MECHANOCHEMICAL PROCESS

Description

Field of invention

[0001] The present invention relates to a mechanochemical process for the decontamination and / or elimination of problematic synthetic, biogenic and biological materials. State of the art

[0002] The specific physicochemical effects and mechanisms of mechanochemistry are the subject of numerous theoretical studies, such as the articles by V. V. Boldyrev, Mechanochemistry and mechanical activation of solids, in Russian Chemical Reviews, 75 (3) 177-189 (2006); P. Yu. Butygain und A. N. Streletskii, The Kinetics and Energy Balance of Mechanochemical Transformations, in Physics of the Solid State, Vol. 47, No. 5, 2005, 856-852; J. Fontaine et al. Tribochemistry between hydrogen and diamond-like carbon films, in Surface Coatings Technology 146-147 (2001) 286-291; L. Takacs, Mechanochemistry and the Other Branches of Chemistry: Similarities and Differences, in Acta Physica Polonica A, Vol. 121 (2012), 3, 711-714; S. A. Steiner III et al., Circumventing the Mechanochemical Origins of Strength Loss in the Synthesis of Hierarchical Carbon Fibers, in Applied Materials & Intefaces, 2013, 4892-4903; oder Materialsgate Newsletter 12.9.2017, Tribologie: Simulation zeigt auf molekularer Ebene bislang unbekannte Reibungsmechanismen.

[0003] Furthermore, review articles provide an overview of the historical development and perspectives of mechanochemistry, such as the articles by SL James et al., Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis, in Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 413-447, which refers to syntheses of inorganic materials such as alloys, oxides, halides, sulfides, nitrides and composites, cocrystals such as charge-transfer cocrystals, acid-base cocrystals, ionic cocrystals and organic catalysis by cocrystallization, new forms of drugs such as pharmaceutical cocrystals and organic syntheses with carbon-carbon and carbon-X bond formation such as stoichiometric organic reactions, metal-catalyzed organic reactions, organocatalytic asymmetric reactions, syntheses of ligands and host-guest systems, the synthesis of metal complexes and the synthesis of coordination polymers (MOFs); P. Balaz et al., Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: from nanoparticles to technology, in Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 2013, 7571-7637; or Tomislav Friscic, Supramolecular concepts and new techniques in mechanochemistry: cocrystals, cages, rotoxanes, open metal-organic frameworks, in Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 3493-3510. .

[0004] Mechanochemistry is also used to solve specific problems and for syntheses.

[0005] In their article "Development of composite materials by mechanochemical treatment of post-consumer plastic waste", in Waste Management, 22 (2002) 913-916, F. Cavalierie and F. Padella describe how a composite can be produced from mixtures of polypropylene and polyethylene by grinding in liquid carbon dioxide, which no longer shows any incompatibility between the two polymers and which has better properties than the starting polymers.

[0006] Haoliang Jia et al. describe the production of nanocrystalline titanium carbide from titanium powders and different carbon sources in their article Formation of nanocrystalline TiC from titanium and different carbon sources by mechanical alloying in Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 472 (2009) 97-103.

[0007] Tan Xing et al. describe an industrially applicable synthesis method for the production of nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles in their article Ball milling: a green approach for synthesis of nitrogen doped carbon nanoparticles in Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 7970-7976.

[0008] L. Borchardt et al. describe in their article Mechano-chemistry assisted synthesis of hierarchical porous carbon applied as supercapacitors in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2017, 13, 1332, the production of porous carbon from plant materials for use in capacitors and electrodes.

[0009] In their article Mechanochemical surface modification of carbon fibers using a simple rubbing method in Journal of Composite Materials 0 (0) 1-8, S. Motozuka et al. describe the surface modification of carbon fibers based on polyacrylonitrile by mechanical friction.

[0010] In their article "Mechanochemical polymerization - controlling a polycondensation reaction between a diamine and a dialdehyde in a ball mill" in RCS Adv., 2016, 6, 64799-64802, S. Grätz and L. Borchardt describe the mechanochemical polycondensation between a diamine and a dialdehyde, which offers an attractive alternative to conventional methods.

[0011] In the conference report AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 1664, Issue 1, 150008 (2015), Recycling and Processing of several typical crosslinked polymer scraps with enhanced mechanical properties based on solid state mechanochemical milling, the authors describe the milling of partially devulcanized or decrosslinked tire rubber scraps, revulcanized fluororubber scraps and crosslinked polyethylene scraps from cable waste, in which they obtain material with improved processability and better mechanical properties.

[0012] Further examples concerning the applicability of mechanochemistry in different fields can be found in the following patent specifications.

[0013] German patent application DE 10 2014 101 766 A1 discloses a process for the recovery and, if necessary, separation of lanthanides as chlorides or oxides from mineral waste and residues. In this process, powder particles are first produced, which are then mechanochemically activated.

[0014] European patent EP 1 830 824 B1 discloses a method for producing a nanoparticle composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent. In this process, a mixture of a precursor compound and a co-reaction agent is milled in a milling device using a milling medium.

[0015] American patent application US 2017 / 0036967 A1 describes a process for producing fertilizers based on humic acids from lignite and leonardite in a mechanochemical reactor for highly viscous media.

[0016] The international patent application WO / 072527 A2 describes the mechanochemical production of zeolites.

[0017] European patent application EP 1 681 270 A2 describes the mechanochemical production of largely iron-free metal chalcogenides or arsenides from iron-free metal powders and sulfur, selenium, tellurium or arsenic.

[0018] European patent EP 1 303 460 B1 describes the mechanochemical synthesis of lithiated manganese dioxide from manganese dioxide and lithium salts.

[0019] The translation of European patent EP 0 963 825 B1, DE 699 11 502 T2, describes the mechanochemical treatment of plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polypropylene or polyethylene in the presence of liquid carbon dioxide for the compatibilization and recycling of heterogeneous plastics obtained from urban or commercial waste.

[0020] German patent application DE 42 40 545 A1 discloses a process for the production of peptides using proteolytic enzymes, in which amino-protected amino acids are reacted with carboxyl-protected amino acids as an acylation component in the presence of a substance containing water of crystallization such as Na 2 CO 3 x 10H 2 O by grinding.

[0021] Japanese patent JP 3099064 B2 discloses a mechanochemical process for producing a thermoplastic composite from a non-thermoplastic, natural polymer, such as cellulose or chitin, and from 5 to 20 wt% of a synthetic thermoplastic. The resulting composite material itself is thermoplastic.

[0022] The earlier German patent application, file number 10 2018 000 418.0, filed on January 20, 2017, describes a mechanochemical process for producing valuable products free of persistent organic pollutants and other organohalogen compounds. These products are manufactured from waste of sorted and mixed plastics and plastic laminates contaminated with persistent organic pollutants and / or other organohalogen compounds. (i) the waste is crushed to achieve the narrowest possible particle size distribution, (ii) the crushed waste is placed in a mill containing grinding balls and further crushed by grinding, (iii) at least one dehalogenating agent is added in a molar excess corresponding to the amounts of persistent organic pollutants and / or other organohalogen compounds present, (iv) the mixture of ground crushed waste and dehalogenating agent is further ground and the grinding is stopped after a preselected time, (v) the resulting valuable products free of persistent organic pollutants and other organohalogen compounds are separated from the grinding balls and the resulting halogen-containing, water-soluble products are removed by washing with aqueous solvents and / or the resulting halogen-containing, water-insoluble products are not washed out.but leaves them as fillers in the valuable products and (vi) checks the washed valuable products after drying as well as the unwashed valuable products to see if they still contain persistent organic pollutants and / or other organohalogen compounds, adding (vii) at least one additive before and / or after process step (iv).

[0023] Another problem with the recycling of plastics, especially mixed-type plastics and plastic laminates, is their high content of organically bound halogens, for example when PVC, PVDF, PTFE or chlorofluorinated thermoplastics are present in the plastic waste.

[0024] In their article "Mechanochemical conversion of brominated POPs into useful oxybromides: a greener approach", in Sci. Rep., 2016, 6, 28394, G. Cagnetta et al. describe the decomposition of brominated persistent organic pollutants by reaction with stoichiometric amounts of bismuth oxide or lanthanum oxide to form the corresponding oxybromides and amorphous carbon.

[0025] In their article "Simultaneous treatment of PVC and oyster-shell wastes by mechanochemical means", in Waste Management 28 (2008) 484-488, W. Tonganmp et al. describe the dechlorination of PVC with oyster shell waste, which yields calcium chloride and organic products with double bonds.

[0026] German patent DE 197 42 297 C2 discloses a mechanochemical process for the reductive dehalogenation of halogenated organic compounds, wherein the substance or mixture is ground in a single step with the addition of elemental alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, or iron as a reducing agent and ethers, polyethers, ammonia, amines, amides, trialkylsilanes, polyalkylhydrogensiloxanes, or metal nitrides, individually or in combination, as a hydrogen source. In this way, sands or soils contaminated with PCBs or chlorphenes can be mechanochemically decontaminated.

[0027] However, not only the high organohalogen content of plastics like PVC, but also lower organohalogen content can cause problems in the recycling of plastics and plastic laminates. Even if the waste does not contain organically bound halogens, ubiquitous persistent organic pollutants (POPs) inevitably accumulate over time after prolonged outdoor use of the plastics and laminates. These include first-generation organochlorine insecticides such as chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, and toxaphene, industrially produced chemicals such as PCBs, and byproducts of manufacturing and combustion processes such as chlorinated and brominated dioxins and dibenzofurans. Representatives of these classes of compounds are also known as the "Dirty Dozen."POPs are semi-volatile and can occur in the gas phase as well as bound to dust particles, and are distributed worldwide via long-range transport mechanisms. Due to their lipophilicity, they bioaccumulate in the fatty tissues of animals and humans. Some POPs are considered endocrine disruptors or carcinogenic and are also associated with infertility, behavioral abnormalities, and immunodeficiency. They also contaminate, even in trace amounts, industrial products such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles, which are used as color pigments in cosmetics, inks, and plastics. While the quantities may seem small individually, they cannot be disregarded due to the overall amount of titanium dioxide involved.

[0028] (See the article by Georgios Ctistis, Peter Schön, Wouter Bakker and Gregor Luthe, PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs co-occurrence in TiO 2 nanoparticles, in Environmental Science and Pollution Research, DOI 10.1007 / s11356-015-5628-7)

[0029] In the article "A mini-review on mechanochemical treatment of contaminated soil: From laboratory to large-scale", in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and technology, August 2018, pages 1 to 51, G. Cagnetta gives an overview of the mechanochemical decontamination of soils.

[0030] German patent application DE 102 61 204 A1 discloses a process for the decontamination or detoxification of solid or liquid products contaminated with environmental toxins such as polyhalogenated compounds or organochlorine substances like dioxins, dibenzofurans and congeners, or PCBs. This process employs high-kinetic methods in which the contaminated products are subjected to high-kinetic fine comminution using tribomaterials and repeated impact or shear forces. Tribomaterials include all types of glass, from Duran / Solidex to window glass. Additionally, sand grains, granite particles, quartz porphyry particles, enamel (as shards), sodalite, or ceramics (optionally in mixtures) can be used. In these cases, the particles are up to 5 mm in size.However, oxides such as silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, iron oxides, zirconium oxide, or boron oxide, sulfides such as pyrite, iron sulfide, and antimony sulfide, nitrides such as boron nitride and silicon nitride, carbides such as boron carbide, silicon carbide, and tungsten carbide, silicides such as iron silicide and titanium silicide, or silicon and boron, possibly in mixtures, can also be used. The particle sizes range from 10 µm to 1 mm. In Example 3 of the patent application, 10 g of activated carbon, to which 0.17 g of TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[1,4]dioxin) and 0.23 g of congeners had absorbed, were ground with 200 g of Duran glass shards and 2 kg of steel balls (CR 6). After grinding, no toxins or volatile organic compounds could be detected.

[0031] The company publication "HUBER Technology Waste Water Solution, Fourth Treatment Stage: HUBER Solutions for the Elimination of Micropollutants," downloaded from the internet on December 30, 2018, describes methods for removing trace substances. These methods utilize activated carbon filters, which are regenerated by washing. However, as the filter operates, the loading of micropollutants on the internal surface of the activated carbon increases. The activated carbon filter method can also be combined with ozonation or sand filtration of the water from the secondary clarifiers.

[0032] Millions of tons of liquid manure, dried liquid manure, slurry, digestate, dried ferments, sewage sludge, ferments, biowaste, water from secondary clarifiers, dry concentrates from biological treatment stages, and waste and residues from chemical scrubbers, filters and electrostatic precipitators, waste and residues from exhaust air treatment and air conditioning systems are produced annually in Germany alone. These contain, among other things, nitrates, nitrites, nitrosamines, ammonium salts, ammonia, sulfur compounds, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and their residues and metabolites, heavy metals and radioactive metals and their compounds, viruses, bacteria, and other toxic materials.

[0033] German legislators and the European Union are therefore imposing increasingly stringent standards on the emission of these pollutants. Producers, waste processors, and waste users must adapt to this.

[0034] Liquid manure and its traditional and common application methods, such as spreading it as farm-produced fertilizer on arable land and grassland using a manure spreader that distributes the manure on the surface or injects it directly into the soil, are particularly problematic. If liquid manure is applied in excess or during seasons when vegetation cannot absorb the nutrients it contains, such as in winter, the risk of nutrient leaching into deeper soil layers and seepage or contamination and erosion into groundwater and surface water increases. Ammonium salts, nitrates, and other liquid manure constituents can cause eutrophication in water bodies, leading to algal blooms and fish kills. Finally, spreading it on the soil surface—especially when using broadcast spreaders—results in nutrient losses, including the loss of readily soluble nitrogen compounds and, above all, ammonium salts in the form of ammonia.

[0035] Liquid manure can also contain residues of veterinary medicines, especially antibiotics. Particularly in intensive livestock farming, where antibiotics are used extensively, the animals excrete a large proportion of these substances unchanged in their feces and urine. Spreading such liquid manure allows these medicines to enter the environment, including groundwater. Liquid manure fertilization is generally prohibited for vegetable and fruit cultivation, as dangerous pathogens such as EHEC bacteria strains can enter the soil via animal feces.

[0036] Digestate refers to the liquid or solid residue left over from the fermentation of biomass in a biogas plant. It is also known as biogas digestate or digestate. Due to its high nutrient content, digestate is primarily used as agricultural fertilizer. In other applications, the digestate is first dried before being spread on agricultural land. Drying facilities for digestate are often powered by heat generated from biogas-generated electricity. Because digestate can still contain a certain proportion of poorly degradable carbohydrates such as cellulose and lignocellulose, it can also be used as fuel after drying. However, the high mineral content and the presence of sulfur and nitrogen compounds result in significant slag formation and corrosion.

[0037] Another problem area is sewage sludge. This is a mixture of solids and liquids that accumulates during wastewater treatment through sedimentation. In addition to water, a multitude of chemical compounds are dissolved in the liquid medium. Sewage sludge is initially thin and dark in color. Through sedimentation (gravity action), solids contents of approximately 2% to 5% are achieved.

[0038] Sewage sludge is classified into raw sludge and treated sludge. Sludge fields at wastewater treatment plants are classified as primary sludge in the mechanical treatment stage or as excess sludge in the biological treatment stage. Excess sludge consists mainly of microorganisms such as bacteria and other microorganisms. Through aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of the raw sludge, the less odorous, treated sewage sludge is obtained. In larger wastewater treatment plants, anaerobic treatment takes place in digesters and yields digested sludge.

[0039] Through flocculation and precipitation with additives such as iron(III) chloride or lime, the sewage sludge is processed so that it can be dewatered to solids contents of up to 35%, for example, using centrifuges and belt screens. Even higher degrees of dewatering can be achieved with the help of chamber filter presses.

[0040] Sewage sludge is rich in nutrients because the bacteria in the biological treatment stage use the wastewater constituents to build biomass. Of particular importance, especially for agriculture, are nitrates, which are present at levels of up to 1300 mg / liter, phosphates, and other nutrients.

[0041] Sewage sludge also contains substances that can be problematic for the environment and humans. In particular, heavy metals, which are introduced, among other things, through leaching from pipelines, pose a significant problem. Organic pollutants are also a considerable concern. Sewage sludge can contain a wide variety of organic compounds with diverse properties and effects, which enter the wastewater through anthropogenic processes. These substances can be carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic, or endocrine disruptors. The Sewage Sludge Ordinance specifies limit values ​​for the sum parameters AOX (absorbable organically bound halogens), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), and PCDDs (polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans). The presence of such substances in wastewater poses a particular risk, as even low concentrations can accumulate through bioaccumulation after agricultural application and enter the food chain.Although some of these compounds are no longer detectable in sewage sludge due to the legal bans on the use of certain herbicides and pesticides that have since been enacted, other toxic organic compounds are still present in the sewage sludge.

[0042] As with liquid manure, no economically viable processes are known that can render the heavy metals and other toxic substances harmless while simultaneously recovering the phosphates and other nutrients in a biologically available form.

[0043] Another area of ​​concern is phosphorus. Phosphorus is a finite resource, and its easily accessible mineral reserves are expected to be depleted in 80 to 120 years. German wastewater contains an annual potential for phosphorus recovery of approximately 70,000 tons, while around 120,000 tons are consumed annually in Germany alone. Phosphorus recycling is now becoming mandatory for large water treatment plants serving the equivalent of 50,000 inhabitants or more. The uptake of phosphorus and micronutrients such as potassium and magnesium can also be increased by using nitrification inhibitors, which prolong the ammonium phase of nitrogen applied to the soil.

[0044] Manure processing through combustion or pyrolysis of the manure converts the phosphate it contains through vitrification, rendering it no longer biologically available and lost for fertilization.

[0045] Coal is known to bind phosphates and make them biologically available to plants. Plant charcoal and biochar are used for this purpose, as is lignite, which, however, contains many toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

[0046] Another secondary source of phosphate is building materials such as phosphate-containing cements, concretes, bricks, artificial stones, and annular gap mortars, as well as phosphate-containing foods such as dairy products, sausages, and canned fish. However, only poorly functioning and therefore uneconomical processes are available for recovering phosphate in a biologically available form.

[0047] Each year, 200,000,000 tons of liquid manure, along with digestate, dried ferments, and concentrates from air scrubbers, are spread on fields in Germany. This corresponds to 34,000,000 tons of ammonium per year, 36,000,000 tons of nitrate per year, and 20,000,000 tons of phosphate per year from the liquid manure alone.

[0048] The ammonium form of ammonia, however, is not lost via the gas phase, as it is not volatile. Its mobility is lower than that of nitrate, since it can bind ionically as a cation to negatively charged soil particles.

[0049] In water-saturated soils and at high temperatures, denitrification to nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are greenhouse gases, is favored.

[0050] Therefore, current efforts are to burn and / or pyrolyze manure, destroy nitrate, bind ammonia by drying, use nitrification inhibitors, or sterilize manure under pressure.

[0051] Pyrolysis and the combustion of liquid manure require significant energy input because the water must be evaporated. Furthermore, filters are necessary to retain particulate matter. Phosphates are lost as they vitrify and are therefore no longer bioavailable. Important nitrogen fertilizers are lost and converted into nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are harmful to the environment and form acids. These processes must be carried out centrally, meaning they can only be implemented on an industrial scale and involve substantial investment. This leads to additional transport costs and emissions. The loss of nitrogen fertilizer must be compensated for with synthetic fertilizers. The real problem is not the nitrates and ammonium themselves, but their uneven distribution throughout the year, their uneven uptake by plants, and their leaching. Pyrolysis and combustion do not solve these problems.

[0052] The destruction of nitrate through biological and chemical processes results in the loss of important nitrogen fertilizers, which must then be compensated for with synthetic fertilizers. These processes are very expensive and do not solve the problem of long-term fertilization.

[0053] Binding ammonia in dryers using water and acids, followed by biological degradation, is also not a viable option. While ammonia is indeed bound by water and / or acid during the drying of liquid manure and biogas residues and can then be oxidized to nitrates by bacteria, this liquid fertilizer can be applied during the growing season and adjusted to the plants' needs. However, the enormous energy expenditure required to evaporate and recondense 200 million tons of water and bind the acid is a significant drawback. Simple calculations show that the energy requirement would be equivalent to twelve times the amount of natural gas produced domestically in Germany. For these reasons, this solution would not be energetically efficient, not to mention the associated carbon footprint.

[0054] Reducing fertilizer loss through nitrification inhibitors is a simple process that can be implemented decentrally. This process keeps phosphates, potassium, and magnesium biologically available, ensuring improved yields and reducing nitrate leaching into groundwater. However, the nitrification inhibitors used are classified as hazardous to water and are water-soluble, meaning they can contaminate groundwater. While nitrates can be removed from the groundwater through biological treatment, the nitrification inhibitors themselves accumulate in the groundwater and the food chain, posing a long-term threat.

[0055] When filtration of liquid manure with CNF filters, the nanopores become clogged directly, so that they are not permeable to liquid manure without prior micro- and nanofiltration and cannot bind the nitrate.

[0056] Although CNF binds heavy metals in its anionic form, these must be removed from the manure along with the CNF, otherwise they will be released again during the biological degradation of the CNF in the soil.

[0057] Coal binds phosphates and other nutrients and releases them gradually. However, the problem lies in the high production costs, for example for activated carbon at around €2,000 per ton, or the high degree of contamination in lignite.

[0058] Other waste products containing environmentally harmful organic materials include sludge from oil production. Here, too, no satisfactory solution has yet been found to convert this type of waste into valuable products.

[0059] Since the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere has risen continuously and has now reached a critical level, leading to noticeable warming of the atmosphere. This has already resulted in, for example, the thawing of permafrost and the retreat of glaciers, which serve as water reserves. A further consequence could be the release of methane—an even more potent greenhouse gas—from methane ice, the negative consequences of which are unpredictable.

[0060] Therefore, there is no shortage of attempts to reduce carbon dioxide formation and / or to remove carbon dioxide already formed from the atmosphere. However, the corresponding methods are expensive, complex, and their success is questionable. Consequently, there is no shortage of attempts to split carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon at comparatively low temperatures, as the following publications demonstrate: H. Kato et al., JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE (1994), 29:5689, "Decomposition of carbon dioxide to carbon by hydrogen-reduced Ni(II)-bearing ferrite"; Kodama et al., Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 1995, "XRD and Mössbauer studies on oxygen deficient Ni(II)-bearing ferrite with a high reactivity for CO2 decomposition to carbon"; Kodama et al., Materials Research Bulletin, 1995, "CO2 decomposition to carbon by ultrafine Ni(II) bearing ferrite at 300 °C"; Masamichi Tsuji et al., Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 142 (1), 1996, 31-45, "Catalytic acceleration for CO2 decomposition into carbon by Rh, Pt or Ce impregnation onto Ni(ii)-bearing ferrite"; Chun-lei Zhang et al., Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 62 (1), 2000, 52-61, "Studies on the decomposing carbon dioxide into carbon with oxygen deficient magnetite: II. The effects of magnetite on activity of decomposition CO2 and mechanism of the reaction"; Dorna Esrafilzadeh et al., Nature Communications 10, Article number: 865 (2019), "Room temperature CO2 reduction to solid carbon species on liquid metals featuring atomically thin ceria interfaces". .

[0061] However, these processes still require further development to become industrially viable.

[0062] Furthermore, waste from carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) is difficult to recycle in order to recover the expensive carbon fibers for further use. For example, carbon fiber-reinforced polyepoxides are treated with supercritical water or solvents to release the carbon fibers. A reprocessing method is known from US patent application 2019 / 0203013 A1, in which the CFRP is aerobically depolymerized. The released carbon fibers can be reused, and the resulting monomers can be repolymerized. However, this is comparatively complex. In particular, the separation of the monomers poses safety concerns.The method and apparatus known from American patent application US 2019 / 0039266 A1 circumvent this problem by pyrolyzing the CFRP, thereby releasing the carbon fibers again - but at the cost of eliminating the plastic matrix.

[0063] It would therefore be desirable to be able to directly convert CFRP into new value-added products. However, the methods and devices known so far are not suitable for this.

[0064] The article by S. Amirjylayer et al., "Understanding the Mechanocatalytic Conversion of Biomass: A Low-Energy One-Step Reaction Mechanism by Applying Mechanical Force," Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, No. 16, describes an acid-catalyzed mechanochemical process for the degradation of cellulose into low-molecular-weight sugars. The extent to which this process can be used for the industrial production of marketable products is unknown.

[0065] WO 94 / 14503 A1, EP 0 553 776 A2 and US 8,324,523 B2 can also be cited as prior art.

[0066] Overall, state-of-the-art methods are therefore poorly suited or not suitable at all for the decontamination or elimination of problematic synthetic, biogenic and biological materials, for the immobilization of metals, for the breakdown of phosphates, for the splitting of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide into their elements and for the recovery of valuable products. Object of the present invention

[0067] The present invention was based on the objective of finding a widely applicable method that makes it possible to decontaminate and / or eliminate natural, synthetic, biological and biogenic materials in a simple manner.

[0068] In particular, activated carbon should be obtained, which can be recycled back into the process or used to produce Terra preta or as a carbon dioxide sink. Inventive solution

[0069] Accordingly, the object of the present invention was achieved by means of the mechanochemical process for the decontamination and / or elimination of problematic synthetic, biogenic, and biological materials according to independent claim 1. Advantageous embodiments are found in the dependent claims relating thereto. Advantages of the present invention

[0070] In light of the prior art, it was surprising and unforeseeable for those skilled in the art that the problem underlying the present invention could be solved using the mechanochemical process according to the invention. It was particularly surprising that the mechanochemical process according to the invention no longer exhibited the disadvantages of the prior art, but rather that it was exceptionally broadly applicable and made it possible to decontaminate and / or eliminate synthetic, biological, and biogenic materials in a simple manner.

[0071] In particular, activated carbon could be obtained and recycled back into the mechanochemical process. This made it possible to reduce the carbon footprint, as biomass could be permanently converted into carbon. Furthermore, the carbon in the fertilizers produced intensified the activity of microorganisms in the soil. In addition, even lignite could be used for the mechanochemical process according to the invention.

[0072] What was particularly surprising was that the mechanochemical process no longer produced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrosamines, tars, and other harmful substances, and that the presence of chlorides and bromides prevented the formation of brominated and / or chlorinated dioxins, dibenzofurans, and toxic lipophilic compounds that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, drug residues, toxins of all kinds, biocides, viruses, bacteria, algae, poisonous plants and parts thereof, as well as poisonous animals and parts thereof, could be destroyed and eliminated. A particular advantage was that the mechanochemical process according to the invention converted organic materials of all kinds into carbon, especially activated carbon, which could, for example, be recycled into the fourth treatment stage of wastewater treatment plants or used for battery storage.New masonry sands and cements could be produced using plastics and increased sand or cement content. In particular, the masonry cements no longer exhibited cement efflorescence or cement residue. Furthermore, the cement could be used as a phosphate source and as a raw material for fertilizer production. Anastas and diamonds could occur as byproducts. The powdered products of the mechanochemical process according to the invention could be directly processed into granules and pellets.

[0073] The powdered products of the mechanochemical process according to the invention could be used for the production of release agents for plastic molding from membranes of fuel cells, for the recycling of plastics from electronic materials and for the production of single-type plastics by bacteria.

[0074] Furthermore, the mechanochemical process according to the invention could serve to convert thermosets into thermoplastics and / or activate thermosets on their surface by forming reactive radical centers and / or functional groups, so that they could serve as graft bases for graft copolymerization.

[0075] It was also surprising that explosives and pyrotechnic materials could be disposed of without problems using the mechanochemical process according to the invention.

[0076] Overall, the implementation of the mechanochemical process according to the invention required comparatively little energy, lower costs and lower transport costs and contributed to the conservation of phosphate reserves. Detailed description of the invention

[0077] The present invention relates to a mechanochemical process carried out using mechanical mills. Conventional and known mechanical mills can be used for the process according to the invention. Examples of suitable mechanical mills are ball mills, hammer mills, pinned disk mills, jet mills, vibratory mills, shaking mills, horizontal mills, attritors, and planetary mills. For example, the mechanical mill described in German patent application DE 195 04 540 A1, Figures 1a to 4b, can be used.

[0078] The means for agitating the grinding media in a high-energy mass flow together with the material being ground can, apart from the attritors according to the aforementioned German patent application, have different forms, which are preferably symmetrical with respect to the at least one, in particular one, drive shaft. These agitation means are preferably made of metals, alloys, ceramics, and metals and alloys coated with ceramics.

[0079] Power transmission can thus be achieved by planar impact vanes, which have at least two striking ends arranged symmetrically to the drive shaft to prevent imbalance. The impact vanes can be arranged on the drive shaft with gaps between them and / or overlapping, and preferably have circular holes in the region of their ends.

[0080] Planar impact discs can also be used, preferably with a circular circumference and preferably with circular, oval, elliptical, and / or elongated holes curved parallel to the circumference, preferably arranged in a circle and preferably at equal intervals. The impact discs can be arranged on the drive shaft such that the holes are spaced apart and / or aligned.

[0081] The planar striking discs can also have raised ridges on their surface, which are arranged symmetrically and extend in a straight line and / or preferably curved in the direction of rotation from the drive shaft to the circular edge. The beginnings and ends of the ridges are preferably equidistant from each other. Preferably, at least four of these ridges are used. In a further embodiment, these ridges are arranged on the two opposite sides of the planar striking discs. The ridges can have a square, a triangular, or a semicircular cross-section. The striking discs can be arranged on the drive shaft such that the ridges are spaced apart and / or aligned.

[0082] The power transmission to the grinding media can also be achieved by impact fans arranged symmetrically to the drive shaft. These are formed by a ring that encloses the drive shaft and at least two impact fans radiating from this ring. In a further embodiment, the ring widens at at least two surfaces arranged symmetrically to the drive shaft, each of which transitions into at least two outwardly radiating impact fans. Preferably, the edges are curved and lie on an imaginary circle around the entire arrangement. Thus, these can be n-fold single impact fans or n-fold multiple impact fans, where n = at least 2.

[0083] In another embodiment, the striking fans can have raised ribs on one side or on two opposite sides, arranged symmetrically to each other and extending from the drive shaft to the respective edge of the striking fans. The ribs can have triangular, quadrilateral, or semicircular profiles.

[0084] In yet another embodiment, these bridges can run parallel to the curved edges of the striking fans.

[0085] The agitation means described above are preferably spaced at least one width apart. The width of the agitation means, viewed transversely to the drive shaft, is preferably 0.1 to 8 times the width of the respective grinding media. The agitation means can be arranged parallel to each other or offset on the drive shaft.

[0086] Instead of the agitation devices described above, striking clubs can also be used, arranged symmetrically to the drive shaft and comprising striking elements connected to the ring surrounding the drive shaft by rods of equal or unequal length, running straight or curved. The striking elements can be cuboid, scoop-shaped, spherical, teardrop-shaped, or ellipsoidal. To prevent imbalance during rotation, they preferably have the same weight.

[0087] The drive shafts themselves can be splined shafts, hollow shafts, power take-off shafts, worm shafts, bevel shafts, tapered shafts or triangular shafts.

[0088] Instead of the arrangements consisting of a drive shaft and the agitation means described above, at least two rollers arranged parallel to each other in the longitudinal direction of the grinding chamber and rotating against each other can be used. The grinding of the material takes place in the area where the rollers are in contact.

[0089] In one embodiment, the rollers are arranged at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the grinding chamber, resulting in an additional torsion of the material being ground.

[0090] In yet another embodiment, the roller rotates against an abrasion surface, so that the grinding takes place in the area of ​​contact between the roller and the abrasion surface.

[0091] In other embodiments, the surfaces of the rollers and the abrasion surfaces can have structures such as teeth, nipples and / or depressions.

[0092] In yet another embodiment, the impact effect and the fit can be improved by a spring-loaded roller surface. This can be achieved by arranging the rollers as a whole in a way that allows them to spring against each other. Alternatively, individual areas of the roller surface can be made spring-loaded separately. This can be achieved, for example, by having recesses in the surface of the rollers containing balls that are pushed out of the recesses by coil springs. The recesses can have a larger clear diameter than the radius of the ball, so that the material being ground, which enters the recesses, trickles back out as the rollers continue to rotate.

[0093] The grinding chamber, in which the agitation means are arranged, is preferably tubular and preferably has a circular circumference. When using the rollers described above, the grinding chamber can also be bounded by two opposing, parallel, straight walls extending across the width of the rollers at a distance and connected by two opposing curved walls.

[0094] In the longitudinal direction, i.e., viewed along the drive shaft, the circumference of the grinding chamber can constrict at least once, resulting in at least two spherical grinding chambers arranged one behind the other and connected by a circular opening. The dimensions of the agitating elements are then adapted to the contours of the walls in each grinding chamber, such that the agitating elements are largest at the point with the greatest diameter of the spherical grinding chambers, with their dimensions decreasing to the left and right, following the curvature of the grinding chambers.

[0095] The mechanical mills can be powered directly by the energy supplied by wind turbines, water turbines and tidal power plants.

[0096] Repulsion motors have proven effective for the smooth starting of large mechanical mills. Their power output can then be reduced during subsequent continuous operation.

[0097] It is also possible to use a combination of a powerful motor for starting, which is switched off after starting, and a weaker motor for continuous operation.

[0098] In addition, gas turbines and combustion engines powered by fossil or biotechnologically produced fuels can be used.

[0099] Also suitable are asynchronous motors, DC motors (commutator motors), AC and three-phase motors, rotating field and traveling field machines, three-phase asynchronous machines, slip ring rotor motors, three-phase synchronous machines, cascade machines, stepper motors, brushless DC motors, linear motors, AC motors, capacitor motors, shaded pole motors, synchronous motors, single-phase asynchronous motors, reluctance motors, magnetic motors, transverse flux machines, commutator machines, DC motors, universal motors (for DC and AC), permanent magnet DC motors, electrically excited (externally excited) DC motors, series-wound motors, shunt-wound machines, compound motors, ball bearing motors, unipolar machines, homopolar motors and Barlow wheels.

[0100] Preferably, electric motors according to international patent application WO 2017 / 055246A2 are used. These comprise at least one electric machine component with at least one winding for generating a magnetic field, which includes at least one waveguide having a sheath and an inner cavity through which a coolant can be conducted, wherein the winding has two ends to which an electrical operating voltage is connected and wherein The waveguides are designed in a round tube shape and have an outer diameter in the range of 3 mm, the ends of the winding each serve as a coolant inlet or coolant outlet, and the ends of the winding are connected to a connector that includes a coolant inlet and / or a coolant outlet, several waveguide connections for connecting waveguides, a distribution channel through which the coolant is fed into at least one waveguide, and / or a collecting channel into which the coolant exiting from at least one waveguide flows and is directed to the coolant outlet of the connector.

[0101] Electric motors of this type are distributed by Dynamic E Flow GmbH, Kaufbeuren, Germany, under the brand name capcooltech®. Types HC and LC are preferred.

[0102] However, motors driven by compressed air can also be used, which are particularly suitable for use in explosion-proof areas.

[0103] Grinding can take place at temperatures ranging from -273 °C to +1200 °C for both the grinding media and the material being ground. Temperatures in the so-called hotspots and plasmas can reach up to 15,000 °C.

[0104] The grinding time can vary widely and thus be ideally adapted to the specific task. Preferably, the grinding time ranges from 0.5 minutes to 1000 hours, more preferably from 10 minutes to 500 hours, particularly preferably from 10 minutes to 100 hours, and especially from 10 minutes to 50 hours.

[0105] The grinding process can be carried out in the presence of at least one, in particular one, inert substance. Examples of suitable inert substances are gaseous, liquid, and solid nitrogen; gaseous, liquid, and solid carbon dioxide under conditions where it does not decompose into its elements; sulfur hexafluoride; and the gaseous, liquid, and solid noble gases neon, argon, krypton, and xenon, and gaseous and liquid helium.

[0106] During the grinding process inside the mills, i.e., in the grinding chamber, a plasma is present.

[0107] Plasma can be generated by the production of triboplasma via gas discharge, hotspots, electrostatic charging, emission of exoelectrons, triboluminescence, crystal lattice defects, shredding, dislocations, crystal lattice vibrations, fracture formation, cutting processes, compression, abrasion, drilling, grinding, abrasion, high pressures, friction, metastable states and hotspots due to the collision of solids and / or the friction of solids against each other, as well as by catalytically active and / or piezoelectric particles and coatings on the grinding media and / or the walls of the grinding chamber and / or on the agitators and / or in the grinding chamber of mechanical mills, focused laser radiation, electron radiation, radioactive radiation, X-rays, UV radiation, IR radiation, microwave radiation, ultrasound, chemical and nuclear reactions, electrostatic fields, electromagnetic fields, direct current, capacitive electrical excitation.Wire explosions, gas discharges, electric arcs, spark discharges, vacuum spark discharges, cyclotron resonance, capacitive glass tube discharge and the pinch effect are generated.

[0108] The radiation can be radiated into the grinding chamber through mechanically stable, scratch-resistant, radiation-permeable windows, via the drive shaft and / or the agitation means.

[0109] Additionally, IR radiation and UV radiation, preferably with specific wavelengths that stimulate bonds, can be used.

[0110] Acoustophoresis, or accustoaggregation, particularly using standing ultrasound waves, can modify the material being ground during milling to open up new mechanochemical pathways. The resulting nanoparticles and microparticles of the ground material can then be re-aggregated to undergo novel mechanochemical reactions.

[0111] The plasma is preferably generated by piezoelectric particles. Particularly preferred are the piezoelectric particles from the group consisting of carbon, quartz, glass, barium titanate (BTO), lead zirconium titanate (PZT), lead magnesium niobate (PMN), gallium orthophosphate, berlinite, tourmalines, Rochelle salt, piezoelectric thin films of zinc oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide and titanium nitride, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and ferroelectric polycrystalline ceramics. Carbon, quartz, and glass are particularly favored.

[0112] In a particular embodiment, the piezoelectric particles or materials can be applied to the surfaces of the grinding bodies, the walls, the drive shafts and / or the agitation means and / or introduced into the grinding chambers of the mechanical mills.

[0113] Likewise, the catalytically active particles and / or coatings can be applied to the grinding media, the drive shafts, the walls of the grinding chamber and / or to the agitation media and / or introduced into the grinding chamber of the mechanical mills.

[0114] Preferably, the catalytically active particles are selected from the group consisting of metals, metal alloys, metal compounds and microporous materials. Metals can

[0115] Actinium, symbol: Ac, atomic number: 89; Aluminum, symbol: Al, atomic number: 13; Americium, symbol: Am, atomic number: 95; Antimony, symbol: Sb, atomic number: 51; Arsenic, symbol: As, atomic number: 33; Astatine, symbol: At, atomic number: 85; Barium, symbol: Ba, atomic number: 56; Berkelium, symbol: Bk, atomic number: 97; Beryllium, symbol: Be, atomic number: 4; Bismuth, symbol: Bi, atomic number: 83; Lead, symbol: Pb, atomic number: 82; Bohrium, symbol: Bh, atomic number: 107; Boron, symbol: B, atomic number: 5; Cadmium, symbol: Cd, atomic number: 48; Cesium, symbol: Cs, atomic number: 55; Calcium, symbol: Ca, atomic number: 20; Californium, symbol: Cf Atomic number: 98 Cerium, Symbol: Ce, Atomic number: 58 Chromium, Symbol: Cr, Atomic number: 24 Cobalt, Symbol: Co, Atomic number: 27 Copernicium, Symbol: Cn, Atomic number: 112 Curium, Symbol: Cm, Atomic number: 96 Darmstadtium, Symbol: Ds, Atomic number: 110 Dubnium, Symbol: Db, Atomic number: 105 Dysprosium, Symbol: Dy, Atomic number: 66 Einsteinium, Symbol: Es,Atomic number: 99 Iron, Symbol: Fe, Atomic number: 26 Erbium, Symbol: Er, Atomic number: 68 Europium, Symbol: Eu, Atomic number: 63 Fermium, Symbol: Fm, Atomic number: 100 Flerovium, Symbol: Fl, Atomic number: 114 Francium, Symbol: Fr, Atomic number: 87 Gadolinium, Symbol: Gd, Atomic number: 64 Gallium, Symbol: Ga, Atomic number: 31 Germanium, Symbol: Ge, Atomic number: 32 Gold, Symbol: Au, Atomic number: 79 Hafnium, Symbol: Hf, Atomic number: 72 Hassium, Symbol: Hs, Atomic number: 108 Holmium, Symbol: Ho, Atomic number: 67 Indium, Symbol: In, Atomic number: 49 Iodine, Symbol: I, Atomic number: 53 Iridium, Symbol: Ir, Atomic number: 77 Potassium, symbol: K, atomic number: 19 Carbon, symbol: C, atomic number: 6 Copper, symbol: Cu, atomic number: 29 Lanthanum, symbol: La, atomic number: 57 Lawrencium, symbol: Lr, atomic number: 103 Lithium, symbol: Li, atomic number: 3 Livermorium, symbol: Lv, atomic number: 116 Lutetium, symbol: Lu, atomic number: 71 Magnesium, symbol: Mg, atomic number: 12 Manganese, symbol: Mn,Atomic number: 25 Meitnerium, symbol: Mt, atomic number: 109 Mendelevium, symbol: Md, atomic number: 101 Molybdenum, symbol: Mo, atomic number: 42 Moscovium, symbol: Mc, atomic number: 115 Sodium, symbol: Na, atomic number: 11 Neodymium, symbol: Nd, atomic number: 60 Neptunium, symbol: Np, atomic number: 93 Nickel, symbol: Ni, atomic number: 28 Nihonium, symbol: Nh, atomic number: 113 Niobium, symbol: Nb, atomic number: 41 Nobelium, symbol: No, atomic number: 102 Oganesson, symbol: Og, atomic number: 118 Osmium, symbol: Os, atomic number: 76 Palladium, symbol: Pd, atomic number: 46 Phosphorus, symbol: P, atomic number: 15 Platinum, Symbol: Pt, Atomic number: 78 Plutonium, Symbol: Pu, Atomic number: 94 Polonium, Symbol: Po, Atomic number: 84 Praseodymium, Symbol: Pr, Atomic number: 59 Promethium, Symbol: Pm, Atomic number: 61 Protactinium, Symbol: Pa, Atomic number: 91 Mercury, Symbol: Hg, Atomic number: 80 Radium, Symbol: Ra, Atomic number: 88 Rhenium, Symbol: Re, Atomic number: 75 Rhodium, Symbol: RhAtomic number: 45 Roentgenium, Symbol: Rg, Atomic number: 111 Rubidiol, Symbol: Rb, Atomic number: 37 Ruthenium, Symbol: Ru, Atomic number: 44 Rutherfordium, Symbol: Rf, Atomic number: 104 Samarium, Symbol: Sm, Atomic number: 62 Scandium, Symbol: Sc, Atomic number: 21 Seaborgium, Symbol: Sg, Atomic number: 106 Selenium, Symbol: Se, Atomic number: 34 Silver, Symbol: Ag, Atomic number: 47 Silicon, Symbol: Si, Atomic number: 14 Strontium, Symbol: Sr, Atomic number: 38 Tantalum, Symbol: Ta, Atomic number: 73 Technetium, Symbol: Tc, Atomic number: 43 Tellurium, Symbol: Te, Atomic number: 52 Tennessin, Symbol: Ts, Atomic number: 117 Terbium Symbol: Tb, Atomic number: 65 Thallium, Symbol: TI, Atomic number: 81 Thorium, Symbol: Th, Atomic number: 90 Thulium, Symbol: Tm, Atomic number: 69 Titanium, Symbol: Ti, Atomic number: 22 Uranium, Symbol: U, Atomic number: 92 Vanadium, Symbol: V, Atomic number: 23 Hydrogen, Symbol: H, Atomic number: 1 Tungsten, Symbol: W, Atomic number: 74 Ytterbium, Symbol: Yb, Atomic number: 70 Yttrium,Symbol: Y, Atomic number: 39 Zinc, Symbol: Zn, Atomic number: 30 Tin, Symbol: Sn, Atomic number: 50 Zirconium, Symbol: Zr, Atomic number: 40 may be used. When using reactive metals such as alkali and alkaline earth metals and radioactive metals, the appropriate usual and known precautions must be taken.

[0116] The following metal alloys can be used: Aluminum alloys:

[0117] Alloys with copper, magnesium, silicon, or manganese as the main alloying element: Duralumin is a wrought alloy of aluminum, copper, magnesium, manganese, and silicon. Partinium: Aluminum-manganese alloy. Aluminum-magnesium alloy. Hydronalium: Trade name for an aluminum casting alloy with 3-12% magnesium. Aluminum-silicon alloy, primarily as a casting alloy. Silumin: Brand name for a range of hypoeutectic to eutectic aluminum-silicon casting alloys. Aluminum-lithium alloy (These are particularly lightweight.) Aluminum-zinc-magnesium alloy. Titanal Lead alloys:

[0118] Hard lead consists of lead and antimony. Shot refers to an alloy of lead, arsenic, and antimony. Solder is a lead-tin alloy. More recently, copper- or silver-containing tin alloys have also been used. Sodium-lead alloys are used as drying agents and in the production of tetraethyl lead. Bismuth alloys:

[0119] Rose's metal consists of bismuth, lead, and tin. Wood's metal consists of bismuth, lead, tin, and cadmium. Lipowitz metal, Orion metal, Schnellsolder, Darcot metal. Cobalt alloys: Stellites are hard alloys containing 20–68% cobalt. Other significant constituents in varying amounts are chromium, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, and occasionally up to 2.5% carbon. Vitallium is a metal alloy of cobalt, chromium, and molybdenum (see chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy). Iron alloys:

[0120] Steel is a collective term for plastically deformable iron-carbon alloys with a maximum carbon content of 2.06 percent. Cast iron is a collective term for non-plastically deformable iron-carbon alloys with a minimum carbon content of 2.06 percent (usually around 4 percent). The iron-nickel alloy Invar consists (mainly) of iron and nickel. Kovar consists (mainly) of iron, nickel, and cobalt. Ferroalloy Aluminum alloy:

[0121] Devarda's alloy Gallium alloy:

[0122] Galinstan is a eutectic alloy of gallium, indium and tin. Gold alloys:

[0123] Titanium gold: Alloy: 99% gold, 1% titanium, primarily used in the manufacture of wedding rings and in medical technology. Its color is comparable to 750 yellow gold, but slightly grayer. Colored gold (generally) is an alloy of gold, silver (to lighten the yellow and improve workability), and copper (for the "noble," intense gold color or the reddish hue). Yellow gold: the proportion of silver equals that of copper. Red gold: the proportion of silver is significantly lower than that of copper (regionally also called Turkish gold). Russian gold: a slightly lighter red gold with the unusual gold content of 583. Pale gold: the proportion of silver is significantly higher than that of copper. Green gold: gold with predominantly or exclusively silver. Small amounts of cadmium are often added to intensify the green tone, but this has been banned throughout the EU since 2011.White gold and gray gold are alloys of gold with platinum, palladium, or silver. However, there are also white gold alloys containing cobalt, chromium, manganese-germanium, and other metals. Nickel was also used in the past. Electrum is an alloy of gold and silver known since antiquity. The term is also used for amber. Since 1920, Elektron has been the protected name for a magnesium alloy produced by the former IG Farbenindustrie, Griesheim plant. Standard metal or standard-grade metal (in Switzerland also: guaranteed metal) is a gold-containing alloy with a gold content of less than 333‰. Hard gold: Gold produced electroplated with small amounts (a few atomic percent) of cobalt, nickel, or iron. Copper alloys:

[0124] Bronzes or brasses, with tin defining bronzes and zinc defining brasses. Bronze (true bronze) is an alloy consisting only of copper and tin. Aluminum bronze is an alloy that can consist of copper and aluminum, as well as proportions of nickel and iron. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, commonly used as a rolled and wrought material with an admixture of lead, sometimes also aluminum. Copper-rich brass is called tombac. Lead bronze is an alloy of copper, tin, and lead. Isabelline is an alloy of copper, nickel, and manganese, primarily used for thermally resistant wires (heating conductor alloy). Constantan is a comparable alloy of copper, nickel, and manganese. Nickeline is a comparable alloy of copper, nickel, and manganese. German silver (alpaca, pakfong) is an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc. Red brass is an alloy of copper, tin, zinc, and lead used, among other things, for fittings.Beryllium copper, made from copper and beryllium, was used especially for spark-free tools in mining. White copper is a light-colored copper-arsenic alloy. Magnesium alloys:

[0125] Elektron is a name for a magnesium alloy that was protected in the 1920s. Nickel-based alloys:

[0126] Plessite consists of intergrown kamacite (bar iron) and taenite (band iron) and occurs in nickel-iron meteorites. Chronin refers to alloys of nickel and chromium. Monel is an alloy of nickel, copper, iron, and manganese. Inconel and Incoloy are heat-resistant alloys of nickel, chromium, and up to 5% iron, with temperatures up to 800 °C. Supermalloy is an alloy of nickel, iron, and molybdenum. Mercury alloys:

[0127] Silver amalgam / gold amalgam, a combination of mercury and gold, is not a purpose-built alloy, but merely an environmentally harmful intermediate stage in gold extraction. Silver alloys:

[0128] Sterling silver: An alloy of 925 / 1000 silver, often mixed with copper or other materials. This alloy is primarily used for making coins, jewelry, and silverware. Vermeil: Silver that has been fire-gilded. Niello (Tula silver): (primarily used in the Middle Ages for artwork and tableware) is made with silver, copper, lead, sulfur, and ammonium chloride. Tibetan silver: An alloy with a very low silver content of 250 / 1000. Tungsten alloys or composite materials:

[0129] Tungsten is a refractory metal, meaning that its high melting point (SMtungsten = 3422 °C) makes it difficult to alloy with other metals. Therefore, it is mostly sintered into composite materials, such as cemented carbides for machining. Widia is a protected designation for a cemented carbide consisting of tungsten, cobalt, carbon, and titanium. A tungsten-silver composite is misleadingly referred to as a sweat-cooling alloy. True alloys, on the other hand, include tungsten-molybdenum alloys, high-density tungsten alloys with nickel, copper, iron, and molybdenum in varying proportions. As an alloying element with a proportion of just a few percent by weight, tungsten is usually a component of both high-quality steels (see also list of alloying elements) and wire alloys used for lighting purposes (e.g., the Osram® brand, a contraction of osmium and tungsten). Zinc alloy:

[0130] Zamak alloy, also known as fine zinc, is a casting alloy primarily used for die-cast parts, including those produced using investment casting. Titanium zinc is a zinc alloy with a very low copper and titanium content, often used for galvanizing. Alzen (ZnAl35), also spelled Alzeen, is a brand name for zinc-aluminum alloys. Tin alloys:

[0131] Britannia metal is an alloy of 90-95% tin with up to 9% antimony and 1% copper. According to the "Foundry Lexicon" (formerly), it was used for household goods and decorative objects ("false bronzes"). Pewter is an alloy of tin, copper, and / or lead. Solder is a lead-tin alloy. More recently, copper- or silver-containing tin alloys have also been used. "Potin gris" is a historical French bronze (a copper alloy with tin). Intermetallic compounds:

[0132] Zintl phases. Laves phases. Hume-Rothery phases. Magnetic and magnetizable alloys:

[0133] Alloys of iron with at least one metal selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium oxide, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybene, tungsten, manganese, rhenium, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, and bismuth; examples of suitable metal alloys are soft magnetic metal alloys such as Permalloy® based on nickel and iron, nickel-iron-zinc alloys, or Sendust based on aluminum, silicon, and iron;RE 1-yLay )Fe 100-vwxz CO w M z B x , where RE represents a rare earth metal from the group Cerium, Praseodymium, Neodymium, Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, Terbium Oxide, Terbium Oxide, Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium and Lutetium and M represents a metal from the group Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum, Chromium, Molybene and Tungsten and v = 5-15, w ≥ 5, x = 9-30, y = 0.05-0.5 and z = 0.1-5; The aforementioned metals and metal alloys may contain at least one further metal and / or nonmetal selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, boron, carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, in non-stoichiometric amounts. A particularly suitable material of this type is NdFeB.

[0134] Examples of suitable katakytic metal compounds are borides, oxides, sulfides, selenides, tellurides, carbides, silicides, germanides, nitrides, phosphides, arsenides, antimonides, fluorides, chlorides, bromides and iodides, coordination compounds with organic and / or inorganic ligands, isopoly acids and heteropoly acids (polyoxometalates; POM), as well as covalent organometallic compounds, sandwich compounds and carbenes.

[0135] In particular, hematite, non-stoichiometric hematites, ferrites, nickel ferrites, nickel salts and polyoxometalates (POM) are used.

[0136] Examples of suitable POMs are known from the international patent application WO 2016 / 116259 A1, page 14, line 32, to page 23, line 17, and in particular from Table 1, "Summative formulas of suitable POMs".

[0137] Examples of suitable microporous materials include zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Zinc-modified zeolites are used in particular.

[0138] The grinding process generates nanoparticles and microparticles of catalytically active particles and / or repeatedly reactivates the surfaces of the drive shafts, walls, grinding media, agitators, and / or rollers, thereby enhancing the catalytic effects. Furthermore, the metals and metal alloys are continuously regenerated through reduction using the carbon-containing materials present. This can also lead to the formation of new active centers on the catalysts through torsion and lattice defects, and these centers can be supplied with electrons for redox reactions via piezoelectric properties.

[0139] The grinding media or grinding balls are made of a high- and low-temperature resistant, impact-resistant, and abrasion-resistant material with high hardness and a very high melting point. Suitable grinding media consist, for example, of aluminum oxide, steatite, porcelain, zirconium oxide, glass, flint, steels, chromium steels, tungsten carbide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, or boron carbide, or they contain these materials.

[0140] The grinding media can have any desired diameter, depending in particular on the size and design of the mill, the type of acceleration (e.g., by rotation of the mill wall, by rotating or vibrating the container surrounding the grinding chamber, by centrifugal forces, by compressed air, by impacts, or by electrostatic and / or magnetic attraction), and on the materials to be ground. The diameters can therefore be advantageously adapted to the specific task. Preferably, the diameters range from 0.5 cm to 10 cm.

[0141] The grinding media can be spheres or ellipsoids, or have irregular shapes, resulting in various contact possibilities per collision. Furthermore, the grinding media can have smooth or roughened surfaces, or cup-shaped depressions like a golf ball, in which material can accumulate. The surface of the grinding media can have a layer of the material being ground or be doped with it.

[0142] Grinding balls are preferably used as grinding media.

[0143] If, on the other hand, the rollers described above are used for grinding the material, none of the grinding media described above are used. The rollers, which can be solid or hollow, are preferably made of the same hard materials as the grinding media.

[0144] The mechanochemical process according to the invention serves for the decontamination, elimination, regeneration, immobilization, digestion and / or conversion into valuable products of natural, synthetic, biogenic and biological materials.

[0145] Preferably, the materials in question contain phosphates, in particular glassy phosphates, which can be recovered in a biologically available form using the mechanochemical process according to the invention.

[0146] In the first process step of the mechanochemical process according to the invention, at least one, in particular one, suspension or pasty mixture, at least one, in particular one, finely divided solid mixture and / or at least one, in particular one, gas is provided as the material to be ground.

[0147] Within the scope of the present invention, a solid material or a solid mixture is considered to be finely divided if it consists of particles with a mean particle size d 50 of 1 nm to 2 cm.

[0148] The at least one finely divided solid mixture, which is either suspended or in the form of a paste or a finely divided solid powder, preferably contains at least one material which contains or consists of at least one, in particular one, phosphate.

[0149] Preferably, at least one material is selected from the group consisting of natural, synthetic, biogenic and biological materials that are contaminated, ecologically problematic and questionable, harmful, intensely smelling, toxic, flammable, oxidizing, radioactive and / or explosive, mixtures and wastes, as well as contaminated mineral coals, biochars, activated carbons and carbon suppliers.

[0150] Preferably, the materials are from the group consisting of dried manure, liquid manure, digestate, dry ferments, sewage sludge, ferments, compost, biowaste, plant waste, leaves, sawn timber, construction timber, mashes, pomace, food industry waste, biotechnological waste, genetic engineering waste, animal waste, waste from metal production, radioactive waste, waste from carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP), biomass and waste containing cellulose, hemicellulose, liginocellulose, high molecular weight proteins and structural proteins, dry concentrates from the biological treatment stages of wastewater treatment plants, chemical scrubbers and filters, wastewater, residues from exhaust air treatment, nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs).selected substances include reactive gases, medical devices, hormones, micropollutants, phosphate-containing building materials, phosphate-containing body components, phosphate-containing foods and feed, other phosphate sources, synthetic and natural intensely odorous substances, synthetic and natural toxins, biocides, pyrotechnic materials, explosives, viruses, bacteria, mycoplasmas, prions, algae, poisonous plants and parts thereof, as well as poisonous animals and parts thereof.

[0151] In particular, nitrogen compounds are selected from the group consisting of ammonia, aliphatic amines, cycloaliphatic amines, olefinically unsaturated amines, aromatic amines, saturated, unsaturated and aromatic heterocyclic amines and their ammonium compounds, amides, amine oxides, amine complexes, azo compounds, carbodiimides, hydrazines, hydrazones, hydrazide hydrazones, guanidines, ureas, biuretenes, triuretenes, semicarbazides, carbodiazones, carbazidic acid derivatives, isosemicarbazides, imines, isocyanides, N-hydroxy compounds, carboxylic acid amides, carboxylic acid hydrazides, imide, hydrazonal, hydroxymic and hydroxamic acids, nitrates, nitrites, nitrides, nitriles, nitroso compounds, nitrosyl compounds, nitro compounds, tetrazenes and urethanes. In particular, the nitrogen compounds are nitrates, nitrites and nitrosamines.

[0152] In particular, sulfur compounds are selected from the group consisting of the allotropes of sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, thiols, sulfides, sulfur halides, sulfoxides, sulfones, sultones, sulfuric acid esters, sulfonic acids, sulfonic acid esters, sulfur-nitrogen compounds and sulfonium compounds.

[0153] In particular, phosphorus compounds are selected from the group consisting of phosphorus allotropes, phosphines, phosphonium compounds, phosphites, phosphates, phosphonates, phosphorus halides and phosphazenes, but especially phosphates.

[0154] In particular, fluids are selected from the group consisting of industrial solvents and residues of industrial solvents, especially solvents from the paint industry, the automotive industry, chip manufacturing and industrial low molecular weight and high molecular weight organic synthesis.

[0155] In particular, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are selected from the group consisting of aldehydes and ketones such as ethanal, propionaldehyde, thioaldehyde, butyraldehyde, heptanal, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone and formaldehyde; alkanes and cycloalkanes such as hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, cyclohexanone and methylcyclohexane; aromatics such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, cresol and styrene; phenols such as phenol and cresol; and volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHCs) such as partially and fully chlorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons such as trifluorochloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrafluorocarbon, chloroform, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane and dichlorobenzene.

[0156] In particular, the reactive gases not mentioned above are selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane, butane, ethylene, propylene, hydrogen cyanide, dicyan, phosgene, acetylene, vinyl fluoride, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinylidene fluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, tetrafluorohydrazine, cis- and trans-difluorodiazine, sulfur tetrafluoride and carbon monoxide.

[0157] Under suitable conditions, carbon dioxide is also considered a reactive gas.

[0158] In particular, the PAHs are selected from the group consisting of pentalene, indene, naphthalene, azulene, heptalene, biphenylene, asymmetric indacene, symmetric indacene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, acephenanthrylene, aceanthrylene, triphenylene, pyrene, chrysene, naphthacene, pleiadene, picene, perylene, pentaphene, pentacene, tetraphenylene, hexaphene, hexacene, rubicene, coronene, trinaphthylene, heptaphene, heptacene, octacene, ovalene, superphenalene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene.

[0159] In particular, medical devices are selected from the group consisting of drugs, including hormones, listed in the "YELLOW LIST Pharmaindex" and the "Red List", drugs not approved for human use, veterinary drugs, drugs in the research, development and clinical trial stage, as well as their waste and metabolites.

[0160] In particular, micropollutants are selected from the group consisting of medical devices, industrial chemicals, and hormones in concentrations from µg / liter to ng / liter, and microplastics. Phosphate-containing building materials are specifically selected from the group consisting of phosphate-containing cements, concretes, bricks, artificial stones, stones, boards, composite materials with wood, and annular-gap mortar.

[0161] In particular, the other phosphate sources are selected from the group consisting of detergents, corrosion inhibitors, teeth, tooth meal, bones, bone meal, apatite and hydroxyapatite.

[0162] In particular, phosphate-containing foods and feeds are selected from the group consisting of dairy products, sausages, soft drinks, ready meals, canned fish and phosphate-containing animal feed.

[0163] In particular, the intensely odorous substances are selected from the group consisting of synthetic, organic and inorganic nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus and arsenic compounds, animal sympathetic and antipathetic fragrances and plant sympathetic and antipathetic fragrances.

[0164] In particular, synthetic toxins are selected from the group consisting of chemical warfare agents, potassium cyanide, beryllium, selenium, tellurium, thallium, white phosphorus, arsenic, arsenic compounds, cadmium, mercury, mercury compounds, polonium, plutonium as well as polyhalogenated aromatics, dioxins and dibenzofurans.

[0165] In particular, natural toxins are selected from the group consisting of plant, animal, fungal and bacterial toxins as well as algal toxins.

[0166] In particular, biocides are selected from the group consisting of pesticides, herbicides, virucides against viruses, bactericides against bacteria, acaricides against mites, algicides against algae, fungicides against fungi, insecticides against insects, microbicides against germs, molluscicides against snails, nematicides against roundworms (nematodes), rodenticides against rodents, avicides against birds and piscicides against fish.

[0167] In particular, the pyrotechnic materials are selected from the group consisting of fireworks and theatrical fireworks, as well as the oxidizing agents, fuels and auxiliary materials used therein.

[0168] In particular, explosives are selected from the group consisting of chlorates, perchlorates, xenon oxides, organic and inorganic nitrogen halogen compounds, peroxides, nitric acid esters, nitro compounds, nitramines, nitrosamines, high-energy nitrogen compounds, initiating explosives, and smokeless powders. Examples of such explosives are described, for instance, in the textbook by Thomas M. Klapötke, Chemistry of High-Energy Materials, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York, 2011.

[0169] In particular, the poisonous plants and parts thereof from the group consisting of the following plants are included: Monkshood, Fool's Parsley, Arum, Deadly Nightshade, Angel's Trumpet, Brunfelsia, Boxwood, Wrinkled Chervil, Water Hemlock, Autumn Crocus, Hemlock, Spotted Hemlock, Lily of the Valley, Cyclamen, Daphne, Crimson Apple, Larkspur, Foxglove, Dieffenbachia, Male Ferns, Wallflower, California Poppy, Spindle Tree, Poinsettia, Rubber Tree, Glory Crown, Ivy, Stinking Hellebore, Christmas Rose, Bear's Breeches, Hyacinth, Henbane, Holly, Iris, Golden Rain, Bleeding Heart, Oleander, Tobacco, Herb Paris, Common Bean, Bracken, Apricots, Apricots, Cherry Laurel, Buttercup, Rhubarb, Castor Bean, Rhododendron Robinia, elderberry, bittersweet nightshade, potato, St. Ignatius' strychnine, tansy, bell tree, ongaonga, white hellebore, wisteria, tomato, aubergine, yews and Taxus species, selected.

[0170] In particular, poisonous animals and parts thereof are selected from the group consisting of sponges, anemones, hydrozoans, jellyfish, polychaetes, snails, cephalopods, insects, arachnids, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

[0171] Examples of structural proteins are keratin the Hair , nails , hooves and Horns from mammals , the feathers from birds and Horn scales from Reptiles , Collagen the connective tissue and the extracellular matrix all Tissue animals , Elastin , fibrillar (fibrous) structural proteins such as Myosin and Tropomyosin , which cause the contraction of muscle cells (these are usually referred to as movement proteins), fibrous silk proteins of Insects (Fibroin) and sericin) or Spiders (Spidroin 1) and Spidroin 2 ), Arthropodin and sclerotin (phenol-tanned arthropodin), besides chitin, the main component of the body exoskeleton (Cuticle) the Arthropods (Arthropod), Centrioles and microtubules most living beings and microfilaments the cytoskeleton of most living beings.

[0172] The carbon-supplying materials are preferably selected from the group consisting of the plant materials described above, as well as husks, wood chips, sawdust, hay, grass, grain, awns, silage, nutshells, bark, dried leaves and needles, and natural fibers such as seed fibers like cotton (CO), kapok (KP), poplar down, akon, bamboo fibers, nettle fibers, hemp fibers (HA), jute (JU), kenaf, flax (LI), hops, ramie (RA) and hemp, hard fibers such as pineapple, caroá, curauá, henequen, New Zealand flax, sisal (SI) and coconut (CC), and fibers made from natural polymers such as cellulosic fibers, for example viscose (CV), modal (CMD), lyocell (CLY), cupro (CUP), acetate (CA) and triacetate (CTA).

[0173] Furthermore, the at least one preferably phosphate-containing material contains at least one type of carbon selected from the group consisting of pure, finely divided mineral coal, pure, finely divided biochar, pure, finely divided activated carbon, contaminated, finely divided mineral coal, contaminated, finely divided biochar, contaminated, finely divided activated carbon, finely divided lignite and pure and contaminated finely divided carbon suppliers, as well as from the aforementioned moistened materials.

[0174] The at least one, in particular a finely divided, solid mixture may further contain at least one finely divided solid additive, or, in the case of the at least one suspension, at least one dissolved, emulsified, or suspended additive, which differs materially from the materials described above. Preferably, the at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of inorganic and organic salts, acids, bases, oxides, reducing agents, oxidizing agents, steam, superheated steam, zeolites, and layered silicates. Examples of suitable inorganic and organic salts are the lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, benzoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and benzenephosphonic acid. Examples of suitable acids are those mentioned above.Examples of suitable bases are lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium hydroxide. Examples of suitable oxides are iron oxides, aluminum oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, silicon dioxide, sands, germanium oxide, tin oxide, lead oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide. Examples of suitable reducing agents are hydrogen, lithium aluminum nitride, sodium borohydride, sodium sulfite, sodium dithionite, and sodium thiosulfate. Examples of suitable oxidizing agents are oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides, sodium percarbonate, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and the halogens.

[0175] The aforementioned oxidizing agents have the advantage that they can equip the carbons G with functional groups that improve adsorption and chemisorption and open up new reaction pathways.

[0176] In particular, sodium chloride, potassium chloride and layered silicates are used.

[0177] The layered silicates are preferably in the form of nanoparticles and / or microparticles with a mean particle size d 50 of 1 nm to <1000 µm, preferably 10 nm to 900 µm, in particular 300 nm to 1000 nm, especially 650 ± 200 nm, and most especially 650 ± 150 nm and 650 ± 100 nm.

[0178] The elemental composition and structure of layered silicate micro- and / or nanoparticles can also vary widely. For example, silicates are known to be classified into the following structures: Island silicates, group silicates, ring silicates, chain and band silicates, transition structures between chain and layer silicates, layer silicates, framework silicates.

[0179] Layered silicates are silicates whose silicate ions consist of layers of corner-sharing SiO₄ tetrahedra. These layers and / or bilayers are not further linked to each other. The technically important clay minerals, which are widespread in sedimentary rocks, are also layered silicates. The layered structure of these minerals determines the shape and properties of the crystals. They are usually tabular to platy with good to perfect cleavage parallel to the layers. The number of rings that make up the silicate layers often determines the symmetry and shape of the crystals. Water molecules, large cations, and / or lipids can be intercalated between the layers.

[0180] Examples of suitable phyllosilicates are shown in Table 1 below. This list is exemplary and not exhaustive. Table 1: Molecular formulas of suitable layered silicates a)< Nr. type Sum formula 1 Martinite (Na,Ca) 11 Ca 4 (Si,S,B) 14 B 2 O 40 F 2 ·4(H 2 O) 2 Apophyllite-(NaF) NaCa 4 Si 8 O 20 F·8H 2 O 3 Apophyllite-(KF) (K,Na)Ca 4 Si 8 O 20 (F,OH) 8H 2 O 4 Apophyllit-(KOH) KCa 4 Si 8 O 20 (OH,F) 8H 2 O 5 Cuprovariosis CaCuSi 4 O 10 6 Wesselsit (Sr,Ba)Cu[Si 4 O 10 ] 7 Effenbergerit BaCu[Si 4 O 10 ] 8 Gillespit BaFe 2+< Si 4 O 10 9 Sanbornit BaSi 2 O 5 10 Bigcreekit BaSi 2 O 5 4H 2 O 11 Davanit K 2 TiSi 6 O 15 12 Daily K 2 ZrSi 6 O 15 13 Fenaxit KNaFe 2+< Si 4 O 10 14 Manakshi KNaMn 2+< [Si 4 O 10 ] 15 Ershovit K 3 Na 4 (Fe,Mn,Ti) 2 [Si 8 O 20 (OH) 4 ] 4H 2 O 16 Paraershovit Na 3 K 3 Fe 3+< 2 Si 8 O 20 (OH) 4 4H 2 O 17 Natrosilit Na 2 Si 2 O 5 18 Kanemit NaSi 2 O 5 3H 2 O 19 Revdit Na 16 Si 16 O 27 (OH) 26 28H 2 O 20 Latiumit (Ca,K) 4 (Si,Al) 5 O 11 (SO 4 ,CO 3 ) 21 Tuscany K(Ca,Na) 6 (Si,Al) 10 O 22 (SO 4 ,CO 3 ,(OH) 2 )·H 2 O 22 Carletonit KNa 4 Ca 4 Si 8 O 18 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH,F) H 2 O 23 Pyrophyllite Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 24 Ferripyrophyllite Fe 3+< Si 2 O 5 (OH) 25 Macaulayit (Fe 3+< ,Al) 24 Si 4 O 43 (OH) 2 26 Talk Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 27 Minnesota Fe 2+< 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 28 Willemseit (Ni,Mg) 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 29 Pimelit Ni 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 4H 2 O 30 Kegelit Pb 4 Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (SO 4 )(CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 4 31 Aluminoceladonite K(Mg,Fe 2+< )Al[(OH) 2 |Si 4 O 32 Ferroaluminoceladonites K(Fe 2+< ,Mg)(Al,Fe 3+< )[(OH) 2 |Si 4 O 33 Celadonite K(Mg,Fe 2+< )(Fe 3+< ,Al)Si 4 O 10 (OH) 34 Chromseladonite KMgCr[(OH) 2 |Si 4 O 10 35 Ferroceladonite K(Fe 2+< ,Mg)(Fe 3< +,Al)[(OH) 2 |Si 4 O 36 Paragonit NaAl 2 (Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH) 2 37 Boromuscovite KAl 2 (Si 3 B)O 10 (OH,F) 2 38 Muscovy KAl 2 (Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH,F) 2 39 Chromphyllit K(Cr,Al) 2 [(OH,F) 2 |AlSi 3 O 40 Roscoelith K(B,Al,Mg) 2 AlSi 3 O 10 (OH) 41 Gantry (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg) 2 [(OH,F) 2 |(Al,Si)Si 2 O 10 42 Tobelith (NH 4 ,K)Al 2 (SbAl)O 10 (OH) 2 43 Hidden CsAl 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH,F) 2 44 Polylithionite KLi 2 AlSi 4 O 10 (F,OH) 2 45 Tainiolith KLiMg 2 Si 4 O 10 F 2 46 Norrishit KLiMn 3+< 2 Si 4 O 12 47 Shiroxinitis KNaMg 2 [F 2 |Si 4 O 10 48 Montdorit KMn 0.5 2+< Fe 1.5 2+< Mg 0.5 [F 2 |Si 4 O 10 49 Trilithionite KLi 1.5 Al 1.5 [F 2 |AlSi 3 O 10 50 Masutomilith K(Li,Al,Mn 2+< ) 3 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (F,OH) 51 Aspidolith-1M NaMg 3 (AlSi 3 )O 10 (OH) 2 52 Fluorophlogopit KMg 3 (AlSi 3 )O 10 F 2 53 Phlogopit KMg 3 (Si 3 Al)O 10 (F,OH) 2 54 Tetraferriphlogopit KMg 3 [(F,OH) 2 |(Al,Fe 3+< )Si 3 O 55 Hendricksit K(Zn,Mn) 3 Si 3 AlO 10 (OH) 2 56 Shirozulith K(Mn 2+< ,Mg) 3 [(OH) 2 |AlSi 3 O 57 Fluoroids KFe 3 2+< [(F,OH) 2 |AlSi 3 O 10 58 Annit KFe 2+< 3 (Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH,F) 2 59 Tetraferrians KFe 2+< 3 (Si 3 Fe 3+< )O 10 (OH) 2 60 Ephesians NaLiAl 2 (Al 2 Si 2 )O 10 (OH) 2 61 Price Schedule NaMg 2 Al 3 Si 2 O 10 (OH) 2 62 Eastonite KMg 2 Al[(OH) 2 [Al 2 Si 2 O 10 63 Siderophyllit KFe 2 2+< Al(Al 2 Si 2 )O 10 (F,OH) 64 Anandit (Ba,K)(Fe 2+< ,Mg) 3 (Si,Al,Fe) 4 O 10 (S,OH) 2 65 Bytit CaLiAl 2 (AlBeSi 2 )O 10 (OH) 2 66 Oxykinoshitalith (Ba,K)(Mg,Fe 2+< Ti 4+< ) 3 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 O 2 67 Kinoshitalith (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn,Al) 3 Si 2 Al 2 O 10 (OH) 2 68 Ferrokinoshitalith Ba(Fe 2+< ,Mg) 3 [(OH,F) 2 |Al 2 Si 2 O 10 69 Margaret CaAl 2 (Al 2 Si 2 )O 10 (OH) 2 70 Chernykhit BaV 2 (Si 2 Al 2 )O 10 (OH) 2 71 The Clintons Ca(Mg,Al) 3 (Al 3 Si)O 10 (OH) 2 72 Wonesit (Na,K,)(Mg,Fe,Al) 6 (Si,Al) 8 O 20 (OH,F) 4 73 Brammallit (Na,H 3 O)(Al,Mg,Fe) 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10[ (OH) 2 ,H 2 O] 74 You (K,H 3 O)Al 2 (Si 3 Al)O 10 (H 2 O,OH) 2 75 Glauconite (K,Na)(Fe 3+< ,Al,Mg) 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 76 Agrellite NaCa 2 Is 4 O 10 F 77 Glagolevit NaMg 6 [(OH,O) 8 |AlSi 3 O 10 ]·H 78 Erlianit Fe 2+< 4 Fe 3+< 2 Si 6 O 15 (OH) 8 79 Banisterite (Ca,K,Na)(Mn 2+< ,Fe 2+< ,Mg,Zn) 10 (Si,Al) 16 O 38 (OH) 8 ·nH 2 O 80 Barium Bannister (K,H 3 O)(Ba,Ca)(Mn 2+< ,Fe 2+< ,Mg) 21 (Si,Al) 32 O 80 (O,OH) 16 ·4-12 H 2 O 81 Lennilenapeit K 6-7 (Mg,Mn,Fe 2+< ,Fe 3+< ,Zn) 48 (Si,Al) 72 (O,OH) 216 ·16H 2 O 82 Stylpnomelan K(Fe 2+< ,Mg,Fe 3+< ,Al) 8 (Si,Al) 12 (O,OH) 27 ·2H 2 O 83 Franklinphilites (K,Na) 1-x (Mn 2+< ,Mg,Zn,Fe 3+< ) 8 (Si,Al) 12 (O,OH) 36 ·nH 84 Parsettensit (K,Na,Ca) 7.5 (Mn,Mg) 49 Si 72 O 168 (OH) 50 ·nH 2 O 85 Middendorfit K 3 Na 2 Mn 5 Si 12 (O,OH) 36 ·2H 2 O 86 Eggletonites (Na,K,Ca) 2 (Mn,Fe) 8 (Si,Al) 12 O 29 (OH) 7 ·11H 87 Ganophyllit (K,Na) x Mn 2+< 6 (Si,Al) 10 O 24 (OH) 4 ·nH 2 O {x = 1-2}{n = 7-11} 88 Complete (Ca,K,Ba,Na) 3-4 Mn 2+< 24 [(OH) 12 |{(Si,Al) 4 (O,OH) 10} 10 ]·21H 2 O 89 Ekmanit (Fe 2+< ,Mg,Mn,Fe 3+< ) 3 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 2H 2 O 90 Lunijianlait Li 0.7 Al 6.2 (Si 7 AlO 20 )(OH,O) 10 91 Saliotit Na 0.5 Li 0.5 Al 3 [(OH) 5 |AlSi 3 O 10 ] 92 Kulkeet Na 0.35 Mg 8 Al(AlSi 7 )O 20 (OH) 10 93 Aliettit Ca 0.2 Mg 6 (Si,Al) 8 O 20 (OH) 4 4H 2 O 94 Rectorate (Na,Ca)Al 4 (Si,Al) 8 O 20 (OH) 4 2H 2 O 95 Tarasov (Na,K,H 3 O,Ca) 2 Al 4 [(OH 2 |(Si,Al) 4 O 10 ] 2 H 2 O 96 Tosudit Na 0.5 (Al,Mg) 6 (Si,Al) 8 O 18 (OH) 12 5H 2 O 97 Corrensit (Ca,Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al) 9 (Si,Al) 8 O 20 (OH) 10 nH 2 O 98 Brinrobertsit (Na,K,Ca) 0.3 (Al,Fe,Mg) 4 (Si,Al) 8 O 20 (OH) 4 3.5H 2 O 99 Montmorillonite (Na,Ca) 0.3 (Al,Mg) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 n H 2 O 100 Beidellit (Na,Ca 0.5 ) 0.3 Al 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 4H 2 O 101 Nontronit Na 0.3 Fe2 3+< (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 4H 2 O 102 Volkonskoite Ca 0.3 (Cr 3+< ,Mg,Fe 3+< ) 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 4H 2 O 103 Swineford (Ca,Na) 0.3 (Al,Li,Mg) 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH,F) 2 2H 2 O 104 Yakhontovit (Ca,Na,K) 0.3 (CuFe 2+ < Mg) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 3H 2 O 105 Hectorit Na 0.3 (Mg,Li) 3 Si 4 O 10 (F,OH) 2 106 Saponit (Ca| 2 ,Na) 0.3 (Mg,Fe 2+< ) 3 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 ·4H 2 O 107 Ferrosaponite Ca 0.3 (Fe 2+< ,Mg,Fe 3+< ) 3 [(OH) 2 |(Si,Al)Si 3 O 10 ]·4H 2 O 108 Swordsman MgSiO 2 (OH) 2 ·H 109 Stevensit (Ca| 2 ) 0.3 Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 110 Sauconit Na 0.3 Zn 3 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 ·4H 2 O 111 Zinxilite Zn 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 ·4H 2 O 112 Vermiculite Mg 0.7 (Mg,Fe,Al) 6 (Si,Al) 8 O 20 (OH) 4 ·8H 113 Rilandit (Cr 3+< ,Al) 6 SiO 11 ·5H 2 O 114 Donbass Al 2.3 [(OH) 8 |AlSi 3 O 115 Sudoit Mg 2 Al 3 (Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH) 8 116 Clinochlor (Mg,Fe 2+< ) 5 Al{Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH) 8 117 Chamos (Fe 2+< ,Mg,Fe 3+< ) 5 Al(Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH,O) 8 118 Orthochamocytes (Fe 2+< ,Mg,Fe 3+< ) 5 Al(Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH,O) 8 119 Baileychlor (Zn,Fe 2+< ,Al,Mg) 6 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 8 120 Pennants Mn 2+< 5 Al(Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH) 8 121 Nimit (Ni,Mg,Fe 2+< ) 5 Al(SbAl)O 10 (OH) 8 122 Gonnerit Mn 2+< 5 Fe 3+< (Si 3 Fe 3+< O 10 )(OH) 8 123 Cookeit LiAl 4 (Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH) 8 124 Borocookeit Li 1-1.5 Al 4-3.5 [(OH,F) 8 |(B,Al)Si 3 O 10 125 Manandonit Li 2 Al 4 [(Si 2 AlB)O 10 ](OH) 8 126 Franklinfurnaceit Ca 2 (Fe 3+< Al)Mn 3+< Mn 3 2+< Zn 2 Si 2 O 10 (OH) 8 127 Chambers(Var.v. Klinochlor) Mg 5 (Al,Cr) 2 Si 3 O 10 (OH) 8 128 Nixergievit (Ba, Ca) 2 Al 3[ (OH) 6 |CO 3 |(Si, Al) 4 O 10 ]:0.2 H 2 O 129 Surit Pb 2 Ca(Al,Mg) 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 (CO 3 ,OH) 3 ·0.5 H 130 Ferris wheels (Pb,Ca) 2-3 (Fe 3+< ,Al) 2 [(OH,F) 2.5-3 |(CO 3 ) 1.5-2 |Si 4 O 10 ]·0.5 H 2 O 131 Kaolinite Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 132 Dickit Al 2 S i2 O 5 (OH) 4 133 Halloysite-7Å Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 134 Stunned Fe 3+< (Mn 2+< ,Ca,Mg)Si 4 O 10 (OH) 3 ·10 H 2 O 135 Allophan Al 2 O 3 ·(SiO2) 1.3-2 ·(H 2 O) 2.5-3 136 Imogolith Al 2 SiO 3 (OH) 4 137 Unit (Fe 3+< ,Mg,Al,Fe 2+< ,Ti,Mn) 2.4 (Si 1.8 Al 0.2 )O 5 (OH) 4 138 Hisingerit Fe 2 3+< Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ·2H 2 O 139 Neotocytes (Mn,Fe 2+< )SiO 3 ·H 140 Chrysotil Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 141 Clinochrysotil Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 142 Maufit (Mg,Ni)Al 4 Si 3 O 13 ·4H 2 O 143 Orthochrysotil Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 144 Parachrysotil Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 145 Antigorite (Mg,Fe 2+< ) 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 146 Lizards Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 147 Caryopilite Mn 2+< 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 148 Greenalith (Fe 2+< ,Fe 3+< ) 2-3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 149 Berthierin (Fe 2+< ,Fe 3+< Al) 3 (Si,Al) 2 O 5 (OH) 4 150 Fraipontit (Zn,Al) 3 (Si,Al) 2 O 5 (OH) 4 151 Zinalcite Zn 7 Al 4 (SiO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ·9H 2 O 152 Dose Mg 7 (Al,Fe 3+< ,Cr) 2 [(OH) 12 |Al 2 Si 4 O 15 ] 153 Friend Mg 2 Al(SiAl)O 3 (OH) 4 154 Kellyit (Mn 2+< ,Mg,Al) 3 (Si,Al) 2 O 5 (OH) 4 155 The Cronstedts Fe 2 2+< Fe 3+< (SiFe 3+< )O 5 (OH) 4 156 Karpinski (Mg,Ni) 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 2 157 Nephew (Ni,Mg) 3 Si 2 O 3 (OH) 4 158 Pecorait Ni 3 Si 2 O 3 (OH) 4 159 Brindleyit (Ni,Mg,Fe 2+< ) 2 Al(SiAl)O 5 (OH) 4 160 Carlosturanit (Mg,Fe 2+< ,Ti) 21 (Si,Al) 12 O 28 (OH) 34 ·H 161 Pyrosmalith-(Fe) (Fe 2+< ,Mn) 8 Si 6 O 15 (Cl,OH) 10 162 Pyrosmalith-(Mn) (Mn,Fe 2+< ) 8 Si 6 O 15 (OH,Cl) 10 163 Brokenhill (Mn,Fe) 8 Si 6 O 15 (OH,Cl) 10 164 Swallow (Mn,Fe 2+< ) 16 Si 12 As 3+< 3 O 36 (OH) 17 165 Schallerit (Mn 2+< ,Fe 2+< ) 16 Si 12 As 3+< 3 O 36 (OH) 17 166 Friedelit Mn 2+< 8 Si 6 O 15 (OH,C0) 10 167 McGillit Mn 2+< 8 Si 6 O 15 (OH) 8 Cl 2 168 Thank you Mn 7 Si 6 O 15 (OH) 8 169 Varennesit Na 3 (Mn,Fe 3+< ,Ti) 2 [(OH,Cl) 2 |(Si 2 O 5 ) 5 ]·12H 2 O 170 Explore Na 6 (Fe 2+ < ,Mn)Al 4 Si 8 O 26 171 Manganonaujakasit Na 6 (Mn 2+< ,Fe 2+< )Al 4 [Si 8 O 26 ] 172 Spodiophyllite (Na,K) 4 (Mg,Fe 2+< ) 3 (Fe 3+< ,Al) 2 (Si 8 O 24 ) 173 Sazhinit-(Ce) Na 2 CeSi 6 O 14 (OH) nH 2 O 174 Sazhinit-(La) Na 3 La[Si 6 O 15 ] 2H 2 O 175 Burckhardt Pb 2 (Fe 3+< Te 6+< )[AlSi 3 O 8 ]O 6 176 Tuperssuatsiait Na 2 (Fe 3+< ,Mn 2+< ) 3 Si 8 O 20 (OH) 2 4H 2 O 177 Palygorsk (Mg,Al) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 4H 2 O 178 Yofortierit Mn 2+< 5 Si 8 O 20 (OH) 2 7H 2 O 179 Sepiolith Mg 4 Si 6 O 15 (OH) 2 6H 2 O 180 Falcondoit (Ni,Mg) 4 Si 6 O 15 (OH) 2 6H 2 O 181 Loughlin Na 2 Mg 3 Si 6 O 16 8H 2 O 182 Kalifersit (K,Na) 5 Fe 7 3+< [(OH) 3| Si 10 O 25 ] 2 12H 2 O 183 Minehill (K,Na) 2-3 Ca 28 (Zn 4 Al 4 Si 40 )O 112 (OH) 16 184 Truscott (Ca,Mn) 14 Si 24 O 58 (OH) 8 2H 2 O 185 Orlymanit Ca 4 Mn 3 2+< Si 8 O 20 (OH) 6 2H 2 O 186 Fedor (Na,K) 2-3 (Ca,Na) 7 [Si 4 O 8 (F,Cl,OH)2|(Si 4 O 10 ) 3 ] 3.5H 2 O 187 Reyerit (Na,K) 4 Ca 14 Si 22 Al 2 O 58 (OH) 8 6H 2 O 188 Gyrolith NaCa 16 Si 23 AlO 60 (OH) 8 14H 2 O 189 Tungusite Ca 14 Fe 9 2+< [(OH) 22 |(Si 4 O 10 ) 6 ] 190 Zeophyllite Ca 4 Si 3 O 8 (OH,F) 4 ​​2H 2 O 191 Armstrong CaZr(Si 6 O 15 ) 3 H 2 O 192 Jagoit Pb 18 Fe 3+< 4 [Si 4 (Si,Fe 3+< ) 6 ][Pb 4 Si 16 (Si,Fe) 4 ]O 82 Cl 6 193 Hyttsjöit Pb 18 Ba 2 Ca 5 Mn 2 2+< Fe 2 3+< [Cl|(Si 15 O 45 ) 2 ]·6H 2 0 194 Maricopait Ca 2 Pb 7 (Si 36 ,Al 12 )(O,OH) 99 ·n(H 2 O,OH) 195 Cavansit Ca(VO)Si 4 O 10 4H 2 O 196 Pentagonite Ca(VO)Si 4 O 10 4H 2 O 197 Weeksit (K,Ba) 2 [(UO 2 ) 2 |Si 5 O 13 ]·4H 2 O 198 Coutinhoit Th 0.5 (UO 2 ) 2 Si 5 O 13 3H 2 O 199 Highweeit Ca[(UO 2 ) 2 |Si 5 O 12 (OH) 2 ]·6H 2 O 200 Metahighlight Ca(UO 2 ) 2 Si 6 O 15 nH 2 O 201 Monteregianit-(Y) KNa 2 YSi 8 O 19 5H 2 O 202 Mountaineer KNa 2 Ca 2 [Si 8 O 19 (OH)] 6H 2 O 203 Rhodesit KHCa 2 Si 8 O 19 5H 2 O 204 Delhayelith K 7 Na 3 Ca 5 Al 2 Si 14 O 38 F 4 Cl 2 205 Hydrodelhayelith KCa 2 AlSi 7 O 17 (OH) 2 6H 2 O 206 Macdonald BaCa 4 Si 16 O 36 (OH) 2 10H 2 O 207 Cymrit Ba(Si,Al) 4 (O,OH) 8 H 2 O 208 Campfit Ba 12 (Si 11 Al 5 )O 31 (CO 3 ) 8 Cl 5 209 Lourenswaldsit (K,Ba) 2 (Ti,Mg,Ca,Fe) 4 (Si,Al,Fe) 6 O 14 (OH) 12 210 Tienshanit (Na,K) 9-10 (Ca,Y) 2 Ba 6 (Mn 2+< ,Fe 2+< ,Ti 4+< ,Zn) 6 (Ti,Nb) [(O,F,OH) 11 |B 2 O 4 |Si 6 O 15 ] 6 211 Wickenburgite Pb 3 CaAl[Si 10 O 27 ]·3H 2 O 212 Silhydrite Si 3 O 6 ·H 2 O 213 Magadiite Na₂Si₁₄O₂₅·11H₂O 214 Strätlingit Ca 2 Al[(OH) 6 AlSiO 2 (OH) 4 ]·2.5 H 2 O 215 Vertumnit Ca 4 Al 4 Si 4 O 6 (OH) 24 ·3H 2 O 216 Zussmanit K(Fe 2+ < ,Mg,Mn) 13 (Si,Al) 18 O 42 (OH) 14 217 Coombsit K(Mn 2+< ,Fe 2+< ,Mg) 13 [(OH) 7 |(Si,Al) 3 O 3 |Si 6 O 18 ] 2 See Mineral Atlas, Mineral Class VIII / H - Layer Silicates (Phyllosilicates), Strunz 8 Systematics

[0181] In particular, bentonite from the montmorillonite group ((Na,Ca)₂·(Al,Mg)₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂·nH₂O) is used. Bentonite is a mixture of various clay minerals and contains montmorillonite as its main component. Sodium bentonite can absorb many times its own dry weight in water. Calcium bentonite can also absorb fats and / or oils.

[0182] The layered silicate micro- and / or nanoparticles described above are functionalized, non-functionalized, aggregated, non-aggregated, agglomerated, non-agglomerated, supported, and / or unsupported. For example, they can be functionalized, agglomerated, and supported. However, they can also be non-functionalized and aggregated.

[0183] They can act as catalysts and / or support dehalogenation.

[0184] The ground material contains at least one, in particular one, fluid, at least one, in particular one, solution, at least one, in particular one, suspension, at least one, in particular one, finely particulated solid mixture and / or at least one, in particular one, reactive gas. The aforementioned materials described above contain problematic synthetic, biogenic and biological materials, phosphates, metals and / or their compounds and / or carbon dioxide and / or carbon monoxide.

[0185] Furthermore, the ground material contains the coals and / or carbon sources described above.

[0186] The at least one, in particular one, suspension, which may also be in the form of a paste, contains at least one, in particular one, finely divided solid mixture and / or its components. Likewise, the components of the at least one, in particular one, finely divided solid mixture can be provided separately from one another.

[0187] The at least one, in particular one, suspension or paste can contain a continuous aqueous and / or a continuous organic liquid phase. Preferably, an aqueous phase is used, which may contain water-miscible, protic and / or aprotic polar organic solvents. In particular, the aqueous phase does not contain any organic solvents.

[0188] At least one of the solvents described above is used as the fluid, in particular one.

[0189] The at least one, in particular one, solution is a solvent in which at least one of the materials described above is dissolved in a molecularly dispersed form.

[0190] The at least one reactive gas can be in the form of a gas, a condensed fluid and / or a frozen solid.

[0191] In a second or third process step, the material to be ground is continuously or discontinuously fed into at least one mill, in particular a mechanical mill. Alternatively, the components of the material to be ground can be fed sequentially or simultaneously, continuously or discontinuously, into the at least one mill, in particular a mechanical mill.

[0192] In a fourth process step, the material to be ground is finely ground at a constant and / or variable rotational speed using the grinding media described above, which are moved using the agitation means described above, after which, in a fifth process step, the at least one, in particular one, resulting ground suspension of at least one powdered product or the at least one, in particular one, powdered product is continuously or discontinuously separated from the grinding media and discharged from the grinding chamber.

[0193] "Variable rotational speed" means that the rotational speed increases during the grinding process up to a limit value, or decreases from a preselected value, or increases and decreases at least once.

[0194] The ground products can be continuously or discontinuously added to at least one further mechanical mill or a mill cascade.

[0195] In a sixth process step, the at least one, in particular one, ground, finely divided solid product is separated from the at least one, in particular one, ground suspension, whereby at least one decongested, biologically available, water-soluble material, in particular at least one phosphate, is dissolved in the liquid, in particular aqueous, medium, preferably in a molecularly dispersed form.

[0196] Alternatively, the at least one dissolved, biologically available, water-soluble material, in particular at least one phosphate, present or still present in the at least one finely dispersed, solid product, is left in the at least one product until its further use, for example as fertilizer.

[0197] Furthermore, the at least one washed, finely dispersed, solid activated carbon product is recycled back into the first process step and / or used elsewhere as a sales product.

[0198] The at least one, in particular one, finely divided solid product can be washed out by washing, decanting, distillation, chromatography, extraction, magnetic shedding, filtration, sedimentation and / or centrifugation.

[0199] The at least one, in particular one, finely divided solid product obtained as described above may contain at least one further, in particular at least two further, bioavailable material(s) soluble in liquid, in particular aqueous, media, which is retained or washed out of the at least one, in particular one, product until its further use. Preferably, these bioavailable materials are selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium salts, as well as magnesium and calcium salts, in particular sulfates.

[0200] Furthermore, the at least one, in particular one, solid fine-particle product may contain at least one immobilized metal selected from the group consisting of main group elements, heavy metals, and radioactive metals, as well as their compounds. The main group elements are, in particular, beryllium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, aluminum, gallium, germanium, selenium, tellurium, thallium, and lead. The heavy metals are the transition metals, in particular precious metals such as rhodium, iridium, palladium, platinum, silver, and gold, and the lanthanides. The radioactive metals are, in particular, the actinides. The compounds are the oxides, hydroxides, acids, salts, complexes, or organometallic compounds of these elements and metals.

[0201] A particular advantage of the inventive process is that toxic and / or carcinogenic metal compounds such as chromates or dichromates are reduced in the course of the inventive process, for example to chromium(III) or to the zero-valent metals such as chromium(0), and thereby detoxified and immobilized.

[0202] At least one, and in particular one, of the washed-out, solid, finely divided product is the valuable product activated carbon, which can be recycled back into the first process step. This is a particular advantage of the mechanochemical process according to the invention, because it minimizes the need for expensive fresh activated carbon.

[0203] Furthermore, at least one of the unwashed, solid, finely divided products could be a valuable phosphate-containing fertilizer.

[0204] Furthermore, the at least one immobilized metal and / or the at least one immobilized metal compound may be at least one material that can be safely stored or disposed of in a landfill, or at least one heterogeneous catalyst.

[0205] If at least one of the immobilized metals is at least one of the aforementioned precious metals, it can be easily recovered by burning the activated carbon.

[0206] In a further particularly preferred embodiment of the mechanochemical process according to the invention, the weight ratio of the fluids, solutions, suspensions, finely divided solid mixtures and / or gases or of the aforementioned materials plus at least one additive to pure, finely divided mineral coal, biochar or activated carbon, contaminated, finely divided mineral coal, biochar or activated carbon, finely divided lignite or pure or contaminated, finely divided carbon sources as well as from the aforementioned moistened materials is 0.01 to 10 12< , preferably 0.1 to 10 8< , particularly preferably 1.0 to 10 6< and particularly 1.0 to 10 4< .

[0207] A key advantage of the mechanochemical process according to the invention is that it serves to reduce or eliminate ammonia, ammonium salts, nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines, and / or to simultaneously produce bioavailable phosphates and activated carbons. For this purpose, the mechanochemical process according to the invention is carried out in particular with dried slurry, liquid manure, digestate, dried ferments, sewage sludge, ferments, biowaste, plant waste, animal waste, dry concentrates from the biological treatment stages of wastewater treatment plants, chemical scrubbers and filters, wastewater, and residues from exhaust air treatment.

[0208] The particular advantage of the mechanochemical process according to the invention is that all nitrogen compounds are converted into elemental nitrogen without the formation of NOx or nitrous oxide. The elimination process is very rapid, so that the mechanochemical process according to the invention can be completed after a comparatively short time, for example, after 100 minutes.

[0209] In particular, the mechanochemical process according to the invention is carried out within the framework of at least a fourth purification stage of wastewater treatment plants.

[0210] However, the method according to the invention can be applied in a much broader range, as the following examples demonstrate. The processing of liquid manure, biomass from biogas plants, slurry and sewage sludge in mechanical mills using activated carbon

[0211] Scientific studies show that activated charcoal absorbs the following substances well to very well: Particles or suspended solids larger than the filter pores, such as fibers. Bacteria and parasites larger than the filter pores. Chlorine and chlorine compounds. Organic compounds (carbon-based chemical compounds), for example, pesticides and pesticide residues, herbicides, insecticides, drug residues, hormones and hormone-like substances. Certain heavy metals such as lead and copper, selenium, cadmium, trace elements from biogas plants, uranium as a byproduct of phosphate. Ozone, superoxide, oxidizing agents.

[0212] Substances that activated carbon block filters cannot absorb, or can only absorb to a very limited extent, include: Organic and inorganic particles or suspended solids smaller than the filter pores. Dissolved salts: natural minerals such as calcium and magnesium ions, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, etc.

[0213] Liquid manure, biomass, slurry, sewage sludge contain in various concentrations: Water. Water-soluble cations: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium. Water-soluble ions: chloride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, sulfate, ammonium. Dissolved gases: ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide. Organic compounds: humic acids, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and residues, hormones, PAHs, amides, proteins. Solid components: suspended solids, particles, fibers, sand. Chlorine and chlorine compounds from cleaning agents and external sources. Bacteria, cryptosporidia, giardia.

[0214] There are different methods for processing liquid manure: - Separation using press screws

[0215] Screw presses have a medium energy requirement. In these presses, the slurry is pressed against a surrounding screen by a screw. The thinner phase passes through the screen, while the solid phase is forced out against mechanical resistance. The separation efficiency can be influenced by changing the resistance – for example, the opening area. Screw presses can be used to process raw slurry. 25 percent of the weight, 50 percent of the dry mass, 30 percent of the nitrogen and up to 40 percent of the phosphate. separate. - Separation using centrifuges

[0216] Centrifuges require more energy but separate more phosphate. In a rapidly rotating drum, the solid and liquid phases are separated. With this technique, not only fibrous materials, as with screw presses, but also fine particles are included in the solid phase. This results in nutrient enrichment in this phase. Centrifuges separate: 15 percent of the weight, 60 percent of the dry mass, 20 percent of the nitrogen and up to 70 percent of the phosphate. - Multi-stage manure separators

[0217] Multi-stage separators with two centrifuges are not only very expensive, they also have extremely high energy consumption. However, they extract: 30 percent of the weight, 90 percent of the dry mass, 50 percent of the nitrogen and up to 95 percent of the phosphate. - Mobile manure separators

[0218] In addition to permanently installed separators, various mobile versions are available. These devices can be flexibly transported to different locations using forklifts, car or heavy-duty trailers, or trucks. This allows even the smaller quantities of liquid manure from smaller farms to be processed, for example, by contractors with well-utilized equipment. - The mechanochemical processing

[0219] Depending on their nutrient balance, the solid phases can be further processed or mechanochemically treated. Mechanochemical treatment pursues the following objectives: Nitrates and ammonium, listed here as nitrogen, are converted together with organic nitrogen to atmospheric nitrogen. In this process, the phosphate remains water-soluble or is recycled back into water, thus making it bioavailable. Dry matter, consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, humic acid, proteins, amines, tissue residues, bacteria, sludge, fibers, and bound PAHs, is processed into charcoal or, depending on the operating time of a mechanical mill, first converted into short-chain biomolecules. These have nutritional value for fungi, bacteria, and animals. The material can be fed into biogas plants to convert the nutrients into methane. This combined process also reduces the nitrogen content. - The activated carbon clarification

[0220] In an activated carbon block filter, three different principles complement each other in their effect: - The mechanical effect of activated carbon

[0221] Activated carbon acts like a sieve, retaining all particles larger than its pores. This mechanical action filters out, for example, bacteria, cryptosporidia (single-celled parasites), giardia (intestinal parasites), suspended particles and sand, rust particles, asbestos fibers, etc. To achieve even finer and more reliable particle filtration than would be possible with pure activated carbon filters, some filter cartridges additionally utilize a second filter stage in the form of a hollow fiber membrane. - The catalytic effect

[0222] Activated carbon can catalytically transform certain substances smaller than the filter's pores. These substances are then no longer present in their original form. This catalytic action, for example, eliminates the unpleasant taste of chlorinated water. Activated carbon is highly efficient in its catalytic activity because it consumes very little in the process. The catalytic action removes substances such as chlorine, chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from the water. - The adsorptive effect

[0223] Activated carbon can absorb certain substances smaller than its pores through its adsorptive action. During adsorption, these substances attach to the activated carbon and remain adhered to it. The forces causing this adhesion are not chemical bonds, but rather van der Waals forces, which act on various substances similarly to magnetic forces.

[0224] Activated carbon has the greatest adsorption capacity of all known substances and is therefore particularly suitable as a filter medium.

[0225] While van der Waals forces are very strong, they are only effective at very short distances. Therefore, the proximity to the contact surface and the speed at which the water flows past it are crucial for the adsorptive effect. The finer the activated carbon filter and the slower the water flows through it, the better the adsorptive filtration. This is where the advantage of particularly small activated carbon particles comes into play, as these have comparatively very fine pores and slow down the water flow.

[0226] With its adsorptive effect, an activated carbon filter can bind organic and inorganic substances that are undesirable in water for human consumption, such as lead, copper, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, hormone residues, drug residues, and substances that impair odor and taste. - The mechanochemical processing of the loaded activated carbon

[0227] The activated carbon is pressed, briefly pre-dried, and then mechanochemically processed and recycled using a mechanical mill, allowing it to be reused in a closed loop. The separated water can also be reused. The mechanochemical processing aims to: To convert nitrates and ammonium, together with organic nitrogen, into atmospheric nitrogen. To make small phosphate particles, which are water-insoluble and therefore not available to plants, bioavailable again. To process dry matter consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, humic acid, proteins, amines, tissue residues, bacteria, sludge, fibers, and PAHs back into charcoal or, depending on the operating time of the mechanical mill, to first convert it into short-chain biomolecules. These have nutritional value for fungi, bacteria, and animals. The material can be advantageously fed into biogas plants to convert the nutrients into methane. In combination, this also reduces the nitrogen content. To bind heavy metals and reuse them as additives in activated charcoal for biomass plants. This prevents them from entering fields or the environment. In particular, heavy metals such as uranium, cadmium, lead, copper, and cobalt no longer enter the environment.Herbicides, fungicides, hormone residues, and drug residues are broken down into carbon. Chlorine, chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), PCBs, and dioxins are converted into non-toxic chlorides and carbon. The water remaining after activated carbon filtration can be separated into clean water and nutrients using conventional desalination plants. The activated carbon is always recyclable. - Mechanochemistry in water desalination

[0228] In all cases, the desalinated water is unsuitable for direct use as drinking water. Furthermore, such low-salt water is corrosive to iron materials because a protective lime-rust layer cannot form. Therefore, the carbonate hardness in the water is increased again by subsequently adding calcium bicarbonate. The calcium bicarbonate is produced by a reaction of calcium hydroxide (lime milk) with carbon dioxide (CO2).

[0229] The following section lists the common processes in order of their economic importance. Multi-stage flash evaporation (MSF) is the most widespread and is used on a large industrial scale. In addition to this process, solar seawater desalination methods are also used to a lesser extent. - The multi-stage relaxation evaporation

[0230] This is a thermal process abbreviated as "MSF" (Multi-Stage Flash Evaporation). It is the most commonly used method for seawater desalination. Its predecessor was multi-effect distillation.

[0231] In this process, the supplied saline water is heated to a temperature of 115 °C using the waste heat from a thermal power plant, or in rare cases, a nuclear power plant. The salt water, heated in the so-called brine heater, evaporates in downstream expansion stages under vacuum. The steam condenses within these stages on pipes filled with coolant and is drawn off as salt-free water. The water, increasingly enriched with salt through the evaporation process, is called brine and is cooled in a downstream heat exchanger to the condensation temperature (approximately 40 °C) of the steam from the supplied fresh water. It then serves as the coolant in the pipes. The pipes themselves are continuously cleaned of crystallizing salt using sponge rubber balls.Finally, fresh saltwater is added to the brine, and the mixture is reheated using waste heat from the gas turbine. The entire process is therefore a closed cycle. The excess salt that concentrates in the cycle is returned to the sea.

[0232] Large-scale facilities, such as the Jebel Ali power plant and seawater desalination plant, the world's largest seawater desalination plant, desalinate 2.135 million cubic meters of seawater daily. Typically, the process yields up to 500,000 cubic meters of drinking water from seawater each day. Similar quantities are also produced by the oil-fired power plants in the region. Energy consumption is 23-27 kWh / m³. - Reverse osmosis

[0233] In reverse osmosis, the solution is forced under high pressure through a semipermeable membrane made of polyamide, PTFE, or sulfonated copolymers with a pore diameter of 0.5 to 5 nm to overcome osmotic pressure. This membrane acts as a filter, allowing only certain ions and molecules to pass through. This process separates the original solution. The membrane filter removes salts, bacteria, viruses, excess calcium, and toxins such as heavy metals.

[0234] The osmotic pressure increases with increasing salt concentration, meaning the process would eventually come to a standstill. To counteract this, the concentrate is discharged. Since the crystallization of the salt or minerals (precipitation) in the membranes must be prevented, reverse osmosis is only practical up to a certain maximum reflux concentration. Depending on the salt concentration, even in optimized systems, the high pressure results in an energy consumption of between 2 and 4 kWh per cubic meter of drinking water.

[0235] The membranes of a reverse osmosis system are not maintenance-free. Scale buildup, caused by mineral deposits (scaling), biological substances (biofouling), or colloidal particles, reduces the permeation of water molecules through the membranes. To counteract this, the membranes must be flushed with chemical cleaners. Commonly used are scale inhibitors such as polyphosphoric acid and polymaleic acid, as well as biocides and chlorine to combat bacterial growth. These cleaning agents and the resulting rinse water are not environmentally friendly and must be separated or treated before being released back into the sea.

[0236] Depending on the type of water contamination, drinking water treatment plants can be equipped with additional pre-filters. Coarse particles down to a size of 20 micrometers can be removed. An additional activated carbon filter removes organic substances such as pesticides. UV irradiation can also be added, providing an extra layer of protection against germs. The Mossel Bay seawater desalination plant in South Africa is one such plant operating on this principle.

[0237] At each stage of reverse osmosis, mechanochemical processing with activated carbon offers a solution that is better than reverse osmosis: Before microfiltration, activated carbon is used as a precursor to protect the membrane from dirt and particles. This reduces encrustation and clogging. In the ultrafiltration stage, common macromolecules are retained. However, this has already been largely accomplished by the activated carbon, making the ultrafiltration membrane a protective membrane that is less prone to clogging and has a much longer lifespan. This is particularly true for cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, humic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Nanofiltration retains dissociated salts, divalent and higher-valent salts, cations and anions such as sulfates, phosphates, alkaline earth metals, and sugars. Of particular importance is the ability to separate phosphates and process them cleanly together with alkaline earth metals. In reverse osmosis, monovalent and undissociated salts are then retained.This process produces a highly concentrated solution and suspension containing large amounts of ammonium and nitrate, as well as chlorides, bromides, and alkali metal cations. These salts can be concentrated separately, sold as fertilizer concentrate, or, if there is a surplus, simply converted mechanically into atmospheric nitrogen after drying. This would then increase the concentration of cations that are not destroyed, such as potassium, in the mechanical mill.

[0238] The activated carbon, used as a pre-filter, is mechanically recycled after drying. - Membrane distillation

[0239] The membrane distillation process uses a microporous membrane that allows only water vapor to pass through, while retaining liquid water. Warm salt water is present on one side of the membrane, and a colder surface on the other. The countercurrent operation of the system ensures a temperature difference along the entire length of the membrane. The resulting difference in water vapor partial pressure causes water molecules to move from the warm to the cold side of the membrane. - Experimental techniques

[0240] The following section lists various experimental desalination methods, some of which are also used in smaller plants. - Evaporation hoses made of plastic

[0241] The French research center CEA / GRETH, as part of a European CRAFT project, has developed a seawater desalination plant in which the metal components have been largely replaced by polymers. This has the advantage that plastics corrode significantly less and are therefore more durable than metals. The use of plastics allows the process to operate under normal conditions at 100 °C and 1 bar. The plant achieves a drinking water production capacity of 100 liters per hour. Because the water is heated to 100 °C, it is largely sterile and contains only trace amounts of salt. - Freezing process

[0242] Cooling salt water produces ice crystals that are free of salts. The main technical difficulty, however, lies in separating the ice crystals from the mother liquor. The ice crystals must be washed away from the mother liquor. This process requires a significant amount of fresh water, which has led to the failure of this method in practice. - Electrodialysis

[0243] Electrodialysis is only economical at very low salt concentrations. Energy costs are directly proportional to salt concentration. Therefore, the process is often only worthwhile for brackish water. - ion force

[0244] Saltwater is channeled into four basins. In basin 1, the salt concentration is increased (e.g., by solar evaporation). The resulting concentrated brine in basin 1 is connected via selective polystyrene membranes that block Na+ ions towards basin 2 and Cl- ions towards basin 3, creating an excess of Na+ and Cl- ions, respectively, in basins 1 and 2. These two basins are then connected to the fourth basin via membranes. From this fourth basin, the ions diffuse into basins 2 and 3 to balance the ion concentration. The water in basin 4 thus becomes NaCl-free. If other salts need to be removed, additional ion filters must be used. A pilot plant was built in Canada with environmental subsidies. The Siemens Group operates a pilot plant in Singapore.

[0245] The advantage is the low energy consumption, provided that evaporation in basin 1 is achieved through solar energy. The mineral content is retained, with the exception of sodium and chloride, so no other minerals need to be added for drinking water use. Additional ion filters are required for other purposes. - The bio-fuel cell

[0246] Research into biofuel cells for the desalination of slightly saline waters is being conducted at institutions including the University of Queensland, Tsinghua University, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the USA. Practical applications for brackish water are also being considered. - The mechanochemical treatment in water desalination

[0247] The salts contain alkali cations, alkaline earth cations, cations such as ammonium, anions such as chloride and bromide as well as fluoride, nitrogen anions such as nitrite and nitrate, phosphates, and residues of heavy metals. The mechanochemical processing aims to... To immobilize residual heavy metals on activated carbon. In the thickened mass, which contains all the aforementioned cations and anions, to partially or completely convert ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite into atmospheric nitrogen. This yields a fertilizer that is high in potassium and phosphate but contains little or no nitrogen. If there is no demand for pure ammonium and nitrate as fertilizer, it is possible to convert these substances into atmospheric nitrogen on-site at a low cost. For specific details, see also the explanations of reverse osmosis. Detoxification of carcinogenic compounds

[0248] It is well known that hexavalent chromium compounds such as potassium dichromate are carcinogenic. Using the mechanochemical process according to the invention, it is possible to reduce hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium and, in some cases, to metallic chromium. Chromium is then no longer carcinogenic in these oxidation states. The treatment of nitrate and ammonium from groundwater and drinking water using activated carbon

[0249] Due to its lower concentration, activated carbon can be used to bind nitrate. Functionalized activated carbon can also bind CaCl₂, iron (including metallic iron and Fe(III)), magnetic iron particles, copper, palladium, tin, indium, and other metals. The advantages of mechanochemical processing: During mechanochemical processing, the particles are broken down, resulting in nano-effects. When used as a filter, iron can be leached out; however, if it remains, it can be reactivated by reduction. The same applies to nanoparticles and compounds of copper, palladium, etc. These can be further reduced in size and recovered along with the carbon. This provides a way to convert the bound nitrate into nitrogen and activated carbon, even with non-functionalized activated carbon.The same applies to many activated and functionalized activated carbons, which can then be reactivated, with the nitrate being broken down at the same time. In this way, the activated carbon can be mechanically refunctionalized, re-functionalized, or refreshed and reused. The mechanochemical splitting of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide into oxygen and carbon allotropes

[0250] The starting point is the binding of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide to activated carbon or microporous materials such as zeolites in combination with activated carbon, followed by the mechanochemical conversion of carbon dioxide into carbon dioxide and oxygen. This makes the goal of a cost-effective carbon dioxide sink, which is permanent, scalable, and mobile, achievable anywhere. The effect can be enhanced if bases such as ammonia or alkaline solutions are available for binding. This is then referred to as chemisorption. Carbon dioxide salts such as sodium carbonate or other salts resulting from carbon dioxide capture can also be degraded. The adsorption of carbon dioxide can be increased by OH groups in the carbon and by a certain amount of residual moisture that may accompany it.Partially pyrolyzed activated carbon or coal has also proven advantageous, as it possesses more OH groups and therefore binds carbon dioxide more readily. Tribochemical catalysts such as glass, quartz, or rock, reducing catalysts, oxidizing catalysts, mixed catalysts, or metal catalysts, as listed above, can be used as catalysts.

[0251] Special embodiments include carbon dioxide conversion with a membrane, in low-temperature systems with the condensation of carbon dioxide, with the introduction of dry ice or with the low-temperature separation of carbon dioxide, with metal catalysts and metal alloys with carbon, with organometallic catalysts or with homogeneous catalysts.

[0252] In the reaction of carbon dioxide with a membrane, a gas-permeable membrane is used that is permeable to oxygen but impermeable to carbon dioxide. By removing the oxygen, the equilibrium can be shifted, resulting in a continuous reaction. AIRCO offers a membrane that separates substances as they pass through hollow fibers due to the different diffusion rates.

[0253] In the low-temperature system with carbon dioxide condensation, carbon dioxide is condensed in the reactor at -78.5 °C. The reactor is cooled to temperatures below the sublimation point of carbon dioxide, which is -78.5 °C. This results in higher levels of carbon dioxide in the grinding chamber than would be achieved solely through adsorption onto the coal. The reactor can be cooled, for example, using a double-walled reactor cooled with liquid nitrogen or helium. The coolant can be combined with a pressure relief valve, similar to a refrigerator. Thermoelectric or Peltier elements can also be used. The oxygen remains gaseous, as it only becomes liquid at -183 °C.

[0254] The dry ice is introduced in chunks or as a slush, optionally mixed with charcoal. Alternatively, the charcoal may already be present in the grinding chamber. Dry ice can also be present alone in the grinding chamber and convert into charcoal during the grinding process. However, the presence of activated charcoal is preferred, as it accelerates the conversion.

[0255] In the low-temperature separation of carbon dioxide, the grinding chamber contains a cooling finger, preferably designed as a knocking finger or separator, on which carbon dioxide is separated at -78.5°C. Alternatively, the grinding chamber can be combined with a corresponding separate system. The oxygen remains in the gas phase and can be pumped out or separated by membranes.

[0256] Carbon monoxide can be split into its elements in the same way. Therefore, the process according to the invention is also available for the elimination of this toxic gas.

[0257] In a further embodiment of the mechanochemical process according to the invention, the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are not only ground with activated carbon, but with any biomass and / or carbon-supplying materials. For example, compressed gaseous carbon dioxide can be injected into the biomass together with the exhaust gas from biogas plants, and the resulting ground material can be mechanochemically converted to activated carbon.

[0258] This also makes it possible to effectively eliminate methane slip from biogas plants and, more generally, from other plants powered by methane and / or natural gas, such as gas engines, because the slip gases are converted into carbon and no longer enter the atmosphere, where they would act as particularly potent greenhouse gases. Thus, the emission of greenhouse gases can also be effectively prevented by the mechanochemical process according to the invention.

[0259] The binding of pollutants such as ammonia, amines, particulate matter, ultrafine particles, mercury, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other sulfur compounds from the air of livestock buildings, sewage treatment plants, biogas plants, and closed landfills, among other sources, to activated carbon is improved by suitable impregnation of the activated carbon, which significantly increases its adsorption capacity. This allows it to be used advantageously for the economical removal of poorly absorbable pollutants in gases. The pollutants are then bound not only by adsorption but also by chemisorption or catalytically. The activated carbons are functionalized with potassium iodide, potassium carbonate, phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfur, sulfuric acid, and silver, and are impregnated uniformly and homogeneously.

[0260] The activated carbon loaded with pollutants can then be recycled and reactivated using the mechanochemical process according to the invention.

[0261] Another advantageous application of the mechanochemical process according to the invention is the separation and classification of activated carbon with different particle sizes. For this purpose, gases, in particular air or inert gases such as nitrogen, are blown through a first pipe into the grinding chamber of a mechanical mill using a blower, fan, compressor, or other device. The finely divided, powdered activated carbon particles are discharged from the grinding chamber via a second pipe and agglomerated in the gas phase by acoustophoresis, as known, for example, from international patent application WO 2017 / 153038. The agglomerated activated carbon particles are then blown into a cyclone, where they are separated from the gas phase. A bypass connecting the first and second pipes ensures that a stronger gas flow passes through the cyclone than through the grinding chamber.

[0262] In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the mechanical mill for mechanochemical processes according to the invention comprises at least one rotatable or stationary mechanochemical reactor, waveguide or grinding chamber, which contains a plurality of the grinding bodies described above in a drum with at least one inlet for the material to be ground and at least one outlet for the ground product.

[0263] The drum of the rotatable mechanochemical reactor and waveguide has a disc-shaped vertical drum wall, which is connected in its center to a rotatable drive shaft driven by a motor.

[0264] In contrast, the drum of the stationary mechanochemical reactor and waveguide incorporates agitators for mixing the grinding media and the material being ground. These agitators are rotatably arranged along the longitudinal axis of the drum and are rotated by a drive shaft, driven by a motor, which passes through the disc-shaped vertical drum wall.

[0265] The vertical drum wall opposite the disc-shaped vertical drum wall of both the stationary and the rotatable mechanochemical reactor and waveguide is formed by an impact-resistant grid or window permeable to electromagnetic radiation and / or corpuscular radiation, which separates the mechanochemical reactor, the grinding chamber or the waveguide from the at least one radiation source and prevents the grinding media and the material being ground from damaging the at least one radiation source.

[0266] Preferably, focused laser radiation, electron radiation, radioactive radiation such as alpha radiation, neutron radiation and gamma radiation, X-rays, UV radiation, IR radiation, microwave radiation and ultrasound, as well as the corresponding radiation sources, are used. In particular, microwave radiation is used.

[0267] The radiation sources can be permanently connected to the mechanochemical reactor, grinding chamber or waveguide, or arranged separately from it.

[0268] The materials used to construct the mechanical mill depend, among other things, on the type of radiation employed. In particular, when using microwave radiation, the grid, the inner walls of the mechanochemical reactor and waveguide, the grinding media, and the agitation elements must be made of a material that does not cause electrical short circuits. Examples of suitable materials for the inner walls and agitation elements include impact-resistant, scratch-resistant, and high-temperature-resistant plastics, as well as ceramics. Preferably, the grinding media are also made of ceramics such as porcelain. For the other parts of the mechanical mill that are not irradiated, metals such as stainless steel can be used.

[0269] An electric motor, in particular one of the internally cooled electric motors described above, is preferably used for the drive.

[0270] The following section explains the mechanochemical process according to the invention and a usable mechanical mill in more detail with reference to examples and figures. The examples and figures are not intended to be limiting, but rather to illustrate the mechanochemical process and the mechanochemical apparatus according to the invention.

[0271] The Figures 1 to 24 These are schematic representations intended to illustrate the essential features of the mechanochemical process according to the invention and its use. Some of the figures are not drawn to scale. Figure 1: A mechanical mill 1 with a rotating drum 1.5 for grinding material under microwave radiation; Figure 2: A mechanical mill 1 with a stationary drum 1.5 with an attritor 1.4 for grinding material under microwave radiation 2.1; Figure 3: A flow diagram of the mechanochemical process for the decontamination of contaminated, phosphate-containing biomass and for the recovery of phosphate in a bioavailable form; Figure 4: A flow diagram of the mechanochemical process for obtaining regenerated activated carbon from moist and contaminated activated carbon and sludge from the 4th treatment stage; Figure 5-1(a) Top view of the scaled surface of the beater disc 1.4.2, (b) scaled side view of the beater disc 1.4.2 and (c) perspective view of the beater disc 1.4.2; Figure 5-2(a) Top view of the scaled surface of the striking disc 1.4.2, (b) scaled side view of the striking disc 1.4.2 and (c) perspective view of the striking disc 1.4.2; Figure 6(a) top view of the scaled surface of the striking disc 1.4.2, (b) scaled side view of the striking disc 1.4.2 and (c) perspective view of the striking disc 1.4.2; Figure 7(a) top view of the scaled surface of the striking disc 1.4.2 with the striking ribs 1.4.2.4, (b) scaled side view of the striking disc 1.4.2, (c) profile of a striking rib 1.4.2.4 and (d) perspective view of the striking disc 1.4.2; Figure 8(a) Top view of the scale surface of the striking disc 1.4.2 with the striking bars 1.4.2.4, (b) scale side view of the striking disc 1.4.2, (c) profile of a striking bar 1.4.2.4 and (d) perspective view of the striking disc 1.4.2; Figure 9(a) Top view of the scale surface of the striking disc 1.4.2 with the striking bars 1.4.2.4, (b) scale side view of the striking disc 1.4.2, (c) profile of a striking bar 1.4.2.4 and (d) perspective view of the striking disc 1.4.2; Figure 10(a) top view of the scale surface of the striking fan 1.4.3 with the striking bars 1.4.2.4, (b) scale side view of the striking fan 1.4.2, and (c) perspective view of the striking fan 1.4.2; Figure 11(a) top view of the scale surface of the striking fan 1.4.3 with the striking bars 1.4.2.4, (b) scale side view of the striking fan 1.4.2, (c) profile of a striking bar 1.4.2.4 and (d) perspective view of the striking fan 1.4.2; Figure 12 Top view of the scale surface of the striking fan 1.4.3 with the striking bars 1.4.2.4, (a) and (b) scale side views of the striking fan 1.4.2, (c) profile of a striking bar 1.4.2.4 and (d) perspective view of the striking fan 1.4.2; Figure 13(a) Top view of the scale surface of the double striking fan 1.4.3 with the peak-and-valley profiles 1.4.3.2 and the U-shaped slots 1.4.3.3, (b) and (d) scale side views of the double-beat fan 1.4.3, (c) section through the peak-and-valley profile 1.4.3.2 and (e) perspective view of the double-beat fan 1.4.3; Figure 14 top view of a beater 1.4.4 with symmetrically arranged beaters 1.4.4.3; Figure 15 top view of a beater wing 1.4.5; Figure 16 top view of another embodiment of the beater wing 1.4.5; Figure 17 grinding by two counter-rotating rollers 1.4.6; Figure 18 grinding with two counter-rotating rollers 1.4.6 with surface structures 1.4.6.2; Figure 19 grinding with one roller 1.4.6 and an abrasion surface 1.4.6.3; Figure 20: Grinding with two counter-rotating rollers inclined to each other at a specific angle 1.4.6.5; Figure 21: Grinding with two counter-rotating rollers 1.4.6 with resilient surfaces 1.4.6.6; Figure 22: Multiple grinding chambers 1.1.1 comprising a drum 1.5; Figure 23 Flow diagram of a reverse osmosis plant; and Figure 24 Particle sizes. The KS comprises a mechanochemical mill 1, an acoustophoresis device 7 for agglomerating activated carbon particles G, and a cyclone 8 for separating the agglomerated activated carbon particles from the gas phase.

[0272] In the Figures 1 to 24 The reference symbols have the following meaning: 1Mechanical mill, grinding unit 1.1Mechanical reactor, waveguide, grinding chamber 1.1.1Spherical grinding chamber 1.1.2Circular constriction 1.2Grinding body 1.3Material to be ground F 1.4 Agitation device 1.4.1 Attritor 1.4.2 Impact disc 1.4.2.1 Passage for the drive shaft 3 1.4.2.2 Impact hole 1.4.2.3 Edge 1.4.2.4 Impact ridge 1.4.3 Impact fan 1.4.3.1 Ring around the drive shaft 3 1.4.3.2 Peak and valley profile 1.4.3.3 U-shaped gap 1.4.4 Impact club 1.4.4.1 Ring around the drive shaft 3 1.4.4.2 Connecting ridge 1.4.4.3 Impact body 1.4.5 Impact vane 1.4.5.1 Impact end 1.4.6 Rotating roller 1.4.6.1 Direction of rotation 1.4.6.2 Teeth 1.4.6.3 Wear surface 1.4.6.4 Axis of rotation 1.4.6.5 Inclination angle 1.4.6.6 Roller surface 1.4.6.7 Recess 1.4.6.8 Suspension 1.4.6.9 Ball 1.5 Drum 1.5.1 Inlet for material to be ground F; 1.3 1.5.2 Outlet for ground product I 1.5.3 Disc-shaped, vertical drum wall 1.5.3.1 Passage through 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.3 opposite drum wall 1.5.5 Grid, radiation-transmitting window 1.5.5.1 Opening 2 Electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation 2.1 Microwave radiation 3 Drive shaft 3.1 Direction of rotation 4 Motor 5 Blower 5.0 Intake 5.1 Gas drawn in 5.2 Gas flow blown into grinding chamber 1.1 from 1 5.2.1 Gas flow blown into bypass BP 5.2.2 Control valve in gas line 5.5 for gas flow 5.2 5.2.3 Control valve in gas line 5.5.1 in bypass BP for gas flow 5.2.1 5.3 Gas flow loaded with ground material F 5.3.1 Control valve in gas line 5.6 for gas flow 5.3 5.4 Gas flow with agglomerated particles 9.1 5.5 Gas line from blower 5 to mechanical mill 1 5.5.1 Gas line in bypass BP OH ups A 5.6 Gas line from mechanical mill 1 to bypass BP, acoustophoresis unit 7 and cyclone 8 5.7 Cyclone exhaust 8 6 Permeable protective grilles 7 Acoustophoresis unit 7.1 Ultrasound source 7.2 Standing wave 8 Cyclone 8.1 Exhaust pipe 8.2 Solid discharge 9 Powdered solid I 9.1 Agglomerated particles A-A Section line C-C Section line D Diameter of the striking disc 1.4.2 d Diameter of the feedthrough 1.4.2.1 for the drive shaft 3 DS Dissociated acids, Divalent salts EWS Monovalent salts FM Milling material H 2 O Water K Particle size classifier MF Microfiltration MM Macromolecules NFN Nanofiltration R Radius RO Reverse osmosis SP Suspended particles SW Salt water T Thickness UDS Undissociated acids UFU Ultrafiltration UO Reverse osmosis X Enlarged section ZU Sugar

[0273] In the following text, the abbreviations following the abbreviations have the following meaning: A problematic, synthetic, biogenic and biological materials B Phosphates C Metals and their compounds D Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide E Value products F Ground material, fluid, solution, suspension, finely divided solid mixture, reactive gas G Coal, carbon suppliers H Suspension of a powdered product I I Powdered product, sighted product I K Catalytically active particles Q Piezoelectric particles Y Weight ratio of (A, B, C and / or D and possibly Z) to G Z Additive Examples 1 to 3 and comparison experiment V1

[0274] For the grinding tests of Examples 1 to 3 and the comparative test V1, the grinding unit 1 with attritors 1.4.1 described in German patent application DE 195 04 540 A1 was used. 2000 steel balls, each weighing 1 g, were used as grinding media 1.2. The weight ratio of the material being ground F to the weight of the steel balls 1.2 was 1:10. The grinding tests were carried out in ambient air at atmospheric pressure.

[0275] An electric motor 3 according to international patent application WO 2017 / 055246A2 was used as the drive for the grinding unit 1 with attritors 1.4.1. This motor comprises an electric machine component with at least one winding for generating a magnetic field, which includes at least one waveguide having a sheath and an inner cavity through which a coolant can be conducted, wherein the winding has two ends to which an electrical operating voltage is connected and wherein The waveguides are designed in a round tube shape and have an outer diameter in the range of 3 mm, the ends of the winding each serve as a coolant inlet or coolant outlet, and the ends of the winding are connected to a connector that includes a coolant inlet and / or a coolant outlet, several waveguide connections for connecting waveguides, a distribution channel through which the coolant is fed into at least one waveguide, and / or a collecting channel into which the coolant exiting from at least one waveguide flows and is directed to the coolant outlet of the connector.

[0276] Three motors of this type are distributed by Dynamic E Flow GmbH, Kaufbeuren, Germany, under the brand name capcooltech®. Types HC and LC were used.

[0277] For examples 1 to 3, mixtures containing potassium nitrate A were provided as milled material F. The mixture for the comparison experiment V1 did not contain potassium nitrate A. Each of the mixtures F was milled for 480 minutes at an attritor speed of 1250 rpm. Samples weighing 0.5 g were taken at 0 minutes (baseline sample), after 60 minutes, after 120 minutes, and after 480 minutes and eluted with 50 ml of demineralized water. Subsequently, the respective nitrate content A was measured according to DIN EN ISO 10304-1 and the ammonium content A according to DIN EN ISO 11732.

[0278] Table 1 provides an overview of the mixtures F and the results of the measurements. Table 1: Examples 1 to 3 and comparison experiment V1 Nr. Ground material F composition Meal duration h Ammonium A mg / Liter Nitrate A mg / liter V1 2 wt% Ammonium Chloride A 0 84,9 <1 49 wt.% coal G 49 wt.% quartz sand Q " " 60 20,7 <1 " " 120 10,8 <1 " " 480 9,5 <1 1 2 wt% potassium nitrate A 0 <1 163 49 wt.% coal G 49 wt.% quartz sand Q " " 60 <1 87,4 " " 120 <1 29,6 " " 480 <1 28,1 2 2 wt% potassium nitrate A 0 67,1 129 2 wt% Ammonium Chloride A 48 wt.% coal G 48 wt.% quartz sand Q " " 60 19,7 67,5 " " 120 7,9 31,4 " " 480 5,8 26,5 3 2 wt% potassium nitrate A 0 91,8 177 2 wt% Ammonium Chloride A 2 wt% trisodium phosphate B 47% by weight Coal 47 wt.% quartz sand Q " " 60 22,7 78,5 " " 120 8,5 36,2 " " 480 8,1 43,5

[0279] It was shown that after 60 to 120 minutes of grinding time, most of the ammonium A and nitrate A had already been eliminated. Examples 4 to 6 and comparative experiment V2: The grinding of fermentation residues A - Influence of material composition

[0280] The grinding tests were carried out essentially as described in Examples 1 to 3 and the comparative test V1. Table 2 provides an overview of the material composition of the ground product F. The weight ratio of grinding media 1.2 to ground product F was 50:1 in all cases. The rotational speed was 1250 rpm in all cases. After 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours of grinding, 0.5 g of the finely divided, powdered products I were eluted with 50 ml of distilled water according to DIN 38414-4 and DIN EN 12457-4. The respective concentrations of the ammonium ions A were determined in mg / L according to DIN EN ISO 11732. The results are also shown in Table 2. Table 2: Grinding of fermentation residues A Influence of material composition - Example a) < Compare b) < fermentation residue Quartz sand Activated carbon KCl Meal duration under air ammonium F (g) Q (g) G (g) Z (g) (h) A V2 25 25 - - 0 21,1 " 25 25 - - 1 10,8 " 25 25 - - 2 11,6 " 25 25 - - 3 9,1 4 25 25 25 - 0 25,1 " 25 25 25 - 1 3,12 " 25 25 25 - 2 4,43 " 25 25 25 - 3 2,6 5 25 - 25 - 0 11,3 " 25 - 25 - 1 4,19 " 25 - 25 - 2 3,25 " 25 - 25 - 3 1,55 6 25 25 25 25 0 11,3 " 25 25 25 25 1 4,19 " 25 25 25 25 2 3,25 " 25 25 25 25 3 1,55 a) Example b) Comparative experiment

[0281] The test results show that the decrease in ammonium ions A in the samples with activated carbon G or quartz Q and activated carbon A was significantly greater than in the activated carbon-free sample. Example 7 The mechanochemical degradation of pharmaceuticals A as a model for the 4th treatment stage of wastewater treatment plants

[0282] Quartz sand Q and activated carbon G (Example 7, Experiments 1 to 4 and 13 to 16), quartz sand Q alone (Example 7, Experiments 9 to 12 and 21 to 24), and activated carbon G alone (Example 7, Experiments 5 to 8 and 17 to 20) were each mixed with a mixture A consisting of 2 tablets of propofol, 1 tablet of loratadine, 2 tablets of ibuprofen, and 1 tablet of ACC. The resulting mixtures F were ground dry, and a portion was soaked in 150 ml of distilled water, then allowed to stand for 48 hours and subsequently dried at room temperature under a water jet vacuum for 2 hours. Afterward, the samples F were ground under air and under argon. The grinding experiments were carried out as described for Examples 4 to 6. Table 3 provides an overview of the experimental conditions used. Table 3: The mechanochemical degradation of drugs Example 7 Attempt Number Quartz sand Q (g) Activated carbon G (g) Meal time (min) UPM 1 20 20 30 1100 2 20 20 60 1100 3 20 20 120 1100 4 20 20 180 1100 5 0 40 30 1100 6 0 40 60 1100 7 0 40 120 1100 8 0 40 180 1100 9 40 0 30 1100 10 40 0 60 1100 11 40 0 120 1100 12 40 0 180 1100 13 20 20 30 800 14 20 20 60 800 15 20 20 120 800 16 20 20 180 800 17 0 40 30 800 18 0 40 60 800 19 0 40 120 800 20 0 40 180 800 21 40 0 30 800 22 40 0 60 800 23 40 0 120 800 24 40 0 180 800

[0283] The results of the experiments can be summarized as follows: 1. The degradation of drugs A with activated carbon G alone was faster than with quartz sand Q alone. 2. After a longer milling time (approximately 2 hours), the effect of quartz sand Q was stronger than that of activated carbon G, so the addition of a small amount of quartz sand Q was advantageous. 3. The degradation followed the natural logarithm, with all compounds being degraded after 60 minutes. 4. Propofol A was degraded significantly more slowly than the other drugs A. 5. No significant difference could be observed between the slaked mixtures F and the dry-mixed mixtures F. However, there was a slight trend that the slaked mixtures F degraded somewhat faster. 6. The rotational speed was a crucial factor. The degradation of drugs F was twice as fast at 1100 rpm as at 800 rpm. 7. No difference could be observed between milling under inert gas Z and under air. Example 8 Recovery of phosphate B from the 4th treatment stage of a wastewater treatment plant

[0284] Granulated, loaded activated carbon G from a basin of the 4th purification stage was coarsely cleaned once in a water bath. It was then dried in a commercially available drying system at elevated temperature and reduced pressure. The dried activated carbon G was continuously fed into a mechanical mill 1 with a drum 1.5 of a volume of 900 liters. The mechanical mill 1 contained 1000 steel balls 1.2 with a diameter of 5 mm, which were prevented from exiting the drum 1.5 by a protective grid 6. The dried activated carbon G was introduced through the protective grid 6 at the upper opening (1.5.1, inlet for material F) and separated centrally by means of a cyclone 8. Approximately 100 kg of carbon G passed through the mechanochemical mill 1 in 1 hour. Alternatively, the process could be carried out discontinuously as a batch process with the same quantities.

[0285] The rotational speed of mill 1 was 1100 rpm. The ground material F, containing the reactivated activated carbon G, was pressed into pellets G in a standard pelletizing plant, either discontinuously or continuously. These pellets were then returned to the basin of the 4th purification stage. No loss of activated carbon G was observed during this process. Contamination by sand did not disrupt the process.

[0286] The existing soluble phosphates B could be eluted in a separate washing step before or after the pelleting of the activated carbon G. Example 9 The processing of liquid manure A to activated carbon G

[0287] 1000 kg of liquid manure A, containing nitrates A, ammonium A, phosphates B, and heavy metals C, was dried using a commercially available digestate dryer. This yielded 80 kg of dry matter as milled material F. The drying process was carried out at an elevated temperature, and the escaping ammonia A was bound with sulfuric acid, as described in German patent application DE 10 2016 004 162 A1. The resulting ammonium sulfate A could be further processed together with the dry matter F. The dry matter F and the ammonium sulfate A were pre-ground in a separate mechanical mill 1. Subsequently, they were continuously fed, along with half the amount of activated carbon G, into a mechanical mill 1 with a drum 1.5 of a volume of 900 liters from above through a protective grid 6, which prevented the milling media 1.2 from exiting. 1000 kg of steel balls 1.2 with a diameter of 5 mm were used as grinding media 1.2.The ground material F was separated centrally using a cyclone 8. Approximately 100 kg of dry material F passed through the mechanical mill 1 in 1 hour and were ground at a constant speed of 1100 rpm.

[0288] The resulting solid, finely divided product I contained significantly fewer nitrate ions A and ammonium ions A than the starting materials F. In addition, the heavy metals C were immobilized.

[0289] In addition to or as an alternative to coal G, layered silicates Z such as bentonite or montmorillonite could be introduced to immobilize the heavy metals C.

[0290] The solid, fine-particle product I was pressed in a commercially available pelleting plant and used as an alternative E to Terra Preta as phosphate fertilizer E and coal fertilizer E, which promoted humus formation and microbial growth.

[0291] Alternatively, the phosphate B could also be removed from the pellets G. The remaining material was ideally suited as a substitute for activated carbon G for binding VOCs (volatile organic compounds), as a filler for panel production, and as a substitute for wood and sand. Example 9 Recovery of iridium C from spent Nafion membranes A

[0292] 500 kg of spent Nafion membranes A were shredded and dry-mixed with 100 kg of activated carbon G and 20 kg of solid sodium hydroxide Z, then pre-ground. The mixture F was then continuously fed into a mechanochemical mill 1 as described in Examples 8 and 9 and ground for 2 hours at a speed of 1100 rpm. The fine solid powder I, separated by means of a cyclone 8, was eluted with water, washing out the resulting sodium fluoride I. The remaining powder I contained the immobilized iridium C. This was recovered by incinerating the powder I. Examples 10 to 14 The mechanochemical processing of biomass A, the elimination of nitrates A and ammonium A and the recovery of phosphate B

[0293] Biomass A, quartz sand Q, and activated carbon G were mixed together in varying quantities. Sodium nitrate A, ammonium chloride A, and glassy ultraphosphate B were added to the mixtures in varying amounts. The resulting mixtures F were dry-ground. A portion of each mixture was once covered with 150 ml of distilled water, soaked for 48 hours, then dried at room temperature under water jet vacuum for 2 hours, and subsequently ground. Simultaneously, the dry-mixed mixtures F were ground. All experiments were performed once under air and once under argon Z. The apparatus 1 described in Examples 1 to 3 was used for this purpose. In all cases, samples I were taken from the resulting ground mixtures F after 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes and eluted with distilled water. The solutions were then analyzed.

[0294] Tables 4 to 8 provide an overview of the materials used and their proportions. Table 4: Mechanochemical grinding of biomass A with the additives sodium nitrate A, ammonium chloride A and ultraphosphate B under air and under argon Z Example 10 Quartz sand Activated charcoal Biomass NaNO 3 NH4Cl Ultraphosphat Meal duration UPM Version No. Q [g] G [g] A [g] A [g] A [g] B [g] [min] 1 30 30 30 5 5 5 30 1100 2 30 30 30 5 5 5 60 1100 3 30 30 30 5 5 5 120 1100 4 30 30 30 5 5 5 180 1100 5 0 45 45 5 5 5 30 1100 6 0 45 45 5 5 5 60 1100 7 0 45 45 5 5 5 120 1100 8 0 45 45 5 5 5 180 1100 9 45 0 45 5 5 5 30 1100 10 45 0 45 5 5 5 60 1100 11 45 0 45 5 5 5 120 1100 12 45 0 45 5 5 5 180 1100 13 30 30 30 5 5 5 30 800 14 30 30 30 5 5 5 60 800 15 30 30 30 5 5 5 120 800 16 30 30 30 5 5 5 180 800 17 0 45 45 5 5 5 30 800 18 0 45 45 5 5 5 60 800 19 0 45 45 5 5 5 120 800 20 0 45 45 5 5 5 180 800 21 45 0 45 5 5 5 30 800 22 45 0 45 5 5 5 60 800 23 45 0 45 5 5 5 120 800 24 45 0 45 5 5 5 180 800 Table 5: Mechanochemical grinding of biomass A with the additives ammonium chloride A and ultraphosphate B under air and under argon A Example 11 Quartz sand Activated charcoal Biomass NH4Cl Ultraphosphat Meal duration UPM Version No. Q [g] G [g] A [g] A [g] B [g] [min] 1 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 30 1100 2 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 60 1100 3 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 120 1100 4 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 180 1100 5 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 30 1100 6 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 60 1100 7 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 120 1100 8 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 180 1100 9 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 30 1100 10 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 60 1100 11 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 120 1100 12 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 180 1100 13 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 30 800 14 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 60 800 15 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 120 800 16 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 180 800 17 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 30 800 18 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 60 800 19 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 120 800 20 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 180 800 21 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 30 800 22 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 60 800 23 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 120 800 24 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 180 800 Table 6: Mechanochemical grinding of biomass A with the additives sodium nitrate A and ultraphosphate B under air and under argon Z Example 12 Quartz sand Activated charcoal Biomass NaNO 3 Ultraphosphat Meal duration UPM Version No. Q [g] G [g] A [g] A [g] B [g] [min] 1 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 30 1100 2 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 60 1100 3 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 120 1100 4 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 180 1100 5 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 30 1100 6 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 60 1100 7 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 120 1100 8 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 180 1100 9 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 30 1100 10 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 60 1100 11 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 120 1100 12 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 180 1100 13 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 30 800 14 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 60 800 15 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 120 800 16 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 180 800 17 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 30 800 18 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 60 800 19 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 120 800 20 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 180 800 21 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 30 800 22 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 60 800 23 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 120 800 24 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 180 800 Table 7: Mechanochemical grinding of biomass A with the additives sodium nitrate A and ammonium chloride A under air and under argon Z Example 13 Quartz sand Activated carbon Biomass NaNO 3 NH4Cl Have a good meal rpm Version No. Q [g] G [g] A [g] A [g] A [g] [min] 1 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 30 1100 2 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 60 1100 3 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 120 1100 4 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 180 1100 5 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 30 1100 6 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 60 1100 7 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 120 1100 8 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 180 1100 9 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 30 1100 10 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 60 1100 11 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 120 1100 12 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 180 1100 13 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 30 800 14 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 60 800 15 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 120 800 16 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 180 800 17 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 30 800 18 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 60 800 19 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 120 800 20 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 180 800 21 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 30 800 22 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 60 800 23 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 120 800 24 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 180 800 Table 8: Mechanochemical grinding of biomass with the additives sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride under air and under argon Z Example 14 Quartz sand Activated charcoal Biomass NaNO 3 NH4Cl Meal duration UPM Version No. Q [g] G [g] A [g] A [g] A [g] [min] 1 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 30 1100 2 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 60 1100 3 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 120 1100 4 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 180 1100 5 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 30 1100 6 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 60 1100 7 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 120 1100 8 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 180 1100 9 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 30 1100 10 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 60 1100 11 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 120 1100 12 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 180 1100 13 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 30 800 14 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 60 800 15 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 120 800 16 30 30 30 7,5 7,5 180 800 17 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 30 800 18 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 60 800 19 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 120 800 20 0 45 45 7,5 7,5 180 800 21 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 30 800 22 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 60 800 23 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 120 800 24 45 0 45 7,5 7,5 180 800

[0295] The following general trends could be derived from the experimental results of examples 10 to 14. 1. The degradation of biomass A and nitrogenous compounds A was faster with activated carbon G than with quartz sand Q. 2. After about 2 hours, however, the effect of quartz sand Q was stronger than that of activated carbon G, so it was recommended to add small amounts of quartz sand Q to the mixtures. 3. The decrease in nitrogenous compounds A followed the natural logarithm, with all nitrogenous compounds A being degraded after 60 minutes. 4. No significant difference in the degradation of nitrogenous compounds A could be observed between the slaked mixtures F and the dry-prepared mixtures F. There was only a slight trend indicating that the slaked mixtures F showed faster degradation. 5. The rotational speed was the decisive factor. The degradation of nitrogenous compounds A at 1100 RPM was twice as fast as at 800 RPM. 6.No difference was found between the degradation rate when milled under air and the degradation rate when milled under argon. 7. The ultraphosphate B could be converted into bioavailable, water-soluble phosphate B by milling. 8. The different amounts of sodium nitrate A and ammonium chloride A had no effect on the degradation rates. Example 15 Elimination of nitrates A and ammonium A and immobilization of trace elements C in coal G and the reuse of coal G in biogas plants

[0296] 10,000 kg of liquid manure A, containing nitrates A, ammonium A, phosphates B, and traces of arsenic C and heavy metals C, were gradually dried using a commercially available digestate dryer. This yielded a total of 800 kg of dry matter F. The drying process was carried out at an elevated temperature, and the escaping ammonia A was bound with sulfuric acid, as described in German patent application DE 10 2016 004 162 A1. The resulting ammonium sulfate A could be further processed together with the dry matter F. The dry matter F and the ammonium sulfate A were pre-ground in a separate mechanical mill 1. Subsequently, together with half the amount of activated carbon G, 50 kg bentonite Z and 10 kg N,N,N',N'-ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid) Z, they were continuously fed into a mechanical mill 1 with a drum 1.5 of a volume of 900 liters from above through a protective grid 6, which prevented the grinding media 1.2 from exiting.1000 kg of steel balls 1.2 with a diameter of 5 mm were used as grinding media 1.2. The ground material F was separated centrally by means of a cyclone 8. Approximately 100 kg of dry material F passed through the mechanical mill 1 per hour and were ground at a constant speed of 1100 rpm.

[0297] The resulting solid, finely divided product I contained significantly fewer nitrate ions A and ammonium ions A than the original dry mass F. Furthermore, arsenic C, the heavy metals C and their compounds C were immobilized in the coal G, the bentonite Z and the chelating agent Z and could therefore no longer enter the groundwater, which was a significant advantage.

[0298] The water-soluble phosphate B was washed out of the solid fine-particle product I, and the resulting solution could be used as liquid fertilizer E.

[0299] The washed product I could be returned to the biogas plant as dry mass or in moist condition in any form to increase methane production. Example 16 The mechanochemical processing of liquid manure A and the elimination of nitrates A in the presence of catalytically active iron particles K

[0300] Liquid manure containing 200 mg / L nitrate ions was dried in a standard and known manner. 100 parts by weight of the dried liquid manure (A), 34 parts by weight of quartz sand (Q), 34 parts by weight of activated carbon (G), and 2 parts by weight of catalytic iron particles (K) were mixed together and ground as described in Examples 1 to 3. Samples (I) were taken from the ground material (F) after 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes, and 240 minutes and eluted with distilled water. The respective nitrate content (A) was then determined. It was 180 mg / L, 120 mg / L, 90 mg / L, 50 mg / L, 36 mg / L, 21 mg / L, and 11 mg / L, respectively.

[0301] The example demonstrated that the mechanochemical process according to the invention was ideally suited for the elimination of nitrates A in biomass. Example 17 The mechanochemical immobilization of carcinogenic hexavalent chromium

[0302] A milled product F was prepared from 50 parts by weight of activated carbon G, 50 parts by weight of quartz sand, and 10 parts by weight of potassium dichromate C and milled as described in Examples 1 to 3. After 120 minutes, samples were taken from the powdered product I. The samples I were eluted with water, and it was tested whether water-soluble chromium salts C were still present. However, the concentrations were below the detection limits of the usual and known methods for the determination of chromium C. For comparison, the chromium content of the powdered product I was analyzed in the usual and known manner. Almost the entire original amount of chromium C was found. Thus, the original amount of hexavalent chromium C had been almost completely immobilized. The small missing amounts of chromium C had apparently been absorbed by the materials in cavity 1.1 of the mechanical mill 1. Examples 18 and 19 Mechanical mills for carrying out mechanochemical processes

[0303] The mechanical mill 1 for mechanochemical processes comprised at least one rotatable (Example 18; Figure 1 ) or fixed (Example 19; Figure 2 ) also mechanochemical reactor and waveguide 1.1, which contains a plurality of spheres made of technical ceramic as grinding media 1.2 in a drum 1.5 made of stainless steel lined with technical ceramic with at least one inlet 1.5.1 for the material to be ground F; 1.3 and at least one outlet 1.5.2 for the ground product I.

[0304] The drum 1.5 of the rotatable mechanochemical reactor and waveguide 1.1 of example 18 ( Figure 1 ) had a disc-shaped vertical drum wall 1.5.3 which was connected in its center to a rotating drive shaft 3 driven by a motor 4.

[0305] The drum 1.5 of the stationary mechanochemical reactor and waveguide 1.1 of example 19 ( Figure 2) featured an attritor 1.4 made of stainless steel and coated with technical ceramic for mixing the grinding media 1.2 and the material being ground 1.3. The attritor was rotatably arranged along the longitudinal axis of the drum 1.5 and was driven by a rotatable drive shaft 3 through the disc-shaped vertical drum wall 1.5.3, driven by a motor 4.

[0306] Both in the case of the mechanical mill 1 of example 18 ( Figure 1 ) as well as in the case of the mechanical mill (1) of Example 19 ( Figure 2 ) the drum wall 1.5.4 opposite the disc-shaped vertical drum wall 1.5.3 consisted of a removable, scratch-resistant and impact-resistant ceramic grid 1.5.5 permeable to electromagnetic radiation and / or corpuscular radiation 2.1, which separated the mechanochemical reactors and waveguides 1.1 from the microwave generators 2.

[0307] The microwave generators 2 were rigidly connected to mechanochemical reactors and waveguides 1.1 by flanges. The openings 1.5.5.1 in the grids 1.5.5 were round and formed a grid. The grids 1.5.5 with round openings 1.5.5.1 could be replaced by grids 1.5.5 with openings 1.5.5.1 with triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal, hexagonal, and slit-shaped outlines.

[0308] The drum 1.5 of example 19 ( Figure 2 ) could also have the form shown in figures 1a, 1b, 2a and 3a of the German patent application DE 195 04 540 A1, except that it had at least one grid 1.5.5 on the drum wall 1.5.4 opposite the drive 4; 3 and the drum wall 1.5.3.

[0309] The motors used were electric motors from Dynamic E Flow GmbH, Kaufbeuren, Germany, under the brand name capcooltech ®<, type HC and type LC. Example 20 Embodiments of the agitation means 1.4 in mechanochemical mills 1

[0310] Mechanochemical mills 1 according to Example 19 were provided which, instead of the attritors 1.4.1, contained further embodiments of the agitation means 1.4.

[0311] The agitational devices 1.4 according to the Figures 5-1 (a), (b) and (c) The impact discs 1.4.2 each had a circular edge 1.4.2.3. The impact discs 1.4.2 each had a centrally located through-hole 1.4.2.1 for the drive shaft 3. Six equally sized holes 1.4.2.2 were symmetrically arranged at equal intervals around the through-hole 1.4.2.1. The impact discs 1.4.2 according to the Figures 5-2 (a), (b) and (c) differed from the striking discs 1.4.2 according to the Figures 5-1 (a), (b) and (c) merely by having four instead of six potholes 1.4.2.2.

[0312] The striking discs 1.4.2 according to the Figures 6 (a), (b) and (c) three elongated potholes 1.4.2.2, curved parallel to the edge 1.4.2.3 and arranged symmetrically in a circle to each other, were present.

[0313] The impact discs 1.4.2 could be arranged on the drive shaft 3 such that the impact holes 1.4.2.2 were aligned or spaced apart. The impact discs 1.4.2.1 could also be arranged such that two or more were alternately aligned and then two or more were spaced apart.

[0314] The striking discs 1.4.2 of the Figures 7 (a), (b) and (c) On one of their opposing surfaces, six symmetrically arranged, convexly curved impact bars 1.4.2.4 with a triangular profile were featured. The impact bars 1.4.2.1 each extended from the through-hole 1.4.2.1 to the edge 1.4.2.3. In a further embodiment, the impact bars 1.4.2.4 could be arranged on both surfaces.

[0315] The striking discs 1.4.2 of the Figures 8 (a), (b) and (c) They differed from the striking discs 1.4.2 in that the striking ribs 1.4.2.4 were arranged in a straight line and had a square profile. The striking discs 1.4.2 of the Figures 9(a), (b) and (c) differed from those of the Figures 8 (a), (b) and (c) only because the landing bridges 1.4.2.4 had a triangular profile.

[0316] These striking discs 1.4.2 could also be arranged on the drive shaft 3 such that the striking bars 1.4.2.4 were aligned or gapped. The striking discs 1.4.2.1 could also be arranged such that two or more were alternately aligned and then two or more gapped.

[0317] The agitation means 1.4 arranged symmetrically to the drive shafts 3 of the Figures 10 (a), (b) and (c) Each had two striking fans 1.4.3 radiating from a ring 1.4.3.1 enclosing the passage 1.4.2. On each of the surfaces of the two striking fans 1.4.3, two striking bars 1.4.2.4 with a square profile were arranged radially. The striking fans 1.4.3 of the Figures 11 (a), (b) and (c) differed from those of the Figures 10 (a), (b) and (c)only because the landing bridges 1.4.2.4 had a triangular profile.

[0318] The impact fans 1.4.3 arranged symmetrically to the drive shafts 3 of the Figures 12 (a), (b), (c) and (d) Each exhibited a mountain-and-valley profile 1.4.3.2 running parallel to the edges 1.4.2.3, which each consisted of two valleys and two mountains.

[0319] Regarding agitational substances 1.4 of the Figures 13 (a), (b), (c) and (e) The ring 1.4.3.1 widened symmetrically and transitioned into two pairs of radiating striking fans 1.4.3, each separated by a U-shaped gap 1.4.3.3. The four striking fans also each exhibited a peak-and-valley profile 1.4.3.2 running parallel to the edges 1.4.2.3.

[0320] These striking fans 1.4.3 could also be arranged on the drive shaft 3 so that they were in either a cover or gap position. The striking fans 1.4.3 could also be arranged so that two or more were alternately in a cover position and then two or more in a gap position.

[0321] The bat 1.4.4 of the Figure 14The device featured three connecting webs 1.4.2.4 with a round cross-section radiating symmetrically from the ring 1.4.4.1 encompassing the drive shaft 3, each with a spherical striking element 1.4.4.3 attached to its end. The striking elements 1.4.4 could be arranged on the drive shaft 3 in either overlapping or gapped positions. Alternatively, they could be arranged so that two or more were alternately overlapping and then two or more were gapped. In other embodiments, the connecting webs 1.4.2.4 could also have a quadrilateral, oval, or trapezoidal cross-section, or a flattened cross-section resembling a knife edge.

[0322] The planar flap 1.4.5 of the Figure 15 It had an S-shape, in the two striking ends of which 1.4.5.1 striking holes 1.4.2.2 were arranged. The flat striking wing 1.4.5 of the Figure 16It exhibited a more pronounced S-shape without potholes 1.4.2.2. The flaps 1.4.5 could be arranged on the drive shaft so that they were in overlapping or gapped position. However, they could also be arranged so that two or more were alternately in overlapping position and then two or more were gapped.

[0323] Instead of the agitation means 1.4 and grinding media 1.2 described above, the mechanical mills 1 could also be operated with rollers 1.4.6 rotating in the opposite direction 1.4.6.1. The grinding then took place in the roller gap. In the configuration according to the Figure 17 Two parallel rollers were arranged in grinding chamber 1.1. In the configuration according to the Figure 18 The surfaces of the two rollers 1.4.6 had interlocking teeth 1.4.6.2. In the configuration according to the Figure 19The roller 1.4.6 rotated against an abrasion wall 1.4.6.3, with grinding taking place in the gap between the roller 1.4.6 and the abrasion wall 1.4.6.3. In the configuration of the Figure 20 The axes of rotation 1.4.6.4 of the two parallel rollers 1.4.6 crossed at an angle 1.4.6.5, resulting in an additional torsion of the ground material F.

[0324] The rollers rotating in the opposite direction 1.4.6.1 of the Figure 21The rollers had a resilient surface 1.4.6.6. This surface was formed by symmetrically arranged depressions 1.4.6.7, in which springs 1.4.6.8 pushed the spheres 1.4.6.9 out of the depressions 1.4.6.7. The grinding of the material F then took place in the contact area of ​​two spheres 1.4.6.9 when the rollers 1.4.6 rotated. The spheres 1.4.6.9 had a smaller diameter than the clear width of the depressions 1.4.6.7, so that the material F that had entered the depressions 1.4.6.7 could trickle out again downwards when the rollers 1.4.6 were in a suitable position. Example 21 Embodiments of the grinding chamber 1.1 of the mechanical mills 1

[0325] Instead of a drum 1.5 in which the grinding chamber 1.1 had the shape of a straight cylinder, a grinding chamber 1.1 could also be used comprising at least two spherical grinding chambers 1.1.1 arranged one behind the other, formed by at least one circular constriction 1.1.2. The drive shaft 3 ran centrally through the spherical grinding chambers 1.1.1 and the circular constrictions 1.1.2. The dimensions of the agitation means 1.4 were adapted to the periodically changing diameter of the grinding chambers 1.1.1. This configuration improved the mixing of the material being ground F. Example 22 Mechanochemical process for the decontamination of contaminated, phosphate-containing biomass A; B and for the recovery of phosphate B in a biologically available form

[0326] The mechanochemical process is described using the flow diagram of the Figure 4 explained in more detail.

[0327] The moist, pollutant-laden, phosphate-containing biomass A; B was dried. The resulting dry mass A; B, or the solids of the biomass A; B, were sieved and pre-ground. The water obtained during drying, containing ammonia A and ammonium A, was subjected to osmosis or distillation, resulting in solid ammonium salts E. These could be used as ammonium fertilizer (value product E). Alternatively, the ammonium salts A, together with the solids of the biomass A; B, could be transferred to a mechanical mill and subjected to mechanochemical grinding in the presence of plasma. This resulted in pollutant-free or pollutant-reduced biomass A; B containing immobilized heavy metals C and destroyed bacteria A and viruses A, as well as coal G and phosphates B.This mixture I could be granulated and pelletized and used as phosphate fertilizer E with carbon G and non-toxic inorganic and organic components Z. Likewise, mixture I could be ground to produce powdered phosphate fertilizer E with carbon G and non-toxic inorganic and organic components Z. The water-soluble, bioavailable phosphate B could be extracted from the powder I and the pellets I and used as liquid fertilizer E. Carbon G with non-toxic organic and inorganic components Z remained as a residue. Example 22 The regeneration of activated carbon G for recirculation into the 4th purification stage

[0328] The moist, loaded activated carbon G and the sludge A from the 4th purification stage were washed out. This resulted in washed, moist, loaded activated carbon G; A. This was dried, resulting in washed, dry, loaded activated carbon G.

[0329] In another embodiment, the moist, loaded activated carbon G; A and the sludge A were dried directly, resulting in a dry, loaded activated carbon G; A containing sand Q and organic impurities A.

[0330] The two dry masses could each be sieved separately or combined and then sieved, resulting in sieved, dry, loaded activated carbon G; A.

[0331] The dry, loaded activated carbon G; A with sand Q and organic impurities A, the washed, dry, loaded activated carbon G; A, and the sieved, dry, loaded activated carbon G; A could each be subjected individually or together to mechanochemical processing with grinding media 1,2 and plasma in a mechanical mill 1. In all cases, a ground, regenerated activated carbon G resulted, which may still contain impurities A; C in the form of fibers and mineral and metallic components. This activated carbon was sieved to remove the heavy metals C. If necessary, the heavy metals C could also be removed using magnets. The resulting ground, sieved, and regenerated activated carbon G could be granulated and pelletized, and the granules and pellets could be recycled back to the 4th purification stage. Example 22 Radical graft copolymerization of a mixture of ethylene and propylene on mechanochemically treated thermosetting clear coat - Proof of Concept

[0332] For the grinding, a mechanical mill 1 according to Examples 1 to 3 was used. Its metal surfaces were as described in Example 16 ( Figure 2The grinding media 1.2 was coated with a layer of aluminum oxide ceramic, and instead of steel spheres 1.2, spheres made of aluminum oxide ceramic were used (see Ulrike Wiech in the company publication of Ceram Tec-ETEC GmbH, Lohmar, think ceramics TECHNICAL CERAMICS, pages 211 and 212, 3.4.4.2 Grinding and Crushing). The weight ratio of grinding media 1.2 to material to be ground F was 20:1. The inlet 1.5.1 for the material to be ground F comprised an evacuable lock into which the material to be ground F was poured. The lock was then evacuated. After a pressure of 0.01 mbar was reached, the lock was filled with argon up to a pressure of 1.0 bar. The material to be ground F was then dropped from the lock into the argon-filled grinding chamber 1.1 of the mechanochemical reactor and waveguide 1.1. Outlet 1.5.2 for the ground product P included a tangential cyclone separator 8.

[0333] The material used for grinding, F, was a mixture of 70 g of powdered, thermally cured automotive series clearcoat A according to Table II-2.5: Automotive Series Clearcoat, page 142 of the textbook by Bodo Mueller and Ulrich Poth, Paint Formulations and Paint Recipes, the textbook for training and practice, Vincentz Verlag, 2003, 3 g of activated carbon G, and 2 g of quartz sand Q. The material F was ground under argon for 2 hours at an attritor speed of 1100 rpm until a fineness of a mean particle size d 50 = 500 nm was achieved. During grinding, the waveguide 1.1 was irradiated with microwaves 2.1, generated by a microwave generator 2, through the grid 1.5.5. After grinding was complete, the resulting product I was removed with argon from the mechanochemical reactor 1.Product I was flushed into the tangential cyclone separator 8 and separated from the gas phase under argon. Under inert conditions, it was transferred to a suitably dimensioned fluidized bed reactor of conventional and known design and entrained with argon. The inert gas atmosphere was displaced by a gas mixture of ethylene and propylene in a 1:1 molar ratio. The gas mixture was pumped in a closed loop from the bottom through the fluidized bed reactor, and the pressure drop resulting from the graft copolymerization on the particles of the milled product I was compensated by replenishing the gas mixture. Once no further pressure drop was observed, the graft copolymerization was terminated by purging the fluidized bed reactor with argon, and the resulting graft copolymer was discharged. This was a finely divided, free-flowing black powder with a mean particle size of d50 = 1.5 µm. Example 23 The use of the mechanochemical process according to the invention in the production of drinking water H₂O

[0334] The Figure 23 schematically shows the production of drinking water H 2 O from salt water and / or wastewater SW by reverse osmosis UO and membrane filtration.

[0335] Prior to microfiltration (MF), activated carbon (G) was used as a precursor to the microfiltration stage to protect the membrane (MF) from dirt and particles (SP). This reduced encrustation and clogging.

[0336] At the ultrafiltration stage, common macromolecules (MM) were retained. However, the activated carbon (G) had already removed the majority of these macromolecules, so the ultrafiltration membrane (UF) acted as a guard membrane, clogging less and lasting much longer. This was particularly true for cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, humic acids, proteins, and metabolites.

[0337] The subsequent nanofiltration process retained dissociated salts and divalent and higher-valent salts (DS), as well as cations and anions such as sulfates (DS), phosphates (B), alkaline earth metals (C), and sugars (ZU) via the nanofiltration membrane (NF). Of particular importance was the ability to separate phosphates (B) and process them cleanly together with the alkaline earth metals (C).

[0338] In the final stage of reverse osmosis (RO), monovalent and undissociated salts (EWS; UDS) were retained. This resulted in a highly enriched solution or suspension containing large amounts of ammonium (A) and nitrate (A), as well as chlorides, bromides, and alkali metal cations (C). These salts (C) could be concentrated separately, sold as fertilizer concentrate (E), or, if there was a surplus, simply converted mechanically into atmospheric nitrogen after drying. This allowed for an increase in the concentration of cations (C) that were not destroyed, such as potassium (C), in the mechanical mill.

[0339] The activated carbon used as a pre-filter was mechanically recycled after drying and reused as a pre-filter.

[0340] Overall, this process enabled the effective and efficient production of pure water due to the pre-filtration and mechanochemical reprocessing of the activated carbon. Example 24 Binding of pollutants A using impregnated activated carbons G and reprocessing of the loaded impregnated activated carbons G

[0341] The exhaust air filters of livestock barns, digesters, biogas plants, and closed landfills were equipped with multi-layered, impregnated activated carbon filters. The individual layers were impregnated with potassium iodide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other sulfur compounds. This significantly increased the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon because pollutants such as ammonia, amines, particulate matter, ultrafine particles, arsenic, and mercury were bound not only by adsorption but also by chemisorption or catalyzed reactions. The potassium iodide-impregnated activated carbons were particularly effective in this respect.

[0342] The impregnated activated carbons G loaded with Noxen A could then be recycled and reactivated using the mechanochemical process according to the invention. Example 25 The screening of activated carbon particles G with a particle size of 1 µm to 3 µm

[0343] Another advantageous application of the mechanochemical process according to the invention was the classification, separation and classification of activated carbon particles G with a mean particle size d 50 of 1 µm to 3 µm in the device according to the Figure 24 .

[0344] For this purpose, purified, dried nitrogen 5.1 was drawn in through a suction pipe 5.0 using a blower 5 and blown as a gas stream 5.2 through a first pipe 5.5 into the grinding chamber 1.1 of a mechanical mill 1. Before entering the grinding chamber 1.1, the gas 5.2 flowed through a gas-permeable protective grid 6, which prevented grinding balls 1.2 from entering the pipe 5.5 during operation of the mechanical mill 1. The gas stream 5.2 was regulated immediately before entering the grinding chamber 1.1 by means of a control valve 5.2.2.

[0345] The finely divided, powdered activated carbon particles G were discharged from the grinding chamber 1.1 with the gas stream 5.3, with an average particle size <1 µm, through a further protective grid 6 and via a second tube 5.6. The gas stream 5.3 was regulated by a control valve 5.3.1.

[0346] The gas stream 5.3 was further along the pipe 5.6 and routed through a bypass BP to a pipe 5.5.1, where it was combined with a gas stream 5.2.1 regulated by a control valve 5.2.3. The combined gas streams 5.3 and 5.2.1 were directed into an acoustophoresis unit 7 according to international patent application WO 2017 / 153038, in which the finely divided activated carbon particles G were agglomerated by means of standing ultrasonic waves 7.2 generated by opposing ultrasonic sources 7.1, so that they had the desired mean particle size d 50. The exiting gas stream 5.4 with the agglomerated activated carbon particles G was blown via the gas supply line 5.6 into the cyclone 8, in which the agglomerated activated carbon particles G; 9.1 from the gas phase (exhaust gas 5.7), which was discharged via the exhaust gas line 8.1, and discharged as a powdered solid 9 via the solids outlet 8.2.

[0347] A significant advantage of this device was that the bypass BP, which fluidly connected gas line 5.5 and gas line 5.6, ensured that a stronger gas flow 5.4 flowed through cyclone 8 than through grinding chamber 1.1. Example 26 The mechanochemical elimination of the slip of organic gases and carbon dioxide in the exhaust gases of biogas plants and gas engines

[0348] The leakage of organic gases F and carbon dioxide D, in particular methane leakage F from biogas plants and gas engines powered by methane and / or natural gas, could be effectively and efficiently eliminated by mechanochemically converting the leakage gases into carbon G using the mechanochemical process according to the invention in the presence of activated carbon G. This prevented them from entering the atmosphere, where they would have acted as particularly potent greenhouse gases. Thus, not only could the emission of greenhouse gases be effectively prevented by the mechanochemical process according to the invention, but the resulting carbon G could also be reused for grinding. Examples 27 and 28 The splitting of carbon dioxide into its elements - Proof of Concept Example 27: Carbon dioxide labeled with 13C on normal activated carbon

[0349] 20 g of activated carbon with a typical isotopic ratio of 98.9% C-12 and 1.1% C-13 was gassed with C-13-labeled carbon dioxide (Sigma Aldrich 364592-1L EU, 99% atom C-13) to saturation in a 1 L mechanical mill for 12 hours at room temperature. The activated carbon was first dried at 110 °C for 12 hours and then degassed under reduced pressure. The vacuum was a high vacuum of 10⁻³ hPa (mbar).

[0350] The activated carbon was then mixed with 5 wt.% silicon dioxide and mechanically treated at room temperature in a 1 L grinding chamber using 1250 g of 5 mm diameter chromium steel balls at 1200 rpm. The carbon-13 content of the activated carbon was then determined by mass spectrometry. The measurements showed that 3.4% carbon-13 was present. Therefore, the amount of carbon produced during grinding was 3.4 x 100 / 3.854 = 88,2 % C-13 incorporated into the activated carbon. Calculation:

[0351] One liter of C-13 CO2 contained 0.04461 mol of C-13 CO2. At a molar mass of M = 45 g / mol (O-16 99%), n x M = m, m = 2.0076 g. Of this, 13 / 45 parts would have been converted to coal in a 100% conversion. That would have been 0.579 g of C-13.

[0352] A theoretical implementation of 100% would have resulted in: 20g activated charcoal with 98,9 % C-12 and 1,1 % C-13 yielded 19,780 g 0,220 g 0.579g AK with 1 % C-12 and 99 % C-13 yielded 0,006 g 0,573 g Sum: 19,786 g C-12 and 0.793 g C-13 total 19.786 g + 0.793 g = 20.579 g Of that 96,146 % C-12 and 3,854 % C-13 Previously, the mass ratio in the AK was 98.9% C-12 / 1.1% C-13

[0353] After 100% adsorption and conversion, the ratio in the AK would have been 96.146% C-12 / 3.854% C-13. Example 28: Carbon dioxide labeled with 13-C on activated carbon loaded with ammonia

[0354] 20 g of activated carbon with a typical isotopic ratio of 98.9% C-12 and 1.1% C-13 was gassed with C-13-labeled carbon dioxide (Sigma Aldrich 364592-1L EU, 99% atom C-13) and the stoichiometrically equal amount of ammonia until saturation in a 1 L mechanical mill for 12 hours at room temperature. The activated carbon was first dried at 110 °C for 12 hours and then degassed under reduced pressure. The vacuum was a high vacuum of 10⁻³ hPa (mbar).

[0355] The coal was then mixed with 5 wt.% silicon dioxide and mechanically treated at room temperature in a 1 L grinding chamber mechanical mill at 1200 rpm using 1250 g of 5 mm diameter chromium steel balls. The carbon-13 content of the ground coal was then determined by mass spectrometry. The measurements showed a carbon-13 content of 3.4%. This corresponds to 3.6 x 100 / 3.854 = 93,4 % C-13 incorporated into the activated carbon. Calculation:

[0356] One liter of C-13 CO₂ contained 0.04461 mol of C-13 CO₂. At a molar mass of M = 45 g / mol (O-16 99%), n x M = m, m = 2.0076 g. Of this, 13 / 45 parts would have been converted to coal in a 100% conversion. That would have been 0.579 g of C-13.

[0357] A theoretical implementation of 100% would have resulted in: 20g AK with 98,9 % C-12 and 1,1 % C-13 yielded 19,780 g C-12 and 0.220 g C-13 0.579g AK with 1 % C-12 and 99 % C-13 yielded 0,006 g and 0,573 g sum 19,786 g C-12 and 0.793 g C-13 total 19.786 g + 0.793 g = 20.579 g Of that 96,146 % C-12 and 3,854 % C-13 Previously, the mass ratio of AK was 98.9% C-12 / 1.1% C-13.

[0358] After 100% adsorption and conversion, the ratio in the AK would be 96.146% C-12 / 3.854% C-13. Conclusion:

[0359] In the presence of ammonia, the incorporation of C-13 into the activated carbon was significantly increased. The incorporation of C-13 into the activated carbon was proof that the carbon dioxide had been split into its elements.

Claims

1. Mechanochemical process for decontaminating and / or eliminating problematic, synthetic, biogenic and biological materials A, wherein (I) as material F to be milled, at least one fluid F, at least one solution F, at least one suspension F, at least one finely divided solid mixture F and / or at least one reactive gas F, containing - at least one material A, and - at least one material G, selected from the group consisting of pure, finely divided, mineral coal, partially pyrolyzed coal, biochar and activated charcoal, contaminated or impregnated, finely divided mineral coal, partially pyrolyzed coal, biochar and activated charcoal, finely divided lignite and pure and contaminated or impregnated, finely divided carbon suppliers, as well as from the above-mentioned, moistened materials G, are provided or alternatively, the components F and G are provided separately from one another, (II) the at least one fluid F, the at least one solution F, the at least one suspension F, the at least one finely divided solid mixture F and / or the at least one reactive gas F are filled continuously or discontinuously into the milling chamber (1.1) of at least one mechanical mill (1) or alternatively (III) the components A and G of the material F to be milled are filled into the milling chamber (1.1) of the at least one mechanical mill (1) one after the other or at the same time, continuously or discontinuously, and (IV) are finely milled therein by milling elements (1.2) moved by agitation means (1.4), or by rollers (1.4.6) at constant and / or variable speed of rotation, after which (V) the resulting at least one suspension H of at least one pulverulent product I and / or the at least one pulverulent product I are / is separated continuously or discontinuously from the milling elements (1.2) or the rollers (1.4.6) and is discharged from the milling chamber (1.1), and (VI) the at least one finely divided, solid product I is separated from the suspension H, as a result of which at least one disintegrated, biologically available, soluble material passes into the liquid medium as valuable product E, or (VII) the at least one disintegrated, biologically available, soluble material E present or still present in the at least one finely divided, solid product I is washed out with at least one liquid medium or is left in the at least one product I as valuable product E until it is further used, and / or (VIII) the at least one washed, finely divided, solid product I from activated charcoal G is returned to process step (I) and / or is used as valuable product E elsewhere, and / or (X) the resulting elemental nitrogen and / or oxygen are / is separated, wherein the at least one material A is selected from the group consisting of natural, synthetic, biogenic and biological materials that are ecologically problematic, intensely smelling, toxic, combustible, oxidizing, radioactive, carbon supplying and / or explosive, mixtures thereof and waste thereof, as well as contaminated mineral coals, biochars, activated charcoals and carbon suppliers, characterized in that a plasma is present during the milling in the milling chamber (1.1) of the mills (1), wherein the plasma is generated by piezoelectric particles.

2. Mechanochemical process according to claim 1, characterized in that - the piezoelectric particles are selected from the group consisting of carbon, quartz, glass barium titanate (BTO), lead zirconate titanate (PZT), lead magnesium niobate (PMN), gallium orthophosphate, berlinite, tourmaline, seignette salt, piezoelectric thin layers of zinc oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide and titanium nitride, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and ferroelectric, polycrystalline ceramics.

3. Mechanochemical process according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the milling of the at least one material F to be milled is carried out at a temperature of the milling elements (1.2) and of the at least one material F to be milled of -273°C to +1200°C.

4. Mechanochemical process according to claim 3, characterized in that the temperatures in the hotspots and in the plasmas are up to 15000°C.

5. Mechanochemical process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the weight ratio (Y) = (A) : (G) in the material F to be milled is 0.01 to 1012.