Methods for operating an energy system

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for operating an energy system (S) comprising the following participants: - at least one vehicle (Veh), in particular at least one fuel-powered vehicle equipped with a fuel cell system (FCS) with at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3), - a local energy network (GrLoc), - an external energy network (GrExt), and / or - a fleet management system (FM).

Description

The invention relates to a method for operating an energy system which comprises a plurality of subscribers, including at least one vehicle, in particular at least one fuel-driven vehicle. The invention further relates to a corresponding computer program product for carrying out a corresponding method. The invention furthermore relates to a corresponding control unit for carrying out a corresponding method. Furthermore, the invention relates to a corresponding vehicle having a corresponding control unit.Prior ArtIn vehicles (fuel cell vehicle or FCV for short), in which the energy for the drive is also supplied, inter alia, by one or more fuel cell systems (fuel cell system or FCS for short), the oxidizing agent oxygen from the ambient air is generally used to react with hydrogen to water or water vapor in the fuel cell and thus to supply an electrical power by electrochemical conversion.Fuel cell systems have recently been increasingly being developed with the focus on CV applications, in particular long-mouth trucks (40Ton). In this case, because of the high power requirements, multi-stack systems are also used in particular.In these vehicles, high-voltage batteries-for recuperation, boost and / or phlegmatization of the fuel cell systems-with significant energy content and power performance-are also used.In such vehicles, an operating strategy is essential which takes into account multi-critical goals at the vehicle level; in addition to H2 consumption, in particular aging and operating time are also essential in CV applications.Operating strategies are known which optimize the consumption, the aging or the operating duration within a vehicle.Disclosure of the InventionThe present invention provides a method for operating an energy system which comprises a plurality of subscribers, including at least one vehicle, in particular at least one fuel-driven vehicle having the features of the independent method claim. Furthermore, the invention provides a corresponding computer program, a corresponding control unit and a corresponding fuel cell system having the features of the subordinate claims. Features and details which are described in connection with the different embodiments and / or aspects of the invention naturally also apply in connection with the other embodiments and / or aspects and vice versa, so that with regard to the disclosure reference is or can always be made to the individual embodiments and / or aspects mutually.According to the first aspect, the present invention provides: a method for operating a power system, which comprises the following subscribers:at least one vehicle, in particular at least one fuel-driven vehicle, which is designed with a fuel cell system having at least one or more fuel cell stacks,(at least) one local energy network,an external power network, and / orfleet management,wherein the method comprises the following action / method steps: (1) determining whether the at least one vehicle is to be connected to the local energy network, wherein the determining currently and / or predictively takes into account whether: i. there is a need for electrical power and / or is to be present which is to be relayed by the at least one vehicle into the local energy network and / or its electrical loads and / or energy stores, ii. there is a need for electrical power and / or is to be relayed by the at least one vehicle via the local energy network to energy networks and / or vehicles connected thereto, and / or iii. there is a need for electrical power and / or is to be present which is to be accommodated by the local energy network in the at least one vehicle, in order in particular to charge at least one energy store in the at least one vehicle, preferably, if a fuel tank is almost empty and / or if the electrical energy is currently more favorable outside the vehicle than inside the vehicle, for example, in order to supply significant consumers to the at least one vehicle during the standstill phase, e.g., cooling units for cooling the cargo.The steps of the method according to the invention can be carried out in the predetermined or in a modified sequence. The steps of the method according to the invention can be carried out simultaneously, at least partially simultaneously and / or successively.The fuel cell system in the sense of the invention can have a plurality of stacks, each with a plurality of stacked fuel cells and the associated functional systems, comprising: media systems (air or cathode system, fuel or anode system, cooling system) and an electrical system. Preferably, the fuel cell system in the sense of the invention can comprise a plurality of modules in the form of individual stacks with a plurality of stacked fuel cells.It is proposed that fuel cell systems, in particular multi-stack fuel cell systems, are used for long-distance trucks or, in other words, long-mouth trucks (long-mouth trucks). In this case, in particular, conditions can use such fuel-driven vehicles. The conditions may provide a gas station network.In order to realize the gas station network, such conditions can be deposited in a number of offices incl. The stations may have their own gas stations / factory stations / depots / logistics centers. The journeys can take place from depot to depot.Longer standstill times of the vehicles will usually result in a depot.The method thus makes it possible to achieve numerous advantageous objectives in this field:• Minimization of total cost (TCO, energy, time, availability, operating time, etc.),• Ensuring SOC energy storage / SOC batteries (at standstill),• Ensuring supply of electrical loads in the vehicle (at standstill),• maximizing vehicle availability,• Optimization and adaptation of an overall operating strategy,both for• the entire fleet of vehicles (fleet operation of a plurality of vehicles (mostly with multi-stack systems)), the individual vehicles,• as well as for the local energy network (the lease or operating heap), the fleet management and / or the external energy network.With the aid of the method, advantageous, improved electrical couplings between the following subscribers can be made possible:• Between (FCV) vehicles Veh (often with multi-stack systems) and a local energy network (so-called GrLoc) by means of electrical connections which make possible a transmission of electrical power with contact, e.g. by cable / line / wire, or contactless / wireless, e.g. inductively (briefly called "plug-in"). This allows sector coupling to be realized between the traffic and the network operation;• Between a local energy network (GrLoc) and an external energy network (GrExt);• Between Energy Management for Tuning Between a Local Energy Network (GrLoc), and◯ connected vehicles (Veh),◯ the connected external power network (GrExt), and / or Fleet Management (FM).Substantial advantages result with regard to:• reduced ageing,• extended operating time,• Ensuring functionality,• Improved utilization of the generated energy,• Increase in reliability and vehicle availability,• Thus also Minimization of Costs, TCO,• Optimization and adaptation of operating strategy, etc.Advantageously, it can be considered currently and / or predictively when ascertaining whether:Parking spaces with an electrical connection are available on the local energy network, iv,v. the at least one vehicle is close to the local energy grid, and / orThe at least one vehicle is to be put into action, in particular before connecting to the local energy network.Furthermore, it can be provided that, depending on the ascertainment of whether the at least one vehicle is to be connected to the local energy network, at least one of the following actions is carried out currently and / or predictively:(2) stopping, parking, refueling the vehicle of the vehicle, and / or(4) connecting the vehicle to the local power network.The refueling planning can be carried out, for example, in coordination with fleet management, the vehicle, the local energy network and, if appropriate, an external energy network. Refueling may preferably be triggered when long downtime is expected, in which one or more stacks are repeatedly started in the downtime. The refueling can preferably also be triggered when the hydrogen content of the tanks is below a threshold, which can be determined, for example, depending on the expected temperatures, e.g., higher in the winter half year, in order to have sufficient H2in the tank for preventing freezing start.Furthermore, it can be provided that, depending on the ascertainment of whether the at least one vehicle is to be connected to the local energy network, at least one following action is carried out currently and / or predictively:(3) determining whether at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system should be switched off, for example before or after the connection of the at least one vehicle to the local energy network.In this way, the advantage can be achieved that the electrical power can be generated and used in an optimum or at least optimized manner, provided that unnecessary switching-off and switching-on processes in the fuel cell system are avoided.Advantageously, it is possible to take into account, at present and / or predictively, when determining whether at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system should be switched off; whether: i. the fuel cell system should deliver electrical power to the local energy grid and / or to energy grids and / or vehicles connected thereto, ii. a state of charge of an energy store of the at least one vehicle should be increased by means of the fuel cell system, iii. electrical loads should be supplied with electrical energy from the fuel cell system during the vehicle standstill, in particular if a state of charge of an energy store is not sufficient for this purpose, iv. electrical power from the at least one vehicle should be passed on into the local energy grid and / or its electrical loads and / or energy stores, v. the at least one vehicle should deliver electrical power via the local energy grid to energy grids and / or vehicles connected thereto, vi. a request for restarting the at least one vehicle is present, in particular for a next travel route, and / or vii. the fuel cell system is to first carry out special functions, diagnoses and / or recovery functions,In the latter case, the shutdown can take place after these functions have been carried out if no power request comes from the local energy network in this time.In this way, a determination may be made as to when it is worthwhile and / or beneficial to shut down at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system.Advantageously, when it is decided that at least one fuel cell stack of the fuel cell system is to be turned off when determining whether at least one fuel cell stack of the fuel cell system is to be turned off, the at least one fuel cell stack can be placed in a state without power output. In this way, a fast start can be initiated, for example when the planning is uncertain or when a decision for the continued travel could not yet be made, for example when diagnoses or recovery functions or fault analyses are to be carried out in the state without power output, because the subsystems of the fuel cell stack are ready. This decision can preferably be made after the vehicle has been shut down in a postdrive mode or already before / during the vehicle being shut down, if, for example, only energy stores of the vehicle, such as batteries, are still used for shutting down. It is also possible to shut off part of the stacks and to keep part of the stacks still active.The method may further include:(5) monitoring a battery state and / or a fuel tank state and / or a power transfer between the local energy grid and the at least one vehicle, in particular a power transfer from the local energy grid to the at least one vehicle.This may be advantageous, for example, if the battery SOC and / or fuel tank state falls too low in the event of relatively long standstill times of the at least one vehicle, etc.Advantageously, it is possible to take account of during monitoring whether: i. a state of charge of an energy store of the at least one vehicle violates, in particular falls below, for example a threshold value. SOC< SOCmin(standstill), preferably in the case of relatively long standstill times of the at least one vehicle, in order in particular to prevent the state of charge not being sufficient at the start of the at least one vehicle to start the fuel cell system, ii. the electrical energy is currently more favorable outside the vehicle than is internal to the vehicle, such that an energy store of the at least one vehicle can preferably be charged to a higher state of charge, wherein an anticipated route and / or a height profile of the at least one vehicle and / or a height position of local energy grid can preferably be taken into account, iii. a tank content of the at least one vehicle violates, in particular falls below, and / or a next tank location is significantly removed, such that an energy store of the at least one vehicle can preferably be charged to a higher state of charge, in order in particular to reliably reach the next tank location, iv. a fault case of a fuel tank or of a fuel cell system is present, such that an energy store of the at least one vehicle can preferably be charged up to a higher state of charge, v. whether electrical energy in the local energy grid and / or in the external energy grid is very demanding and / or comparatively expensive, such that an energy store of the at least one vehicle can preferably be discharged up to a specific state of charge, vi. electrical loads are to be supplied with electrical energy from the local energy grid when the vehicle is at standstill, for example if electrical current is available economically on the local energy grid, for example this can be the case in all vehicles which have to sufficiently cool the cargo and the power requirement of the cooling assemblies is significantly high, and / or vii. a trigger for starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system is present.The method may further include:(6) determining a trigger for starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system.In this way, a determination may be made as to when it is worthwhile and / or beneficial to activate and operate at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system.Advantageously, when ascertaining the trigger for starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system, it is possible to take into account, at present and / or predictively, whether: i. the fuel cell system is intended to deliver electrical power to the local energy grid and / or to energy grids and / or vehicles connected thereto, ii. a state of charge of an energy store of the at least one vehicle is intended to be increased by means of the fuel cell system, iii. electrical loads are intended to be supplied with electrical energy from the fuel cell system when the vehicle is at standstill, if in particular a state of charge of an energy store is insufficient for this purpose, iv. a power request comes such that electrical power is intended to be passed from the at least one vehicle into the local energy grid and / or the load and / or energy store thereof, v. a power request comes, the at least one vehicle is intended to deliver electrical power via the local energy network to energy networks and / or vehicles connected thereto, and / or vi. a request for restarting the at least one vehicle is present, in particular for a next travel route.Furthermore, it can be provided that a start of at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system can be triggered by means of a wake-up function, preferably for a control unit of the fuel cell system.Furthermore, depending on the ascertainment for starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system, at least one of the following actions can be carried out:(7) charging / discharging an energy store of the at least one vehicle, optionally with the aid of or independently of the fuel cell system, for example when an exchange with the local energy network takes place,(8) starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system and preferably associated operating systems, wherein in particular a number of fuel cell stacks which is started is determined as a function of the level of a current power demand, preferably predictively, in particular taking into account efficiencies, consumption and / or costs,(9) operating at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system in order to deliver / deliver electrical power, in particular for:a supply of an operating system and / or a subsystem of the fuel cell system,charging an electrical load and / or an electrical energy store of the vehicle, and / ora supply of an electrical load and / or an electrical energy store of the local energy grid and / or of another connected grid and / or of another connected vehicle,wherein, in particular, during the operation (9) of at least one or more fuel cell stacks, monitoring of the fuel tank state, state of charge of a battery and / or fault cases of a fuel tank or of a fuel cell system is carried out.In this way, at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system can be operated if it is idle and / or favorable.Advantageously, the operation of at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system can be carried out until a trigger for a shutdown is present, in particular until: i. no longer there is a power request to the fuel cell system, ii. no longer there is a significant power request from electrical loads and / or energy stores in the vehicle, iii. a fuel tank state falls below a threshold, wherein in particular the threshold can be determined as a function of the distance to the next filling station and / or of the route planning, and / or iv. no timely restart request for the at least one vehicle is present.If the vehicle is to be started very promptly, it is expedient to avoid the start-stop process from the standpoint of stack degradation.The method may further include:(10) shutting down at least one or more fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell system and preferably associated operating systems.Preferably, after the shutdown, a transition can be made back to monitor a battery state and / or a fuel tank state and / or a power transfer between the local energy grid and the at least one vehicle.According to a second aspect, the invention provides a computer program product comprising instructions which, when the computer program product is executed by a computer, such as the arithmetic unit of the control unit, cause the computer to carry out the method which can be carried out as described above. With the aid of the computer program product, the same advantages can be achieved as described above in connection with the method according to the invention. These advantages are referred to in the present case in their entirety.A corresponding control unit provides a third aspect of the invention. A computer program in the form of a code can be stored in a memory unit of the control unit, which computer program, when the code is executed by a computing unit of the control unit, carries out a method which can be carried out as described above. With the aid of the control unit, the same advantages can be achieved as described above in connection with the method according to the invention. These advantages are referred to in the present case in their entirety.A corresponding vehicle with a corresponding control unit provides a further fourth aspect of the invention. With the aid of the vehicle, the same advantages can be achieved as described above in connection with the method according to the invention.The corresponding control unit can, however, also be implemented at least partially in the vehicle, in the local energy network and / or in the fleet management.A corresponding local energy network with a corresponding control unit can provide a further fifth aspect of the invention.Preferred Embodiments:The invention and its developments and its advantages are explained in more detail below with reference to drawings. They show in each case schematically: FIG. 1 shows a schematic structure of a vehicle, a fleet of vehicles, fleet management, a local and an external energy network, and FIG. 2 shows a schematic sequence of the proposed method.In the different figures, identical parts of the invention are always provided with the same reference numerals, for which reason they are generally described only once.FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of electrical couplings / connections (thick arrows) and signal / control connections (thin arrows) between:• Vehicles Veh (in particular with multi-stack systems) which can be connected to the local network by means of electrical (wired or wireless) contacts, so-called "plug-in",• a local energy network GrLoc,• an external one of a GrExt,• a fleet management FM and.The proposed method, which is explained with the aid of FIG. 2, uses these couplings, in particular the electrical connections (thick arrows) of the vehicles Veh to a local energy network GrLoc, in order to draw more benefit thereof.A local energy network GrLoc can preferably be realized by a location of conditions (operating offices / workshops / depots / logistics centers etc.). These sites have a local energy network GrEv with energy stores B, electrical consumers EV and / or energy converters EM.The vehicles Veh (for example predominantly commercial vehicles) can preferably be connected to the local energy network GrLoc by means of electrical connections (connectors, lines, network devices or wireless interfaces, such as inductive interfaces) and thus◯ both as energy source,◯ as well as acting as an energy sink.The local energy network GrLoc can be controlled and / or optimized by means of an energy management locEM.The energy management locEMS can cooperate with a fleet management FM, which can control and / or optimize a plurality of vehicles Veh, the vehicle state, the route planning, the order planning, the time management, the cost management, the refueling, etc.The vehicles Veh may include fuel cell systems FCS, which are embodied as multi-stack systems and which may include multiple stacks S 1, S 2, S 3. The stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 can be implemented with stack-specific operating systems BoP (balance of plant) and / or with inter-stack operating systems BoP.Which stacks are used / triggered (if only a selection thereof is required) and how the power split is effected can be decided by a so-called comprehensive management system MSM (abbreviation for multi-stack manager).The vehicles Veh can each have one or more energy stores B, for example in the form of batteries.The vehicles Veh may include a plurality of electric loads EV. These consumers EV (including e.g. cooling units for the cargo) can be supplied with electrical energy during driving by means of energy stores B and / or stacks S 1, S 2, S 3.In the standstill phases of the vehicle Veh with an electrical connection to a local energy network GrLoc, the stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 can also supply the local energy network GrLoc with electrical energy.The method serves for operating an energy system S, which comprises the following subscribers:at least one vehicle Veh, in particular at least one fuel-driven vehicle, which is designed with a fuel cell system FCS having at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3,a local energy network GrLoc,an external energy network GrExt, and / ora fleet management FM.As FIG. 2 shows, the method comprises: 1 determining whether the at least one vehicle Veh is to be connected to the local energy network GrEv, wherein the determination takes into account, at present and / or predictively, whether: i. there is a need for electrical power and / or will be present, which is to be passed on by the at least one vehicle Veh into the local energy network GrEv and / or its electrical load EV and / or energy store B, ii. there is a need for electrical power and / or will be present, which is to be passed on by the at least one vehicle Veh via the local energy network GrEv to energy networks GrEv, GrExt and / or vehicles Veh connected thereto, and / or iii. there is a need for electrical power and / or will be present, which is to be accommodated by the local energy network GrLoc in the at least one vehicle Veh in order in particular to charge at least one energy store B in the at least one vehicle Veh, preferably when a fuel tank T is virtually empty and / or when the electrical energy is currently more favorable outside the vehicle than internally to the vehicle, for example in order to supply significant loads to the at least one vehicle Veh during the standstill phase, for example cooling units for cooling the cargo.Advantageously, it is possible to take into account, during the ascertainment 1, whether:. parking spaces with an electrical connection are available on the local energy network GrLoc,v. the at least one vehicle Veh is close to the local energy grid GrLoc, and / orIn particular, the at least one vehicle Veh is to be put into service before connecting to the local energy grid GrLoc.As FIG. 2 further indicates, depending on the ascertainment 1 as to whether the at least one vehicle Veh is to be connected to the local energy network GrLoc, at least one of the following actions can be carried out currently and / or predictively:2 stopping, parking, refueling of the vehicle Veh of the vehicle Veh, and / or4 connecting the vehicle Veh to the local energy network GrLoc.The refueling planning can be carried out, for example, in coordination with the fleet management system FM, the vehicle Veh, the local energy network GrLoc and, if appropriate, an external energy network GrExt. Refueling may preferably be triggered when long standstill times are expected, in which one or more stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 are repeatedly started in the standstill times. The refueling can preferably also be triggered if the hydrogen content of the tanks T is below a threshold, which can be determined, for example, depending on the expected temperatures, e.g., higher in the winter half year, in order to have sufficient H2in the tank for preventing freezing start.As FIG. 2 further indicates, depending on the ascertainment 1 as to whether the at least one vehicle Veh is to be connected to the local energy network GrLoc, at least one following action can be carried out currently and / or predictively:3 determining whether at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS should be switched off, for example before or after the connection of the at least one vehicle Veh to the local energy network GrLoc.Advantageously, it is possible to take into account, during the determination 3, whether at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS is to be switched off, currently and / or predictively; whether: i. the fuel cell system FCS is to deliver electrical power P to the local energy grid GrLoc and / or to energy grids GrLoc, GrExt and / or vehicles Veh connected thereto, ii. a state of charge SOC of an energy store B of the at least one vehicle Veh is to be increased by means of the fuel cell system FCS, iii. electrical loads EV are to be supplied with electrical energy from the fuel cell system FCS during the vehicle standstill, in particular if a state of charge SOC of an energy store B is not sufficient for this purpose, IV. electrical power P from the at least one vehicle Veh is to be transferred into the local energy network GrEv and / or its electrical load EV and / or energy store B, v. the at least one vehicle Veh is to deliver electrical power P via the local energy network GrEv to energy networks GrEv, GrExt and / or vehicles Veh connected thereto, vi. a request for restarting the at least one vehicle Veh is present, in particular for a next travel route, and / or vii. the fuel cell system FCS is to carry out special functions, diagnoses and / or recovery functions first,In the latter case, the shutdown can take place after these functions have been carried out if no power request comes from the local energy network in this time.Advantageously, if it is decided during the determination 3 whether at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS is to be switched off that at least one fuel cell stack S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS is to be switched off, the at least one fuel cell stack S 1, S 2, S 3 can be placed in a state without power output. In this way, a fast start can be initiated, for example when the planning is uncertain or when a decision for the continued travel could not yet be made, for example when diagnoses or recovery functions or fault analyses are to be carried out in the state without power output, because the subsystems of the fuel cell stack are ready. This decision can preferably be made after the vehicle Veh has been shut down in a postdrive mode or already before / during the shut down of the vehicle Veh, if, for example, only energy stores of the vehicle Veh, such as batteries, are still used for shut down. It is also possible to shut off part of the stacks and to keep part of the stacks still active.As FIG. 2 indicates, the method may further include:5 monitoring a battery state SOC and / or a fuel tank state mH2and / or a power transfer between the local energy network GrLoc and the at least one vehicle Veh, in particular a power transfer from the local energy network GrLoc to the at least one vehicle Veh.Advantageously, during monitoring 5, it can be taken into account whether: i. a state of charge SOC of an energy store B of the at least one vehicle Veh violates, in particular falls below, a threshold value SOCmin, for example. SOC< SOCminstop, preferably in the case of relatively long standstill times of the at least one vehicle Veh, in order in particular to prevent the state of charge SOC from not being sufficient at the start of the at least one vehicle Veh to start the fuel cell system FCS, ii. the electrical energy is currently more favorable outside the vehicle than is internal to the vehicle, such that an energy store B of the at least one vehicle Veh can preferably be charged up to a higher state of charge SOC, wherein an anticipated route and / or an elevation profile of the at least one vehicle Veh and / or an elevation position of local energy network GrLoc can preferably be taken into account in this case, iii. a tank content of the at least one vehicle Veh violates a threshold value, in particular falls below it and / or a next tank location is significantly removed, such that an energy store B of the at least one vehicle Veh can preferably be charged up to a higher state of charge SOC, in order in particular to reach the next gas station safely, iv. a fault situation of a fuel tank T or of a fuel cell system FCS is present, such that an energy store B of the at least one vehicle Veh can preferably be charged up to a higher state of charge SOC, v. whether electrical energy in the local energy grid GrLoc and / or in the external energy grid GrExt is very demanding and / or comparatively expensive, such that an energy store B of the at least one vehicle Veh can preferably be discharged up to a specific state of charge SOCmin, vi. electric loads EV are intended to be supplied with electrical energy from the local energy grid GrLoc during the standstill of the vehicle, if, for example, electric current is available at low cost on the local energy network GrLoc, this can be the case, for example, in all vehicles which have to sufficiently cool the cargo and the power requirement of the cooling units is significantly high, and / orvii. a trigger 6 for starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS is present.As FIG. 2 indicates, the method may further include:6 determining a trigger for starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS.Advantageously, it is possible to take into account, during the ascertainment 6 of the trigger for starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS, whether: i. the fuel cell system FCS is intended to deliver electrical power P to the local energy grid GrLoc and / or to energy grids GrLoc, GrExt and / or vehicles Veh connected thereto, ii. a state of charge SOC of an energy store of the at least one vehicle Veh is intended to be increased by means of the fuel cell system FCS, iii. electrical loads EV are intended to be supplied with electrical energy from the fuel cell system FCS during the vehicle standstill, if, in particular, a state of charge SOC of an energy store B is not sufficient for this purpose, iv. a power request comes, that electrical power P is to be transferred from the at least one vehicle Veh into the local energy network GrLoc and / or its load and / or energy store, v. a power request comes that the at least one vehicle Veh is to output electrical power P via the local energy network GrLoc to energy networks GrLoc, GrExt and / or vehicles Veh connected thereto, and / or vi. a request for a restart of the at least one vehicle Veh is present, in particular for a next travel route.Furthermore, it can be provided that a start of at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS can be triggered by means of a wake-up function, preferably for a control unit ecu of the fuel cell system FCS.As FIG. 2 indicates, at least one of the following actions can be carried out as a function of the ascertainment 6:7 charging / discharging an energy store B of the at least one vehicle Veh, optionally with the aid of or independently of the fuel cell system FCS, for example when an exchange with the local energy grid GrLoc takes place,8 starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS and preferably associated operating systems BoP, wherein in particular a number of fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 which is started is determined depending on the level of a current power demand, preferably predictively, in particular taking into account efficiencies, consumption and / or costs,9 operating at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS in order to deliver / deliver electrical power P, in particular for:a supply of an operating system BoP and / or a subsystem of the fuel cell system FCS,charging an electrical load EV and / or an electrical energy store B of the vehicle Veh, and / ora supply of an electrical load EV and / or an electrical energy store B of the local energy grid GrLoc and / or of another connected grid CgLoc, GrExt and / or of another connected vehicle Veh,wherein, in particular when operating at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3, monitoring of a fuel tank state m(H 2), a state of charge COS of a battery and / or fault cases of a fuel tank T or of a fuel cell system FCS is carried out.Advantageously, the operation 9 of at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS can be carried out until a trigger 9 afor a shutdown is present, in particular until: i. no longer there is a power request to the fuel cell system FCS, ii. no significant power request is present any longer to be recharged by electrical consumers EV in the vehicle, e.g. cooling units and / or energy stores B battery, iii. a fuel tank state mH2falls below a threshold, wherein in particular the threshold can be determined depending on the distance to the next filling station and / or on the route planning, and / or iv. no timely restart request is present for the at least one vehicle Veh.If the vehicle Veh is to be started very promptly, it can be useful to avoid the start-stop process from the stack degradation point of view.As FIG. 2 indicates, the method may further include:10 Switching off at least one or more fuel cell stacks S 1, S 2, S 3 of the fuel cell system FCS and preferably associated operating systems BoP.As FIG. 2 furthermore indicates, after the shutdown 10 a transition can be made back to the monitoring 5 of a battery state and / or a fuel tank state mH2and / or a power transfer between the local energy grid GrLoc and the at least one vehicle Veh.The steps of the method according to the invention can be carried out in the predetermined or in a modified sequence. The steps of the method according to the invention can be carried out simultaneously, at least partially simultaneously and / or successively.The operating strategy which is negotiated or optimized between the energy management locEMSof the local energy network GrLoc (also connected to an external energy management extEMSof the external energy network GrExt), the fleet management FM and / or an energy management vEMSof the vehicle Veh can carry out an optimization to one or more destinations by means of a cost function (or quality function):• Minimization of costs for vehicles Veh, fleet and local energy network GrLoc, optionally with consideration of all conversion efficiencies, power costs, H2 cost, etc.;• A number of limitations / constraints may be observed in the optimization: e.g.:SOC limits for energy storage means / battery in standstill phase,Max / Min transmission powersmax / min powers of the individual stacks S1, S2, S3,NVH limitations (e.g., max. Rotational speed of air compressor wg. Noise at standstill), etc.A cost function for the fleet of vehicles with the local energy network GrSm could be implemented as follows:Generalized:In this case, the following are:• Different vehicles i=nVeh;• Different cost types in the vehicle m=1... M (e.g. consumption, degradation, time, etc.);• β: weighting factors which may be vehicle specific and cost-type specific; and preferably also adaptive, i.e. the weights may shift and optionally also be dependent on the vehicle type, vehicle age, vehicle state, among others.• The part of the cost function outside the temporal integral, denoted by "DeltaCosf", addresses the differences in the energy stores and the tanks in the vehicle between tbeg and tend of the integrated time.Preferably, the optimization can be carried out predictively (with prediction in particular with respect to inertization state, standstill times, restart / use times of vehicles, see above).A corresponding computer program product, a corresponding control unit ecu and a corresponding vehicle Veh with a corresponding control unit ecu represent further aspects of the invention.The foregoing explanation of the embodiments describes the present invention solely by way of examples. Of course, individual features of the embodiments can be freely combined with one another, insofar as technically expedient, without departing from the scope of the present invention.As FIG. 2 also indicates, the corresponding control unit ecu can be implemented at least partially in the vehicle Veh, in the local energy network GrLoc and / or in the fleet management FM.A corresponding local energy network GrLoc with a corresponding control unit ecu can provide a further fifth aspect of the invention.A corresponding vehicle with a corresponding control unit provides a further fourth aspect of the invention. With the aid of the vehicle, the same advantages can be achieved as described above in connection with the method according to the invention.The foregoing explanation of the embodiments describes the present invention solely by way of examples. Of course, individual features of the embodiments can be freely combined with one another, insofar as technically expedient, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Claims

Method for operating an energy system (S) which comprises the following subscribers: - at least one vehicle (Veh), in particular at least one fuel-driven vehicle which is designed with a fuel cell system (FCS) having at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3), - a local energy network (GrLoc), - an external energy network (GrExt), and / or - fleet management (FM), the method having: - determining whether the at least one vehicle (Veh) is to be electrically connected to the local energy network (GrLoc), wherein it is currently and / or predictively taken into account when determining whether: i. there is a need for electrical power and / or will be present, which is to be relayed from the at least one vehicle (Veh) into the local energy network (GrEv) and / or its electrical loads (EV) and / or energy stores (B), ii. there is a need for electrical power and / or will be present which is to be relayed from the at least one vehicle (Veh) via the local energy network (GrEv) to energy networks (GrEv, GrExt) and / or vehicles (Veh) connected thereto, and / or iii. there is a need for electrical power and / or will be present which is to be accommodated by the local energy network (GrEv) in the at least one vehicle (Veh).Method according to Claim 1, wherein the ascertainment (1) takes into account, at present and / or predictively, whether: iv. parking spaces with an electrical connection are available on the local energy network (GrLoc), v. the at least one vehicle (Veh) is close to the local energy network (GrLoc), and / or vi- the at least one vehicle (Veh), in particular before the connection to the local energy network (GrLoc), is to be put into place.Method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, depending on the determination (1) whether the at least one vehicle (Veh) is to be connected to the local energy network (GrLoc), at least one of the following actions is currently and / or predictively performed: - stopping, parking, refueling the vehicle (Veh) of the vehicle (Veh), and / or - connecting the vehicle (Veh) to the local energy network (GrLoc).Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein, as a function of the determination (1) whether the at least one vehicle (Veh) is to be connected to the local energy network (GrLoc), at least one following action is carried out currently and / or predictively: - determining whether at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS), for example before or after the connection of the at least one vehicle (Veh) to the local energy network (GrLoc), is to be switched off.Method according to the preceding claim, wherein in determining whether at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS) is to be switched off, current and / or predictively taken into account; whether: i. the fuel cell system (FCS) is to deliver electrical power (P) to the local energy network (GrLoc) and / or to energy networks (GrLoc, GrExt) and / or vehicles (Veh) connected thereto, ii. a state of charge (SOC) of an energy store (B) of the at least one vehicle (Veh) is to be increased by means of the fuel cell system (FCS), iii. electrical loads (EV) are to be supplied with electrical energy from the fuel cell system (FCS) during the standstill of the vehicle, if, in particular, a state of charge (SOC) of an energy store (B) is not sufficient for this purpose, iv. electric power (P) is to be transferred from the at least one vehicle (Veh) into the local energy network (GrEv) and / or its electric load (EV) and / or energy store (B), v. the at least one vehicle (Veh) is to emit electric power (P) via the local energy network (GrEv) to energy networks (GrEv, GrExt) and / or vehicles (Veh) connected thereto, vi. a request for restarting the at least one vehicle (Veh) is present, in particular for a next travel route, and / or vii. the fuel cell system (FCS) is to first provide special functions, Diagnosis and / or recovery functions are to be carried out.Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein, if, when determining whether at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS) is to be switched off, it is decided that at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS) is to be switched off, then the at least one fuel cell stack (S1, S2, S3) is placed in a state without power output, preferably after the vehicle (Veh) has been shut down in a postdrive mode or already before / during the shut down of the vehicle (Veh), if, for example, only energy stores (B) of the vehicle (Veh), such as batteries, are still used for shut down.Method according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising: - monitoring a battery state (SOC) and / or a fuel tank state (m(H2)) and / or a power transfer between the local energy network (GrLoc) and the at least one vehicle (Veh), in particular a power transfer from the local energy network (GrLoc) to the at least one vehicle (Veh).Method according to the preceding claim, wherein the monitoring takes into account: i. a state of charge (SOC) of an energy store (B) of the at least one vehicle (Veh) violates, in particular falls below, a threshold value (SOCmin), ii. the electrical energy is currently more favorable outside the vehicle than is internal to the vehicle, iii. a tank content of the at least one vehicle (Veh) violates, in particular falls below, and / or a next filling station is significantly removed, iv. a fault situation of a fuel tank (T) or of a fuel cell system (FCS) exists, v. whether electrical energy is very demanding in the local energy network (GrLoc) and / or in the external energy network (GrExt) and / or is comparatively expensive, . electrical loads (EV) are to be supplied with electrical energy from the local energy network (GrLoc) during the vehicle standstill, and / or vii. a trigger (6) for starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS) is present.Method according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising: - determining a trigger for starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS).Method according to the preceding claim, wherein, when determining the trigger for starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS), it is currently and / or predictively taken into account whether: i. the fuel cell system (FCS) is intended to deliver electrical power (P) to the local energy network (GrLoc) and / or to energy networks (GrLoc, GrExt) and / or vehicles (Veh) connected thereto, ii. a state of charge (SOC) of an energy store of the at least one vehicle (Veh) is intended to be increased by means of the fuel cell system (FCS), iii. electrical loads (EV) are intended to be supplied with electrical energy from the fuel cell system (FCS) during the standstill of the vehicle, if, in particular, a state of charge (SOC) of an energy store (B) is not sufficient for this purpose, iv. a power requirement arises that electrical power (P) is to be passed from the at least one vehicle (Veh) into the local energy network (GrLoc) and / or its load and / or energy store, v. a power requirement arises that the at least one vehicle (Veh) is to emit electrical power (P) via the local energy network (GrLoc) to energy networks (GrLoc, GrExt) and / or vehicles (Veh) connected thereto, and / or vi. a requirement for restarting the at least one vehicle (Veh), in particular for a next travel route, wherein, in particular, a start of at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2 is present, S 3) of the fuel cell system (FCS) is triggered by means of a wake-up function, preferably for a control unit (ecu) of the fuel cell system (FCS).Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein, as a function of the ascertainment of the trigger for starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS), at least one of the following actions is carried out: - charging / discharging an energy store (B) of the at least one vehicle (Veh), optionally with the aid of or independently of the fuel cell system (FCS), for example when an exchange with the local energy network (GrLoc) takes place, - starting at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS) and preferably associated operating systems (BoP), wherein in particular a number of fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) which is started is carried out, The method may be configured to determine, depending on the level of a current power demand, preferably predictively, in particular taking into account efficiencies, consumption and / or costs, operating at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS) in order to deliver / deliver electrical power (P), in particular for: supplying an operating system (BoP) and / or a subsystem of the fuel cell system (FCS), charging an electrical load (EV) and / or an electrical energy store (B) of the vehicle (Veh), and / or - a supply of an electrical load (EV) and / or an electrical energy store (B) of the local energy grid (GrEv) and / or of another connected grid (GrEv, GrExt) and / or of another connected vehicle (Veh), wherein in particular during the operation of at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) a monitoring of a fuel tank state (m(H2)), of a state of charge (COS) of a battery and / or fault cases of a fuel tank (T) or of a fuel cell system (FCS) is carried out.Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the operation of at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS) is carried out until a trigger for a shutdown is present, in particular until: i. no longer there is a power request to the fuel cell system (FCS), ii. no longer there is a significant power request to internal electrical loads (EV) and / or energy stores (B), iii. a fuel tank state (m(H2)) falls below a threshold, wherein in particular the threshold can be determined as a function of the distance to the next filling station and / or of the route planning, and / or iv. no timely restart request is present for the at least one vehicle (Veh).Method according to the preceding claim, further comprising: - switching off at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3) of the fuel cell system (FCS) and preferably associated operating systems (BoP), wherein preferably after the switching off, a transition is made back to monitoring a battery state and / or a fuel tank state (m(H2) and / or a power transfer between the local energy network (GrLoc) and the at least one vehicle (Veh).A computer program product comprising instructions which, when the computer program product is executed by a computer, cause the computer program product to perform a method according to any preceding claim.Control unit (ecu), having a computing unit and a memory unit in which a code is stored which, when at least partially executed by the computing unit, carries out a method according to one of the preceding claims.Vehicle (Veh) having a fuel cell system (FCS) having at least one or more fuel cell stacks (S1, S2, S3), having a control unit (ecu) according to the preceding claim.

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