LAYERED STRUCTURE FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION, PROCESS, BUILDING STRUCTURE AND POWER GENERATION PLANT

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a layered structure for generating electrical energy, a method for generating electrical energy, and a building structure. Furthermore, the invention relates to an energy generation plant with a layered structure.

[0002] Systems for using solar radiation to generate electrical energy are known. Examples of such systems are photovoltaic systems and solar thermal systems. One disadvantage of these systems is their complex construction. Furthermore, solar thermal systems use water as a heat transfer medium to convert thermal energy into electrical energy. Therefore, there is no direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy, but only an indirect conversion via the water.

[0003] WO2009 / 030236 A2 describes a layered structure for generating electrical energy from the temperature difference between a first temperature range and a second temperature range.

[0004] DE102011051507 A1 describes a solar device with a solar element designed to convert solar energy into electrical and / or thermal energy.

[0005] A disadvantage is that existing designs for using thermal radiation to generate electrical energy are complex.

[0006] The task, therefore, is to specify a simple and compact design for generating electrical energy using thermal radiation.

[0007] The invention solves this problem with a layered structure for generating electrical energy according to claim 1.

[0008] The layered structure comprises a thermally conductive layer with a first side and a second side, through which heat can be transferred. Furthermore, the transferred heat can be supplied to a thermoelectric generator or thermocouple (Seebeck effect), which can be used to generate electrical energy. Additionally, a coupling layer is arranged between the first side of the thermally conductive layer and the thermoelectric generator.

[0009] The present invention is based on the direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy using a thermoelectric generator. A thermoelectric generator utilizes the physical Seebeck effect to generate an electrical voltage from a temperature difference. Therefore, a temperature difference at the thermoelectric generator is necessary. In this case, this temperature difference is generated by supplying a heat flow to the thermoelectric generator.

[0010] Heat flow refers to the thermal energy that flows from one place to another and can be described by Fourier's heat conduction equation. Temperature differences lead to heat transport and thus to a transfer of energy. When thermal energy passes through a thermoelectric generator or thermocouples, it can be used to generate energy. Heat flow can be generated, for example, using solar radiation. The source of the thermal energy is arbitrary; waste heat, such as from combustion engines, can also be used.

[0011] The layered structure generates electrical energy as soon as a heat flow reaches the thermoelectric generator. The thermoelectric generator is positioned within the heat flow. Since the thermoelectric generator is directly coupled to the thermally conductive layer via a coupling layer, there is no obstruction of the heat flow. It is advantageous to have the thermoelectric generator directly coupled to the thermally conductive layer via a coupling layer. This prevents any obstruction or blockage of the heat flow. Air or gaseous spaces between the thermally conductive layer and the thermoelectric generator are avoided. In this way, the heat flow is conducted exclusively through solid material within the layered structure to reach the thermoelectric generator.

[0012] The coupling layer ensures that the thermoelectric generator is coupled to the thermally conductive layer, allowing as much of the absorbed heat as possible to be used by the thermally conductive layer to generate electrical energy. This increases the efficiency of electrical energy generation. In its intended use, the coupling layer is a solid layer. It can be, for example, a film layer and / or an adhesive layer, or a flat material, such as a plate. The adhesive layer can be made using a thermally conductive adhesive. For example, the adhesive is applied to one side of the thermoelectric generator to attach it to the thermally conductive layer. Due to its material, the coupling layer has thermally conductive properties and is either completely or at least partially thermally conductive.It improves the thermal coupling between the thermally conductive layer and the thermoelectric generator. The coupling layer thus performs the function of supplying heat to the thermoelectric generator. In a preferred embodiment, the coupling layer can be a highly thermally conductive film. Furthermore, the film can be used as a carrier film.

[0013] The proposed layered structure enables a simple and compact design for generating electrical energy. Due to this compact design, the layered structure can also be combined with other heat generation technologies, such as a photovoltaic system or a solar thermal system. Combining the present invention with previously known system technologies can further increase the efficiency of electrical energy generation.

[0014] In one embodiment, it can be provided that the layer structure has at least one surface with a structure.

[0015] A structured surface can be formed, for example, in the form of cooling fins. Furthermore, other structures are possible that increase the surface area, such as the structure of sharkskin. The structured surface improves heat dissipation and ensures increased temperature differentials. For example, such a structured surface can be provided on the thermogenerator, preferably on the side of the thermogenerator facing away from the coupling layer. The structured surface improves heat flow.

[0016] Furthermore, a heat-conducting geometry can advantageously be provided in one embodiment of the layer structure. Such a geometry can conduct heat across a surface along predetermined paths. Therefore, the heat-conducting geometry is arranged in the immediate vicinity of the coupling layer. The coupling layer itself can also have such a heat-conducting geometry. The heat-conducting geometry has areas that conduct heat very well and other areas that conduct heat less effectively or not at all. In this way, the heat flow can be directed precisely through the layer structure. This targeted conduction of the heat flow can occur in the direction of the heat flow, for example, within the heat-conducting layer. Alternatively or additionally, the heat flow can be guided along the coupling layer within the coupling layer or an adjacent layer.Areas with different thermal conductivities are used to precisely control the heat flow within the layered structure. Thermal conductivity describes a material's property and indicates how well heat is conducted through it. The higher the thermal conductivity value, the more heat is conducted. For example, metals are good thermal conductors, while cork is a poor thermal conductor.

[0017] Materials suitable for creating a heat-conducting geometry to redirect heat include cork and polystyrene. These materials offer the advantage of being easy to work with and simultaneously providing mechanical damping. A heat-conducting geometry can be used, for example, as an additional layer between the thermally conductive layer and the coupling layer to direct the heat flow from the thermally conductive layer to the thermally conductive layer. This results in a surface-wide redirection of heat by means of the heat-conducting geometry layer. The goal of the heat-conducting geometry is to ensure that the heat absorbed by the thermally conductive layer is transferred as completely as possible to the thermoelectric generator via the coupling layer. By selecting a predefined geometry for the heat-conducting geometry, the maximum amount of thermal energy reaches the thermoelectric generator.In this way, the temperature difference at the thermogenerator is increased and energy generation is improved.

[0018] Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment of the layer structure, the thermogenerator is designed to operate in two directions of heat flow. This results in conditions that are reversed compared to the Seebeck effect and are technically based on the Peltier effect. In this application as well, a temperature difference exists across the thermogenerator, which is utilized. Operating the thermogenerator with different heat flow directions can be achieved by reversing its polarity. For this purpose, an electrical circuit and a sensor arrangement are used, for example, to detect a reversal of the heat flow and, upon detection, to reverse the polarity. This polarity reversal allows the thermogenerator to continue generating electrical energy.

[0019] For example, if the layered structure is installed in the roof construction of a building, a higher outside temperature compared to the inside temperature results in a heat flow from the outside to the inside. In this first direction of heat flow, the thermoelectric generator operates without polarity reversal and generates a DC voltage. If the inside temperature of the building reaches a higher value than the outside temperature, the heat flows from the inside to the outside, and the heat flow reverses. In this second direction of heat flow, it is advantageous to also be able to operate the thermoelectric generator for energy generation. However, since the DC voltage at the thermoelectric generator reverses polarity in this situation, it is beneficial to incorporate a voltage inversion mechanism. In this way, the generated energy can be used or stored without additional measures.This is possible with devices for initiating a polarity reversal, so that the thermoelectric generator can be operated in two directions of heat flow. This increases the efficiency of energy generation, since energy generation can also be carried out at night, for example, while other systems (photovoltaic or solar thermal systems) cannot generate any electrical or thermal energy due to the lack of solar thermal radiation. In the present invention and its embodiments, only a temperature difference at the thermoelectric generator is sufficient, regardless of solar thermal radiation.

[0020] In a preferred embodiment, the layer structure can be provided with a plurality of thermoelectric generators that are electrically interconnected. The thermoelectric generators are connected to form an electrical network. This network can be configured in series, parallel, or a combination of both. Furthermore, an electronic circuit can be provided to condition or adjust the voltage and / or current values ​​for further energy utilization. Connecting several thermoelectric generators has the advantage that, due to a flat, thermally conductive layer, energy is generated at different locations and can then be combined to, for example, power a load. The voltage generated by the thermoelectric generator (useful voltage) can be adjusted to standardized voltage values, e.g., 1 / 2, using an electronic matching circuit.It can be adapted to 60 V (low voltage) or 230 V as direct or alternating voltage or a mixture thereof.

[0021] According to the invention, the layered structure has a protective device. This is particularly advantageous when the layered structure is exposed to the environment. Possible environmental influences include lightning and moisture in the form of rain, snow, or dew.

[0022] Preferably, the thermoelectric generator is arranged on the side of the thermally conductive layer that is less exposed to environmental influences. For example, the thermoelectric generator is installed behind or on the facade of a building, while the thermally conductive layer forms the building's facade on its side facing away from the thermoelectric generator. Nevertheless, even in such protected areas, indirect environmental influences can still be present, such as condensation due to temperature fluctuations. Therefore, a protective device against moisture is preferably provided. For this purpose, the thermoelectric generator can be protected by a waterproof protective layer or an encapsulation. This protective layer is preferably thermally conductive so that the heat flow at the thermoelectric generator is not affected by the covering protective layer. As one embodiment, for example, the following can be used for protection against moisture:A coating of the entire layer structure may be provided, for example on the inside of a brick, if the thermally conductive layer is formed by one or more bricks.

[0023] According to the invention, a protective device protects the layer structure from electrical influences.

[0024] An electrical protection circuit can be used. This protects the layered structure, in particular the thermoelectric generator and other electrical circuits, from overvoltages and electromagnetic interference.

[0025] In another embodiment, it can be provided that the layer structure includes at least one telecommunications device.

[0026] Using a telecommunications device, such as a wireless connection, measurements of the layered structure can be collected and analyzed regardless of location. Suitable wireless connections include short-range options like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, and long-range options like mobile networks. In-line communication devices, i.e., signals modulated onto an electrical power line, can also be used. Fiber optic connections are another possibility. With such a telecommunications connection—wired, wireless, or fiber-optic—measurement results, analysis data, and diagnostic data from sensors can be transmitted. For this purpose, the layered structure is equipped with at least one sensor capable of recording measurement results, such as temperature profiles, generated electrical energy, and / or radiation intensity, and transmitting them to the telecommunications connection for further processing.

[0027] In another embodiment, the protective device can be designed as an enclosure, in particular as an electromagnetically sealed encapsulation.

[0028] An electromagnetically sealed enclosure can be understood as a protective device for the layered structure. Such a protective device can be in the form of an enclosure or a housing. The protective device can be an EMC-tight (EMC = electromagnetic compatibility) housing. In particular, the protective device can enclose the entire layered structure and / or the thermoelectric generator and shield it against electric and magnetic fields. A metallic enclosure can be made of aluminum or copper.

[0029] According to the invention, the protective device for the layer structure is a protective circuit.

[0030] The protective device can be a protective circuit that protects against the effects of electric and magnetic fields. The protective circuit is suitable for protecting the entire layered structure from overvoltages, especially from external influences, for example, in the form of a lightning pulse, which manifests itself as overvoltages.

[0031] Indirect overvoltages can also be prevented or at least reduced by the protective device. Such indirect overvoltages can be caused by induction. For example, induced voltages in a roof structure can be caused by a lightning strike. The protective device can include an electrical protection circuit, such as electronics with surge protection, like a surge arrester or switch, for example in the form of a semiconductor.

[0032] It is advantageous that a protection circuit can also protect downstream electronics, i.e., electronics connected after the thermoelectric generator, for example, to convert a voltage or a signal. Converter electronics for converting the electrical voltages generated by the thermoelectric generator are particularly sensitive to overvoltages. For example, the converter electronics transform a low voltage into a supply voltage.

[0033] Overall, the protective device can protect downstream electronics, in particular converter electronics for converting the voltages generated by a thermoelectric generator, from overvoltages. Furthermore, the protective circuit can also protect other components from overvoltages, such as sensors installed on the layered structure.

[0034] In a further advantageous embodiment, a layered structure 11, for example on a single brick or on a plurality of bricks, can be connected to an evaluation device 44 comprising a computing unit 45. The evaluation device 44 can be used to evaluate measured values ​​from a power generation plant with the installed layered structure and to calculate parameters of the power generation plant, such as feed-in rate and efficiency. In addition to the measured values, further data from the power generation plant can also be taken into account, such as the provided solar irradiation area or the total number of installed bricks. The evaluation device 44 can also be understood as a monitoring device. This monitoring device can be installed locally at the plant or be in the form of a remote control center. A remote control center can be a central control station of a power grid.

[0035] In another embodiment, the protective device can be provided with one or a plurality of sensors.

[0036] Installing sensors on the layered structure or on a building or vehicle structure offers many advantages. Sensors can detect electrical, magnetic, optical, acoustic, or similar parameters of the layered structure. Furthermore, sensors can detect environmental influences such as light intensity, humidity, and / or temperature. Sensors can also be used to support the operation of the power generation plant, which has a layered structure according to the invention. For example, sensors for operation can perform current and voltage measurements or detect overvoltages. In the event of excessive values ​​of the measured parameters, measures can be initiated at the power generation plant, such as shutdown, mechanical covering of sensitive plant components (e.g., as protection against hail damage or high wind loads on parts of the power generation plant). It is advantageous to use sensors such as...Pressure sensors for measuring mechanical loads, e.g. wind pressure on a roof structure, and / or sensors for recording weather data, such as atmospheric pressure, in order to assess hazards and take appropriate action.

[0037] In another embodiment, it can be provided that the layer structure has a geometry that hinders heat transport.

[0038] A heat-impeding geometry can be formed as a flat layer. It can also be three-dimensional. This type of geometry can be combined with a heat-conducting geometry. Such a geometry prevents heat from reaching a specific location or area within the layered structure. This type of heat-impeding geometry can increase the overall efficiency of the system. This can be achieved by blocking heat flow through a predetermined location or area and directing it through another predetermined location or area, thereby reducing convection and radiation losses. It is also possible to combine a heat-impeding geometry with a heat-conducting geometry.In this way, three-dimensional layers or two-dimensional areas with predefined properties regarding thermal conductivity are created.

[0039] In another embodiment, it can be provided that the layer structure includes a fiber optic sensor or a plurality of fiber optic sensors.

[0040] Fiber optic sensors can be arranged such that temperature measurement is possible on a single layer structure or a structure formed with a layer structure according to an embodiment of the present invention. Accordingly, temperature measurement can be provided for a single brick, a composite of bricks, or each brick individually and within the composite. Temperature measurement, in particular distributed temperature measurement, is possible. Such temperature measurement allows for the determination of the system's efficiency. Furthermore, such temperature measurement enables monitoring and diagnosis of changes in energy production through temperature monitoring. Monitoring allows for continuous measurement of the temperature distribution on the layer structure or on a structure formed by a thermally conductive layer, such as a building or a means of transport.By distributing sensors on the thermally conductive layer, for example in the form of a building structure, both continuous temporal monitoring and geometric monitoring of changing temperature ranges on the thermally conductive layer can be measured.

[0041] Furthermore, the object of the invention is solved by a method for generating electrical energy according to claim 11.

[0042] The method provides a thermally conductive layer with a first side and a second side, through which heat can be transferred. A thermoelectric generator is also provided. The method further includes arranging a coupling layer between the first side of the thermally conductive layer and the thermoelectric generator, and supplying the transferred heat to the thermoelectric generator. The method also provides for generating electrical energy with the thermoelectric generator. Finally, the method provides a protective device, namely a protective circuit for overvoltages.

[0043] The generated electrical energy can be supplied to one or more consumers and / or one or more energy storage devices. Furthermore, the process can include controlling the thermoelectric generator, initiating a protective measure, and / or analyzing measurement and / or sensor data. For this purpose, a protective circuit and / or at least one sensor are provided.

[0044] Furthermore, it can be provided that the energy storage device or a multitude of energy storage devices are installed on the layered structure. For example, an energy storage device can be arranged directly at the thermogenerator or in its vicinity.

[0045] Furthermore, the object of the invention is solved with a building structure that has the layered structure according to the invention.

[0046] Due to the compact and flat design of the layered structure according to the invention, building structures such as roofs, facades, and balcony cladding can be used for generating electrical energy, regardless of their geometry or angle of inclination. The layered structure according to the invention can be integrated into such a building structure and, for example, form a facade or roof surface. The use of the layered structure according to the invention in or on buildings is straightforward. The geometry of the layered structure can be chosen as desired. Thus, areas ranging from just a few square centimeters to several hundred square meters can be utilized. The layered structure can also have curves to adapt to a given geometry. Furthermore, in a roof construction, for example, each tile can be equipped with a thermoelectric generator, so that hundreds of thermoelectric generators can be electrically interconnected to form a common energy source.

[0047] In one embodiment, the building structure can be configured to have a multitude of thermoelectric generators connected to each other via a central unit. This central unit can also be connected to an evaluation device. In this way, all measurement data from the thermoelectric generators and other measurement data from the system can be evaluated in a central unit.

[0048] In one embodiment, it can be provided that the building structure has a first side facing solar radiation and a second side facing away from solar radiation, wherein a solar module is arranged on the first side and wherein the thermogenerator or the plurality of thermogenerators is arranged on the second side.

[0049] It is advantageous to design a building structure in which there is a gap between a brick arrangement with multiple bricks and the roof substructure. This gap is determined by the roof construction and is located between the roof substructure and the brick arrangement. The gap ensures sufficient ventilation of the roof structure and convection at the thermogenerator.

[0050] The thermogenerator can be attached directly or indirectly to the brick layer. Here, a brick is understood to be an element that forms the outer layer of a roof or building structure. The term is not limited to any specific geometry of such an outer layer. The term "brick" is intended to clarify that it refers to an area or part of the roof. The term "brick" can also be replaced by, for example, roofing sheeting. The functionality of heat conduction and energy generation remains fully intact.

[0051] Furthermore, it can be advantageous to combine the thermoelectric generator, or multiple thermoelectric generators, with a photovoltaic or solar thermal system. A combination of a solar module with one or more thermoelectric generators is easy to install, and one or more solar modules can be retrofitted. In particular, solar modules in the form of tiles can be easily retrofitted to a roof structure. A combination of one solar module per tile and one thermoelectric generator per tile is possible. Solar tiles can be designed with one or more thermoelectric generators integrated into their underside. Such a combination of solar module or solar tile and one or more thermoelectric generators can result in higher efficiency and increased energy production from the system while maintaining the same geometry.

[0052] It is possible to arrange a thermoelectric generator on the underside of a roof tile, with the underside facing away from solar radiation. The tile can also function as a solar tile. In this way, it is possible to simultaneously harvest solar energy and energy generated thermally by the thermoelectric generator within a single roof structure, particularly on a single roof tile. Roof tiles equipped in this way can be interconnected to form an energy harvesting system, generating energy from two independent energy sources. This offers the advantage that, for example, when no solar energy is available at night, electrical energy can still be generated through temperature differences at the thermoelectric generator.

[0053] Furthermore, an energy generation plant with a layered structure according to the invention can be provided.

[0054] An energy generation plant can be, for example, a photovoltaic system, a solar thermal system, or a system combining both technologies. Such systems can be newly installed and equipped with a layered structure according to the invention and variations thereof. Furthermore, existing energy generation plants can also be retrofitted with the proposed layered structure. This can further increase the efficiency of the existing plant in generating electrical and / or thermal energy. Due to the flat structure of the layered system, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in thickness, integration of the layered structure is easily possible in both new and existing systems.

[0055] The invention, as well as further features, objectives, advantages, and possible applications thereof, are / are explained in more detail below with reference to a description of preferred embodiments and the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, the same reference numerals denote the same or corresponding elements. All features described and / or illustrated, individually or in any meaningful combination, constitute the subject matter of the present invention, irrespective of their inclusion in the claims or their cross-references. The drawings show: Fig. 1 a first embodiment of a layer structure according to the invention; Fig. 2 an embodiment of a heat conduction geometry; Fig. 3 a second embodiment of a layer structure according to the invention; Fig. 4 a section of a building structure, in particular a roof structure, with a third embodiment of an installed layer structure according to the invention; Fig. 5 a support structure with a fourth embodiment of an installed layer structure according to the invention; Fig. 6 a support structure with a fifth embodiment of an installed layer structure according to the invention; Fig. 7 a section of a building structure, in particular a roof structure, with a sixth embodiment of an installed layer structure according to the invention; and Fig. 8 an example of an interconnection of a plurality of thermogenerators using the example of a roof structure.

[0056] Fig. 1 Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of a layer structure 10 according to the invention for generating electrical energy 20. The layer structure 10 is described independently of its installation position; the terms "horizontal", "vertical", "top" and "bottom" refer only to the illustrated Fig. 1 The layer structure 10 of the Fig. 1 It has three superimposed layers. The uppermost layer is a thermally conductive layer 11 that conducts heat vertically to transfer heat from a first side 11 to a second side 12 and vice versa. The heat flow through the thermally conductive layer 11 depends on the temperature difference between the first side 12 and the second side 13. The first side 12 is, for example, the inside of a building, vehicle, or the like. The second side 13 is, for example, an outside opposite the inside. If the outside temperature is higher than the inside temperature, a first heat flow 21 results. If the outside temperature is lower than the inside temperature, a second heat flow 22 results. In both cases, the heat flow 21, 22 can be used to generate electrical energy 20 at a thermoelectric generator 14. The electrical energy 20 can be stored in an energy storage device 23.The energy storage device 23 can be located remotely from the layered structure 10 and, for example, connected to several thermoelectric generators 14 and their circuitry. The thermoelectric generator 14 is arranged as close as possible to the thermally conductive layer 11. Only a coupling layer 15 is arranged between the thermally conductive layer 11 and the thermoelectric generator 14.

[0057] This results in a layered structure, viewed from top to bottom in Fig. 1 : thermally conductive layer 11, coupling layer 15 and thermogenerator 14. The entire layer structure 10 is in the vertical direction (y-direction) of Fig. 1 , i.e., in its height, a few millimeters to a few centimeters. In the horizontal direction (x-direction), however, the layer structure 10 is not limited. It is scalable and can be adapted to the application. Thus, a few square centimeters to several hundred square meters of possible surface area for the thermally conductive layer 10 result, taking into account the horizontal extent (x-direction) and the third dimension in Fig. 1 , i.e., into or out of the plane (z-direction). It is also possible to arrange several heat-conducting layers 11 side by side in the x-direction, for example in the form of bricks. In this way, a modular structure can be achieved, whereby a thermogenerator 14 can be assigned to each brick or only to certain bricks. The coupling layer 15 can be assigned to all bricks, so that a common coupling layer 15 is present for all bricks.

[0058] The coupling layer 15 is, for example, a thermally conductive film or carrier film, preferably a highly thermally conductive film or carrier film. It can be only a fraction of a millimeter thick or several millimeters thick. Preferably, the coupling layer 15 has a constant thickness across its entire surface. The coupling layer 15 has the property of transferring all the heat from the thermally conductive layer 11 to the thermogenerator 15 or dissipating it from the thermogenerator 14, depending on the temperature gradient and thus the heat flow. To improve the transfer of heat to the thermogenerator 14, one or more thermal conductivity geometries 17 can be used. These are, for example, part of the thermally conductive film of the coupling layer 15. Furthermore, it is possible to provide an additional layer for this purpose, which is arranged between the thermally conductive layer 11 and the coupling layer 15.The additional layer can also be arranged between coupling layer 15 and thermogenerator 14. Preferably, a single layer is used as the coupling layer 15 with an integrated thermal conductivity geometry 17, i.e., with regions of high and low thermal conductivity in one plane. Overall, the direct contact between the thermally conductive layer 11, coupling layer 15, and thermogenerator 14 results in a compact and simple structure. By avoiding air gaps between layers 11, 15, and 14, the thermal conductivity of the materials is utilized in such a way that the heat reaches the thermogenerator 14 as unimpeded as possible, and the highest possible temperature difference at the thermogenerator 14 can be used for electrical energy generation.

[0059] Fig. 2 Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a heat conduction geometry 17 on the underside of a coupling layer 15, to which a thermoelectric generator 14 is attached, for example by adhesive bonding. The heat conduction geometry 17 has first regions 18 that are less thermally conductive, i.e., with a low thermal conductivity 18, and second regions 19 that are very thermally conductive, i.e., have a high thermal conductivity or a higher thermal conductivity compared to the first region 18. In this way, planar heat flows 28, 29 are established, which are directed to the thermoelectric generator 14. The heat flows 28, 29 flow in the xz direction of the Fig. 2 . In this way, the thermogenerator 14 can generate additional electrical energy due to the supplied heat flows 28, 29.

[0060] Fig. 3 Figure 1 shows a second embodiment of a layer structure 10 according to the invention in a perspective view. The layer structure 10 comprises a thermally conductive layer 11 and a coupling layer 15 located underneath and directly adjacent to the thermally conductive layer 11. The thermally conductive layer 11 can be part of a building envelope, for example, part of a facade or a roof structure. A thermogenerator 14 is mounted on the coupling layer 15 and is provided with a structured surface 16 in the form of a heat sink. The heat sink has cooling fins that run parallel to each other in the longitudinal direction. The heat sink can be connected to the thermogenerator 14 via a second coupling layer. The second coupling layer, like the first coupling layer 15, can be designed as a film, cured adhesive, or other solid material that is also thermally conductive.

[0061] The cooling fins form a structured surface 16 and increase the surface area of ​​the thermogenerator 14 on the side facing away from the first coupling layer 15. Preferably, this side is free of any further coverings. This allows heat to dissipate more quickly and efficiently at the cooling fins than would be the case without them. Furthermore, sensors can be used to measure the temperature, for example, to determine the efficiency of the layer structure 10. These sensors can be positioned on the outside of the roof tile, on the thermogenerator, or within the coupling layers. An arrow 31 indicates the direction of the temperature gradient or a temperature difference between two locations that can be measured by sensors.

[0062] Fig. 4 Figure 1 shows a section of a building structure 30, in particular a roof structure 32, as an application example for a third embodiment of an installed layered structure 10 according to the invention. The layered structure 10 is part of the roof structure and integrated into it. A heat-conducting layer 11 in the form of a roof tile is held in place by a transverse batten 33 of the roof structure 32. Heat radiation in the form of solar radiation 34 is provided on the outside of the roof tile. The roof tile is irradiated by the sun and heats up as a result. The roof tile can reach a surface temperature of more than 100°C. Heat is also released on the side facing away from the sun by thermal conduction. A thermoelectric generator 14 is inserted into this heat flow. In this way, electrical energy can be generated at this thermoelectric generator 14. Roof structures are often designed to provide rear ventilation.This ventilation serves two purposes: firstly, to remove moisture and prevent mold growth on the roof structure or moisture damage to the existing wooden structure; and secondly, to dissipate heat from the area, as otherwise the roof would heat up considerably and the thermal insulation would no longer function adequately. A gap 35 between the tile and the substructure 36, e.g., a bracing system, serves this purpose. The gap can be a few millimeters, for example, in a range of approximately 10 mm to approximately 100 mm. Advantageously, the gap 35 is in the centimeter range, for example, in a range of approximately 1 cm to approximately 60 cm, or preferably from approximately 5 cm to approximately 35 cm, and even more preferably from approximately 10 cm to approximately 20 cm; these values ​​depend on the specific construction.

[0063] In Fig. 4 The solar thermal radiation strikes the heat-conducting layer 11 in the form of a roof tile, which transfers the absorbed heat to the thermogenerator 14 installed on it. The thermogenerator 14 can be connected to the roof tile via an adhesive layer, adhesive film layer, or similar material as a heat-conducting coupling layer 15. The thermogenerator 14 is arranged at a distance from the further substructure 36 of the roof construction, for example, from guy wires, so that ventilation can take place between the roof tile and the guy wires. Furthermore, one or more sensors 24 and a telecommunications device 26 can be attached to the thermogenerator 14. Fig. 4 a device with a wireless communication link 27 can be connected in order to evaluate measured values ​​at another location with an evaluation unit 25.

[0064] The operating principle of the thermogenerator 14 is based on the fact that a heated roof tile has good thermal conductivity and thermal storage capacity, while the ventilation behind the roof tile creates a temperature difference above the thermogenerator 14. To compensate for unevenness in the roof tile or tiles, a thermally conductive film, in particular a highly thermally conductive, flexible heat transfer film, can be installed between the roof tile(s) and the thermogenerator 14. The thermogenerator 14 is attached to the tile in such a way that it does not experience a thermal short circuit due to the attachment. The roof substructure 36 ensures adequate air circulation, and a chimney effect further promotes this circulation. To increase heat dissipation by convection, the thermogenerator 14 can be equipped with heat sinks on its "cold" side, which are preferably black or painted black.

[0065] Fig. 5 Figure 1 shows a support structure with a fourth embodiment of an installed layer structure according to the invention. Here, the thermogenerator is similar to that in Figure 2. Fig. 3 attached to a thermally conductive layer, e.g. a roof tile.

[0066] Fig. 6 Figure 1 shows a support structure with a fifth embodiment of an installed layer structure according to the invention. In this embodiment, the thermogenerator 14 does not have any cooling elements in the form of cooling fins. In this embodiment, Fig. 6 The thermogenerator 14 has a structured surface. A structured surface can be understood as a microstructure or a nanostructure. Examples of structured surfaces include structures such as sharkskin, a lotus effect surface, a golf ball surface, a grid structure, especially a stationary grid structure, or similar geometries that increase the surface area. A microstructure has a roughness in the micrometer range, and a nanostructure has a roughness in the nanometer range. Structured surfaces 26 of any geometry and roughness are possible. Water-repellent or hydrophobic structures can also be advantageous as surfaces on the thermogenerator 14. All the proposed structures have in common the increase in the surface area 26 of the thermogenerator 14. An increased surface area 26 can increase the efficiency of the thermogenerator 14 due to increased convection.The surface 26 can also be formed by an applied layer on at least one side of the thermogenerator 14.

[0067] In Fig. 5 and in Fig. 6 The thermogenerator 14 is surrounded by a casing 39. This casing can be used, among other things, to protect the thermogenerator from electromagnetic interference at the installation site. Furthermore, the casing 39 can protect the thermogenerator 14 and its circuitry, e.g., protection circuitry, converter electronics, and the like, from environmental influences such as moisture, direct solar radiation, or aging.

[0068] Fig. 7 Figure 1 shows a section of a building structure, in particular a roof structure, with a sixth embodiment of an installed layered assembly according to the invention. In this embodiment, the thermally conductive layers 11 are designed as roof tiles, which are attached to a transverse batten 33. A gap 35 is formed between the tiles and a substructure 36, here a cover plate of the roof structure. This gap 35 forms a cavity in which air can circulate. This heat capacity of the air causes an electrical voltage at the thermogenerator 14, which is carried away from the roof structure and can be used directly, supplied to an energy storage device, or supplied to converter electronics, e.g., an inverter or voltage converter. Furthermore, it can be provided that an energy storage device is present in the layered assembly. For example, an energy storage device can be present at the thermogenerator.

[0069] Fig. 8 Figure 1 schematically shows an example of an interconnection of a large number of thermogenerators 14 using the example of a building structure, in particular a roof structure 32. The roof structure 32 has a large number of elements with a thermally conductive layer 11, wherein the elements are formed in the form of individual bricks. Fig. 8 The underside of the tiles is shown, with each of these undersides facing away from solar radiation. The tiles together form a roof covering and can be used, for example, in... Fig. 7 shown, attached to a roof batten 33, for example, by virtue of its shape, being able to be hooked onto the roof batten 33. The roof batten 33 can, for example, be a squared timber running over a certain length of the roof.

[0070] Fig. 8 Figure 1 shows individual bricks, each with a thermogenerator 14 attached to it. It can also be provided that only a certain number of bricks are equipped with a thermogenerator 14. Furthermore, the thermogenerators 14 of the Fig. 8 Each component is attached to the thermally conductive layer 11 via a coupling layer 15 or via a common coupling layer 15, so that as much of the absorbed heat as possible from the thermally conductive layer 11 can be used in the thermogenerators 14 to generate electrical energy. Thermal conductivity geometries 17, such as those shown in [reference to a specific example], can also be used. Fig. 2 depicted, in the arrangement of Fig. 8 be used.

[0071] Furthermore, the thermogenerators 14 in Fig. 8 Each thermogenerator has a metallic casing 39 and is partially enclosed by it. Partial enclosure of the thermogenerator is advantageous. The metallic casing can be made of aluminum or copper. The metallic casing 39 is optional; it is advantageous because metallic materials shield electromagnetic fields but conduct heat and cold well, allowing temperature fluctuations to reach the thermogenerator 14. The thermogenerators 14 of the Fig. 8 Each has one sensor 24 or a plurality of sensors 24. The thermogenerators 14 in Fig. 8 Each thermogenerator 14 also has at least one protective device, designed as a protective circuit 38. This protects the thermogenerator 14 from direct and indirect overvoltages, such as lightning strikes and induction. Furthermore, each thermogenerator 14 has a device 37 for converting a useful voltage, which is designed, for example, as a voltage converter and / or an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The converted useful voltage is supplied to a connection arrangement 40 via an electrical connection 41. The electrical connection 41 connects each thermogenerator 14 to a busbar assembly 42, for example, a busbar or a cable.

[0072] Furthermore, the layer structure in Fig. 8 a fiber optic sensor 49 is arranged on the thermally conductive layer 11. It can also be provided that a plurality of fiber optic sensors 49 are present on a plurality of thermally conductive layers 11. With one fiber optic sensor 49, for example, a row of roof tiles can be monitored in a horizontal or vertical direction. Fig. 8 can be equipped with a large number of fiber optic sensors 49. The building structure can be replicated using a variety of fiber optic sensors 49, and, for example, a matrix or network structure can be formed from these sensors. The fiber optic sensors 49 make it possible to detect the temperature distribution on the heat-conducting layers or on a single heat-conducting layer as a whole. One or more fiber optic sensors 49 can also be used to measure temperature distributions in relation to one or more thermoelectric generators. The measurement data from the fiber optic sensors 49 can be processed in an evaluation unit and, for example, displayed graphically with temperature gradients, such as in the form of a pictorial or graphical representation with temperature data. For the provision of such temperature distributions, in Fig. 8 The system is designed to connect one exemplary fiber optic sensor 49, which is laid across the depicted building structure 30, to the evaluation unit 44. This can be done via the depicted manifold assembly 44 or by feeding the data separately to the evaluation unit 44.

[0073] The schematically shown collection arrangement 42 in Fig. 8 A structure can be formed across the entire roof structure 32 to tap the usable voltage from each thermogenerator 14. An energy storage device 23 can also be connected to the manifold 42 to store the energy generated by the thermogenerators 14. Alternatively, instead of or in addition to an energy storage device 23 at the manifold 42, the thermogenerators 14 can be directly equipped with an energy storage device, located, for example, in the vicinity of the thermogenerator 14. Thus, energy storage devices can be attached directly to the thermogenerator. Further possibilities for energy storage locations include on the manifold 44, such as on a busbar or downstream of existing converter electronics.

[0074] The power distribution unit 42, as well as the electrical connections 41 and 43, can carry both operating voltages and measurement signals. The operating voltages are generated during energy production at the thermoelectric generators 14. The measurement signals can be acquired at the sensors 24 and the fiber optic sensors 49. Advantageously, it can be provided that the measurement signals are modulated onto the operating voltages.

[0075] Alternative options exist by establishing separate connections from the respective sensors 24 and 49 to the evaluation device 44 or another evaluation device. The evaluation device 44 can also include a display to show measurement results, warning signals, or other information. Furthermore, it is also possible to replace the existing electrical connections 41, 42, 43 with other materials or media, such as optical connections like fiber optic cables or wireless connections, e.g., for receiving signals or measured values ​​via the wireless communication link 27 between the thermally conductive layer 11 with communication interfaces installed there and the evaluation device 44 or other peripheral devices, such as mobile devices, cloud facilities, or the internet.

[0076] In Fig. 8 The collection assembly 42 has an electrical connection 43 for connecting it to an evaluation device 44. Furthermore, measurement signals from the sensors 24 are collected in a similar manner to the measurement data from the thermoelectric generators 14. For example, the measurement signals from the sensors 24 can be transmitted via appropriate lines or radio signals and supplied to the evaluation device 44. The evaluation device 44 includes an evaluation unit 25, which can receive the sensor signals, for example, via a wireless communication connection such as WLAN, Bluetooth, mobile network, or similar. The evaluation unit 25 can also be a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet, located outside the evaluation device 44. The evaluation device 44 also includes a computing unit 45, for example, for performing analyses of the measurement data.The evaluation device 44 is also provided to have a communication interface 46, which is connected via a communication link 47 to a peripheral device 48. This peripheral device 48 can be another computer with additional analysis capabilities. This peripheral device 48 can also be a database, for example, a cloud-based database, i.e., storage capacities distributed across multiple locations. The peripheral device 48 can also represent the internet and its infrastructure for providing data at different locations.

[0077] The schematically shown embodiment in Fig. 8 can also represent a facade of a building, in particular an exterior wall of a building, in which a total area of ​​thermally conductive material 11 is installed. This total area can consist of only one element 11 or of several elements 11, as in Fig. 8 The illustrated embodiment can be formed, for example, as facade cladding panels or similar. Furthermore, the illustrated embodiment can be used in Fig. 8 It can also relate to an area or part of a means of transport, such as a vehicle, or an area or part of transported goods, such as a container. Since the heat-conducting layer can be designed with any geometry, including curved surfaces, it can also represent a vehicle roof or another area of ​​a vehicle.

[0078] In summary, a layered structure 10 with at least one thermoelectric generator 14 for generating electrical energy is proposed. It is provided that a heat flow is transferred to the thermoelectric generator(s) 14 via a thermally conductive layer 11. The layered structure 10 according to the invention can be installed in various locations, such as on a building, a building facade, a roof structure, or a means of transport. Overall, the layered structure 10 is characterized by a layered surface exposed to solar radiation and at least one thermoelectric generator 14, which utilizes temperature differences at its installation location to generate electrical energy. This results in a layered structure with a thermally conductive layer and at least one thermoelectric generator for generating electrical energy.Layer structure 10 was explained in more detail using a building structure, specifically a roof structure, as an example. Other structures can also be equipped with the proposed layer structure. Vehicles are one example. Furthermore, existing structures can be retrofitted.

[0079] Overall, the proposed layer structure and its embodiments offer a multitude of advantages.

[0080] The layered structure can be easily integrated into existing constructions. Furthermore, the layered structure is arbitrarily scalable in area, meaning that surfaces of any size can be manufactured using this layered structure. Arbitrarily small units can also be produced, for example, roof tiles with a thermoelectric generator attached via the coupling layer. These small units can be combined with each other as desired. Thermoelectric generators can be electrically interconnected to generate voltages or currents of any desired magnitude.

[0081] The installation location of the layered structure is also arbitrary. The layered structure can be integrated into a surface in such a way that the thermoelectric generator and its circuitry are not visible, for example, because they are installed internally.

[0082] Since the layered structure has no moving parts, it can be installed in any orientation, such as vertically on facades and walls, horizontally on flat roofs, or at an angle on pitched roofs. Furthermore, the geometry of the layered structure is freely adaptable. For example, curved shapes, such as those found on vehicle roofs, railway carriages, or similar structures, can be formed by the layered structure. By selecting a suitable material for the heat-conducting layer, various materials suitable for conducting heat can be used. Due to the compact design of the layered structure, i.e., its thickness of only a few millimeters or centimeters, the inventive layered structure can be integrated into existing infrastructure in a variety of ways. Retrofitting existing surfaces is also possible. The proposed layered structure can also be combined with solar thermal systems, as collectors for absorbing thermal energy are already present.It is also possible to retrofit individual covering elements of a building or roof structure with thermoelectric generators. This is particularly easy if the covering elements, such as roof tiles, can be replaced individually. It is also possible to replace only a subset of the tiles and thus equip them with thermoelectric generators.

[0083] With the increasing need for environmentally friendly energy, the present invention can make a contribution. Solar radiation is constantly available. Likewise, extensive roof areas are available that can be used for energy generation. In addition to using roof surfaces for solar thermal or photovoltaic systems, the present invention also enables the direct production of electrical energy by converting thermal energy into electrical energy. This can, for example, increase a building's energy self-sufficiency. The application is freely scalable, meaning that thermoelectric generators can be connected in parallel or in series, depending on space requirements, to increase energy yield. Due to the storage capacity of roof tiles (or other materials), electrical energy can even be generated when no solar radiation is present, e.g.,At night, however, stored thermal energy is still present in the material. Additional building surfaces or surfaces on transport vehicles can also be used to install thermogenerators in the layered structure shown.

[0084] The proposed layered design incurs no follow-up costs, as a one-time installation is required without the need for additional pumps or equipment. By utilizing heat flow or temperature differences, both heating and cooling phases can be used to generate electrical energy. Therefore, electrical energy generation is independent of the direction of a temperature gradient. In this way, electrical energy can be generated regardless of solar radiation. Reference symbol list

[0085] 10 Layer structure 11 Thermally conductive layer 12 First side of the thermally conductive layer 13 Second side of the thermally conductive layer 14 Thermogenerator 15 Coupling layer 16 Textured surface 17 Thermal conductivity geometry 18 Area with lower thermal conductivity 19 Area with high thermal conductivity 20 Electrical energy 21 First heat flow 22 Second heat flow 23 Energy storage 24 Sensor 25 Evaluation unit 26 Telecommunications equipment 27 Wireless communication link 28 Surface heat flow 29 Surface heat flow 30 Building structure 31 Arrow 32 Roof construction 33 Cross battens 34 Solar radiation 35 Spacing 36 Substructure 37 Voltage conversion device, e.g., voltage converter, A / D converter 38 Protection circuit 39 Enclosure, e.g.,EMC-tight encapsulation 40 Connection arrangement 41 Electrical connection 42 Collecting arrangement 43 Electrical connection 44 Evaluation device 45 Computing device 46 Communication interface 47 Communication connection 48 Peripheral device 49 Fiber optic sensor.

Claims

1. Layer construction (10) for generating electrical energy (20), comprising a thermally conductive layer (11), a thermo generator (14) and a protective apparatus, wherein the thermally conductive layer (11) comprises a first side (12) and a second side (13), wherein a heat flow (21, 22) is transferable through the thermally conductive layer (11), wherein the transferred heat flow (21, 22) is suppliable to the thermo generator (14) with which electrical energy (20) can be generated, wherein a coupling layer (15) is arranged between the first side (12) of the thermally conductive layer (11) and the thermogenerator (14), characterized in that, the protective apparatus is a protective circuit (38) for protection against overvoltages.

2. Layer construction (10) according to claim 1, wherein the layer construction (10) comprises at least one structured surface (16).

3. Layer construction (10) according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the layer construction (10) comprises a heat conducting geometry (17).

4. Layer construction (10) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the thermogenerator (14) is operable in two directions of the heat flow (21, 22).

5. Layer construction (10) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein a plurality of thermogenerators (14) is electrically connected.

6. Layer construction (10) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the layer construction (10) comprises at least one telecommunication device (26).

7. Layer construction (10) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the protective apparatus is formed as an encasement (39), in particular, as an electromagnetically sealed encapsulation.

8. Layer construction (10) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the protective apparatus comprises one or a plurality of sensors (24).

9. Layer construction (10) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the layer construction (10) comprises a heat transport-preventing layer.

10. Layer construction (10) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the layer construction (10) comprises a fiber optic sensor (49) or a plurality of fiber optic sensors (49).

11. Method for generating electrical energy (20) with a layer construction (10) comprising providing a thermally conductive layer (11) having a first side (12) and a second side (13), wherein a heat flow (21, 22) is transferable through the thermally conductive layer (11); providing a thermogenerator (14); arranging a coupling layer (15) between the first side (12) of the thermally conductive layer (11) and the thermogenerator (14); supplying the transferred heat flow (21, 22) to the thermogenerator (14); generating electrical energy (20) with the thermogenerator (14); and providing a protective apparatus, wherein the protective apparatus is a protective circuit (38) for protection against overvoltages.

12. Building structure (30) comprising a layer construction (10) according to at least one of claims 1 to 10.

13. Building structure (30) according to claim 12, wherein the building structure (30) comprises a plurality of thermo generators (14) which are connected together via a collective arrangement (42).

14. Building structure (30) according to claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the building structure (30) comprises a first side facing a solar radiation (34) and comprising a second side facing away from the solar radiation (34), wherein a solar module is arranged on the first side and wherein the thermogenerator (14) or the plurality of thermogenerators (14) is arranged on the second side.

15. Energy generation system comprising a layer construction (10) according to at least one of claims 1 to 10.