793results about "Electrode shape/forms" patented technology

The present invention generally is a cathode suitable for use in high temperature plasma etch applications. In one embodiment, the cathode includes a ceramic electrostatic chuck secured to a base. The base has cooling conduits formed therein. A rigid support ring is disposed between the chuck and the base, thereby maintaining the chuck and the base in a spaced-apart relation.

The present invention is a device and method for ozonating water and applying the ozonated water to surfaces for cleaning purposes. The instant invention allows a user to transform water into a liquid with more robust cleaning properties conveniently and in a short time. The present invention includes a cleaning apparatus having a reservoir containing water, the reservoir able to be easily manipulated by a user to dispense the water, a device for increasing the level of oxidative properties in the water, and a circulation flow path communicating with the reservoir and the device to allow at least some of the water in the reservoir to flow from the reservoir to the device and back to the reservoir.

An apparatus for the electrolytic splitting of water into hydrogen and/or oxygen, the apparatus comprising: (i) at least one lithographically-patternable substrate having a surface; (ii) a plurality of microscaled catalytic electrodes embedded in said surface; (iii) at least one counter electrode in proximity to but not on said surface; (iv) means for collecting evolved hydrogen and/or oxygen gas; (v) electrical powering means for applying a voltage across said plurality of microscaled catalytic electrodes and said at least one counter electrode; and (vi) a container for holding an aqueous electrolyte and housing said plurality of microscaled catalytic electrodes and said at least one counter electrode. Electrolytic processes using the above electrolytic apparatus or functional mimics thereof are also described.

The invention discloses a preparation method for a NiCoP nanowire electro-catalytic electrode. A NiCo salt nanowire is adopted as a phosphorization precursor, hypophosphite is used as a phosphorus source, and the phosphorization process of the NiCo salt nanowire is achieved by controlling the annealing technique in a stored program control tube type annealing furnace. The diameter of the NiCoP nanowire obtained through the method is 140 nanometers, the length of the obtained NiCoP nanowire is about 3.2 micrometers, and the surface of the nanowire is roughly and evenly grown on a 3D netty foamed nickel substrate, so that the specific surface area and the electric conductivity of an electro-catalytic material are effectively improved, and the electro-catalytic hydrogen evolution performance and stability of an electrode material are improved. The electro-catalytic hydrogen production performance of the electrode is tested in 1M of a KOH electrolyte, the overpotential under the electric current density of 10 mA/cm<2> is 109 mV, and the Tafel slope is 88.5 mV/dec, so that the material has the superior electro-catalytic hydrogen production performance compared with common electro-catalytic hydrogen evolution materials. Meanwhile, the preparation technique is simple, the equipment requirement is conventional, reactive materials are abundant, price is low, and the electrode is environmentally friendly.

The present invention provides a gas diffusion electrode having: an electrode substrate; and a catalyst layer containing a hydrophilic catalyst and a hydrophobic binder, which is carried on the electrode substrate, wherein the electrode substrate contains at least one carbon material selected from a carbon cloth, a carbon paper, a foamed carbon material, and a sintered carbon material.

An electrode with large active surface area is made by winding a Ti-fiber tow around a rectangular Ti-plate, and an electrocatalytic coating of three layers is applied. A precoat comprising a mixture of iridium dioxide and tantalum pentoxide is applied first, using a solution of the corresponding chloride salts in hydrochloric acid with some nitric acid added to inhibit corrosion of the metal. A sealing coat is then applied, comprising tin dioxide doped with antimony, in order to improve adhesion of the final oxide coat to the precoat. The third and final coat comprises particles of titanium dioxide doped with niobium in the +4 oxidation cemented with titanium dioxide that is doped with antimony. Anodes of this description are preferably assembled together with corrosion resistant cathodes in an alternating sequence, with a plastic coated fiber glass mesh placed between the anodes and cathodes to prevent short circuiting. When a sufficiently large voltage is applied across the cell, organic substances dissolved in the electrolyte will be oxidized.

An electrode for an electrochemical cell is provided. The electrode comprises an electrode active material coated on a current collector. The surface of the electrode active material has a greater porosity than the portion nearest the current collector. The electrode includes an active material with controlled porosity, where the porosity of the inner portion is equal to or less than the porosity of the surface of the electrode after the electrode is roll-pressed. As a result, the impregnating characteristics of the electrolytic solution are improved and decreases in capacity upon charging and discharging at high rates are prevented. Therefore, excellent charge and discharge characteristics are obtained. In addition, cells including the inventive electrodes exhibit excellent charge and discharge characteristics.

The invention belongs to the technical fields of material sciences and electro-catalytic hydrogen production, and particularly relates to a nickel-iron hydrotalcite based electro-catalytic oxygen evolution electrode and preparation thereof, wherein the nickel-iron hydrotalcite based electro-catalytic oxygen evolution electrode can be used in an electrolytic water oxygen evolution reaction in an alkaline medium. An electrode system takes a nickel-iron hydrotalcite structure as a catalytic activity center and takes nickel foam as an electrode material; in the alkaline medium, the nickel-iron hydrotalcite based electro-catalytic oxygen evolution electrode can efficiently electrolyze water to prepare oxygen, the overall overcurrent polishing of electrolytic water is reduced greatly, and good stability is showed; according to the preparation technology of the nickel-iron hydrotalcite based electro-catalytic oxygen evolution electrode, a nickel-iron hydrotalcite composite structure is grownon the nickel foam base through an in-situ electrodeposition method; and the resources of required raw materials are wide, the price is low, the technology is mature and stable, operation is easy, convenient and fast, controllability is high, the process does not produce poison, and the nickel-iron hydrotalcite based electro-catalytic oxygen evolution electrode is suitable for mass production andthe industrial electrolytic water reaction.

A writing pattern to be a correcting object is divided by a rough mesh for a Foggy effect correction and a fine mesh for a proximity effect correction, a rate of an area occupied by the pattern to be written for each of the meshes is obtained, a stored energy based on a Foggy effect and a proximity effect in execution of exposure in a state in which a correction for a calculating object mesh is not carried out at all is calculated, an dose in the fine mesh for a proximity effect correction is obtained by a first calculation in such a manner that an influence of the Foggy effect and the proximity effect is reduced and a pattern and a dimension which can disregard the influence of the Foggy effect and the proximity effect are coincident with each other by the stored energy which is calculated, are calculation is carried out in such a manner that the pattern and the dimension which can disregard the influence of the Foggy effect and the proximity effect are coincident with each other with the influence of the Foggy effect and the proximity effect fixed, and the recalculation is repeated until desirable precision in a dimension is reached.

The invention belongs to the technical field of catalytic and energy storage applications of high-entropy alloys, and particularly relates to a nanometer porous high-entropy alloy catalytic electrode,a preparing method thereof and applications of the electrode in bi-functional catalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen and oxygen. The electrode includes, by mole, 15-50% of Ni, 5-20% of a transition metal A, 15-50% of Mo, 5-25% of a transition metal B and 5-40% of Mn, wherein the transition metal A is Fe or Cu, and the transition metal B is one of Co, Ti or W. The alloy electrode has a porous structure, pore diameters range from 2 nm to 500 nm, and the specific surface area is 10-80 m<2>/g. The alloy electrode has advantages of 1) capability of being three-dimensional, porous, self-supporting and no need of any support or adhesive; 2) a large specific surface area and good electrical conductivity; 3) a simple material structure of the non-noble-metal porous high-entropy electrode, rich raw material sources, low prices and controllable preparation conditions; and 4) excellent catalytic performance.

The present invention provides system, method and apparatus for creating an electric glow discharge that includes a first and second electrically conductive screens having substantially equidistant a gap between them, one or more insulators attached to the electrically conductive screens, and a non-conductive granular material disposed within the gap. The electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrically conductive screen is connected to an electrical power source such that it is a cathode, the second electrically conductive screen is connected to the electrical power supply such that it is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) both electrically conductive screens are connected to the electrical power supply such they are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.

A method of producing aluminum in an electrolytic cell containing alumina dissolved in an electrolyte, the method comprising the steps of providing a molten salt electrolyte at a temperature of less than 900° C. having alumina dissolved therein in an electrolytic cell having a liner for containing the electrolyte, the liner having a bottom and walls extending upwardly from said bottom. A plurality of non-consumable Cu—Ni—Fe anodes and cathodes are disposed in a vertical direction in the electrolyte, the cathodes having a plate configuration and the anodes having a flat configuration to compliment the cathodes. The anodes contain apertures therethrough to permit flow of electrolyte through the apertures to provide alumina-enriched electrolyte between the anodes and the cathodes. Electrical current is passed through the anodes and through the electrolyte to the cathodes, depositing aluminum at the cathodes and producing gas at the anodes.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a three-dimensional layered structure Fe-doped Ni-MOF nano-array (Fe0.1-Ni-MOF/NF) which is grown in situ on foamed nickel and has high regular array. Nickel foam is used as a conductive substrate. The NiFe-LDH nano-array (NiFe-LDH/NF) firstly grows by a hydrothermal method, and then terephthalic acid is used as an organic ligand to convert a NiFe-LDH/NF precursor template to Fe0.1-Ni-MOF/NF by a solvothermal method, and the product is used as an electrocatalyst for water oxidation reaction. The electrocatalyst shows excellent catalytic activity(eta 100mA cm-2=263mV) in 1M KOH electrolyte, which is much better than undoped Ni-MOF/NF material (eta 100mA cm-2=298mV). The invention fully utilizes the doping introduction impurity level to regulate the electronic configuration and induce the synergy effect between metals, and the highly regularly arranged layered structure nano-array reduces the series resistance, exposes more active sites and promotes the diffusion of electrolytes and evolved gases. A novel energy-transduction material with high electrocatalytic activity, good cycle stability, durability and low cost is constructed.

A photoelectrode for producing hydrogen and oxygen by photoelectro-chemically decomposing water is characterized in that the photoelectrode is composed of a photocathode and a photoanode, wherein the photocathode and a photoanode are provide with quantum dots being assembled with assistance of a double-functional molecule. The invention achieves the establishment and the application of the photoelectrode for producing hydrogen and oxygen on the basis of semiconductors, quantum dots and catalysts. The photoelectrode is high in stability, is free of a sacrificial agent, is simple in operation, is good in repeatability, is strong in universality and is high in utilization rate on visible light. In addition, the catalyst is free of requirement of noble metals, is low in cost and is easy to obtain.

This invention pertains to improved formulations of platinum-molybdenum alloys for use as anode catalysts. These electrocatalysts find utility as a constituent of gas diffusion electrodes for use in fuel cells that operate at less than 180 DEG C. or in applications whereupon hydrogen is oxidized in the presence of carbon monoxide or other platinum inhibiting substances. The new formulations derive unexpected activity through creating highly dispersed alloy particles of up to approximately 300 ANGSTROM on carbon supports. The desired activity is achieved by carefully controlling the platinum to molybdenum ratio during preparation and judiciously selecting a proper loading of alloy on the carbon support.

A contact assembly for supporting a substrate in an electrochemical plating system, wherein that contact assembly includes a contact ring and a thrust plate assembly. The contact ring includes an annular ring member having an upper surface and a lower surface, an annular bump member positioned on the upper surface, and a plurality of flexible and conductive substrate contact fingers extending radially inward from the lower surface. The thrust plate includes an annular plate member sized to be received within the annular ring member, and a seal member extending radially outward from the plate member, the seal member being configured to engage the annular bump member for form a fluid seal therewith.

The primary object of the present invention is to provide an electrode with which an efficient electrode reaction will occur. The present invention relates to a porous electrode which is an electrode composed of a porous material having electron conductivity, wherein (1) the porous material comprises a three-dimensional skeleton, (2) a substance having one or more proton affinity groups is present on all or part of the three-dimensional skeleton surface, and (3) a catalyst for separating hydrogen into protons and electrons is further included, with the catalyst being supported on the substance.

This invention is to provide a membrane-electrode assembly, an electrolytic cell using the same, a method and an apparatus for producing ozone water, a method for disinfection and a method for wastewater or waste fluid treatment, by using which allow electrolysis reaction products or decomposition products to be produced at a high efficiency, channel pressure drop to be minimized, and the apparatus to be designed compact in size without sacrificing the production capacity.

This invention relates to a membrane-electrode assembly, comprising an anode having a plurality of through-holes of 0.1 mm or more in diameter; a cathode having a plurality of through-holes of 0.1 mm or more in diameter at the same sites as in the anode; and a solid polymer electrolyte membrane coated on one face or the entire face of at least one of the anode and the cathode with the through-holes being maintained, wherein the anode, the solid polymer electrolyte membrane and the cathode are tightly adhered.

A method of film deposition is disclosed, which eliminates the conventional problem that a coating film having a component concentration gradient in the thickness direction and thus having a boundary with a compositional gradient or a coating film in which two or more components coexist as a mixture thereof cannot be stably obtained by sputtering. In the method, two planar cathodes are closely arranged as a pair, and a voltage is applied thereto while alternately inverting the polarities thereof so that when a target A bonded to one of the cathodes is used as a negative electrode, then a target B bonded to the other cathode and differing to the target A in component is used as a positive electrode. The targets A and B are simultaneously bombarded with positive ions while passing a substrate in front of the targets so as to cross the cathodes. Thus, a coating film having a boundary with a compositional gradient in the thickness direction or a coating film having a two-layer structure composed of a layer of ingredient A and a layer of ingredient B is deposited by sputtering through one-direction conveyance.

The invention provides a preparation method of a self-support transition metal sulfide foamed electrode for water decomposition, and belongs to the field of electric catalysis water decomposition. The electrode is obtained by modifying the surface of foamed nickel, a single element, by an electric deposition method to synthesize a binary or multi-element alloy; and then, synthesized foamed transition metal is immersed in a thiourea solution for hydrothermal reaction to obtain the self-support double-function transition metal sulfide foamed electrode. The prepared sulfide electrode is synchronously applied to a cathode and an anode of electrolyzed water, and achieves excellent electro-catalysis hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution performance.

The invention provides a ternary MOF nanosheet array material as well as a preparation method and application thereof, in a high-temperature high-pressure reaction kettle, methanol is used as a reaction solvent, a nickel salt, an iron salt, a cobalt salt and organic ligand 2-methylimidazole are added according to a ratio for mixing evenly, and a high-pressure environment is generated by heating the reaction system to prepare the ternary MOF nanosheet array material. Compared with the prior art, the product obtained by the preparation method disclosed by the invention is high in purity, good indispersibility, good in reproducibility and low in production cost, and can be controlled, and a stable and uniform morphology structure is formed by controlling the dosage and concentration of the raw materials and the reaction temperature and time. The prepared ternary MOF nanosheet array material grows on foamed nickel and can be directly used as an electrode material, so that long cycling stability and large active surface area are achieved, and the ternary MOF nanosheet array material has a potential application value in the aspect of oxygen evolution reaction.

The invention discloses a method for preparing an efficient hydrolysis metal sulfide electrode material through a one-step method. The method includes the following steps that nickel foam obtained after ultrasonic treatment serves as a carrier and is soaked into a high pressure reactor containing metal sulfide and a precursor, a hydrothermal reaction is made at 140 DEG C-200 DEG C so that the metal sulfide can be loaded on the nickel foam, and reacting is carried out for 6 h. the method has the following beneficial effects that (1) the three-dimensional porous metal sulfide is directly synthesized without the help of a template, the hydrolysis hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution catalytic activity site density is high, the electronic transferring path is short, and the catalytic performance is good; (2) the metal sulfide of a nano-structure is directly connected with the electrical conductive nickel foam carrier, the contact and the electrical conductivity are good, the specific conductance and the electron transferring efficiency are better improved, and overpotential needed by energy barriers is reduced to a large extent; and (3) electrolyte can enter the interior of the porous electrode material easily, the electric current density is high, the crystal structure is stable, and the circulated stability and durability of the material are greatly improved.

The invention relates to an electrode for electrochemical reduction of CO2 and preparation of formic acid and a preparation method and an application thereof, and belongs to the field of a carbon dioxide resource technology. A traditional metal electrode has smooth surface and few catalytic active sites, which are not beneficial to rapid reaction. According to the invention, foamy copper with high specific surface is used as a substrate, and a layer of a low-melting-point metal catalyst is electroplated on the surface of the foamy copper so as to effectively raise reaction rate. The foamy copper can undergo surface electroplating in different formulations of electroplate liquids. The electroplated electrode still maintains a porous structure of foamy copper. The low-melting-point metal coating on the surface can efficiently electro-catalyze carbon dioxide to prepare formic acid. By the method, insufficiency of low surface catalytic active point of a traditional metal electrode can be improved. High Faradic efficiency of electrochemical reduction of CO2 and preparation of formic acid is guaranteed, and generation speed of formic acid also can be accelerated. The method is expected to be applied in the industrial process.

A process for the electrochemical production of peroxo-disulfuric acid and peroxo-disulfates is provided. In the process, an anode having a partially pre-polarized electrode which has been provided with a doped diamond layer is used.

The invention relates to a foam transition-metal solid (gas) phosphated self-support hydrogen evolution electrode and a preparation method thereof. By using solid red phosphorus powder as a phosphorus source, single/double-component foam metal or composite foam metal subjected to multielement surface modification performs phosphating reaction with red phosphorus or vapor thereof in an inert protective atmosphere to finally form the self-support three-dimensional porous transition-metal phosphide hydrogen evolution electrode. The hydrogen evolution electrode has the advantages of large specific area, high catalytic activity, stable chemical property and favorable adaptability, and has favorable hydrogen evolution activity in acidic, neutral and alkaline environments. The electrode preparation method has the advantages of simple technique, low cost, accessible raw materials, controllable production technique and high repeatability; and the obtained electrode has the advantages of multiple varieties and adjustable components.

The invention discloses a porous electrode material with three metal Cu-Co-Mo/foamed nickel and a preparation method and application of the porous electrode material. The method includes the steps that (1) greasy dirt and an oxide layer on the surface of foamed nickel are removed through an organic solution and acid; (2) a copper-cobalt-molybdenum salt compound precursor and the foamed nickel areput in an autoclave for sealed reaction, then washing and drying are performed, and foamed nickel of which the surface is grown with a hydro-thermal synthetic product; and (3) the foamed nickel obtained in the step (2) is subjected to high-temperature calcination under the H2 atmosphere, then natural cooling is performed, and a porous electrolysed water catalyst with the three metal Cu-Co-Mo/foamed nickel. The binding force between the three metal alloy and the substrate nickel in the composite material is high, the properties are stable under the alkaline conditions, the electrochemical active area is large, and the catalytic activity of the material is greatly improved; and through the preparation method, combination of the three metals with the foamed nickel substrate is achieved through a solvothermal method, the preparation is simple, the sintering temperature is low, the energy consumption during preparation is low, and the industrial production is facilitated.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a porous cobalt phosphide nanowire catalyst. The method comprises the following steps that a solution is prepared by taking urea as a precipitant, taking cobalt sulfate hepathydrate as a cobalt source and taking glycerin and deionized water as solvents; the solution is added into a high pressure reactor for a hydrothermal reaction, after sufficient reaction is achieved, suction filtration and washing are conducted, vacuum drying is conducted, and then linear basic cobalt carbonate is obtained; in a tubular furnace, air burning is conducted on the linear basic cobalt carbonate at certain temperature, and cobaltosic oxide is obtained; and sodium hypophosphite serves as a phosphorus source, a cobaltosic oxide precursor and sodium hypophosphite are placed at the two ends of the same porcelain boat according to a certain proportion, the phosphorus source is placed at the upper stream of airflow, the treated porcelain boat is put into the tubular furnace for lower temperature calcination in an inert atmosphere, and preparation of the porous cobalt phosphide nanowire catalyst is achieved. The preparation method of the porous cobalt phosphide nanowire catalyst has the advantages that the production technology is simple, the cost is low, electrochemical activity and stability of the catalyst can be effectively improved, and the method is wide in application.

A bipolar zero-gap electrolytic cell comprising an anode comprising an anode substrate constituted of a titanium expanded metal or titanium metal net of 25 to 70% opening ratio, which anode after coating the substrate with a catalyst has a surface of 5 to 50 μm unevenness difference maximum and has a thickness of 0.7 to 2.0 mm. In this electrolytic cell, the possibility of breakage of ion exchange membrane is low, and the anolyte and catholyte have a concentration distribution falling within given range. With this electrolytic cell, stable electrolysis can be performed for a prolonged period of time with less variation of cell internal pressure.

The invention provides a preparation method of a self-supporting ferronickel layered double hydroxide sulfide electrocatalyst. The preparation method comprises the steps of pretreating original foamednickel to obtain purified foamed nickel; dissolving nickel nitrate hexahydrate, iron nitrate nonahydrate and urea into deionized water according to a preset proportion to obtain a mixed solution, wherein the concentration of cations in the mixed solution is 40-45 mmol/L, and the concentration of urea in the mixed solution is 130-150 mmol/L; carrying out primary hydrothermal reaction on the mixedsolution to obtain NiFe LDH/NF; putting the NiFe LDH/NF into a thioacetamide solution, and carrying out a secondary hydrothermal reaction to obtain NiFe LDH-Sx/NF, wherein x is any number from 1 to 8.According to the preparation method of the self-supporting ferronickel layered double hydroxide sulfide electrocatalyst provided by the invention, the electrocatalyst shows excellent oxygen evolutionreaction catalytic activity under an alkaline condition, a ferronickel double hydroxide nanosheet structure directly growing on foamed nickel is beneficial to electron transfer, the catalytic surfacearea is increased, and the catalytic active sites are improved, so that diffusion of oxygen evolution reaction is facilitated.

The invention relates to a nickel foam-loaded silver-doped nickel-based bimetallic hydroxide electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution catalyst and a preparation method thereof. The catalyst takes foam nickel as a carrier, nickel-based bimetallic hydroxide of a laminated structure is uniformly arranged and grows on the surface of foam nickel, and nano-silver particles are uniformly attached to the surface of the nickel-based bimetallic hydroxide. The nickel foam-loaded silver-doped nickel-based bimetallic hydroxide electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution catalyst takes three-dimensional porous foam nickel of a net structure as a carrier, the nickel-based bimetallic is combined with the carrier firmly, distribution is uniform, the catalyst has the good catalytic hydrogen evolution effect under the alkaline condition, and the stable catalytic activity can be kept in a long time.