Novel placing rack for irradiation plate source
The novel board source holder addresses flexibility and mobility issues by incorporating adjustable mechanisms, enhancing adaptability and workflow efficiency through precise positioning and secure placement.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202421938931.1
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-12
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-15
- Estimated Expiration
- 2034-08-12
AI Technical Summary
The existing board source rack placement rack cannot meet the placement needs of board source racks of different sizes, and it is inconvenient to move, resulting in ineffective practicality and workflow efficiency.
Through the use of the moving device, rotating device and cylinder, the height and width of the placing frame are adjusted, and the universal wheel is driven to move through the electric telescopic rod, combining the positioning device and the square groove and the square block to ensure stability and adaptability.
It improves the practicality and universality of the placement rack, enhances the efficiency and fluency of the workflow, and improves the stability of the placement rack, avoiding the impact of accidentally touching.
Smart Images

Figure CN223099194U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of irradiation equipment, in particular to a placing rack for a new type of irradiation plate source. Background Technique
[0002] The cobalt source used for radiation processing is usually a rod-shaped element, which is arranged in a flat frame made of stainless steel (abbreviated as source rack) in a certain way, so it is called a flat plate radiation source (abbreviated as plate source). The plate source rack is an important equipment in industrial irradiation devices. It is a metal frame that loads and arranges a large number of cobalt source rods into a "plate source". During the use of the plate source rack, a placing rack is needed to fix and place it.
[0003] At present, the placing racks used for plate source racks are relatively single, and it is not easy to meet the placing requirements of different sizes of plate source racks, thus reducing the practicability and universality. When the placing rack is in use, due to the inconvenient movement of the placing rack, it is difficult to move the placing rack to the target location according to the requirements of the working scenario, thus reducing the efficiency and smoothness of the work process. Therefore, the technical personnel in this field provide a placing rack for a new type of irradiation plate source to solve the problems raised in the above background technique. Content of the Utility Model
[0004] The purpose of the utility model is to solve the defects existing in the prior art, and a placing rack for a new type of irradiation plate source is proposed. Through the coordinated use of a moving device, a rotating device and a cylinder, the placing rack can be adjusted in height and width, and can meet the placing requirements of different sizes of plate source racks, thus improving the practicability and universality. Then, the electric telescopic rod drives the universal wheels to expand and contract, so that the universal wheels contacting the ground can drive the placing rack to move, and the placing rack can be moved to the target location according to the requirements of the working scenario, thus improving the efficiency and smoothness of the overall work process. Finally, through the coordinated use of a limiting device, a square groove and a square block, the placing rack is prevented from being affected when being accidentally touched, thus improving its stability.
[0005] To achieve the above purpose, the utility model provides the following technical solution: A placing rack for a new type of irradiation plate source, including two support rods, the two support rods are arranged horizontally in sequence, the centers of the front and rear end faces of the two support rods are both provided with support frames near the lower ends, the centers of the lower end faces of the two support rods are both provided with grooves, the centers of the upper inner walls of the two grooves are both provided with electric telescopic rods, the output ends of the two electric telescopic rods are both fixedly connected with universal wheels, the centers of the upper inner walls of the two support rods are both provided with cylinders, the centers of the upper parts of one side wall of the support rod on one side and the other side wall of the support rod on the other side are both provided with limiting grooves, and limiting devices are both arranged at the centers of one side of the interiors of the two limiting grooves;
[0006] A plate source holder is provided between the two support rods. A latch is provided at the center of the upper end face of the plate source holder, a square groove is provided at the center of the lower end face of the plate source holder, a square block is sleeved at the center of the inner part of the square groove, a support column is fixedly connected to the center of the lower end face of the square block, a support block is provided at the center of the lower end face of the support column, moving blocks are provided at the centers of both sides of the support block, sliding blocks are provided at one ends of the two moving blocks, a fixed rod is provided at the center of the upper end faces of the two support rods, a chute is provided at the center of the lower end face of the fixed rod, a moving device is provided at the center of the inner part of the fixed rod, a rotating device is provided at a position near the front on one side of the lower end face of the fixed rod, a fixed block is provided at the center of the lower end face of the fixed rod, and a fixed ring is provided at the center of the lower end face of the fixed block;
[0007] Through the above technical solution, by the coordinated use of the moving device, the rotating device and the cylinder, the placing rack can be adjusted in height and width, and the placing requirements of plate source holders of different sizes can be met, thereby improving the practicability and universality.
[0008] Further, the moving device includes a first lead screw, a connecting block, a second lead screw and two nut seats. The first lead screw is arranged at a position near one side of the center of the inner part of the fixed rod, and the end is rotatably supported by a bearing on one side wall of the fixed rod. The connecting block is arranged at the other end of the first lead screw. The second lead screw is arranged at the center of one side of the connecting block. One end of the second lead screw is rotatably supported by a bearing on the inner side wall of the fixed rod. The two nut seats are respectively threadedly sleeved on the outer sides of the first lead screw and the second lead screw. The centers of the lower end faces of the two nut seats are fixedly connected to the output ends of the two cylinders. The first lead screw and the second lead screw are symmetrically arranged;
[0009] Through the above technical solution, the rotation of the first lead screw drives the connecting block to rotate, then the connecting block drives the second lead screw to rotate, and then the rotation of the first lead screw and the second lead screw drives the two nut seats to move. Then the movement of the nut seats drives the two cylinders to move horizontally, so as to meet the width adjustment.
[0010] Further, the rotating device includes a rotating motor, a first transmission gear and a second transmission gear. The rotating motor is arranged at a position near the front on one side of the inner wall of the lower part of the fixed rod. The first transmission gear is arranged at the output end of the rotating motor. The second transmission gear is sleeved on the outer side of one end of the moving device. The first transmission gear and the second transmission gear are meshed with each other;
[0011] Through the above technical solution, the output end of the rotating motor drives the first transmission gear to rotate. Then, due to the mutual meshing between the first transmission gear and the second transmission gear, the second transmission gear can be driven to rotate. Then the second transmission gear drives the moving device to rotate, so as to meet the movement of the moving device, thereby improving the integrity of the device.
[0012] Further, the limiting device includes a rotating shaft, a limiting rod, a fixing groove, a sponge pad and a rubber block. The rotating shaft is arranged at one side of the lower end inside the limiting groove, and both ends are rotatably supported by bearings on the front and rear inner walls of the limiting groove. The limiting rod is sleeved outside the rotating shaft. The fixing groove is arranged at the center of the lower end surface of the limiting rod, and a Lina sister is sleeved between the fixing groove and the upper end of the support rod. The sponge pad is arranged on the inner wall of the fixing groove, and the rubber block is arranged at one side of the center of the upper inner wall of the limiting groove;
[0013] Through the above technical solution, the limiting rod is rotated by the rotating shaft to drive the fixing groove to be sleeved outside the upper end of the support rod, and then the support rod is clamped and limited by the sponge pad, so as to improve the stability. Then, the limiting rod is rotated by the rotating shaft to be sleeved into the limiting groove, and then the limiting rod is limited by the rubber block to prevent the limiting rod from moving abnormally when not in use, thereby improving the convenience.
[0014] Further, the output ends of the two cylinders respectively penetrate through the two support rods and the sliding grooves in sequence and extend to the inside of the fixed rod;
[0015] Through the above technical solution, the fixed rod is driven by the cylinder to be adjusted up and down, so as to meet the placement requirements of different sizes of plate source racks, thereby improving the practicality and universality.
[0016] Further, one ends of the two moving blocks respectively penetrate through the two side walls of the support block and extend to the inside of the support block, and the other ends of the two moving blocks are fixedly connected to one side wall of the two support rods, and the two sliding blocks are respectively slidably connected inside the support block;
[0017] Through the above technical solution, the width of the two support rods is adjusted by the moving device, and then the sliding block slides inside the support block to drive the moving block to move, so as to meet the width adjustment requirement and improve the device.
[0018] Further, the fixed ring is hung outside the lock;
[0019] Through the above technical solution, by hanging the fixed ring outside the lock, the connection stability between the placement rack and the plate source rack is improved.
[0020] The utility model has the following beneficial effects:
[0021] 1. In the utility model, when the placement rack for the new type of irradiated plate source is used, through the combined use of the moving device, the rotating device and the cylinder, the height and width of the placement rack can be adjusted, and the placement requirements of different sizes of plate source racks can be met, thereby improving the practicality and universality.
[0022] 2. In the present utility model, the electric telescopic rod drives the universal wheel to expand and contract, so that the universal wheel contacting the ground can drive the placement rack to move, and the placement rack can be moved to the target location according to the requirements of the working scenario, thereby improving the efficiency and smoothness of the overall working process.
[0023] 3. In the present utility model, through the coordinated use of the limiting device, the square groove and the square block, it avoids the influence on the work when the placement rack is accidentally touched, thereby improving its stability. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] Figure 1 is a three-dimensional view of a placement rack for a new type of irradiation plate source proposed by the present utility model;
[0025] Figure 2 is a front cross-sectional view of a placement rack for a new type of irradiation plate source proposed by the present utility model;
[0026] Figure 3 is a top cross-sectional view of the fixing rod of a placement rack for a new type of irradiation plate source proposed by the present utility model;
[0027] Figure 4 is a three-dimensional view of the limiting device of a placement rack for a new type of irradiation plate source proposed by the present utility model;
[0028] Figure 5 is Figure 2 an enlarged schematic view of part A in
[0029] Legend:
[0030] 1. Support rod; 2. Support frame; 3. Electric telescopic rod; 4. Universal wheel; 5. Cylinder; 6. Limit groove; 7. Plate source rack; 8. Lock; 9. Support column; 10. Support block; 11. Moving block; 12. Sliding block; 13. Fixing rod; 14. Chute; 15. Moving device; 1501. First lead screw; 1502. Connecting block; 1503. Second lead screw; 1504. Nut seat; 16. Rotating device; 1601. Rotating motor; 1602. First transmission gear; 1603. Second transmission gear; 17. Fixed block; 18. Fixed ring; 19. Limiting device; 1901. Rotating shaft; 1902. Limiting rod; 1903. Fixed groove; 1904. Sponge pad; 1905. Rubber block; 20. Square groove; 21. Square block; 22. Groove. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0031] Next, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
[0032] Referring to Figures 1-5 , an embodiment provided by the present invention: a placement rack for a new type of irradiation plate source, including two support rods 1, the two support rods 1 are arranged horizontally, and support frames 2 are provided at the lower ends near the centers of the front and rear end faces of the two support rods 1. Grooves 22 are provided at the centers of the lower end faces of the two support rods 1. Electric telescopic rods 3 are provided at the centers of the upper inner walls of the two grooves 22. The electric telescopic rods 3 drive the universal wheels 4 to expand and contract, so that the universal wheels 4 contacting the ground can drive the placement rack to move, and the placement rack can be moved to the target location according to the requirements of the working scenario, thereby improving the efficiency and smoothness of the overall work process. Universal wheels 4 are fixedly connected to the output ends of the two electric telescopic rods 3. Air cylinders 5 are provided at the centers of the upper inner walls of the two support rods 1. Limiting grooves 6 are provided at the upper centers of the side walls of one support rod on one side and the side walls of the other support rod on the other side.
[0033] Limiting devices 19 are provided at the centers near one side inside the two limiting grooves 6. A plate source rack 7 is provided between the two support rods 1. A lock 8 is provided at the center of the upper end face of the plate source rack 7. A square groove 20 is provided at the center of the lower end face of the plate source rack 7. A square block 21 is sleeved at the center inside the square groove 20. Through the coordinated use of the limiting device 19, the square groove 20 and the square block 21, it is avoided that the placement rack affects the work when being accidentally touched, thereby improving its stability. A support column 9 is fixedly connected to the center of the lower end face of the square block 21. A support block 10 is provided at the center of the lower end face of the support column 9. Moving blocks 11 are provided at the centers on both sides of the support block 10.
[0034] Sliding blocks 12 are provided at one ends of the two moving blocks 11. A fixing rod 13 is provided at the center of the upper end faces of the two support rods 1. A chute 14 is provided at the center of the lower end face of the fixing rod 13. A moving device 15 is provided at the center inside the fixing rod 13. A rotating device 16 is provided at the front of one side of the lower end face of the fixing rod 13. A fixing block 17 is provided at the center of the lower end face of the fixing rod 13. A fixing ring 18 is provided at the center of the lower end face of the fixing block 17. Through the coordinated use of the moving device 15, the rotating device 16 and the air cylinder 5, the placement rack can be adjusted in height and width, and the placement requirements of different sizes of plate source racks 7 can be met, thereby improving the practicability and universality.
[0035] The mobile device 15 includes a first lead screw 1501, a connecting block 1502, a second lead screw 1503 and two nut seats 1504. The first lead screw 1501 is arranged at one side near the center inside the fixed rod 13, and the end is rotatably connected to one side wall of the fixed rod 13 through a bearing. The connecting block 1502 is arranged at the other end of the first lead screw 1501. The second lead screw 1503 is arranged at the center on one side of the connecting block 1502. One end of the second lead screw 1503 is rotatably connected to the inner side wall of the fixed rod 13 through a bearing. The two nut seats 1504 are respectively threadedly sleeved on the outer sides of the first lead screw 1501 and the second lead screw 1503. The centers of the lower end faces of the two nut seats 1504 are fixedly connected to the output ends of the two cylinders 5. The first lead screw 1501 and the second lead screw 1503 are symmetrically arranged. By rotating the first lead screw 1501 to drive the connecting block 1502 to rotate, then driving the second lead screw 1503 to rotate through the connecting block 1502, and then driving the two nut seats 1504 to move by the rotation of the first lead screw 1501 and the second lead screw 1503, and then driving the two cylinders 5 to move horizontally through the movement of the nut seats 1504, the width adjustment is satisfied.
[0036] The rotating device 16 includes a rotating motor 1601, a first transmission gear 1602 and a second transmission gear 1603. The rotating motor 1601 is arranged at one side of the front end of the lower inner wall of the fixed rod 13. The first transmission gear 1602 is arranged at the output end of the rotating motor 1601. The second transmission gear 1603 is sleeved on the outer side of one end of the mobile device 15. The first transmission gear 1602 and the second transmission gear 1603 are meshed with each other. By driving the first transmission gear 1602 to rotate through the output end of the rotating motor 1601, and then meshing the first transmission gear 1602 and the second transmission gear 1603 with each other, the second transmission gear 1603 can be driven to rotate, and then the mobile device 15 is driven to rotate through the second transmission gear 1603, so that the movement of the mobile device 15 is satisfied, thereby improving the integrity of the device.
[0037] The limiting device 19 includes a rotating shaft 1901, a limiting rod 1902, a fixing groove 1903, a sponge pad 1904 and a rubber block 1905. The rotating shaft 1901 is arranged at one side of the lower end inside the limiting groove 6, and both ends are rotatably connected to the front and rear inner walls of the limiting groove 6 through bearings. The limiting rod 1902 is sleeved outside the rotating shaft 1901. The fixing groove 1903 is arranged at the center of the lower end surface of the limiting rod 1902, and a Lina sister is sleeved between the fixing groove 1903 and the upper end of the support rod 1. The sponge pad 1904 is arranged on the inner wall of the fixing groove 1903. The rubber block 1905 is arranged at one side of the center of the upper inner wall of the limiting groove 6. By rotating the limiting rod 1902 through the rotating shaft 1901, the fixing groove 1903 is driven to be sleeved outside the upper end of the support rod 1, and then the support rod 1 is clamped and limited through the sponge pad 1904, so as to improve the stability. Then, by rotating the limiting rod 1902 through the rotating shaft 1901, the limiting rod 1902 is sleeved into the limiting groove 6, and then the limiting rod 1902 is limited through the rubber block 1905 to prevent the limiting rod 1902 from moving abnormally when not in use, thereby improving the convenience.
[0038] The output ends of the two cylinders 5 respectively penetrate through the two support rods 1 and the sliding grooves 14 in sequence and extend to the inside of the fixing rod 13. By driving the fixing rod 13 to move up and down through the cylinders 5, the placement requirements of different-sized plate source racks 7 can be met, thereby improving the practicability and universality. One ends of the two moving blocks 11 respectively penetrate through the two side walls of the support block 10 and extend to the inside of the support block 10. The other ends of the two moving blocks 11 are fixedly connected to one side wall of the two support rods 1. The two sliding blocks 12 are respectively slidably connected to the inside of the support block 10. By driving the two support rods 1 to adjust the width through the moving device 15, and then by sliding the sliding blocks 12 inside the support block 10, the moving blocks 11 are driven to move, so as to meet the width adjustment requirements and improve the device. The fixing ring 18 is hung outside the lock 8. By hanging the fixing ring 18 outside the lock 8, the connection stability between the placement rack and the plate source rack 7 is improved.
[0039] Working principle: When the placement rack for the new type of irradiated plate source is in use, the electric telescopic rod 3 drives the universal wheels 4 to expand and contract, so that the universal wheels 4 contact the ground and can drive the placement rack to move, and the placement rack can be moved to the target location according to the working scene requirements, thereby improving the efficiency and smoothness of the overall work process. Then, the output end of the rotating motor 1601 drives the first transmission gear 1602 to rotate. Then, through the meshing between the first transmission gear 1602 and the second transmission gear 1603, the second transmission gear 1603 can be driven to rotate. Then, the second transmission gear 1603 drives the moving device 15 to rotate, so as to meet the movement of the moving device 15, thereby improving the integrity of the device.
[0040] Then, the rotation device 16 drives the first lead screw 1501 to rotate. Next, the rotation of the first lead screw 1501 drives the connecting block 1502 to rotate. Then, the connecting block 1502 drives the second lead screw 1503 to rotate. Subsequently, the rotation of the first lead screw 1501 and the second lead screw 1503 drives the two nut seats 1504 to move. Then, the movement of the nut seats 1504 drives the two cylinders 5 to move horizontally, thus satisfying the width adjustment. The moving device 15 drives the two support rods 1 to adjust the width. Then, the sliding block 12 slides inside the support block 10, driving the moving block 11 to move, thereby meeting the width adjustment requirements, improving the device, and being able to meet the placement requirements of different-sized plate source racks 7, thus enhancing the practicability and universality.
[0041] Then, the cylinder 5 drives the fixed rod 13 to move up and down, enabling it to meet the placement requirements of different-sized plate source racks 7, thereby enhancing the practicability and universality. The fixed ring 18 is hung outside the lock 8, improving the connection stability between the placement rack and the plate source rack 7. Then, the square block 21 is sleeved into the square groove 20, satisfying the fixation of the plate source rack 7. Finally, the rotation shaft 1901 rotates the limiting rod 1902 to drive the fixed slot 1903 to be sleeved outside the upper end of the support rod 1. Then, the sponge pad 1904 clamps and limits the support rod 1, enhancing its stability. Then, the rotation shaft 1901 rotates the limiting rod 1902 to be sleeved into the limiting slot 6. Then, the rubber block 1905 limits the limiting rod 1902 to prevent the limiting rod 1902 from moving abnormally when not in use, thereby improving the convenience and preventing the placement rack from being affected by accidental collisions during work, thus enhancing its stability.
[0042] Finally, it should be noted that the above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or perform equivalent replacements for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. A placement rack for a new type of irradiated plate source, comprising two support rods (1), and the two support rods (1) are arranged horizontally respectively, characterized in that: At the lower part near the centers of the front and rear end faces of the two support rods (1), support frames (2) are respectively provided. At the centers of the lower end faces of the two support rods (1), grooves (22) are respectively provided. At the centers of the upper inner walls of the two grooves (22), electric telescopic rods (3) are respectively provided. At the output ends of the two electric telescopic rods (3), universal wheels (4) are fixedly connected respectively. At the centers of the upper inner walls of the two support rods (1), air cylinders (5) are respectively provided. At the upper parts near the centers of one side wall of the support rod (1) on one side and the other side wall of the support rod (1) on the other side, limiting grooves (6) are respectively provided. At the positions near one side of the centers inside the two limiting grooves (6), limiting devices (19) are respectively provided; A plate source frame (7) is provided between the two support rods (1). At the center of the upper end face of the plate source frame (7), a lock catch (8) is provided. At the center of the lower end face of the plate source frame (7), a square groove (20) is provided. Inside the center of the square groove (20), a square block (21) is sleeved. At the center of the lower end face of the square block (21), a support column (9) is fixedly connected. At the center of the lower end face of the support column (9), a support block (10) is provided. At the centers on both sides of the support block (10), moving blocks (11) are respectively provided. At one ends of the two moving blocks (11), sliding blocks (12) are respectively provided. At the centers of the upper end faces of the two support rods (1), a fixing rod (13) is provided. At the center of the lower end face of the fixing rod (13), a sliding groove (14) is provided. Inside the center of the fixing rod (13), a moving device (15) is provided. At the front part near one side of the lower end face of the fixing rod (13), a rotating device (16) is provided. At the center of the lower end face of the fixing rod (13), a fixing block (17) is provided. At the center of the lower end face of the fixing block (17), a fixing ring (18) is provided.
2. The placement rack for a novel irradiation plate source according to claim 1, characterized in that: The moving device (15) includes a first lead screw (1501), a connecting block (1502), a second lead screw (1503) and two nut seats (1504). The first lead screw (1501) is arranged at the position near one side of the center inside the fixing rod (13), and the end is rotatably connected to one side wall of the fixing rod (13) through a bearing. The connecting block (1502) is arranged at the other end of the first lead screw (1501). The second lead screw (1503) is arranged at the center on one side of the connecting block (1502). One end of the second lead screw (1503) is rotatably connected to the inner side wall of the fixing rod (13) through a bearing. The two nut seats (1504) are respectively threadedly sleeved outside the first lead screw (1501) and the second lead screw (1503). Between the centers of the lower end faces of the two nut seats (1504) and the output ends of the two air cylinders (5), fixed connections are provided. The first lead screw (1501) and the second lead screw (1503) are symmetrically arranged.
3. A placement rack for a novel irradiation plate source according to claim 1, characterized in that: The rotation device (16) includes a rotation motor (1601), a first transmission gear (1602) and a second transmission gear (1603). The rotation motor (1601) is arranged at one side of the front end of the inner wall of the fixed rod (13). The first transmission gear (1602) is arranged at the output end of the rotation motor (1601). The second transmission gear (1603) is sleeved outside one end of the moving device (15). The first transmission gear (1602) and the second transmission gear (1603) are meshed with each other.
4. A placement rack for a novel irradiation plate source according to claim 1, characterized in that: The limiting device (19) includes a rotating shaft (1901), a limiting rod (1902), a fixed groove (1903), a sponge pad (1904) and a rubber block (1905). The rotating shaft (1901) is arranged at one side of the lower end inside the limiting groove (6), and both ends are rotatably arranged on the front and rear inner walls of the limiting groove (6) through bearings. The limiting rod (1902) is sleeved outside the rotating shaft (1901). The fixed groove (1903) is arranged at the center of the lower end surface of the limiting rod (1902), and is sleeved with Lina Jie between the upper end of the support rod (1). The sponge pad (1904) is arranged on the inner wall of the fixed groove (1903). The rubber block (1905) is arranged at one side of the center of the upper inner wall of the limiting groove (6).
5. The placement rack for a novel irradiation plate source according to claim 1, wherein: The output ends of the two cylinders (5) respectively penetrate through the two support rods (1) and the sliding groove (14) in sequence and extend to the inside of the fixed rod (13).
6. A placement rack for a novel irradiation plate source according to claim 1, characterized in that: One ends of the two moving blocks (11) respectively penetrate through the two side walls of the support block (10) and extend to the inside of the support block (10). The other ends of the two moving blocks (11) are fixedly connected to one side wall of the two support rods (1). The two sliding blocks (12) are respectively slidably connected inside the support block (10).
7. A placement rack for a novel irradiation plate source according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fixed ring (18) is hung outside the lock catch (8).