A long-term management method for spartina alterniflora after treatment

Abstract

The application discloses a long-acting management method for Spartina alterniflora after treatment, and comprises the following steps: recurrence and diffusion investigation, risk assessment and early warning, recurrence treatment, ecological restoration and effect evaluation. The application sets quantitative thresholds for recurrence rate and average coverage, and realizes accurate and quantitative monitoring and early warning by combining unmanned aerial vehicles with ground investigation. The application significantly improves treatment efficiency and durability by strengthening the design of the treatment scheme. The application realizes ecological reconstruction by adopting a zoned ecological restoration strategy according to the functional requirements of different regions. The application constructs a dynamic closed-loop management system of monitoring-early warning-disposal-evaluation, so that the management process can be self-optimized, and truly realizes long-acting, scientific and sustainable ecological treatment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of coastal wetland ecological management and maintenance technology, and in particular to a long-term management method after the control of Spartina alterniflora. Background Technology

[0002] Spartina alterniflora, a typical invasive alien plant, has rapidly expanded in coastal wetlands, severely encroaching on the ecological niches of native vegetation and causing a series of ecological problems such as siltation and biodiversity loss. Spartina alterniflora has a strong reproductive and regeneration capacity, and existing control methods generally suffer from the problem of "emphasizing initial eradication while neglecting post-treatment management," leading to a high likelihood of recurrence and secondary spread after eradication, making it difficult to maintain control results in the long term.

[0003] Currently, several relevant technical standards and guidelines have been issued in China to provide basic support for governance efforts. For example, the "Technical Regulations for Ecological Monitoring of Coastal Wetlands" (HY / T 080) standardizes satellite remote sensing and ground survey methods; the "Guidelines for Ecological Restoration in Spartina alterniflora Control Areas (Trial)" provides a general framework for ecological restoration. Meanwhile, some coastal provinces have also issued local survey technical regulations and control technical manuals.

[0004] To prevent secondary recurrence of Spartina alterniflora in controlled areas, a Chinese patent discloses a method for continuous management after Spartina alterniflora control. This method involves establishing a management database based on the controlled area, conducting patrols during critical periods, combining drone and manual monitoring, creating a recurrence database, and selecting different control measures and dynamic management mechanisms based on the recurrence status to form a closed-loop feedback mechanism. However, this technology does not set specific early warning standards for Spartina alterniflora recurrence (e.g., how many plants per hectare), and the data from drone and manual surveys are independent, making it difficult to accurately assess the risk. Furthermore, the lack of targeted remediation methods for different regions leads to problems such as vague objectives, delayed response, crude measures, and unstable effectiveness in post-control management, making long-term effective control difficult. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention provides a long-term management method after the control of Spartina alterniflora, which can solve the above-mentioned defects in the prior art.

[0006] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a long-term management method after the control of Spartina alterniflora, comprising the following steps: (1) Recurrence and spread survey: In the historical eradication area of ​​Spartina alterniflora and the surrounding risk area of ​​spread, orthophotos were obtained by drone aerial photography to identify recurrence and spread areas. The survey was verified and supplemented by ground-based survey plots to obtain the plant density of Spartina alterniflora in the recurrence area and / or the spatial distribution and average coverage of the spread area. (2) Risk assessment and early warning: Based on the plant density and / or average canopy data obtained in step (1), conduct a risk assessment against the preset quantitative threshold standard and issue an early warning of the corresponding level; (3) Relapse management: For areas at the warning level, strengthen relapse management measures corresponding to the initial treatment method adopted in the area shall be implemented. (4) Ecological restoration: Implement corresponding differentiated ecological restoration strategies based on the different geomorphic units and ecological functional zones within the historical restoration area; (5) Effectiveness evaluation: After completing steps (3) and (4), the same monitoring and evaluation methods as steps (1) and (2) are used to continuously conduct periodic monitoring and risk assessment. Based on the results of the effectiveness evaluation, at least one of the following is dynamically adjusted: monitoring frequency, early warning threshold, recurrence treatment intensity or ecological restoration strategy, to form a dynamic closed-loop management system of monitoring-early warning-treatment-restoration-evaluation.

[0007] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (1), the flight altitude of the UAV aerial photography is 150-200m, the forward overlap rate is ≥70%, and the lateral overlap rate is ≥80%; the number of ground survey plots is 4-10, and the size of each plot is 5m×5m.

[0008] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the drone aerial photography is conducted once each in May, July and September of each year; the inspection of the ground survey plots begins in February of each year and ends in November, and is carried out once a month.

[0009] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (2), the quantification threshold standard divides the warning level into at least three levels: low risk, medium risk and high risk; For areas with recurrence, a low-risk warning is issued when the recurrence rate is <5%; a medium-risk warning is issued when the recurrence rate is 5% ≤ recurrence rate ≤ 10%; and a high-risk warning is issued when the recurrence rate is >10%. For the diffusion area, a low-risk warning is issued when the average coverage is <10%; a medium-risk warning is issued when 10%≤average coverage≤30%; and a high-risk warning is issued when the average coverage is >30%.

[0010] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (3), the initial treatment method is deep burial, flooding, rotary tillage or chemical treatment. When the initial eradication method is deep burial, the enhanced remediation measures include: increasing the burial depth to 1-1.5 meters and using cover soil that does not contain Spartina alterniflora propagules; When the initial treatment method is flooding, the enhanced treatment measures include: first cutting down the recurring plants, then adding water to deepen the water level, and simultaneously releasing herbivores. When the initial treatment method is rotary tillage, the enhanced treatment measures include: rotary tillage in a cross pattern, with a tillage depth ≥30cm, and full sun exposure after rotary tillage; When the initial control method is chemical control, the enhanced control measures include: spraying a different chemical agent than the one used in the initial control when the Spartina alterniflora plants germinate.

[0011] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when the initial treatment method is flooding, the herbivores released simultaneously are crabs and / or fish.

[0012] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when the initial treatment method is chemical treatment, the different chemical agents are at least one of glyphosate, imidazoline, or flusulfanilamide.

[0013] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (4), the differentiated ecological restoration strategy includes: For bare beaches in the low tide zone, bird habitats and foraging grounds at high tide, and ecologically sensitive areas, the bare beach state should be preserved and restored through natural succession. For erosive riparian zones, plant tamarisk and / or salt-tolerant reeds to quickly restore the function of protecting and stabilizing the beach; For areas with damaged soil and biodiversity, plant Suaeda salsa, Curcuma longa, or Rhizophora spp. to rebuild pioneer plant communities; and / or restore benthic animal communities through artificial interventions; and / or artificially release local benthic organisms to attract target birds.

[0014] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (5), the indicators for evaluating the effectiveness further include: vegetation coverage of the salt marsh wetland, benthic animal biomass and bird population; when Spartina alterniflora is effectively controlled, and at the same time the vegetation coverage of the salt marsh wetland reaches more than 65%, the benthic animal biomass increases by more than 40% compared with before the implementation of management and protection, and the bird population increases by more than 30% compared with before the implementation of management and protection, it is determined that the ecosystem has entered a benign recovery stage and Spartina alterniflora has been effectively controlled.

[0015] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the diffusion risk zone covers the mudflats, riverbanks, dikes and embankments within a 1-kilometer radius of the treatment site.

[0016] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention provides a long-term management method after the control of Spartina alterniflora. By setting quantitative thresholds for recurrence rate and average coverage, and combining drone and ground surveys, it achieves precise and quantitative monitoring and early warning; by strengthening the design of the re-treatment plan, it significantly improves the efficiency and sustainability of the treatment; according to the functional needs of different areas, it adopts a zoned ecological restoration strategy to achieve ecological reconstruction; this invention constructs a dynamic closed-loop management system of monitoring-early warning-treatment-evaluation, enabling the management process to self-optimize, and truly achieving long-term, scientific, and sustainable ecological governance. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the process flow for a long-term management method after the control of Spartina alterniflora according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, so that the advantages and features of the present invention can be more easily understood by those skilled in the art, thereby providing a clearer and more explicit definition of the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0019] This invention provides a long-term management method for Spartina alterniflora after control, which mainly includes five core steps: recurrence and spread investigation, risk assessment and early warning, recurrence control, ecological restoration and effectiveness evaluation. These five steps are linked in sequence and can be adjusted through feedback from the effectiveness evaluation step, forming a dynamic, closed-loop and self-optimizing long-term management system.

[0020] The implementation details of the technical solution of this invention are described below.

[0021] (1) Recurrence and spread survey: In the historical eradication area of ​​Spartina alterniflora and the surrounding 1-kilometer radius of the eradication sites, the risk areas of spread in the mudflats, riverbanks, dikes and embankments are acquired by using UAV aerial photography in May, July and September each year. The images are then stitched and processed using photogrammetric modeling software such as Pix4Dmapper and ContextCapture to identify recurrence and spread areas. Specifically, the flight altitude of the UAV aerial photography is 150-200m, the forward overlap rate is ≥70%, and the lateral overlap rate is ≥80%. From February to November each year, ground patrols are conducted monthly. During these patrols, 4-10 5m x 5m quadrats are set up in the Spartina alterniflora control patches, perpendicular to the coastline. Investigators count the number of tillers (i.e., stems) of all Spartina alterniflora plants within each quadrat. The plant density (plants / square meter) is calculated using the formula: Plant density = Total number of tillers in the quadrat / Quadrat area (25 square meters). For patches farther from the shore, a representative area with a known area, such as a 100m x 100m square, is selected on the orthophoto image, and the plant density is calculated. When the spatial resolution of the UAV image is sufficiently high (e.g., better than 5 cm / pixel), the number of Spartina alterniflora plants within the selected area can be counted directly through manual interpretation or image recognition software.

[0022] For recurrence areas, the recurrence rate of Spartina alterniflora was calculated as follows: recurrence rate (%) = (total area of ​​recurring plaques / total area of ​​historically treated areas) × 100%. The total area of ​​recurring plaques was obtained by digitally delineating and calculating the area of ​​all recurring plaques identified on UAV orthophotos.

[0023] For the diffusion area, the average cover of Spartina alterniflora is calculated. The average cover can be obtained by vegetation index inversion from UAV orthophotos, or by averaging the cover values ​​estimated visually within ground quadrats.

[0024] (2) Risk assessment and early warning: Based on the plant density and / or average coverage data obtained in step (1), the early warning level is divided into at least three levels: low risk, medium risk and high risk, according to the preset quantitative threshold standard. For recurrence areas, a recurrence rate of <5% is considered low risk, 5% ≤ recurrence rate ≤ 10% is considered medium risk, and a recurrence rate >10% is considered high risk. For the diffusion zone, the risk is low when the average coverage is <10%, medium when the average coverage is 10% ≤ 30%, and high when the average coverage is >30%.

[0025] The aforementioned thresholds for recurrence rate and average coverage are based on long-term observations and data analysis conducted in several typical coastal wetland Spartina alterniflora control areas, summarizing patterns observed in these studies. Statistical analysis shows that when the recurrence rate is below 5%, the Spartina alterniflora population tends to shrink; when the recurrence rate is between 5% and 10%, there is a high risk of localized outbreaks; and when the recurrence rate exceeds 10%, the population is highly likely to expand rapidly without timely intervention. For newly spreading patches, the population is still unstable when the coverage is below 10%; a resident population has formed when the coverage is between 10% and 30%; and an coverage exceeding 30% indicates that the spread has entered an accelerated phase. Therefore, using these thresholds as the basis for early warning grading can enable early risk identification and intervention.

[0026] (3) Recurrence management: For areas at the warning level, strengthen recurrence management measures corresponding to the initial treatment method used in the area, such as deep burial, flooding, rotary tillage or chemical treatment. When the initial eradication method is deep burial by tilling, the burial depth is increased to 1-1.5 meters, and covering soil without Spartina alterniflora propagules is used. When the initial control method is flooding, the recurring plants are first cut down, then water is added to increase the water level, and herbivores such as crabs and / or fish are introduced at the same time; these animals inhibit recurrence by digging burrows to destroy the roots of Spartina alterniflora or by eating its tender shoots and seeds. When the initial treatment method is rotary tillage, rotary tillage is carried out in a cross pattern with a tillage depth of ≥30cm. After rotary tillage, the turned-out rhizomes are evenly spread on the ground surface and exposed to the sun for no less than 5 consecutive days in sunny weather until the rhizomes are completely dehydrated and dried out, so as to completely destroy their vitality. When the initial control method is chemical control, when the Spartina alterniflora plants germinate, a chemical agent different from the one used in the initial control is sprayed, such as at least one of glyphosate, imidacloprid, or flusulfanilamide.

[0027] (4) Ecological restoration: Implement corresponding differentiated ecological restoration strategies based on the different geomorphic units and ecological functional zones within the historical restoration area; Specifically, for low-tide bare beaches, bird habitats and foraging grounds at high tide, and ecologically sensitive areas, the bare beach state should be preserved and restored through natural succession, avoiding human interference. For erosive riparian zones, plant tamarisk and / or salt-tolerant reeds to replace native vegetation in order to quickly restore the function of protecting and stabilizing the riparian zone. For areas with damaged soil and biodiversity, such as areas with degraded soil structure, missing soil seed banks, reduced benthic animal biomass, and reduced bird populations, plant Suaeda salsa, Curcuma longa, or Lysimachia christinae to rebuild pioneer plant communities. For areas with significant declines in benthic biomass and damaged biodiversity, benthic communities can be restored by artificially introducing native dominant benthic animal seedlings. For example, after low tide, purchased or cultivated native shellfish seedlings such as clams and razor clams can be evenly sown near the tidal channels in the restoration area.

[0028] In areas where bird populations have been severely reduced and biodiversity has been damaged, local benthic organisms are artificially introduced to attract target birds, combined with natural tidal recovery.

[0029] (5) Effectiveness evaluation: After completing steps (3) and (4), periodic effectiveness evaluations are continuously conducted based on the same monitoring and evaluation methods as steps (1) and (2). Based on the results of the effectiveness evaluation, at least one of the following is dynamically adjusted: monitoring frequency, early warning threshold, recurrence control intensity, or ecological restoration strategy, to form a dynamic closed-loop management system of monitoring-early warning-control-restoration-evaluation.

[0030] The effectiveness assessment indicators also include: vegetation coverage of the salt marsh wetland, benthic animal biomass, and bird population size. When Spartina alterniflora is effectively controlled, and the vegetation coverage of the salt marsh wetland reaches 65% or more, the benthic animal biomass increases by more than 40% compared to before the management implementation, and the bird population size increases by more than 30% compared to before the management implementation, the ecosystem is judged to have entered a benign recovery stage, and Spartina alterniflora is under long-term control.

[0031] The above-mentioned effectiveness evaluation indicators were set with comprehensive reference to the typical characteristic parameters of a healthy coastal wetland ecosystem, the phased goals of ecological restoration projects, and relevant industry standards. A vegetation coverage of over 65% in salt marsh wetlands indicates that the pioneer plant community has been basically established and possesses self-sustaining capacity. An increase of over 40% in benthic animal biomass and over 30% in bird populations signifies effective restoration of the food web foundation and a significant improvement in ecosystem service functions. Meeting these comprehensive indicators indicates that the system has transitioned from the invasive plant control stage to the positive succession stage of the ecosystem, achieving the goal of long-term control.

[0032] The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below through specific embodiments.

[0033] Example 1 A *Spartina alterniflora* control area in a coastal wetland of Jiangsu Province was selected as the implementation area. This area covers a total area of ​​120 hectares and encompasses three tidal landform types: high tide, mid-tide, and low tide. Specifically, some areas in the high tide zone are adjacent to irrigation canals and have freshwater supply; the mid-tide zone is mainly composed of silty mudflats and is the core distribution area of ​​salt marsh wetlands; the low tide zone has a gentle terrain, is significantly affected by tidal currents, and is a typical bare mudflat area. *Spartina alterniflora* control in this area had previously been completed using rotary tillage, and this long-term management plan was initiated six months after control.

[0034] (1) Investigation on recurrence and spread Drone aerial photography: Flight operations were conducted in clear, windless, or light-wind conditions. Flight parameters were set as follows: flight altitude 150 meters, forward overlap 75%, and lateral overlap 80%. Aerial photography was conducted once each in May, July, and September of the implementation year. The acquired images were stitched together using the modeling software Pix4Dmapper to generate orthophoto maps, accurately identifying recurrent plaques and newly spreading areas.

[0035] Ground quadrat survey: The size of the ground survey quadrats was 5m × 5m. Within the 8 patches divided into treatment areas, 6 representative quadrats were set up in each patch along a direction perpendicular to the coastline, for a total of 48 quadrats. Patrols were conducted monthly, starting in February and ending in November each year. Investigators entered each quadrat and visually counted the number of tillers of all Spartina alterniflora plants within the quadrat to calculate the plant density. For two remote patches more than 3 kilometers from the shore and inaccessible by manual patrols, a representative area of ​​100m × 100m was selected on UAV orthophotos. The number of plants within the area was identified and counted using high-resolution imagery, and then converted into density. Statistics from the combined aerial survey and ground patrols in May showed that the average recurrence density in this area was 520 plants / hectare, with a recurrence rate of 6.2%.

[0036] Delineation of the diffusion risk zone: The diffusion risk zone covers the tidal flats within a 1-kilometer radius of the treated area, the shorelines of two main rivers flowing into the sea, three aquaculture pond embankments, and one section of dike area. Patrols will be conducted simultaneously within this area. Ground monitoring will be carried out once each year from March to May and from September to October, combined with drone aerial photography to assist in identifying diffusion sites.

[0037] The coordinates, spread area, and average cover of newly discovered Spartina alterniflora distribution sites were recorded. Monitoring from March to May revealed sporadic spread areas along the southern shoreline of the river flowing into the sea, covering an area of ​​approximately 3.2 hectares. Vegetation index analysis of UAV orthophotos yielded an average cover of 18%.

[0038] (2) Risk assessment and early warning The warning levels are divided into three levels: low risk (green), medium risk (yellow), and high risk (red).

[0039] The above survey results indicate that the recurrence rate in the historically treated area is 6.2%, placing it within the medium-risk range. Therefore, a medium-risk yellow alert has been issued for the monitored recurrence area. Additionally, a newly formed spreading patch, covering approximately 3.2 hectares with an average coverage of 18%, was discovered on the southern shoreline of a river flowing into the sea. This area is also within the medium-risk range, and a medium-risk yellow alert has been issued for it as well. The alert report will be issued within 24 hours of the data collection. Upon receiving the yellow alert report, a rehabilitation plan must be developed within 7 days, and all rehabilitation work must be completed within 14 days.

[0040] (3) Treatment of recurrence To address the recurrence of the disease in this area, which was historically treated using rotary tillage, the following specific measures were implemented: The cross-rotary tillage method was adopted, with the tillage depth of the rotary tiller set to 35 cm. After tillage, the turned-out Spartina alterniflora rhizomes were spread out on the beach and exposed to the sun for 5 days to completely destroy the remaining rhizomes.

[0041] For the area south of the river channel flowing into the sea, due to the need for beach protection near the dike, 1000m will be reserved. 2 In areas with small distribution areas, multiple rounds of manual mowing are used to control its spread. All the cut Spartina alterniflora stalks are removed from the control area and centrally disposed of in a harmless manner.

[0042] (4) Ecological restoration For low-tide bare beaches, bird habitats and sensitive areas: In the low-tide area with a total area of ​​about 25 hectares, as well as 2 bird feeding grounds at high tide and 1 potential nesting ground for endangered species (such as spoon-billed sandpiper) identified through surveys, the bare beach state will be strictly preserved, and no artificial vegetation will be planted. The restoration will rely entirely on the tidal action for natural succession.

[0043] Erosion zone: For the approximately 1.2 km long erosion zone in the area, mainly located in the upper part of the high tide zone, plant a mixed seedling of tamarisk and salt-tolerant reeds with a spacing of 1m×1m to quickly construct a vegetation protection belt to restore the function of protecting and stabilizing the beach.

[0044] Mid-tidal zone restoration: In approximately 40 hectares of degraded mid-tidal zone soil, native salt marsh plants such as Suaeda salsa and Curcuma longa were planted to rebuild the salt marsh pioneer plant community. In areas with low benthic biomass, native species of clams and razor clams were artificially introduced.

[0045] High tide zone restoration: In a 30-hectare area with freshwater supply, freshwater is introduced from irrigation canals and freshwater wetland vegetation, such as reeds, is planted to restore the freshwater wetland ecosystem; in a 25-hectare high tide zone area without freshwater supply, salt-tolerant reeds are planted to construct a salt marsh wetland community.

[0046] In high tide zones where bird populations are declining, mudskippers and fiddler crabs, which are commonly found locally, are artificially introduced in conjunction with tidal channel dredging to increase the birds' food sources.

[0047] (5) Effectiveness evaluation After the restoration and repair project is completed, periodic monitoring will continue at the original frequency (three times a year by drone and once a month by ground patrol) for one year.

[0048] We track and statistically analyze changes in recurrence rate, newly spread area, vegetation coverage, benthic animal biomass, and bird population size.

[0049] Monitoring data one year later showed that the recurrence rate of Spartina alterniflora in the area dropped to 1.5%, with no new spreading patches, indicating that Spartina alterniflora was effectively controlled.

[0050] The vegetation cover of the salt marsh wetland (artificial restoration area) reached 68%. The average biomass of benthic animals increased by 45% compared to before restoration. The observed bird population (mainly shorebirds) increased by 35%. These data indicate that Spartina alterniflora has been effectively controlled in this area, and the ecosystem has entered a positive recovery phase.

[0051] Based on the assessment results, the subsequent monitoring frequency will be adjusted to twice a year by drone (May and September), and ground patrols once every two months, entering a low-intensity maintenance and management phase.

[0052] When two consecutive assessments show that the recurrence rate of Spartina alterniflora is below 2% and there are no new spreading patches, the frequency of drone monitoring can be reduced from three times a year to twice a year, and the frequency of ground patrols can be reduced from once a month to once every two months. When the recurrence rate remains at 0 for more than one year, the frequency of ground patrols can be further adjusted to once a quarter. If the assessment results show that the recurrence rate exceeds 5% again, the initial high-frequency monitoring status should be restored.

[0053] This invention establishes for the first time a quantitative early warning threshold system based on recurrence rate and coverage, overcoming the problems of vague targets and delayed response in existing technologies; it innovatively proposes a "one-to-one" enhanced remediation rule for different initial treatment methods, solving the problems of extensive measures and unstable results; and through a zoned and classified ecological restoration strategy, it achieves a leap from simply removing invasive plants to restoring the overall health of the ecosystem.

[0054] The above description is merely an embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the patent scope of the present invention. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made based on the content of the present invention's specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the patent protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A long-term management method after the control of Spartina alterniflora, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Recurrence and spread survey: In the historical eradication area of ​​Spartina alterniflora and the surrounding risk area of ​​spread, orthophotos were obtained by drone aerial photography to identify recurrence and spread areas. The survey was verified and supplemented by ground-based survey plots to obtain the plant density of Spartina alterniflora in the recurrence area and / or the spatial distribution and average coverage of the spread area. (2) Risk assessment and early warning: Based on the plant density and / or average canopy data obtained in step (1), conduct a risk assessment against the preset quantitative threshold standard and issue an early warning of the corresponding level; (3) Relapse management: For areas at the warning level, strengthen relapse management measures corresponding to the initial treatment method adopted in the area shall be implemented. (4) Ecological restoration: Implement corresponding differentiated ecological restoration strategies based on the different geomorphic units and ecological functional zones within the historical restoration area; (5) Effectiveness evaluation: After completing steps (3) and (4), the same monitoring and evaluation methods as steps (1) and (2) are used to continuously conduct periodic monitoring and risk assessment. The effectiveness of management is judged based on the evaluation results and used as the basis for adjusting subsequent management strategies.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the flight altitude of the UAV aerial photography is 150-200m, the forward overlap rate is ≥70%, and the lateral overlap rate is ≥80%; the number of ground survey plots is 4-10, and the size of each plot is 5m×5m.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The drone aerial photography is conducted once each in May, July, and September; the inspection of the ground survey plots begins in February and ends in November each year, and is carried out once a month.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the quantitative threshold standard divides the early warning level into at least three levels: low risk, medium risk, and high risk. For areas with recurrence, a low-risk warning is issued when the recurrence rate is <5%. A medium-risk warning will be issued when the recurrence rate is 5% ≤ recurrence rate ≤ 10%. A high-risk warning will be issued when the recurrence rate is >10%. For the diffusion area, a low-risk warning is issued when the average coverage is <10%; a medium-risk warning is issued when 10%≤average coverage≤30%; and a high-risk warning is issued when the average coverage is >30%.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the initial treatment method is deep burial, flooding, rotary tillage, or chemical treatment. When the initial eradication method is deep burial, the enhanced remediation measures include: increasing the burial depth to 1-1.5 meters and using cover soil that does not contain Spartina alterniflora propagules; When the initial treatment method is flooding, the enhanced treatment measures include: first cutting down the recurring plants, then adding water to deepen the water level, and simultaneously releasing herbivores. When the initial treatment method is rotary tillage, the enhanced treatment measures include: rotary tillage in a cross pattern, with a tillage depth ≥30cm, and full sun exposure after rotary tillage; When the initial control method is chemical control, the enhanced control measures include: spraying a different chemical agent than the one used in the initial control when the Spartina alterniflora plants germinate.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, When the initial treatment method is flooding, the herbivores released simultaneously are crabs and / or fish.

7. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, When the initial eradication method is chemical eradication, the different chemical agents are at least one of glyphosate, imidazoline, or flusulfanilamide.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (4), the differentiated ecological restoration strategy includes: For bare beaches in the low tide zone, bird habitats and foraging grounds at high tide, and ecologically sensitive areas, the bare beach state should be preserved and restored through natural succession. For erosive riparian zones, plant tamarisk and / or salt-tolerant reeds to quickly restore the function of protecting and stabilizing the beach; For areas with damaged soil and biodiversity, plant Suaeda salsa, Curcuma longa, or Rhizophora spp. to rebuild pioneer plant communities; restore benthic animal communities through artificial interventions; or artificially release local benthic organisms to attract target birds.

9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (5), the indicators for effectiveness evaluation also include: vegetation coverage of salt marsh wetlands, benthic animal biomass and bird population; when Spartina alterniflora is effectively controlled, and at the same time the vegetation coverage of the salt marsh wetlands reaches more than 65%, the benthic animal biomass increases by more than 40% compared with before the implementation of management and protection, and the bird population increases by more than 30% compared with before the implementation of management and protection, it is determined that the ecosystem has entered a benign recovery stage and Spartina alterniflora has been effectively controlled.

10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The diffusion risk zone covers the mudflats, riverbanks, dikes, and embankments within a 1-kilometer radius of the treated area.

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