Water electrolysis module and sprayer

Abstract

The utility model provides an electrolyzed water module which comprises a shell and an electrode laminated body connected with the shell, and the electrode laminated body comprises a first electrode, an ion exchange membrane and a second electrode, the ion exchange membrane is arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode and divides the two sides of the ion exchange membrane into a first cavity and a second cavity, the first electrode is arranged in the first cavity, and the second electrode is arranged in the second cavity; a water passing channel is formed between the first electrode and the side wall of the first cavity, the ion exchange membrane movably covers the water passing channel, and the second electrode is staggered from the water passing channel.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of water electrolysis technology. Background Technology

[0002] With increasing health awareness and awareness, people's demand for sterilization and disinfection in daily life is gradually increasing, and the demand for disinfection of existing electrical appliances on the market is also higher. Currently, portable disinfection spray bottle products have appeared on the market. For example, patent 202020273544.6 discloses an electrolytic cell, and patent 202010150913.7 discloses a disinfection spray bottle including an electrolytic cell. The spray bottle includes a nozzle and a bottle body connected together. The bottle body has a water storage chamber and an ozone generating chamber inside. A partition is provided between the water storage chamber and the ozone generating chamber. The partition has an opening to connect the water storage chamber and the ozone generating chamber. An ozone generator is provided in the ozone generating chamber. The nozzle is connected to a suction tube, which extends into the ozone generating chamber through the opening. The diamond anode plate, proton exchange membrane, and stainless steel cathode plate of the ozone generator are fixed in a plate holder from bottom to top. The suction tube guides the ozone water in the ozone generating chamber to spray outward. Although this spray bottle has advantages such as compact structure, easy portability, and safety and reliability, and the partition can produce high concentrations of ozone water, the ozone and hydrogen produced are easily mixed due to structural problems of the ozone generating chamber and ozone generator, resulting in unstable concentration of ozone water and insufficient disinfection effect. Utility Model Content

[0003] Based on the aforementioned problems, it is necessary to provide an electrolysis water module and a sprayer including the same.

[0004] An electrolysis water module includes a housing and an electrode stack connected to the housing. The electrode stack includes a first electrode, an ion exchange membrane, and a second electrode. The ion exchange membrane is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and divides the two sides of the ion exchange membrane into a first cavity and a second cavity. The first electrode is disposed in the first cavity, and the second electrode is disposed in the second cavity.

[0005] A water passage is formed between the first electrode and the side wall of the first cavity, the ion exchange membrane is movably covered on the water passage, and the second electrode is offset from the water passage.

[0006] In one embodiment, the electrode stack is arranged in a vertical direction.

[0007] In one embodiment, the electrode stack is arranged in a horizontal direction.

[0008] In one embodiment, the second electrode, the ion exchange membrane, and the first electrode are arranged sequentially in the stacking direction.

[0009] In one embodiment, a partition is provided between the first electrode and the side wall of the first cavity, and the water passage is formed between the partition and the side wall of the first cavity.

[0010] In one embodiment, one end of the separator abuts against the ion exchange membrane, and the other end of the separator extends away from the ion exchange membrane.

[0011] In one embodiment, the electrode material of the first electrode and / or the second electrode is one of conductive silicon, conductive diamond, or elemental titanium, platinum, lead, tantalum, iridium, palladium, antimony, or their oxides.

[0012] A sprayer, including the water electrolysis module described in any of the preceding claims.

[0013] In one embodiment, the system further includes a nozzle and a bottle body, the nozzle and the bottle body being connected, a water tank being disposed inside the bottle body, and the water electrolysis module being used to convert the water in the water tank into electrolyzed water.

[0014] In one embodiment, a straw is also included, one end of which is connected to the nozzle and the other end of which is connected to the water tank.

[0015] In one embodiment, the straw is connected to the side wall of the water tank, and the straw has a communication port that communicates with the water tank.

[0016] In one embodiment, the straw is integrally formed with the water tank.

[0017] In one embodiment, the suction tube includes a first connecting tube and a second connecting tube, the nozzle is connected to the first connecting tube, the first connecting tube and the second connecting tube are detachably connected, the second connecting tube is connected to the side wall of the water tank, and the second connecting tube has the communication port.

[0018] In one embodiment, the water electrolysis module is disposed inside the second connecting pipe, or the water electrolysis module is disposed in the water tank near the connection port.

[0019] In one embodiment, the water electrolysis module is disposed on the communication port, which is located at the bottom of the water tank.

[0020] In one embodiment, the second straw has a flow guide portion located at one end near the electrode stack, and the diameter of the flow guide portion gradually decreases from near to away from the electrode stack.

[0021] The beneficial effects of this utility model are:

[0022] The ion exchange membrane separates a first cavity and a second cavity. The first electrode has a water passage that allows water to enter, and the ion exchange membrane is movable over the water passage. That is, when the ion exchange membrane covers the water passage, the first cavity and the second cavity are separated and independent of each other. When the ion exchange membrane moves without covering the water passage, the first cavity and the second cavity can be connected through the water passage. The water in the first cavity flows from the water passage of the first electrode through the electrolyte membrane and into the second cavity due to the staggered arrangement of the second electrode.

[0023] The water electrolysis module of this embodiment is suitable for use in spray bottles, sprayers, and other similar appliances. It is connected to a module that generates negative pressure at the water outlet. For example, when the water electrolysis module of this embodiment is applied to a spray bottle, a straw is connected downstream. During the spray bottle pressing process, the air in the straw is expelled, generating negative pressure suction. Alternatively, other modules capable of generating negative pressure can be used. The movable ion exchange membrane slightly shifts towards the low-pressure side under the suction of negative pressure. Water in the inlet flows towards the outlet due to the negative pressure suction, passing through the electrode stack. The slight movement of the ion exchange membrane under negative pressure creates tiny gaps that allow water to flow. In other words, the ion exchange membrane no longer covers the water passage, creating a flow path for water to pass through. The products on both sides of the ion exchange membrane are oxidized water on the anode side and hydrogen-rich water on the cathode side, respectively. Since the first and second chambers are only connected through the water passage, and the ion exchange membrane only allows H+... + By preventing the water between the ion exchange membrane and the electrode from reaching the other side through the membrane, the mixing of products at both electrodes can be effectively reduced. The product (oxidized water or hydrogen-rich water) on the second electrode side flows downstream, while the product (hydrogen-rich water or oxidized water) on the first electrode side is mostly blocked in the first cavity and rises and converges. Due to the separation of products, the product concentration is effectively increased, and the products are transferred rapidly, thereby improving the concentration and purity of oxidized water / hydrogen-rich water. Attached Figure Description

[0024] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this utility model or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electrolytic water module according to one embodiment.

[0026] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a sprayer according to one embodiment.

[0027] Figure 3This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a sprayer according to another embodiment.

[0028] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a sprayer according to another embodiment. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The technical solutions of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present utility model.

[0030] like Figure 1 As shown, this is a preferred embodiment of the electrolytic water module of this utility model. Specifically, it includes a housing 10 and an electrode stack 6 connected to the housing 10. The electrode stack 6 includes a first electrode 7, an ion exchange membrane 8, and a second electrode 9. The ion exchange membrane 8 is disposed between the first electrode 7 and the second electrode 9, and divides the two sides of the ion exchange membrane 8 into a first cavity 61 and a second cavity 62. The first electrode 7 is disposed in the first cavity 61, and the second electrode 9 is disposed in the second cavity 62.

[0031] A water passage 11 is formed between the first electrode 7 and the side wall of the first cavity 61. The ion exchange membrane 8 is movably covered on the water passage 11, and the second electrode 9 is offset from the water passage 11.

[0032] The beneficial effects of this embodiment are:

[0033] The ion exchange membrane 8 separates the first cavity 61 and the second cavity 62. The first electrode 7 forms a water passage 11 that allows water to enter, and the ion exchange membrane 8 is movably covered on the water passage 11. That is, when the ion exchange membrane 8 covers the water passage 11, the first cavity 61 and the second cavity 62 are separated and independent of each other. When the ion exchange membrane 8 moves without covering the water passage 11, the first cavity 61 and the second cavity 62 can be connected through the water passage 11. The water in the first cavity 61 flows from the water passage 11 of the first electrode 7 through the electrolyte membrane, and flows to the second cavity 62 due to the staggered arrangement of the second electrode 9.

[0034] The water electrolysis module of this embodiment is suitable for use in spray bottles, sprayers, and other similar appliances. It is connected to a module capable of generating negative pressure at the water outlet. For example, when the water electrolysis module of this embodiment is applied to a spray bottle, a straw 45 is connected downstream. During the spray bottle pressing process, air is expelled from the straw 45, generating negative pressure suction. Alternatively, other modules capable of generating negative pressure can be used. The movable ion exchange membrane 8 slightly shifts towards the low-pressure side under the suction of negative pressure. Water in the inlet flows towards the outlet due to the negative pressure suction, passing through the electrode stack 6. The ion exchange membrane 8 slightly moves under negative pressure, creating tiny gaps that allow water to flow. In other words, the ion exchange membrane 8 no longer covers the water passage 11, creating a flow path for water to pass through. The products on both sides of the ion exchange membrane 8 are oxidized water on the anode side and hydrogen-rich water on the cathode side, respectively. Since the first chamber 61 and the second chamber 62 are only connected through the water passage 11, and the ion exchange membrane 8 only allows H+... + By preventing the water between the ion exchange membrane 8 and the electrode from reaching the other side through the membrane, the mixing of products at both electrodes can be effectively reduced. The product (oxidized water or hydrogen-rich water) on the second electrode 9 side flows downstream, while the hydrogen bubbles or oxygen bubbles on the first electrode 7 side are blocked and rise to the top of the first cavity 61 (the gathered gas can be discharged by water exchange or by setting an exhaust port at the top). Because the products are separated, the product concentration is effectively increased and the products are transferred quickly, which improves the concentration and purity of oxidized water / hydrogen-rich water.

[0035] The water electrolysis module of this application, under the same conditions: (1) the output water is oxygen. If the concentration of the oxide group water produced by the mixed water electrolysis module is 1 mg / L, the concentration of the module of this application can reach 1.3 mg / L, which means that the concentration can be effectively increased by 30%; (2) the output water is hydrogen. If the hydrogen concentration of the mixed water electrolysis module reaches 600 ppb, the concentration of the module of this application can reach 780 ppb, which means that the concentration can be effectively increased by 30%. Furthermore, since the hydrogen-oxygen ratio of the anode and cathode products is about 2:1, the anode and cathode products are separated, which can greatly reduce the bubbles in the output water and greatly reduce the water hammer impact effect on the pipeline caused by gas.

[0036] It should be understood that the ion exchange membrane 8 is at least partially fixed to achieve installation. For example, the ion exchange membrane 8 is pressed between the first electrode 7 and the second electrode 9, and the position of the ion exchange membrane 8 corresponding to the water passage 11 is not pressed by the first electrode 7 and the second electrode 9, so that the position of the ion exchange membrane 8 corresponding to the water passage 11 can be movably set. In this embodiment, it will not be described in detail.

[0037] To achieve hydrogen-oxygen separation, in one embodiment, a partition 12 is provided between the first electrode 7 and the side wall of the first cavity 61, forming a water passage 11 between the partition 12 and the side wall of the first cavity 61. Water enters from the inlet end. Since the partition 12 separates the water passage 11, and the second electrode 9 is placed behind the partition 12, some water flows through the water passage 11 to the second cavity 62, while the remaining water flows through the partition 12 and then flows to the surface of the first electrode 7 in the first cavity 61, resulting in better product separation between the surfaces of the first electrode 7 and the second electrode 9.

[0038] In a preferred embodiment, one end of the partition 12 abuts against the ion exchange membrane 8, and the other end of the partition 12 extends away from the ion exchange membrane 8, making the water passage 11 separated by the partition 12 longer, and the extended partition 12 blocks the product of the first cavity 61 from flowing into the second cavity 62, so that the separation effect is better.

[0039] In one embodiment, please refer to Figure 1 The water flow direction at the outlet end is inclined or perpendicular to the direction of the electrode plate of the electrode stack 6. Preferably, the water flow direction at the outlet end is perpendicular to the direction of the ion exchange membrane 8 of the electrode stack 6, so that the negative pressure suction force acting on the ion exchange membrane 8 at the outlet end can cause it to move to the maximum extent. In this embodiment, it will not be described in detail.

[0040] It should be understood that the orientation of the electrode stack 6 is not limited in the embodiments of this application. For example, the electrode stack 6 may be arranged vertically or horizontally. Further details are omitted in this embodiment.

[0041] In one embodiment, the electrode stack 6 is arranged horizontally, and the second electrode 9, the ion exchange membrane 8, and the first electrode 7 are arranged sequentially in the stacking direction. This allows the water passage 11 to be formed in the lower part of the stack, meaning water enters from below through the water passage 11 and flows upwards to the first electrode 7 (first cavity 61). The products in the first cavity 61 are separated by the partition 12, collect, and float upwards, preventing them from re-entering the first cavity 61 through the water passage 11.

[0042] In one embodiment, the electrode material of the first electrode 7 and / or the second electrode 9 is one of conductive silicon, conductive diamond, or elemental titanium, platinum, lead, tantalum, iridium, palladium, or their oxides. In one embodiment, the first electrode 7 is the anode, and the material of the first electrode 7 can be platinum, stainless steel, titanium, etc. The second electrode 9 is the cathode, and the material of the second electrode 9 can be one of conductive silicon, conductive diamond, or elemental titanium, platinum, lead, tantalum, iridium, palladium, or their oxides, or other conductive materials. In one embodiment, the electrode materials of the first electrode 7 and the second electrode 9 are the same, and electrode switching between the first electrode 7 and the second electrode 9 can be achieved by changing the current.

[0043] This utility model also provides a sprayer, including the water electrolysis module described in any of the above embodiments.

[0044] This utility model provides a sprayer, in one embodiment, such as Figure 2-4 As shown, specifically, it includes: an electrolytic water module, a nozzle 1 and a bottle body 2. The nozzle 1 and the bottle body 2 are connected. A water tank 3 is provided inside the bottle body 2. The electrolytic water module is used to convert the water in the water tank 3 into electrolyzed water.

[0045] In a preferred embodiment, a sprayer, such as Figure 1-4 As shown, the system includes an electrolytic water module, a straw 45, a nozzle 1, and a bottle body 2. One end of the straw 45 is connected to the nozzle 1, and the other end is connected to the water tank 3. When the nozzle 1 is not pressed, i.e., the straw 45 is not under negative pressure, the surface of the ion exchange membrane 8 is covered with gaps. When the nozzle 1 is pressed, the air inside the straw 45 is squeezed out, creating a negative pressure suction force. Under the action of the negative pressure suction force, the ion exchange membrane 8 will slightly shift to the low-pressure side, creating tiny gaps that allow water to flow. In other words, the ion exchange membrane 8 no longer covers the gaps, creating a flow path that allows water to flow.

[0046] In one embodiment, the nozzle 1 and the bottle body 2 are detachably connected. The bottle body 2 can be easily disassembled and filled with water into the water tank 3. For example, the water tank 3 is located on the top of the bottle body 2 and has a water inlet opening. The press nozzle 1 is connected to the bottle body 2 and covers the water inlet opening. Water is injected into the bottle body 2 by disassembling it.

[0047] In one embodiment, such as Figure 2-4 As shown, the straw 45 extends toward the bottom of the water tank 3. For example, the straw 45 is connected to the side wall of the water tank 3. Specifically, the straw 45 is connected to the bottom side wall of the water tank 3. The straw 45 has a connecting port 51 that communicates with the water tank 3. For example, the connecting port 51 is located at or near the bottom of the water tank 3.

[0048] For example, such as Figure 3-4 As shown, the straw 45 is integrally formed with the water tank 3, and the straw 45 is detachably connected to the nozzle 1.

[0049] For example, in one embodiment, please refer to Figure 2-4 The suction tube 45 includes a first connecting tube 4 and a second connecting tube 5. The nozzle 1 is connected to the first connecting tube 4. The first connecting tube 4 and the second connecting tube 5 are detachably connected. The second connecting tube 5 is connected to the side wall of the water tank 3. The second connecting tube 5 has the communication port 51.

[0050] In one embodiment, the water electrolysis module is disposed inside the second connecting pipe 5, or the water electrolysis module is disposed in the water tank 3 near the connecting port 51, so that the water electrolysis module is disposed at the bottom of the water tank 3, and the water at the bottom of the water tank 3 can be fully utilized, avoiding the electrode dry burning due to lack of water during use.

[0051] In one embodiment, the water electrolysis module is disposed on the communication port 51, which is located at the bottom of the water tank 3. This placement of the water electrolysis module at the bottom of the water tank 3 ensures that the water at the bottom of the tank is fully utilized, preventing electrode dry burning due to water shortage during use.

[0052] The beneficial effects of the above embodiments are as follows:

[0053] The first connecting pipe 4 and the second connecting pipe 5 are connected to form an integral suction tube 45. The first connecting pipe 4 and the second connecting pipe 5 are detachably connected. The first connecting pipe 4 is connected to the nozzle 1, and the second connecting pipe 5 is connected to the water tank 3 (wherein, the second connecting pipe 5 and the water tank 3 can be integrally formed). This allows the nozzle 1 to be detached from the bottle body 2. As the nozzle 1 is removed, the first connecting pipe 4 separates from the second connecting pipe 5. The user then fills the water tank 3 with water. The water tank 3 can be positioned at the top of the bottle body 2, with a large opening for convenient water filling. Furthermore, the electrolytic water module... It can be conveniently set at the bottom or near the bottom of the water tank 3 (second suction tube 45 or connection point) according to design needs. Other electronic components (such as power supply and circuit board) can be integrated in the electronic component area near the water tank 3 for convenient electrical connection with the water electrolysis module. This avoids the problem of large volume or small capacity of water tank 3 caused by complex circuitry that encroaches on the effective capacity of bottle 2. In addition, the electrolysis module is set in the flow path of water, and the product is quickly carried away, which can effectively increase the concentration and avoid the problem of low concentration caused by product dispersion in the water tank 3.

[0054] It should be understood that the orientation of the electrode stack 6 is not limited in the embodiments of this application. For example, the electrode stack 6 may be arranged vertically or horizontally. When the electrode stack 6 is arranged horizontally at the bottom of the water tank 3, the water can fully contact the electrode, thus avoiding partial dry burning of the upper part of the electrode due to lack of water when it is arranged vertically at a low water level.

[0055] In a preferred embodiment, the electrode stack 6 is horizontally arranged, and the second suction tube 45 has a guide portion. The guide portion is located near the end of the electrode stack 6, and its diameter gradually decreases from near to far from the electrode stack 6. That is, the diameter of the guide portion is large at the end near the electrode stack 6 and small at the end far from the electrode stack 6. Water enters the second cavity 62 through the water passage 11, and the water can flow evenly to the surface of the second electrode 9 to react on the surface of the second electrode 9. This avoids the problem of water entering the second cavity 62 and being sprayed out of the suction tube 45 before flowing over the electrode surface, which could cause some electrode surfaces to dry out.

[0056] In one embodiment, the first connecting pipe 4 and the second connecting pipe 5 are snap-fitted together, and the nozzle 1 is snap-fitted together with the bottle body 2. In another embodiment, the first connecting pipe 4 and the second connecting pipe 5 are threaded together, and the nozzle 1 is threaded together with the bottle body 2.

[0057] For example, a sealing ring is provided at the connection between the first connecting pipe 4 and the second connecting pipe 5, and a sealing ring is provided at the connection between the nozzle 1 and the bottle body 2.

[0058] In one embodiment, such as Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown, the water electrolysis module also includes a connector 63. The electrode stack 6 is connected to the connector 63. The connector 63 is used to install the electrode stack 6, thereby fixing the electrode and membrane. Furthermore, the connector 63 is detachably connected to the second connecting pipe 5 or the water tank 3, so that the electrode stack 6 can be removed from the second connecting pipe 5 and the water tank 3 through the connector 63 for easy replacement and maintenance.

[0059] It should be understood that, depending on the specific configuration of the electrode stack 6, for example, the outer shell 10 of the water electrolysis module is the mounting frame of the electrode stack 6; or, the straw constitutes the outer shell 10 of the water electrolysis module; or, the straw 45 and the water tank 3 constitute the outer shell 10 of the water electrolysis module. In this embodiment, the details are not elaborated.

[0060] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0061] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of several implementations of this utility model, and while the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the utility model patent. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of this utility model, and these all fall within the protection scope of this utility model. Therefore, the protection scope of this utility model patent should be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A water electrolysis module, characterized in that, The device includes a housing and an electrode stack connected to the housing. The electrode stack includes a first electrode, an ion exchange membrane, and a second electrode. The ion exchange membrane is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and divides the two sides of the ion exchange membrane into a first cavity and a second cavity. The first electrode is disposed in the first cavity, and the second electrode is disposed in the second cavity. A water passage is formed between the first electrode and the side wall of the first cavity, the ion exchange membrane is movably covered on the water passage, and the second electrode is offset from the water passage.

2. The water electrolysis module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrode stack is arranged in a vertical direction.

3. The water electrolysis module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrode stack is arranged in a horizontal direction.

4. The water electrolysis module according to claim 3, characterized in that, The second electrode, the ion exchange membrane, and the first electrode are arranged sequentially in the stacking direction.

5. The water electrolysis module according to claim 1, characterized in that, A partition is provided between the first electrode and the side wall of the first cavity, and the water passage is formed between the partition and the side wall of the first cavity.

6. The water electrolysis module according to claim 5, characterized in that, One end of the separator abuts against the ion exchange membrane, and the other end of the separator extends away from the ion exchange membrane.

7. The water electrolysis module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The direction of water flow at the outlet is inclined or perpendicular to the direction of the electrode plates of the electrode stack.

8. The water electrolysis module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrode material of the first electrode and / or the second electrode is one of conductive silicon, conductive diamond, or elemental titanium, platinum, lead, tantalum, iridium, palladium, antimony, or their oxides.

9. A sprayer, characterized in that, Includes the water electrolysis module as described in any one of claims 1-8.

10. The sprayer according to claim 9, characterized in that, It also includes a nozzle and a bottle body, the nozzle and the bottle body are connected, a water tank is provided inside the bottle body, and the water electrolysis module is used to convert the water in the water tank into electrolyzed water.

11. The sprayer according to claim 10, characterized in that, It also includes a straw, one end of which is connected to the nozzle, and the other end of which is connected to the water tank.

12. The sprayer according to claim 11, characterized in that, The straw is connected to the side wall of the water tank, and the straw has a connecting port that communicates with the water tank.

13. The sprayer according to claim 12, characterized in that, The straw is integrally formed with the water tank.

14. The sprayer according to claim 12, characterized in that, The suction tube includes a first connecting tube and a second connecting tube. The nozzle is connected to the first connecting tube. The first connecting tube and the second connecting tube are detachably connected. The second connecting tube is connected to the side wall of the water tank. The second connecting tube has the communication port.

15. The sprayer according to claim 14, characterized in that, The water electrolysis module is located inside the second connecting pipe, or the water electrolysis module is located in the water tank near the connection port.

16. The sprayer according to claim 15, characterized in that, The water electrolysis module is mounted on the connection port, which is located at the bottom of the water tank.

17. The sprayer according to claim 14, characterized in that, The second connecting tube has a flow guide portion, which is located at one end close to the electrode stack, and the diameter of the flow guide portion gradually decreases from the direction close to the electrode stack to the direction away from the electrode stack.

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