and salt.

9. The method for preparing fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and mycelium according to claim 8, characterized in that, The complete feed for growing and finishing pigs, on a dry basis by weight, includes 15-25 parts fermented bamboo powder and bran substrate, 45-60 parts corn, 10-20 parts soybean meal, 3-8 parts wheat bran, 0.5-2 parts mineral premix, 0.2-1 parts vitamin premix, and 0.2-0.5 parts salt.

10. An application of a fermented pig feed based on bamboo powder and mycelium, characterized in that, The fermented pig feed prepared by any one of claims 1-9 is used for pig farming. It is fed directly or mixed with conventional pig feed in a certain proportion before feeding. The proportion of the fermented pig feed in the daily ration is not less than 10%.

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