Biodegradable geomat with woven, embedded and / or sealed soil substrate

Abstract

Geomat with a basis weight of 150 g / m² 2 up to 600 g / m² 2 and a maximum water load of 0.5 l / m 2 up to 30 l / m 2 , wherein the geomat is made of a biodegradable, multi-layered mixed fiber fleece of spun fibers from regenerated cellulose and animal wool, and wherein at least one particulate soil substrate containing in and / or between the layers of the mixed fiber fleece (A) at least one type of biochar particles of a medium particle size d 50 from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm, (B) at least one type of layered silicate particles of an average particle size d 50 from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm and (C) at least one type of biodegradable absorber particles of an average particle size d 50 from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm, which reversibly store at least ten times their own weight in water, in a quantity of 50 g / m² 2 up to 400 g / m²2 woven in, embedded and / or welded in; their use as a substrate for plant layers for water management, nutrient management and plant protection, as well as a separation fleece on agricultural land and depleted, washed, eroded, saline, compacted, acidified, polluted, arid and / or eruptive soils.

Description

Subject of the invention

[0001] The present invention relates to a biodegradable geomat with woven, embedded and / or welded soil substrate.

[0002] Furthermore, the present invention relates to the production of the biodegradable geomat with woven, embedded and / or welded soil substrate.

[0003] Last but not least, the present invention relates to the use of the biodegradable geomat with woven, embedded and / or welded soil substrate as a base for planting layers, in particular for planting layers under difficult conditions. State of the art

[0004] German patent application DE 10 2007 056 264 A1 discloses a soil improver that is particularly suitable for increasing the water absorption and / or water storage capacity of soils. The soil improver contains a water-swellable matrix material based on an organic polymer to which solid particles are added. The polymer comprises carbohydrate-based structural units, in particular carbohydrate-based functional groups.

[0005] German patent application DE 10 2005 021 221 A1 describes a superabsorbent made of homopolymeric or copolymeric crosslinked polyacrylates. It contains polymer-bound, ground minerals as fiber, preferably quartz sand, clay, and / or clay slate, as well as optionally inorganic and organic additives. The weight ratios of the polyacrylates to the minerals and additives are between 1:99 and 99:1. The superabsorbent is preferably in granular form.

[0006] German utility model DE 91 90 036 U1 discloses a water storage device comprising a carrier material and a moisture absorber mixed therewith. The carrier material is coated and / or mixed with the moisture absorber, in particular a mixture of hydrogel and water. The carrier material consists of an inorganic and / or organic granular, fibrous, and / or foam-like material.

[0007] European patent EP 0939585 B1 discloses a web-shaped vegetation body with a structural mat, in particular a looped mat. The structural mat is filled with a substrate and germinating plant material and arranged on a base such that a first lateral edge region of the structural mat protrudes beyond a first lateral edge of a base, and an opposite second lateral edge region of the base protrudes below a second lateral edge of the structural mat, so that the structural mat and the base of adjacent vegetation overlap. The base can be a mat made of renewable raw materials such as coconut fibers, mineral wool, or textile fibers, or a nonwoven made of synthetic fibers, in particular polyester fibers.

[0008] European patent EP 0991313 B1 discloses a vegetation support consisting of a mat of interwoven coconut fibers. A soil substrate is inserted into the cavities of the vegetation support. The top surface of the mat is covered with viable plant material. The coconut fibers are held together by a plant-compatible binding agent. The soil substrate is not described in detail.

[0009] German patent DE 199 11 114 C2 discloses a fiber mat for promoting crop growth. The fiber mat consists of a natural fiber mat in which a biodegradable, additive-containing binder foam is embedded. The fiber mat can be a needle-punched fiber mat, a random fiber mat, a felt, a carded nonwoven, a paper nonwoven, or a film with varying lignin and cellulose contents. Further information on the soil substrate is lacking.

[0010] International patent application WO 02 / 00809 A1 and German utility model DE 20103339 U1 disclose a plant and / or soil substrate that contains at least one water binder in the form of a mixture of polyacrylate and water-retaining silicate, a fiber material, a fertilizer, and plant seeds. The fiber materials are coconut fibers, bamboo fibers, hay, or straw. The soil substrate can be pressed into pellets and woven between two layers of nonwoven fabric.

[0011] German patent DE 10138000 B4 describes the use of a nonwoven film as a geotextile for separation, reinforcement, protection, and filtering, as well as for soil and groundwater protection. The nonwoven film has a net-like film structure made of interconnected, continuous film fibrils, which, when looped over one another, form a nonwoven film layer that is bonded in a planar or point-like manner. It can be made from polyethylene or polypropylene film.

[0012] From the German patent application DE 102006003085 A1, a geotextile fabric for use in earthworks, road construction and / or civil engineering is known, which has bamboo fibers with a length between 5 and 400 mm and a thickness between 0.2 and 1 mm.

[0013] International patent application WO 2009 / 033449 A1 discloses a geomat made of natural sheep's wool, which is used to prevent erosion, reclaim fallow land, and cultivate plants. The geomat essentially consists of a continuous strand of natural sheep's wool, interconnected lengthwise and arranged in a meandering pattern to create the desired width of the mat.

[0014] European patent EP 2078452 B1 discloses a planting and / or soil substrate for the germination, propagation, and / or cultivation of plants. It contains fibers from the root balls, the so-called "Neptune" or "sea balls," of root-ball-forming seaweed from the group of the species Posidonis oceanica, Posidonis australis, and / or Cymodocea nodosa. In addition to the fibers, the planting and / or soil substrate may also contain other soil substrate materials such as natural fibers, mosses, bark mulch, lava, sandstone, pumice, clay, sand, perlite, and silicate particles, including soil, peat, loess, and loam, fertilizers, nutrients, pesticides, and / or seeds of the desired plants.

[0015] European patent EP 2328399 B1 discloses a vegetation and base layer consisting of a mixture of natural soil material and soil wicks in the form of geotextile strips. The geotextile strips consist of glass fibers, mineral fibers, cotton fibers, coconut fibers, hemp fibers, synthetic fibers, or mineral wool. The interconnected geotextile strips are covered by a further layer of geotextile in the form of a film or nonwoven. Additives and / or soil improvers are introduced between the layers.These are selected from the group consisting of bentonite, zeolite, ion exchangers, peat, straw, superabsorbents, wetting agents, plant seeds, activated carbon, latent heat storage agents, fertilizers, plant seeds, algae, yeasts, bacteria, fungi / spores, wood, plant residues, plastics, geotextiles, rubber granules, artificial turf fibers, brick chips, porous rocks, sand, expanded clay, seeds, charcoal, charcoal inoculated with microorganisms, adsorbent materials, absorbent materials, odor neutralizers, copper, tensile threads, support wires, tubes, water-storing materials or combinations of at least two of these components.

[0016] German patent application Deutschland 102013102530 A1 discloses a method for regenerating and reclaiming infertile soils. In this method, terra preta is introduced and / or applied to specific areas of the land to be reclaimed into fertile agricultural land. At least a portion of the specific areas is planted with at least one crop, which can enrich the soil organic matter and provide a permanent carbon input.

[0017] German utility model DE 202015003758 U1 discloses a molded body pressed from a mixture of coconut fibers, terra preta, and zeolite rock. The molded body may contain a binding agent such as cellulose, gelatin, or extruded flour. The molded body is preferably a plant pot, a plate, or a growing pot surrounded by a net made of cotton gauze or polypropylene.

[0018] European patent EP 3498088 B1 discloses a wood fiber mat for use as a soilless plant substrate. The wood fiber mat contains wood fibers, at least one agent for absorbing a polar liquid, in particular an acrylic-based polymer, a biodegradable binder made of polylactic acid fibers, and a cationic or anionic starch.

[0019] A supply system for plant and mushroom cultures made from renewable raw materials is known from German utility model DE 202022001528 U1. The raw materials are selected from the group consisting of bast fibers, leaf fibers, seaweed, coco peat, seed phases, or regenerated cellulose fibers, as well as their fabrics and production waste materials such as nonwovens, card slivers, fiber dust from air filtration systems, short fibers, or shives. They are used as a lightweight, energy-saving supply system with water-storing, water-conducting, root-permeable, and weed-suppressing properties in a variable multi-layer or mixed arrangement on a waterproof layer.

[0020] German patent application DE 102015010041 A1 describes a stable, humus- and nutrient-rich, water-retaining soil, or Terra Preta Humanidade, with properties similar to anthropogenic soils such as Terra Preta do Indio. This soil can be produced by blending biochar or pyrogenic carbon, microorganisms, soil additives, and superabsorbents. The incorporation of the soil in geotextiles is not described.

[0021] International patent application WO 2019 / 053301 A1 discloses a treatment agent for salinized, calcified, leached, and / or acidified soils. The treatment agent contains coal particles, phyllosilicate particles, superabsorbent particles, and / or white peat, brown peat, colored peat, black peat, and / or pitch peat particles, as well as nanocellulose, microcellulose, hemicellulose, cellulose, and / or lignin particles, rice hulls, and / or inositol triphosphate. The incorporation of the treatment agent into geotextiles is not described. Disadvantages of the state of the art

[0022] The previously known web-shaped vegetation bodies, vegetation supports, fiber mats, plant and soil substrates, film nonwovens, geotextiles, flat structures, geomats made of natural sheep's wool, molded bodies, wood fiber insulation mats or wood fiber mats leave much to be desired as bases for plant layers, especially for plant layers under difficult conditions, with regard to water management, nutrient management and plant protection, as well as for use as separation fleece on agricultural land and on leached, washed out, eroded, salinized, compacted, acidified, polluted, arid and / or eruptive soils, or are even unsuitable for this purpose. Object of the present invention

[0023] It was therefore the object of the present invention to provide a geomat which no longer has these disadvantages, but which is excellently suited as a base for plant layers, in particular for plant layers under difficult conditions, for water management, nutrient management and plant protection, as well as for use as a separation fleece on agricultural land and on leached, washed out, eroded, salinized, compacted, acidified, polluted, arid and / or eruptive soils. Inventive solution

[0024] Accordingly, the geomat according to the invention was found according to independent patent claim 1. Preferred embodiments of the geomat according to the invention are the subject of dependent patent claims 2 to 13.

[0025] Furthermore, the use according to the invention was found according to independent claim 14. Preferred embodiments of the use according to the invention are the subject of dependent claims 15 and 16. Advantages of the invention

[0026] In view of the prior art, it was surprising and not foreseeable for the person skilled in the art that the object of the present invention could be achieved by means of the geomat according to the invention and the use according to the invention.

[0027] The geomat according to the invention is therefore ideally suited as a base for plant layers, especially under difficult conditions. It surprisingly combines water management, nutrient management, and plant protection, as well as being suitable for use as a separation fleece on agricultural land and on depleted, washed-out, eroded, salinized, compacted, acidified, contaminated, arid, and / or eruptive soils.

[0028] Thus, the geomat according to the invention prevents soil erosion, steppe formation and desertification and also serves for maintenance fertilization and reforestation. Detailed description of the invention

[0029] The geomat according to the invention has a surface weight of 150 g / m 2 up to 600 g / m 2 , preferably 150 g / m 2 up to 550 g / m 2 and in particular 150 g / m 2 up to 500 g / m 2 .

[0030] Their maximum water load is 0.5 l / m 2 up to 30 l / m 2 .

[0031] The geomat is made of a biodegradable, multi-layer mixed fiber fleece made of staple fibers from regenerated cellulose and animal wool.

[0032] Examples of suitable staple fibers made from regenerated cellulose include viscose fibers, modal fibers, lyocell fibers, and cupro fibers. Viscose is preferred.

[0033] Suitable animal wool comes from sheep, alpacas, llamas, camels, cashmere goats, Angora goats, Angora rabbits, vicuñas, yaks, guanacos, and Kashgoro goats. Sheep wool is preferred.

[0034] The mixed fiber fleece is preferably a random fiber fleece, since all its properties such as strength and elongation are present evenly in all directions.

[0035] The geomat according to the invention comprises at least two, preferably at least three, preferably at least ten, and in particular at least twenty layers of the random fiber nonwoven. At least one, in particular one, particulate soil substrate A; B; C is woven, embedded, and / or welded into the layers and / or between the layers of the mixed fiber nonwoven. The soil substrate contains or consists of components A, B, and C.

[0036] According to the invention, the soil substrate A; B; C is present in an amount of 50 g / m 2 up to 400 g / m 2 , preferably 50 g / m 2 up to 350 g / m 2 and in particular 50 g / m 2 up to 300 g / m 2 woven and / or embedded.

[0037] Component A is at least one, in particular one type of biochar particles with an average particle size d, preferably determined by sieve analysis 50from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm, preferably from 0.4 mm to 4.5 mm, more preferably from 0.8 mm to 4 mm and in particular from 1 mm to 3.5 mm.

[0038] Biochar particles A are preferably animal charcoal, bone charcoal, and / or biochar particles. Pyrogenic biochar A, which is produced from lignin-rich organic materials such as wood, bamboo, grasses, plant stems, fruit stones, or nutshells, is preferred. It is particularly preferably used with charcoal. These biochars are common and well-known and are described, for example, in German Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2015 010 041 A1, paragraphs

[0055] to

[0064] .

[0039] Component B is at least one, in particular one, type of layered silicate particles with an average particle size d, preferably determined by sieve analysis 50 from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm, preferably 0.4 mm to 4.5 mm, more preferably 0.8 mm to 4 mm and in particular 1 mm to 3.5 mm.

[0040] Table 1 below provides an exemplary and non-exhaustive list of phyllosilicates. A person skilled in the art can readily select other phyllosilicates that are particularly suitable for the specific case. Table 1: Molecular formulas of suitable phyllosilicates a) Nr. Type Sum formula 1 Martins (Na,Ca) 11 Ca4(Si,S,B) 14 B2O 40 F2·4(H2O) 2 Apophyllite-(NaF) NaCa4Si8O 20 F·8H2O 3 Apophyllite-(KF) (K,Na)Ca4Si8O 20 (F,OH)·8H2O 4 Apophyllite-(KOH) KCa4Si8O 20 (OH,F)·8H2O 5 Cupro-required CaCuSi4O 10 6 Wessels (Sr,Ba)Cu[Si4O 10 ] 7 The Effenbergers BaCu[Si4O 10 , 8 Gillespit They died. 2+ Si4O 10 9 The Sanborns BaSi2O5 10 Bigcreeks BaSi2O 5· 4H2O 11 Davani K2TiSi6O 15 12 Dalys K2ZrSi6O 15 13 Phenaxes KNaFe 2+ Si4O 10 14 Manaxes KNaMn 2+ [Si4O 10 ] 15 Ershovites K3Na4(Fe,Mn,Ti)2[Si8O 20 OH)4]·4H2O 16 Para-Ershovits Na3K3Fe 3+ 2Si8O 20 (OH)4·4H2O 17 Natrosils Na2Si2O5 18 Kanemit NaSi2O5·3H2O 19 Revdit So 16 Si 16 O 27 (OH) 26 ·28H2O 20 Latium (Ca,K)4(Si,Al)5O 11 (SO4,CO3) 21 Tuscans K(Ca,Na)6(Si,Al) 10 O 22 (SO4,CO3,(OH)2) H2O 22 Carletons KNa4Ca4Si8O 18 (CO3)4(OH,F)·H2O 23 Pyrophyllites Al2Si4O 10 (OH)2 24 Ferripyrophylls Fe 3+ Si2O5(OH) 25 Macaulays (Fe 3+ ,Al) 24 Si4O 43 (OH)2 26 Talk Mg3Si4O 10 (OH)2 27 Minnesotans Fe 2+ 3Si4O 10 (OH)2 28 Willemseit (Ni,M9)3Si4O 10 (OH)2 29 Pimels Ni3Si4O 10 (OH)2·4H2O 30 Kegels Pb4Al2Si4O 10 (SO4)(CO3)(OH)4 31 Aluminoceladons K(Mg,Fe 2+ )Al[(OH)2|Si4O 10 ] 32 Ferroaluminoceladons K(Fe 2+ ,Mg)(Al,Fe 3+ )[(OH)2|Si4O 10 ] 33 Celadones K(Mg,Fe 2+ )(Fe 3+ ,Al)Si4O 10 (OH)2 34 Chromceladons KMgCr[(OH)2|Si4O 10 ] 35 Ferroceladones K(Fe 2+ ,Mg)(Fe 3 +,Al)[(OH)2|Si4O 10 ] 36 Paragons NaAl2(Si3Al)O 10 (OH)2 37 Boromuskovites KAl2(Si3B)O 10 (OH,F)2 38 Muscovites KAl2(Si3Al)O 10 (OH,F)2 39 Chromophylls K(Cr,Al)2[(OH,F)2|AlSi3O 10 ] 40 Roscoelith K(V,Al,Mg)2AlSi3O 10 (OH)2 41 Ganters (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2[(OH,F)2|(Al,Si)Si2O 10 ] 42 Tobelith (NH4,K)Al2(Si3Al)O 10 (OH)2 43 Nanpings CsAl2(Si,Al)4O 10 (OH,F)2 44 Polylithions KLi2AlSi4O 10 (F,OH)2 45 Tainiolith KLiMg2Si4O 10 F2 46 Norrishit KLiMn 3+ 2Si4O 12 47 Shirokshins KNaMg2[F2|Si4O 10 ] 48 Montdorit KMn 0.5 2+ Fe 1.5 2+ Mg 0.5 [F2|Si4O 10 ] 49 Trilithions KLi 1.5 Al 1.5 [F2|AlSi3O 10 ] 50 Masutomilith K(Li,Al,Mn) 2+ )3(Si,Al)4O 10 (F,OH)2 51 Aspidolith-1M NaMg3(AlSi3)O 10 (OH)2 52 Fluorophlogops KMg3(AlSi3)O 10 F2 53 Phlogopite KMg3(Si3Al)O 10 (F,OH)2 54 Tetraferriphlogopite KMg3[(F,OH)2|(Al,Fe 3+ )Si3O 10 ] 55 Hendricks K(Zn,Mn)3Si3AlO 10 (OH)2 56 Shirozulith K(Mn 2+ ,Mg)3[(OH)2|AlSi3O 10 ] 57 Fluoranths KFe3 2+ [(F,OH)2|AlSi3O 10 ] 58 Anniversaries KFe 2+ 3(Si3Al)O 10 (OH,F)2 59 Tetraferrianni KFe 2+ 3(Si3Fe 3+ )O 10 (OH)2 60 Ephesus NaLiAl2(Al2Si2)O 10 (OH)2 61 Preiswerks NaMg2Al3Si2O 10 (OH)2 62 Eastons KMg2Al[(OH)2|Al2Si2O 10 ] 63 Siderophylls KFe2 2+ Al(Al2Si2)O 10 (F,OH)2 64 Anands (Ba,K)(Fe 2+ ,Mg)3(Si,Al,Fe)4O 10 (S,OH)2 65 Bits CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2)O 10 (OH)2 66 Oxykinoshitalith (Ba,K)(Mg,Fe) 2+ ,You 4+ )3(Si,Al)4O 10 O2 67 Kinoshitalith (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn,Al)3Si2Al2O 10 (OH)2 68 Ferrokinoshitalith Ba(Fe 2+ ,Mg)3[(OH,F)2|Al2Si2O 10 ] 69 Margaritas CaAl2(Al2Si2)O 10 (OH)2 70 Chernykh BaV2(Si2Al2)O 10 (OH)2 71 The Clintons Ca(Mg,Al)3(Al3Si)O 10 (OH)2 72 Wones (Na,K,)(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O 20 (OH,F)4 73 Brammalls (Na,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O 10 [(OH)2,H2O] 74 Illit (K,H3O)Al2(SbAl)O 10 (H2O,OH)2 75 Glaucones (K,Na)(Fe 3+ ,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O 10 (OH)2 76 Agrels NaCa2Si4O 10 F 77 Glagolitic NaMg6[(OH,O)8|AlSi3O 10 ]·H2O 78 Erlians Fe 2+ 4Fe 3+ 2Si6O 15 (OH)8 79 Bannisters (Ca,K,Na)(Mn 2+ Feb 2+ ,Mg,Zn) 10 (Si, Al) 16 O 38 (OH)8·nH2O 80 Barium bannisters (K,H3O)(Ba,Ca)(Mn 2+ ,Fe 2+ ,Mg) 21 (Si,Al) 32 O 80 (O,OH) 16 ·4-12 H2O 81 Flight attendant K 6-7 (Mg,Mn,Fe 2+ ,Fe 3+ (Zn) 48 (Si,Al) 72 (O,OH) 216 ·H2O 82 Stilpnomelan K(Fe 2+ ,Mg,Fe 3+ ,Al)8(Si,Al) 12 (O,OH) 27 ·2H2O 83 Franklinphiles (K,Na) 1-x (Mr 2+ ,Mg,Zn,Fe 3+ )8(Si,Al) 12 (O,OH) 36 ·nH2O 84 Parsentenses (K,Na,Ca) 7.5 (Mn,Mg) 49 Si 72 O 168 (OH) 50 ·nH2O 85 The Middendorfs K3Na2Mn5Si 12 (O,OH) 36 2H2O 86 Eggletons (Na,K,Ca)2(Mn,Fe)8(Si,Al) 12 About 29 (OH)7·11H2O 87 Ganophyllites (K,Na) x Mn 2+ 6(Yes,Al) 10 OR 24 (OH)4 nH2O {x = 1-2}{n = 7-11} 88 These (Ca, K, Ba, Na) 3-4 Mn 2+ 24 [(OH) 12 |{(Si,Al)4(O,OH) 10 } 10 ]·21H2O 89 Ekmans (Fe 2+ ,Mg,Mn,Fe 3+ )3(Si,Al)4O 10 (OH)2·2H2O 90 Lunijian laws Li 0.7 Al 6.2 (Si7AlO 20 (OH,O) 10 91 Salomon Na 0.5 Li 0.5 Al3[(OH)5|AlSi3O 10 ] 92 You are welcome. In the 0.35 Mg8Al(AlSi7)O 20 (OH) 10 93 Aliettes Ca 0.2 Mg6(Si,Al)8O 20 (OH) 4· 4H2O 94 Rectors (Na,Ca)Al4(Si,Al)8O 20 (OH)4·2H2O 95 The Tarasovs (Na,K,H3O,Ca)2Al4[(OH)2|(Si,Al)4O 10 ]2·H2O 96 Tosudit On 0.5 (Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)8O 18 (OH) 12 ·5H2O 97 Correns (Ca,Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)9(Si,Al)8O 20 (OH) 10 ·H2O 98 Brinroberts (Na,K,Ca) 0.3 (Al,Fe,Mg)4(Si,Al)8O 20 (OH)4·3.5H2O 99 Montmorillonites (Na,Ca) 0.3 (Al,Mg)2Si4O 10 (OH)2·nH2O 100 Beidells (Na,Ca 0.5 ) 0.3 Al2(Si,Al)4O 10 (OH)2·4H2O 101 Nontrons Na 0.3 Fe2 3+ (Si,Al)4O 10 (OH)2·4H2O 102 Volkonskoye Ca 0.3 (Cr 3+ ,Mg,Fe 3+ )2(Si,Al)4O 10 (OH)2·4H2O 103 Swinefords (Ca,Na) 0.3 (Al,Li,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O 10 (OH,Fh)2·2H2O 104 Yakhontovs (Ca,Na,K) 0.3 (CuFe 2+ Mg)2Si4O 10 (OH)2·3H2O 105 Hectors So 0.3 (Mg,Li)3Si4O 10 (F,OH)2 106 Saponins (Ca|2,Na) 0.3 (Mg,Fe 2+ )3(Si,Al)4O 10 (OH)2·4H2O 107 Ferrosapons That 0.3 (Fe 2+ ,Mg,Fe 3+ )3[(OH)2|(Si,Al)Si3O 10 ]·4H2O 108 Spades MgSiO2(OH)2·H2O 109 The Stevens (Ca|2) 0.3 Mg3Si4O 10 (OH)2 110 Saucony Na 0.3 Zn3(Si,Al)4O 10 (OH)2·4H2O 111 Zincils Zn3Si4O 10 (OH)2·4H2O 112 Vermiculite Mg 0.7 (Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O 20 (OH)4·8H2O 113 Riland (Cr 3+ ,Al)6SiO 11 ·5H2O 114 Donbass Al 2.3 [(OH)8|AlSi3O 10 ] 115 You are welcome. Mg2Al3(Si3Al)O 10 (OH)8 116 Clinochlor (Mg,Fe 2+ )5Al(Si3Al)O 10 (OH)8 117 Chamois (Fe 2+ ,Mg,Fe 3+ )5Al(Si s Al)O 10 (OH,O)8 118 Orthochamos (Fe 2+ ,Mg,Fe 3+ )5Al(Si3Al)O 10 (OH,O)8 119 Baileychlor (Zn,Fe 2+ Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O 10 (OH)8 120 Pennants Mn 2+ 5Al(Si3Al)O 10 (OH)8 121 Names (Ni,Mg,Fe 2+ )5Al(Si3Al)O 10 (OH)8 122 Gonyers min 2+ 5Fe 3+ (Si3Fe 3+ A 10 )(OH)8 123 Cookeit LiAl4(Si3Al)O 10 (OH)8 124 Borocookies Li 1-1.5 Al 4-3.5 [(OH,F)8|(B,Al)Si3O 10 ] 125 Manandons Li2Al4[(Si2AlB)O 10 ](OH)8 126 Franklinfurnace Ca2(Fe 3+ Al)Mn 3+ Mn3 2+ Zn2Si2O 10 (OH)8 127 Kämmererit (Var. v. Klinochlor) Mg5(Al,Cr)2Si3O 10 (OH)8 128 Niksergiev (Ba, Ca)2Al3[(OH)6|CO3|(Si,Al)4O 10 ]·0.2H2O 129 You are sad. Pb2Ca(Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O 10 (OH)2(CO3,OH)3·0.5H2O 130 Ferris wheels (Pb,Ca) 2-3 (Fe 3+ ,Al)2[(OH,F) 2.5-3 |(CO3) 1.5-2 |Si4O 10 ]·0.5H2O 131 Kaolins Al2Si2O5(OH)4 132 Dicks Al2Si2O5(OH)4 133 Halloysite-7Å Al2Si2O5(OH)4 134 Sturts Fe 3+ (Mn 2+ ,Ca,Mg)Si4O 10 (OH)3·10H2O 135 Allophan Al2O3·(SiO2) 1.3-2 (H2O) 2.5-3 136 Imogolith Al2SiO3(OH)4 137 Odins (Fe 3+ ,Mg,Al,Fe 2+ ,Ti,Mn) 24 (Si 18 Al 0.2 )O5(OH)4 138 Hisingers Fe2 3+ Si2O5(OH)4·2H2O 139 Neotoks (Mn,Fe 2+ )SiO3·H2O 140 Chrysotile Mg3Si2O3(OH)4 141 Clinochrysotile Mg3Si2O3(OH)4 142 Maufi (Mg,Ni)Al4Si3O 13 :4H2O 143 Orthochrysotile Mg3Si2O3(OH)4 144 Parachrysotile Mg3Si2O3(OH)4 145 Antigors (Mg,Fe 2+ )3Si2O5(OH)4 146 Lizards Mg3Si2O3(OH)4 147 Caryopsis Mn 2+ 3Si2O5(OH)4 148 Greenalith (Fe 2+ ,Fe 3+ ) 2-3 Si2O5(OH)4 149 Berthier's (Faith 2+ ,Faith 3+ ,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 150 Fraiponts (Zn,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 151 Zinals Zn7Al4(SiO4)6(OH)2·9H2O 152 Dozy Mg7(Al,Fe 3+ ,Cr)2[(OH) 12 |Al2Si4O 15 ] 153 Ames Mg2Al(SiAl)O5(OH)4 154 Kellys (Mn 2+ ,Mg,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 155 The Cronstedts Fe2 2+ Fe 3+ (SiFe 3+ )O5(OH)4 156 Karpinski (Mg,Ni)2Si2O5(OH)2 157 Nepouit (Ni,M9)3Si2O5(OH)4 158 Pecorait Ni3Si2O3(OH)4 159 Brindleys (Ni,Mg,Fe 2+ )2Al(SiAl)O5(OH)4 160 Carlosturans (Mg,Fe 2+ (You) 21 (Si,Al) 12 About 28 (OH) 34 ·H2O 161 Pyrosmalith-(Fe) (Fe 2+ ,Mn)8Si6O 15 (Cl,OH) 10 162 Pyrosmalith-(Mn) (Mn,Fe 2+ )8Si6O 15 (OH,Cl) 10 163 Brokenhills (Mn,Fe)8Si6O 15 (OH,Cl) 10 164 Fours (Mn,Fe 2+ ) 16 Si 12 As 3+ 3O 36 (OH) 17 165 Schallers (Mn 2+ ,Fe 2+ ) 16 Si 12 As 3+ 3O 36 (OH) 17 166 Friedels Mn 2+ 8Si6O 15 (OH,Cl) 10 167 McGills Mn 2+ 8Si6O 15 (OH)8Cl2 168 Bements Mn7Si6O 15 (OH)8 169 Varennes Na8(Mn,Fe 3+ ,Ti)2[(OH,Cl)2|(Si2O5)5]·12H2O 170 New houses Na6(Fe 2+ ,Mn)Al4Si8O 26 171 Mangano noodles Na6(Mn 2+ ,Fe 2+ )Al4[Si8O 26 ] 172 Spodiophylls (Na,K)4(Mg,Fe 2+ )(Fe 3+ ,Al)2(Si8O 24 ) 173 Sazhinite-(Ce) Na2CeSi6O 14 (OH)·nH2O 174 Sazhinit-(La) Na3La[Si6O 15 ]·2H2O 175 The Burckhardts Pb2(Fe 3+ Te 6+ )[AlSi3O8]O6 176 Tupersuatsiait Na2(Fe 3+ ,Mn 2+ )3Si8O 20 (OH)2·4H2O 177 Palygorski (Mg,Al)2Si4O 10 (OH)·4H2O 178 Yofortiers Mn 2+ 5Si8O 20 (OH)2·7H2O 179 Sepiolith Mg4Si6O 15 (OH)2·6H2O 180 Falcondoit (Ni,Mg)4Si6O 15 (OH)2·6H2O 181 The Loughlins Na2Mg3Si6O 16 8H2O 182 Caliphers (K,Na)5Fe7 3+ [(OH)3|Si 10 OF 25 ]2·12H2O 183 Minehills (K,Na) 2-3 Ca 28 (Zn4Al4Si 40 )O 112 (OH) 16 184 Truscotts (Ca,Mn) 14 Yes 24 OR 58 (OH)8·2H2O 185 Orlymans Ca4Mn3 2+ Si8O 20 (OH)6·2H2O 186 Fedoras (Na,K) 2-3 (Ca, liegt Na)7[Si4O8(F,Cl,OH)2|(Si4O 10 )3]·3.5H2O 187 Reyers (Na,K)4Ca 14 You 22 Al2O 58 (OH)8·6H2O 188 Gyrolith NaCa 16 Yes 23 AlO 60 (OH) 8· 14H2O 189 Tungus Ca 14 Fe9 2+ [(OH) 22 |(Si4O 10 )6] 190 Zeophylls Ca4Si3O8(OH,F)4·2H2O 191 Armstrongs CaZr(Si6O 15 )·3H2O 192 You shared Pb 18 Fe 3+ 4[Si4(Si,Fe 3+ )6][Pb4Si 16 (Si,Fe)4]O 82 Cl6 193 Cabins Pb 18 Ba2Ca5Mn2 2+ Fe2 3+ [Cl](Si 15 O 45 )2]·6H2O 194 Maricopa Ca2Pb7(Si 36 ,To the 12 )(O,OH) 99 ·n(H2O,OH) 195 Cavans Ca(VO)Si4O 10 ·4H2O 196 Pentagons Ca(VO)Si4O 10 ·4H2O 197 Weeks (K,Ba)2[(UO2)2|Si5O 13 ]·4H2O 198 Coutinhos Th 0.5 (UO2)2Si5O 13 ·3H2O 199 Sharks Ca[(UO2)2|Si5O 12 (OH)2]·6H2O 200 Metashark Ca(UO2)2Si6O 15 ·nH2O 201 Monteregians-(Y) KNa2YSi8O 19 5H2O 202 Mountains KNa2Ca2[Si8O 19 (OH)]·6H2O 203 Rhodes KHCa2Si8O 19 ·5H2O 204 Delhayelith K7Na3Ca5Al2Si 14 O 38 F4Cl2 205 Hydrodelhayelith KCa2AlSi7O 17 (OH)2·6H2O 206 Macdonalds BaCa4Si 16 O 36 (OH)2·10H2O 207 Cymric Ba(Si,Al)4(O,OH)3·H2O 208 Kampfs Come on. 12 (To 11 Al5)O 31 (CO3)8Cl5 209 Lourenswalsit (K,Ba)2(Ti,Mg,Ca,Fe)4(Si,Al,Fe)6O 14 (OH) 12 210 Tien Shan (Na,K) 9-10 (Ca,Y)2Ba6(Mn 2+ ,Fe 2 +,Ti 4+ ,Zn)6(Ti,Nb) [(O,F,OH) 11 |B2O4Si6O 15 ]6 211 Wickenburgs Pb3CaAl[Si 10 A 27 ]·3H2O 212 Silhydrites Si3O6·H2O 213 Magadit Na2Si 14 ZERO 29 ·11H2O 214 Strätlings Ca2Al[(OH)6AlSiO2(OH)4]·2.5H2O 215 Vertumnit Ca4Al4Si4O6(OH) 24 ·3H2O 216 The Zussmans K(Fe 2+ ,Mg,Mn) 13 (Si,Al) 13 About 42 (OH) 14 217 Coombs K(Mn 2+ ,Fe 2+ ,Mg) 13 [(OH)7|(Si,Al)3O3|Si6O 18 ]2 a) cf. Mineral Atlas, Mineral Class VIII / H - Layered silicates (Phyllosilicates), Strunz 8 Systematics

[0041] Bentonite B from the montmorillonite group ((Na,Ca) 0.3 (Al,Mg)2Si4O 10 (OH)2·nH2O). Bentonite B is a mixture of various clay minerals and contains montmorillonite as its most important component.

[0042] The at least one, in particular one, type of biodegradable absorber particles C of an average particle size d, preferably determined by sieve analysis 50From 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm, preferably from 0.4 mm to 4.5 mm, more preferably from 0.8 mm to 4 mm, and in particular from 1 mm to 3.5 mm, reversibly stores at least ten times, preferably at least fifty times, preferably at least one hundred times, and in particular at least two hundred times their own weight in water. Reversible means that the absorber particles C, after absorbing the water, gradually release it back into the environment over time.

[0043] Commercially available superabsorbent particles C are preferably used. These are cross-linked sodium or potassium salts, especially potassium salts, of polyacrylic acid or cross-linked polyacrylic acid-polyacrylamide copolymers. Potassium salts of polyacrylic acid are particularly preferred as absorber particles C.

[0044] Commercially available superabsorbents are biodegradable (see the publication by Martin Wolter, Frantisek Zadril, Joachim Haselbach, Carsten in der Wiesche, Sigrid Hey and Ewald Schnug, “Biodegradability of synthetic superabsorbent soil additives”, in Landbauforschung Völkenrode, 52 (2002) 1, pages 43-52).

[0045] The particulate soil substrate A; B; C to be used according to the invention contains, in each case based on its total amount, - 10 wt% to 80 wt%, preferably 10 wt% to 70 wt% and in particular 10 wt% to 60 wt% of component A, - 10 wt.% to 80 wt.%, preferably 10 wt.% to 70 wt.% and in particular 10 wt.% to 60 wt.% of component B and - 10 to 80 wt.%, preferably 10 wt.% to 70 wt.% and in particular 10 wt.% to 60 wt.% of component C or the soil substrate A; B; C consists of this.

[0046] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the geomat according to the invention, it contains only very small amounts, if any, of polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In particular, the amounts of the EFSA-PAH8 group: benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[ghi]perylene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, according to DIN EN 16181:2019-08, should be below the quantification limit of 0.1 mg / kg.

[0047] The thickness of the geomat according to the invention in its dry state can vary greatly and can therefore be perfectly adapted to the respective landscape and climatic conditions and requirements. The preferred thickness is between 1 mm and 10 mm. This thickness is optimal in terms of material consumption and the desired effect. In special cases, thicknesses greater than 10 mm, such as 12 mm to 30 mm, can also be achieved.

[0048] If necessary, the geomat according to the invention or the soil substrate A; B; C to be used according to the invention can contain at least one soil additive D, selected from the group consisting of particles with an average particle size d, preferably determined by sieve analysis 50 from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm, preferably from 0.4 mm to 4.5 mm, more preferably from 0.8 mm to 4 mm and in particular from 1 mm to 3.5 mm made of zeolites, ion exchangers, white peat, brown peat, colored peat, black peat and pitch peat, humus, humic acids, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, plant residues, plant seeds, algae, yeasts, bacteria, fungi / spores, porous rock particles, sand, biologically available phosphates and expanded clay.

[0049] The geomat according to the invention can be manufactured in different ways.

[0050] In a first preferred method, the above-described component A is partially or completely woven and / or welded into the mixed fiber nonwoven. The above-described components B and C, as well as optionally the remainder of component A and optionally at least one soil additive D, are mixed together in the desired amounts. The resulting mixture is then inserted into at least two, preferably at least three, more preferably at least ten, and in particular at least twenty layers or plies of the mixed fiber nonwoven, in particular the random fiber nonwoven. The layers or plies are then placed on top of one another. This process can be repeated several times. The resulting multi-layer geomat web can then be pressed, for example using a calender.

[0051] In a second preferred process, the above-described components A, B, and C, and optionally D, are mixed together in the desired amounts. The resulting mixture is then sandwiched between at least two, preferably at least three, preferably at least ten, and especially at least twenty layers or plies of the mixed fiber nonwoven fabric free of component A, in particular the random fiber nonwoven fabric. This process can also be repeated several times, after which the geomat sheet can also be pressed.

[0052] In a third process, the above-described components A, B, and C and optionally at least one soil additive D are mixed together in the desired amounts. The resulting mixture is then woven and / or welded into at least two, preferably at least three, preferably at least ten, and especially at least twenty layers or plies of the mixed fiber nonwoven, in particular the random fiber nonwoven. The layers or plies are then placed on top of one another.

[0053] This process can be repeated several times. The resulting multilayer geomat sheet can then be compressed, for example, using a calender.

[0054] At least two of the above-mentioned processes can be combined with each other so that the production of the geomat according to the invention can be optimally adapted to the respective requirements.

[0055] The geomat according to the invention produced in this way is preferably sold as a roll product.

[0056] According to the invention, the geomat is used as a base for plant layers. It serves water management, nutrient management, and plant protection, as well as a separating fleece on agricultural land and on depleted, washed-out, eroded, salinized, compacted, acidified, polluted, arid, and / or eruptive soils. Thus, the geomat according to the invention provides erosion protection and serves to contain desertification and desertification, as well as for maintenance fertilization and reforestation. ExampleThe production and use of the geomat according to the invention

[0057] First, a soil substrate is prepared by mixing 40 parts by weight of charcoal A, 40 parts by weight of bentonite B, and 20 parts by weight of STOCKOSORB® 660 MICRO from EVONIK as component C. The mean particle size d determined by sieve analysis 50 The thickness of the components is 1.5 mm. The resulting soil substrate is evenly distributed on a flat, thin, random-fiber fleece made of sheep's wool and viscose. Then, another layer of random-fiber fleece is placed on top of the soil substrate, and the process is repeated until the geomat has a thickness of 6 mm. The soil substrate is then applied in a quantity of 100 g / m 2 stored.

[0058] The geomat is laid as a base for new planting on arid and eruptive soil. A fertilized layer of soil is then placed on top, planted, and watered. Using the geomat as a separating fleece, water management, nutrient management, and plant protection can be excellently ensured. Over time, the new planting roots develop deep enough to reach underground water sources. The geomat biodegrades after approximately 18 months.

Claims

[1] Geomat with a surface weight of 150 g / m 2 up to 600 g / m 2 and a maximum water load of 0.5 l / m 2 up to 30 l / m 2 , wherein the geomat is constructed from a biodegradable, multi-layer mixed fiber fleece made of staple fibers from regenerated cellulose and animal wool, and wherein in and / or between the layers of the mixed fiber fleece at least one particulate soil substrate containing (A) at least one type of biochar particles with an average particle size d 50 from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm, (B) at least one type of layered silicate particles with an average particle size d 50 from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm and (C) at least one type of biodegradable absorber particles with an average particle size d 50 from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm, which reversibly store at least ten times their own weight in water, in an amount of 50 g / m 2 up to 400 g / m2 woven, embedded and / or welded. [2] Geomat according to claim 1, characterized by that in anhydrous state it has a thickness of 1 mm to 10 mm. [3] Geomat according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by that the mixed fiber fleece is a random fiber fleece. [4] Geomat according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by that the regenerated cellulose is viscose and the animal wool comes from sheep, alpacas, llamas, camels, cashmere goats, Angora goats, Angora rabbits, vicuñas, yaks, guanacos and / or Kashgora goats. [5] Geomat according to claim 4, characterized by that the animal wool is sheep wool. [6] Geomat according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by that the biochar particles (A) are animal charcoal, bone charcoal and / or plant charcoal particles. [7] Geomat according to claim 7, characterized by that the biochar particles (A) are charcoal particles. [8] Geomat according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized by that the layered silicate particles (B) are bentonite particles. [9] Geomat according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by that the absorber particles (C) are superabsorbent particles. [10] Geomat according to claim 9, characterized by that the superabsorbent particles (C) are cross-linked potassium polyacrylate particles. [11] Geomat according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized by that the particulate soil substrate (A; B; C) contains at least one soil additive (D) selected from the group consisting of particles with an average particle size d 50 from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm made of zeolites, ion exchangers, white peat, brown peat, colored peat, black peat and pitch peat, humus, humic acids, hemicellulose cellulose, lignin, plant residues, plant seeds, algae, yeasts, bacteria, fungi / spores, porous rock particles, sand, biologically available phosphates and expanded clay. [12] Geomat according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized by that the particulate soil substrate (A; B; C), in each case based on its total amount, contains 10 wt.% to 80 wt.% of component (A), 10 wt.% to 80 wt.% of component (B) and 10 wt.% to 80 wt.% of component (C). [13] Geomat according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized by that the content of the particulate soil substrate (A; B; C) of polycyclic hydrocarbons of the group EFSA-PAK8 benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[ghi]perylene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene according to DIN EN 16181:2019-08 is below the limit of determination of 0.1 mg / kg. [14] Use of the geomat according to one of claims 1 to 13 as a base for plant layers. [15] Use according to claim 14, characterized bythat the geomat serves for water management, nutrient management and plant protection as well as as a separation fleece on agricultural land and on leached, washed out, eroded, salinized, compacted, acidified, polluted, arid and / or eruptive soils. [16] Use according to claim 14 or 15, characterized by that the geomat serves to protect against erosion, to contain steppe and desertification, and to promote maintenance fertilization and reforestation.