Acoustic string instrument and method for making an acoustic string instrument

Abstract

A stringed instrument (10) with a stringed instrument body (14) and at least one string held on the stringed instrument body (14), wherein the stringed instrument body (14) consists at least partially of parts (22, 26, 28, 30, 44) which are manufactured by machining using a CNC machine, characterized in that the stringed instrument (10) further comprises a neck (16), a pegbox (18) and a scroll (20), each of which is formed in two parts and is realized in total on two neck halves (46, 48) which are formed symmetrically to a mirror plane (34), wherein each neck half (46, 48) is manufactured in one piece from a solid material by machining by CNC milling.

Description

The present invention relates to an acoustic stringed instrument comprising a stringed instrument body and at least one string held on the stringed instrument body. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an acoustic stringed instrument with a stringed instrument body and at least one string held on the stringed instrument body. Acoustic string instruments of the type described above are known as musical instruments in numerous forms, for example, violins, violas, cellos, double basses, and viols. They all have in common that they comprise at least one string for vibration excitation and sound production. The body of the instrument, which defines an essentially hollow interior and can thus act as a resonator, serves to amplify the sound produced by the at least one string. The production of a stringed instrument is very complex and is usually carried out by specialists using traditional handcraft. This is how the profession of violin maker has been established and preserved in Germany over many centuries. The violin maker uses high-quality woods and invests many hours in crafting stringed instruments, especially violins. US 5 990 410 A reveals an electric musical instrument in the form of an electric violin. US patent 2010 / 0101396 A1 discloses a semi-hollow body for stringed instruments, which includes several pairs of resonance-enhancing baffles. EP 1 619 658 A1 discloses a hollow-body musical instrument, in particular a guitar or bass guitar, comprising a body with two opposing, planar extending top walls. US patent 6 233 825 B1 reveals a hollow, lightweight, metallic stringed instrument body manufactured using CNC milling. US Patent 7 525 030 B2 discloses a method for assembling a musical instrument such as an acoustic guitar. US 2011 / 0137442 A1 discloses a method in which digital X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans of existing stringed instruments are first obtained. DE 203 10 745 U1 discloses a wax hardening process for thermally modified wood. DE 44 37 676 A1 discloses a bridge and soundpost system for improving the sound of stringed instruments. One problem in the manufacture of stringed instruments is that consistent quality is extremely difficult to achieve. This demands the utmost precision, extensive experience, and craftsmanship, especially from violin and viola da gamba makers. Consequently, high-quality stringed instruments are very expensive. It is therefore an object of the present invention to produce stringed instruments with the best sound characteristics in a reproducible manner. This problem is solved according to the invention in a stringed instrument of the type described above by the fact that the body of the stringed instrument consists at least partially of parts that are manufactured by machining using a CNC machine. It is proposed that the stringed instrument further comprises a neck, a pegbox and a scroll, each of which is formed in two parts and is realized on two neck halves that are mirror-symmetrical to a mirror plane 34, with each neck half being manufactured in one piece from a solid material, for example thermally modified wood, by machining by CNC milling. CNC machines are machine tools that, through the use of modern control technology, are capable of automatically producing workpieces with high precision, even for complex shapes. They surpass mechanically controlled machines in both precision and speed. The abbreviation CNC stands for "computerized numerical control." Using a CNC machine to machine at least some of the parts required to manufacture a stringed instrument body, especially those parts crucial for sound quality, allows for their production with the highest precision and consistent quality. This enables the reproducible production of stringed instruments with consistently excellent sound characteristics. By using a CNC machine, production time can be significantly reduced, and consequently, the costs of manufacturing the stringed instrument can be considerably lowered. It is advantageous if all parts of the stringed instrument's body are manufactured using a CNC machine. This allows for the reproducible production of a stringed instrument with excellent sound characteristics, especially by individuals without specialized training in stringed instrument making. In particular, the parts for assembly can be manufactured with precision using CNC machining, for example, through milling, drilling, grinding, or other machining processes, so that they can be cleanly joined and connected without any further processing, such as the use of adhesives and / or fasteners like screws or dowels. To create a stringed instrument body with good acoustic resonance properties, it is advantageous for it to comprise a back, at least one rib, and a top, and for the at least one rib to be connected to the back on one side and to the top on the other. Such a stringed instrument body forms a basic structure that can be ideally used as a soundboard or resonating chamber. The top, back, and ribs surround a hollow interior space within the instrument body. To simplify the manufacture of stringed instruments, it is advantageous if the back and / or at least one rib and / or the top are each formed from a single piece. In stringed instrument manufacturing, it is common practice to shape the ribs by bending them from several strips using heat treatment. A one-piece rib is not feasible with known stringed instrument manufacturing methods. However, machining with a CNC machine now makes it possible to produce a rib from a solid block of material using a single machining process, for example, by milling it from a block of wood. The one-piece construction of these parts has the particular advantage that only a few components need to be assembled and joined together to complete the stringed instrument.Furthermore, this approach has the advantage that all one-piece parts can not only be manufactured without stress, but can also be joined together without stress, making the stringed instrument essentially insensitive to temperature fluctuations. It is advantageous if the back and / or at least one rib and / or the top are made from a single piece of material using a CNC machine. This allows the aforementioned parts to be manufactured without stress, and depending on the material used, lasting dimensional stability can be achieved. This has the particular advantage that stringed instruments manufactured in this way will hardly go out of tune, if at all, when their environmental conditions change. To simplify the assembly of the back, sides, and top, it is advantageous if the back and / or top have CNC-machined grooves to accommodate at least one side. Grooves produced in this way allow for the precise assembly of the parts to form the body of the stringed instrument. The manufacturing time for a stringed instrument can be reduced even further if it has a single, self-contained rib formed from a single piece of wood. The rib is, in particular, the part that connects the back and top. Ribs are especially useful for creating the soundboard of all types of stringed instruments. According to a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the body of the stringed instrument can include a soundpost, and the back and / or top can have a soundpost recess for receiving a free end of the soundpost. The soundpost, which can also be manufactured with high precision using CNC machining, can always be inserted into the body of the stringed instrument in a defined manner by providing the soundpost recess on the back and / or top. The soundpost, which in stringed instruments in particular forms the soul or voice of the instrument, and its precise placement significantly influence and regulate the sound of a stringed instrument. Due to the proposed design, a precisely manufactured soundpost can thus be arranged with high precision in the body of the stringed instrument, so that overall reproducible instruments with consistently high sound quality can be produced. It is advantageous if the reed block recess is shaped like a depression or a protrusion. This effectively creates a marker for positioning the reed block. In particular, a reed block recess in the form of a depression allows for simple and precise positioning of the reed block. In order to specify the position of the soundpost with high precision, it is advantageous if the soundpost mount is manufactured by CNC machining, for example by milling or drilling. It is advantageous for a stringed instrument to have a bass bar that is formed as a single piece with the top or back. Traditionally, the bass bar on stringed instruments is a spruce strip running with the grain and glued to the inside of the top under slight tension. This increases both the anisotropy and stiffness of the top. It usually runs asymmetrically along the top. Forming the bass bar as a single piece with the top or back allows for highly precise reproduction of its position on many instruments and optimizes the necessary stiffness properties of the top and / or back. Furthermore, this single-piece construction reduces the assembly effort for the stringed instrument, as the usual gluing of the bass bar to the top or back is unnecessary. Ideally, a stringed instrument should include a neck, a fingerboard, a pegbox, at least one peg attached to the pegbox, and a scroll, all of which are at least partially formed in one piece. These components allow for the construction of all types of stringed instruments. The stringed instrument can be manufactured with particular precision and reproducibility if the instrument body is at least partially made from milled parts. This makes it possible, in particular, to produce some or all of the instrument's parts with a single CNC machine. It is advantageous if all parts of the stringed instrument body are manufactured by milling. This minimizes manufacturing costs and simplifies assembly, as all parts of the stringed instrument can be produced with high precision. According to a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the stringed instrument can be made at least partially from thermally modified wood. This is particularly advantageous for an instrument of the type described above. Thermally modified wood, also known as thermally modified timber, is the end product of a thermal treatment, i.e., heating wood to at least 160°C in an oxygen-deficient environment. Chemically, thermally modified wood is the result of partial pyrolysis in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Temperatures of 170°C to 250°C are used for approximately 24 to 48 hours. This process alters the OH groups bonded between hemicellulose and lignin. Hemicellulose is partially degraded from about 140°C and recrystallizes in a different form.Heating the wood causes acetyl groups to be cleaved from the hemicelluloses, forming acetic acid. The acetic acid acts as a catalyst in the degradation of the hemicelluloses, leading to a decrease in their degree of polymerization. Alpha-cellulose begins to degrade at around 150°C. Lignin condensation increases the relative lignin content in the wood, effectively "caramelizing" it. Volatile substances such as resins and degradation products of hemicellulose and lignin, like furfural and 5-methylfurfural, are released. Thermal modification of wood should be distinguished from other wood modification processes such as steaming or smoking. Various methods for producing thermally modified wood exist and are constantly being improved. In large-scale industrial applications, the Stellac process, based on steam and heat, is the leading method. In the oil-heat process, pure vegetable oil serves as the heat transfer medium, and the wood is heated in it at temperatures up to 220°C.In vacuum-press drying, heating plates transfer heat to the wood. The steam-heat process and the Finnish Stellac process are the most widely used. In the Stellac process, the wood is gently modified during a lengthy, five-stage process, preventing cracking caused by strong, rapid temperature fluctuations. The wood goes through the following phases: 1. Initial heating phase (to 100°C); 2. Pre-conditioning and drying phase, i.e., the controlled reduction of the wood moisture content to 0%; 3. High-temperature phase, i.e., heating to up to 230°C, depending on the wood species and finishing grade; 4. Conditioning phase, i.e., restoring the optimal moisture level; 5. Cooling phase. The Stellac process can be fully automated, ensuring consistent quality. In principle, all wood species are suitable for thermal modification. It is advantageous if the back and / or top and / or soundpost and / or bass bar and / or ribs and / or neck and / or fingerboard and / or pegbox and / or pegs and / or scroll are made of thermally modified wood. As already explained, the use of thermally modified wood prevents cracking of the instrument's components caused by strong, rapid temperature fluctuations. Compared to conventionally manufactured stringed instruments, this results in a more stable and virtually indestructible instrument. Furthermore, it reduces the otherwise common tendency to go out of tune due to changes in environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. It is particularly advantageous if the string instrument is in the form of a violin, viola, cello, double bass, or viola da gamba. In other words, all types of string instruments can be manufactured simply and cost-effectively with high precision and lasting sound quality in the manner described above. Furthermore, this allows string orchestras, in particular, to be equipped cost-effectively with durable and very robust instruments. The problem set out at the outset is further solved according to the invention in a method of the type described at the outset by the fact that the body of the stringed instrument is at least partially composed of parts which are manufactured by machining using a CNC machine, wherein the stringed instrument further comprises a neck, a pegbox and a scroll, each of which is formed in two parts and is realized in total on two neck halves which are mirror-symmetrical to a mirror plane 34, wherein each neck half is manufactured in one piece from a solid material, for example from thermally modified wood, by machining by CNC milling. A process developed in this way enables the high-precision manufacturing of individual parts of the stringed instrument body and thus also simplifies its assembly. Post-processing, which is always necessary in the manual production of individual parts of the stringed instrument body, can therefore be avoided. Stringed instruments can be manufactured particularly quickly and cost-effectively if all parts of the instrument body are produced by machining using a CNC machine. The assembly of the stringed instrument body can be simplified if the instrument body comprises a back, at least one rib, and a top, if the at least one rib is connected to the back on one side and to the top on the other, and if the back and / or the at least one rib and / or the top are each formed in one piece. In particular, if all three of the aforementioned parts are formed in one piece, only three parts need to be joined together to assemble the stringed instrument body, for example, by gluing and / or using additional fasteners. It is advantageous if the back and / or at least one rib and / or the top are manufactured from a single piece of material using a CNC machine. Manufacturing the parts of the stringed instrument from a single piece of material largely eliminates stresses that can arise from changes in environmental conditions, particularly temperature and humidity. This results in a particularly stable and robust instrument that also has a low tendency to go out of tune. To further simplify the assembly of the stringed instrument body, it is advantageous to create grooves on the bottom and / or top by CNC machining to accommodate at least one rib. It is advantageous if the frame is self-contained and made from a single piece. In particular, it can be milled from a solid material. It then practically does not deform due to changing environmental conditions and can thus be easily and precisely connected to the floor and ceiling. It is further advantageous if the body of the stringed instrument includes a soundpost and if a soundpost recess is formed on the back and / or the top to receive a free end of the soundpost. In particular, the soundpost recess can be produced by machining with a CNC machine, especially in the form of a recess or a projection. Furthermore, it is advantageous if the stringed instrument includes a bass bar that is formed as a single piece with the top or back. This simplifies assembly, as the bass bar does not need to be glued to the top or back in the usual way, but is already connected to it. Moreover, this allows for a reproducible and highly precise positioning of the bass bar on the top or back. Furthermore, it is advantageous if the stringed instrument comprises a neck, a fingerboard, a pegbox, pegs attached to the pegbox, and a scroll, all of which are at least partially formed in one piece. By forming the parts at least partially in one piece—preferably, all parts can be formed in one piece—the number of parts required to construct the stringed instrument can be minimized, thus simplifying its assembly. A stringed instrument body can be manufactured with particular precision if it is at least partially produced by milling. According to an advantageous embodiment of the method, the stringed instrument can be made at least partially from thermally modified wood. In particular, manufacturing the stringed instrument at least partially from thermally modified wood is also advantageous in a method of the type described above, even if the parts of the stringed instrument are not manufactured by machining with a CNC machine. The use of thermally modified wood for the construction of at least parts of the stringed instrument has the advantages already described above. In particular, it allows for the production of a robust, weather-resistant, and rot-resistant instrument that is not prone to cracking due to strong, rapid temperature fluctuations. It is advantageous if the back and / or the top and / or the soundpost and / or the bass bar and / or the ribs and / or the neck and / or the fingerboard and / or the pegbox and / or the pegs and / or the scroll are made of thermally modified wood. If all of these parts are made of thermally modified wood, a stringed instrument can be created that is virtually indestructible and essentially impervious to weather conditions. Temperature fluctuations, in particular, are detrimental to conventionally manufactured acoustic stringed instruments, as they generally lead to cracking and thus damage to the instrument. The following description of preferred embodiments of the invention, in conjunction with the drawings, serves for further explanation. The drawings show: Fig. 1: a schematic, partially exploded view of a violin body with fingerboard, pegbox, and scroll; Fig. 2: a side exploded view of the violin body; Fig. 3: a top view of the top of the violin body from below; Fig. 4: a sectional view along line 4-4 in Fig. 3; Fig. 5: a sectional view along line 5-5 in Fig. 3; Fig. 6: a sectional view along line 6-6 in Fig. 3; Fig. 7: a sectional view along line 7-7 in Fig. 3; Fig. 8: a sectional view along line 8-8 in Fig. 3; Fig. 9: a sectional view along line 9-9 in Fig. 3. Fig. 10: a top view of the bottom of the violin body from the inside; Fig. 11: a sectional view along line 11-11 in Fig. 10; Fig. 12: a sectional view along line 12-12 in Fig. 10; Fig. 13: a sectional view along line 13-13 in Fig.10; Fig. 14: a sectional view along line 14-14 in Fig. 10; Fig. 15: a sectional view along line 15-15 in Fig. 10; Fig. 16: a sectional view along line 16-16 in Fig. 10; Fig. 17: a top view of the rib of the violin body; Fig. 18: a sectional view along line 18-18 in Fig. 17; and Fig. 19: an exploded view of the bridge, which consists of two parts, with pegbox and scroll. Figure 1 schematically depicts an acoustic stringed instrument, designated as a whole by the reference numeral 10. It is a stringed instrument 10 in the form of a violin 12, comprising a body 14, a neck 16, a pegbox 18, and a scroll 20. For the sake of clarity, the fingerboard, tailpiece, fine tuner, pegs, and strings of the violin 12 are not shown in Figure 1. The construction of the violin 12 essentially corresponds to that of all other types of stringed instruments, so a more detailed description of its construction has been omitted. The body of the stringed instrument 14 comprises a top 22 with two f-holes 24, which pierce the top 22 in the conventional manner, a back 26, and a rib 28, which connects the top 22 and the back 26 and serves as a spacer between them. The body of the stringed instrument 14 forms a soundbox for the violin 12, defining a hollow interior bounded by the top 22, the back 26, and the rib 28. The two f-holes 24 serve to acoustically couple tones produced by vibrating strings (not shown in the figures) to the interior, which amplifies the tones produced by the strings. The top 22, the back 26, and the rib 28 are each formed in one piece and manufactured from a solid material, for example, thermally modified wood, using a CNC machine by milling.Formed in one piece with the top 22 is a bass bar 30, i.e. a rib-like projection on an inner side 32 of the top 22, which extends parallel to a mirror plane 34 of the stringed instrument body 14 in the longitudinal direction of the same. The top 22 is conventionally arched and has its greatest curvature in the area of ​​the f-holes 24, as shown in the sectional views of Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 to 9. A circumferential groove 36 is also milled into the inside 32 of the top 22, into which the frame 28 is inserted. The back 26 is shaped in a conventional manner corresponding to the top 22 and is also arched. The greatest arching of the back 26 is opposite the f-holes 24, as can be clearly seen in the sectional view in Fig. 14. A circumferential groove 38 is also provided on the back 26, into which the rib 28 can be inserted. In the area of ​​the f-hole 24 facing away from the bass bar 30, a soundpost recess 40 is formed on the top 22. This can optionally be in the form of a circular recess or a flat cylindrical projection. Opposite the soundpost recess 40, another soundpost recess 42 is formed on the back 26, preferably by machining using CNC milling. The soundpost recess 42 can also optionally be in the form of a recess or a flat projection. The body of the stringed instrument 14 also includes a soundpost 44 in the form of a cylindrical rod, which engages with the soundpost receptacles 40 and 42 and holds the top 22 and back 26 at a defined distance from each other and optionally under some preload. The neck 16, the pegbox 18, and the scroll are each formed in two parts and are collectively realized on two neck halves 46 and 48, which are mirror-symmetrical about the plane 34. Each neck half 46 and 48 is manufactured in one piece from a solid material, for example, thermally modified wood, by CNC milling. The two neck halves 46 and 48 are glued together, and a neck joint 50 of the neck 16 is attached to the rib 28 in a known manner, with the end 52 of the neck 16, which faces the body 14 of the stringed instrument, slightly overlapping the top 22. All parts mentioned and shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 to 19 are preferably made of thermally modified wood by CNC milling. Furthermore, the fingerboard, not shown in the figures, can also be made of the same material in the same way and mounted on the neck 16 in the conventional manner. Similarly, the tuning pegs, not shown in the figures, can each be machined in one piece by CNC milling. The milled parts of the stringed instrument 10 are glued together in the usual way, for example using wood glue or another suitable adhesive. The described method for manufacturing the stringed instrument 10 enables its production within just 48 hours. The use of thermally modified wood makes the stringed instrument insensitive to changes in environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. For example, a violin 12 made in this way will not go out of tune if it is taken from a warm, dry room to the outdoors in winter, exposed to snowfall, and then brought back into a warm room. The cracking that is common in conventionally manufactured instruments can be avoided in the described stringed instrument.

Claims

A stringed instrument (10) with a stringed instrument body (14) and at least one string held on the stringed instrument body (14), wherein the stringed instrument body (14) consists at least partially of parts (22, 26, 28, 30, 44) which are manufactured by machining using a CNC machine, characterized in that the stringed instrument (10) further comprises a neck (16), a pegbox (18) and a scroll (20), each of which is formed in two parts and is realized in total on two neck halves (46, 48) which are formed symmetrically to a mirror plane (34), wherein each neck half (46, 48) is manufactured in one piece from a solid material by machining by CNC milling. Stringed instrument according to claim 1, characterized in that all parts (22, 26, 28, 30, 44) of the stringed instrument body (14) are manufactured by machining using a CNC machine. Stringed instrument according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the stringed instrument body (14) comprises a back (26), at least one rib (28) and a top (22) and that the at least one rib (28) is connected on one side to the back (26) and on the other side to the top (22). Stringed instrument according to claim 3, characterized in that the bottom (26) and / or the at least one rib (28) and / or the top (22) are each formed in one piece. Stringed instrument according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the bottom (26) and / or the at least one rib (28) and / or the top (22) are made from a solid material by machining using a CNC machine. Stringed instrument according to one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the bottom (26) and / or the top (22) have grooves (36, 38) produced by CNC machining for receiving the at least one rib (28). Stringed instrument according to one of claims 3 to 6, characterized by a single, self-contained, one-piece frame (28). A stringed instrument according to one of claims 3 to 7, characterized in that the stringed instrument body (14) comprises a soundpost (44), and that the back (26) and / or the top (22) have a soundpost receptacle (40, 42) for receiving a free end of the soundpost (44). Stringed instrument according to claim 8, characterized in that the soundpost receptacle (40, 42) is designed in the form of a recess or a projection. Stringed instrument according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the soundpost receiver (40, 42) is manufactured by CNC machining. Stringed instrument according to one of claims 3 to 10, characterized by a bass bar (30) which is formed in one piece with the top (22) or the back (26). Stringed instrument according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the stringed instrument body (14) is at least partially made of milled parts (22, 26, 28, 30, 44). Stringed instrument according to claim 12, characterized in that all parts (22, 26, 28, 30, 44) of the stringed instrument body (14) are manufactured by milling. Stringed instrument according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the stringed instrument (10) is made at least partially from thermally modified wood. Stringed instrument according to claim 14, characterized in that the back (26) and / or top (22) and / or soundpost (44) and / or bass bar and / or rib (28) and / or neck (16) and / or fingerboard and / or pegbox (18) and / or pegs and / or scroll (20) are made of thermally modified wood. Stringed instrument according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the stringed instrument (10) is designed in the form of a violin (12), a viola, a cello, a double bass or a viola da gamba. Method for manufacturing a stringed instrument (10) with a stringed instrument body (14) and at least one string held on the stringed instrument body (14), characterized in that the stringed instrument body (14) is at least partially composed of parts (22, 26, 28, 30, 44) which are manufactured by machining using a CNC machine, wherein the stringed instrument (10) further comprises a neck (16), a pegbox (18) and a scroll (20), each of which is formed in two parts and is realized in total on two neck halves (46, 48) which are formed symmetrically to a mirror plane (34), wherein each neck half (46, 48) is manufactured in one piece from a solid material, for example from thermally modified wood, by machining by CNC milling. Method according to claim 17, characterized in that all parts (22, 26, 28, 30, 44) of the stringed instrument body (14) are manufactured by machining using a CNC machine. Method according to claim 17 or 18, characterized in that the stringed instrument body (14) comprises a back (26), at least one rib (28) and a top (22), that the at least one rib (28) is connected on one side to the back (26) and on the other side to the top (22), and that the back (26) and / or the at least one rib (28) and / or the top (22) are each formed in one piece. Method according to claim 19, characterized in that the floor (26) and / or the at least one frame (28) and / or the ceiling (22) are made from a solid material by machining using a CNC machine. Method according to claim 19 or 20, characterized in that grooves (36, 38) are formed on the floor (26) and / or the ceiling (22) by CNC machining to receive the at least one frame (28). Method according to one of claims 19 to 21, characterized in that the frame (28) is enclosed in itself and made from a single piece. Method according to one of claims 19 to 22, characterized in that the string instrument body (14) comprises a soundpost (44) and that a soundpost receptacle (40, 42) is formed on the bottom (26) and / or the top (22) for receiving a free end of the soundpost (44). Method according to one of claims 19 to 23, characterized in that the stringed instrument (14) 10 comprises a bass bar (30) which is formed in one piece with the top (22) or the back (26). Method according to one of claims 17 to 24, characterized in that the stringed instrument body (14) is produced at least partially by milling. Method according to one of claims 17 to 25, characterized in that the stringed instrument (10) is made at least partially from thermally modified wood. Method according to claim 26, characterized in that the back (26) and / or top (22) and / or soundpost (44) and / or bass bar (30) and / or rib (28) and / or neck (16) and / or fingerboard and / or pegbox (18) and / or pegs and / or scroll (20) are made of thermally modified wood.

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